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 PT J
 AU Wuchty, S
    Barabasi, AL
    Ferdig, MT
 TI Stable evolutionary signal in a Yeast protein interaction network
 SO BMC EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; FUNCTIONAL MODULES; INTERACTION MAP; CELLULAR
    NETWORKS; COMPLEX NETWORKS; IDENTIFICATION; ORGANIZATION; ORTHOLOGS;
    PATTERNS; DATABASE
 AB Background: The recently emerged protein interaction network paradigm
    can provide novel and important insights into the innerworkings of a
    cell. Yet, the heavy burden of both false positive and false negative
    protein-protein interaction data casts doubt on the broader usefulness
    of these interaction sets. Approaches focusing on one-protein-at-a-time
    have been powerfully employed to demonstrate the high degree of
    conservation of proteins participating in numerous interactions; here,
    we expand his 'node' focused paradigm to investigate the relative
    persistence of 'link' based evolutionary signals in a protein
    interaction network of S. cerevisiae and point out the value of this
    relatively untapped source of information.
    Results: The trend for highly connected proteins to be preferably
    conserved in evolution is stable, even in the context of tremendous
    noise in the underlying protein interactions as well as in the
    assignment of orthology among five higher eukaryotes. We find that
    local clustering around interactions correlates with preferred
    evolutionary conservation of the participating proteins; furthermore
    the correlation between high local clustering and evolutionary
    conservation is accompanied by a stable elevated degree of coexpression
    of the interacting proteins. We use this conserved interaction data,
    combined with P. falciparum /Yeast orthologs, as proof-of-principle
    that high-order network topology can be used comparatively to deduce
    local network structure in non-model organisms.
    Conclusion: High local clustering is a criterion for the reliability of
    an interaction and coincides with preferred evolutionary conservation
    and significant coexpression. These strong and stable correlations
    indicate that evolutionary units go beyond a single protein to include
    the interactions among them. In particular, the stability of these
    signals in the face of extreme noise suggests that empirical protein
    interaction data can be integrated with orthologous clustering around
    these protein interactions to reliably infer local network structures
    in non-model organisms.
 C1 Northwestern Univ, NW Inst Complex, Evanston, IL 60202 USA.
    Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
    Univ Notre Dame, Dept Biol, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 RP Wuchty, S, Northwestern Univ, NW Inst Complex, Chambers Hall,600 Foster
    St, Evanston, IL 60202 USA.
 EM s-wuchty@northwestern.edu
    alb@nd.edu
    mferdig@nd.edu
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 NR 42
 TC 7
 PU BIOMED CENTRAL LTD
 PI LONDON
 PA MIDDLESEX HOUSE, 34-42 CLEVELAND ST, LONDON W1T 4LB, ENGLAND
 SN 1471-2148
 J9 BMC EVOL BIOL
 JI BMC Evol. Biol.
 PD JAN 30
 PY 2006
 VL 6
 AR 8
 DI ARTN 8
 PG 10
 SC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity
 GA 019ZP
 UT ISI:000235877800001
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Balazsi, G
    Barabasi, AL
    Oltvai, ZN
 TI Functional organization of transcriptional-regulatory networks
 SO FEBS JOURNAL
 LA English
 DT Meeting Abstract
 C1 Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Pathol, Pittsburgh, PA USA.
    Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 EM oltvai@pitt.edu
 NR 0
 TC 0
 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING
 PI OXFORD
 PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND
 SN 1742-464X
 J9 FEBS J
 JI FEBS J.
 PD JUL
 PY 2005
 VL 272
 SU Suppl. 1
 BP 103
 EP 103
 PG 1
 SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
 GA 005MG
 UT ISI:000234826100349
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Barabasi, AL
 TI Network biology: from the metabolism to protein interactions
 SO FEBS JOURNAL
 LA English
 DT Meeting Abstract
 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 EM alb@nd.edu
 NR 0
 TC 0
 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING
 PI OXFORD
 PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND
 SN 1742-464X
 J9 FEBS J
 JI FEBS J.
 PD JUL
 PY 2005
 VL 272
 SU Suppl. 1
 BP 433
 EP 433
 PG 1
 SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
 GA 005MG
 UT ISI:000234826102297
 ER
 
 
 PT J
 AU Barabasi, AL
 TI Taming complexity
 SO NATURE PHYSICS
 LA English
 DT Editorial Material
 ID SMALL-WORLD NETWORKS; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; METABOLIC NETWORKS; INTERNET
 C1 Harvard Univ, Dana Farber Canc Inst, Ctr Canc Syst Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
    Univ Notre Dame, Ctr Complex Network Res, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
    Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 RP Barabasi, AL, Harvard Univ, Dana Farber Canc Inst, Ctr Canc Syst Biol,
    Boston, MA 02115 USA.
 EM alb@nd.edu
 CR *NAT RES COUNC, 2005, NETW SCI
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 NR 22
 TC 2
 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
 PI LONDON
 PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
 SN 1745-2473
 J9 NAT PHYS
 JI Nat. Phys.
 PD NOV
 PY 2005
 VL 1
 IS 2
 BP 68
 EP 70
 PG 3
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA 006HJ
 UT ISI:000234888300002
 ER
 
 
 PT J
 AU Macdonald, PJ
    Almaas, E
    Barabasi, AL
 TI Minimum spanning trees of weighted scale-free networks
 SO EUROPHYSICS LETTERS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID COMPLEX NETWORKS; PERCOLATION; OPTIMIZATION; INTERNET
 AB A complete characterization of real networks requires us to understand
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    change from scale-free to exponential. Additionally, for some choices
    of weight correlations, the efficiency of the MSTs increases with
    increasing network size, a result with potential implications for the
    design and scalability of communication networks.
 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Ctr Network Res, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
    Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 RP Macdonald, PJ, Univ Notre Dame, Ctr Network Res, Notre Dame, IN 46556
    USA.
 EM alb@nd.edu
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 TC 14
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 PI LES ULIS CEDEX A
 PA 17, AVE DU HOGGAR, PA COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEX A,
    FRANCE
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 PD OCT
 PY 2005
 VL 72
 IS 2
 BP 308
 EP 314
 PG 7
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA 983NF
 UT ISI:000233238500024
 ER
 
 
 PT J
 AU Oliveira, JG
    Barabasi, AL
 TI Human dynamics: Darwin and Einstein correspondence patterns
 SO NATURE
 LA English
 DT Editorial Material
 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Ctr Complex Network Res, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
    Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
    Univ Aveiro, Dept Fis, P-3810193 Aveiro, Portugal.
    Harvard Univ, Dana Farber Canc Inst, Ctr Canc Syst Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA.
 RP Oliveira, JG, Univ Notre Dame, Ctr Complex Network Res, Notre Dame, IN
    46556 USA.
 EM alb@nd.edu
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 NR 10
 TC 15
 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
 PI LONDON
 PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
 SN 0028-0836
 J9 NATURE
 JI Nature
 PD OCT 27
 PY 2005
 VL 437
 IS 7063
 BP 1251
 EP 1251
 PG 1
 SC Multidisciplinary Sciences
 GA 977UQ
 UT ISI:000232829100032
 ER
 
 
 PT J
 AU Balazsi, G
    Barabasi, AL
    Oltvai, ZN
 TI Topological units of environmental signal processing in the
    transcriptional regulatory network of Escherichia coli
 SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF
    AMERICA
 LA English
 DT Article
 DE cellular networks; regulation; transcription
 ID SINGULAR-VALUE DECOMPOSITION; COMPLEX NETWORKS; GENOME; BINDING;
    MOTIFS; OPERON; DYNAMICS; PATTERNS; MODEL; FNR
 AB Recent evidence indicates that potential interactions within metabolic,
    protein-protein interaction, and transcriptional regulatory networks
    are used differentially according to the environmental conditions in
    which a cell exists. However, the topological units underlying such
    differential utilization are not understood. Here we use the
    transcriptional regulatory network of Escherichia coli to identify such
    units, called origons, representing regulatory sub-networks that
    originate at a distinct class of sensor transcription factors. Using
    microarray data, we find that specific environmental signals affect
    mRNA expression levels significantly only within the origons
    responsible for their detection and processing. We also show that small
    regulatory interaction patterns, called subgraphs and motifs, occupy
    distinct positions in and between origons, offering insights into their
    dynamical role in information processing. The identified features are
    likely to represent a general framework for environmental signal
    processing in prokaryotes.
 C1 Northwestern Univ, Dept Pathol, Chicago, IL 60611 USA.
    Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
    Univ Notre Dame, Ctr Complex Networks Res, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
    Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Pathol, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA.
 RP Oltvai, ZN, Northwestern Univ, Dept Pathol, Chicago, IL 60611 USA.
 EM oltvai@pitt.edu
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 PI WASHINGTON
 PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA
 SN 0027-8424
 J9 PROC NAT ACAD SCI USA
 JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.
 PD MAY 31
 PY 2005
 VL 102
 IS 22
 BP 7841
 EP 7846
 PG 6
 SC Multidisciplinary Sciences
 GA 932CE
 UT ISI:000229531000013
 ER
 
 
 PT J
 AU Barabasi, AL
 TI The origin of bursts and heavy tails in human dynamics
 SO NATURE
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID MODEL
 AB The dynamics of many social, technological and economic phenomena are
    driven by individual human actions, turning the quantitative
    understanding of human behaviour into a central question of modern
    science. Current models of human dynamics, used from risk assessment to
    communications, assume that human actions are randomly distributed in
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 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Ctr Complex Networks Res, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
    Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 RP Barabasi, AL, Univ Notre Dame, Ctr Complex Networks Res, Notre Dame, IN
    46556 USA.
 EM alb@nd.edu
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 PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
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 PD MAY 12
 PY 2005
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 IS 7039
 BP 207
 EP 211
 PG 5
 SC Multidisciplinary Sciences
 GA 924ZO
 UT ISI:000229021100041
 ER
 
 
 PT J
 AU Barabasi, AL
 TI Network theory - The emergence of the creative enterprise
 SO SCIENCE
 LA English
 DT Editorial Material
 ID COMPLEX NETWORKS
 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Ctr Complex Network Res, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
    Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 RP Barabasi, AL, Univ Notre Dame, Ctr Complex Network Res, Notre Dame, IN
    46556 USA.
 EM alb@nd.edu
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 NR 14
 TC 7
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 PI WASHINGTON
 PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA
 SN 0036-8075
 J9 SCIENCE
 JI Science
 PD APR 29
 PY 2005
 VL 308
 IS 5722
 BP 639
 EP 641
 PG 3
 SC Multidisciplinary Sciences
 GA 922BO
 UT ISI:000228810900032
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Vazquez, A
    Oliveira, JG
    Barabasi, AL
 TI Inhomogeneous evolution of subgraphs and cycles in complex networks
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID MOTIFS
 AB Subgraphs and cycles are often used to characterize the local
    properties of complex networks. Here we show that the subgraph
    structure of real networks is highly time dependent: as the network
    grows, the density of some subgraphs remains unchanged, while the
    density of others increase at a rate that is determined by the
    network's degree distribution and clustering properties. This
    inhomogeneous evolution process, supported by direct measurements on
    several real networks, leads to systematic shifts in the overall
    subgraph spectrum and to an inevitable overrepresentation of some
    subgraphs and cycles.
 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
    Univ Notre Dame, Ctr Complex Network Res, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
    Univ Aveiro, Dept Fis, P-3810193 Aveiro, Portugal.
 RP Vazquez, A, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
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    PASTORSATORRAS P, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V87
    PETERMANN T, 2004, PHYS REV E 2, V69
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    YOOK SH, UNPUB
 NR 21
 TC 5
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 1063-651X
 J9 PHYS REV E
 JI Phys. Rev. E
 PD FEB
 PY 2005
 VL 71
 IS 2
 PN Part 2
 AR 025103
 DI ARTN 025103
 PG 4
 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical
 GA 914RV
 UT ISI:000228246200003
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Makeev, MA
    Derenyi, I
    Barabasi, AL
 TI Emergence of large-scale vorticity during diffusion in a random
    potential under an alternating bias
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID DISORDERED MEDIA; MOLECULAR MOTORS; FIELD; RATCHETS; SYSTEMS; DRIVEN;
    MOTION
 AB Conventional wisdom indicates that the presence of an alternating
    driving force will not change the long-term behavior of a Brownian
    particle moving in a random potential. Although this is true in one
    dimension, here we offer direct evidence that the inevitable local
    symmetry breaking present in a two-dimensional random potential leads
    to the emergence of a local ratchet effect that generates large-scale
    vorticity patterns consisting of steady-state net diffusive currents.
    For small fields the spatial correlation function of the current
    follows a logarithmic distance dependence, while for large external
    fields both the vorticity and the correlations gradually disappear. We
    uncover the scaling laws characterizing this unique pattern formation
    process, and discuss their potential relevance to real systems.
 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46566 USA.
    Lorand Eotvos Univ, Dept Biol Phys, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
 RP Makeev, MA, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46566 USA.
 EM makeev@usc.edu
    derenyi@elte.hu
    alb@nd.edu
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 NR 24
 TC 2
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 1063-651X
 J9 PHYS REV E
 JI Phys. Rev. E
 PD FEB
 PY 2005
 VL 71
 IS 2
 PN Part 2
 AR 026112
 DI ARTN 026112
 PG 4
 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical
 GA 914RV
 UT ISI:000228246200021
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Eisler, Z
    Kertesz, J
    Yook, SH
    Barabasi, AL
 TI Multiscaling and non-universality in fluctuations of driven complex
    systems
 SO EUROPHYSICS LETTERS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID STOCK-PRICES; MARKETS
 AB For many externally driven complex systems neither the noisy driving
    force, nor the internal dynamics are a priori known. Here we focus on
    systems for which the time-dependent activity of a large number of
    components can be monitored, allowing us to separate each signal into a
    component attributed to the external driving force and one to the
    internal dynamics. We propose a formalism to capture the potential
    multiscaling in the fluctuations and apply it to the high-frequency
    trading records of the New York Stock Exchange. We find that on the
    time scale of minutes the dynamics is governed by internal processes,
    while on a daily or longer scale the external factors dominate. This
    transition from internal to external dynamics induces systematic
    changes in the scaling exponents, offering direct evidence of
    non-universality in the system.
 C1 Budapest Univ Technol & Econ, Dept Theoret Phys, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
    Helsinki Univ Technol, Lab Computat Engn, FIN-02150 Espoo, Finland.
    Univ Notre Dame, Ctr Complex Network Res, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
    Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 RP Eisler, Z, Budapest Univ Technol & Econ, Dept Theoret Phys, H-1111
    Budapest, Hungary.
 EM eisier@maxwell.phy.bme.hu
 CR 2003, TRADES QUOTES DATABA
    BARABASI AL, 2003, LINKED
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    ZAWADOWSK AG, 2002, PHYSICA A, V316, P403
 NR 22
 TC 10
 PU E D P SCIENCES
 PI LES ULIS CEDEX A
 PA 17, AVE DU HOGGAR, PA COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEX A,
    FRANCE
 SN 0295-5075
 J9 EUROPHYS LETT
 JI Europhys. Lett.
 PD FEB
 PY 2005
 VL 69
 IS 4
 BP 664
 EP 670
 PG 7
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA 900LS
 UT ISI:000227217000027
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Vazquez, A
    Dobrin, R
    Sergi, D
    Eckmann, JP
    Oltvai, ZN
    Barabasi, AL
 TI The topological relationship between the large-scale attributes and
    local interaction patterns of complex networks
 SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF
    AMERICA
 LA English
 DT Article
 DE aggregation; subgraphs
 ID TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATORY NETWORK; METABOLIC NETWORKS;
    ESCHERICHIA-COLI; GENE-EXPRESSION; SMALL-WORLD; ORGANIZATION; MOTIFS;
    DUPLICATION; DYNAMICS; GROWTH
 AB Recent evidence indicates that the abundance of recurring elementary
    interaction patterns in complex networks, often called subgraphs or
    motifs, carry significant information about their function and overall
    organization. Yet, the underlying reasons for the variable quantity of
    different subgraph types, their propensity to form clusters, and their
    relationship with the networks' global organization remain poorly
    understood. Here we show that a network's large-scale topological
    organization and its local subgraph structure mutually define and
    predict each other, as confirmed by direct measurements in five well
    studied cellular networks. We also demonstrate the inherent existence
    of two distinct classes of subgraphs, and show that, in contrast to the
    low-density type II subgraphs, the highly abundant type I subgraphs
    cannot exist in isolation but must naturally aggregate into subgraph
    clusters. The identified topological framework may have important
    implications for our understanding of the origin and function of
    subgraphs in all complex networks.
 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
    Univ Notre Dame, Ctr Complex Network Res, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
    Northwestern Univ, Dept Pathol, Chicago, IL 60611 USA.
    Univ Geneva, Dept Phys Theor, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
    Univ Geneva, Sect Math, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
 RP Barabasi, AL, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 EM alb@nd.edu
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    DOBRIN R, 2004, BMC BIOINFORMATICS, V5
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    GLEISS PM, 2001, ADV COMPLEX SYST, V1, P1
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    PASTORSATORRAS R, 2004, EVOLUTION STRUCTURE
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    WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440
 NR 38
 TC 44
 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES
 PI WASHINGTON
 PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA
 SN 0027-8424
 J9 PROC NAT ACAD SCI USA
 JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.
 PD DEC 28
 PY 2004
 VL 101
 IS 52
 BP 17940
 EP 17945
 PG 6
 SC Multidisciplinary Sciences
 GA 884RD
 UT ISI:000226102700013
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Palla, G
    Farkas, I
    Derenyi, I
    Barabasi, AL
    Vicsek, T
 TI Reverse engineering of linking preferences from network restructuring
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID STATISTICAL-MECHANICS
 AB We provide a method to deduce the preferences governing the
    restructuring dynamics of a network from the observed rewiring of the
    edges. Our approach is applicable for systems in which the preferences
    can be formulated in terms of a single-vertex energy function with f(k)
    being the contribution of a node of degree k to the total energy, and
    the dynamics obeys the detailed balance. The method is first tested by
    Monte Carlo simulations of restructuring graphs with known energies;
    then it is used to study variations of real network systems ranging
    from the coauthorship network of scientific publications to the asset
    graphs of the New York Stock Exchange. The empirical energies obtained
    from the restructuring can be described by a universal function f(k)
    similar to-k In k, which is consistent with and justifies the validity
    of the preferential attachment rule proposed for growing networks.
 C1 HAS, Biol Phys Res Grp, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
    Lorand Eotvos Univ, Dept Biol Phys, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
    Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46566 USA.
 RP Palla, G, HAS, Biol Phys Res Grp, Pazmany P Setany 1A, H-1117 Budapest,
    Hungary.
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    ARKAS I, 2004, LECT NOTE PHYS, V650, P163
    BAIESI M, 2003, PHYS REV E 2, V68
    BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509
    BARABASI AL, 2002, PHYSICA A, V311, P590
    BERG J, 2002, PHYS REV LETT, V89
    BURDA Z, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64
    BURDA Z, 2003, PHYS REV E 2, V67
    DERENYI I, 2004, PHYSICA A, V334, P583
    DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2003, EVOLUTION NETWORKS B
    DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2003, NUCL PHYS B, V666, P396
    ERDOS P, 1960, PUBL MATH I HUNG, V5, P17
    FARKAS I, CONDMAT0401640
    JEONG H, 2003, EUROPHYS LETT, V61, P567
    KRAPIVSKY PL, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P4629
    NEWMAN MEJ, 2001, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V98, P404
    NEWMAN MEJ, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64
    NEWMAN MEJ, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64
    NEWMAN MEJ, 2001, PHYS REV E, V64
    ONNELA JP, COMMUNICATION
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    PALLA G, 2004, PHYS REV E 2, V69
    PASTORSATORRAS R, 2004, EVOLUTION STRUCTURE
    WARNER S, COMMUNICATION
    WARNER S, 2003, LIB HI TECH, V21, P151
    WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440
 NR 26
 TC 0
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 1063-651X
 J9 PHYS REV E
 JI Phys. Rev. E
 PD OCT
 PY 2004
 VL 70
 IS 4
 PN Part 2
 AR 046115
 DI ARTN 046115
 PG 7
 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical
 GA 879AU
 UT ISI:000225689600023
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU de Menezes, MA
    Barabasi, AL
 TI Separating internal and external dynamics of complex systems
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID WORLD-WIDE-WEB; TIME-SERIES; NETWORKS
 AB The observable behavior of a complex system reflects the mechanisms
    governing the internal interactions between the system's components and
    the effect of external perturbations. Here we show that by capturing
    the simultaneous activity of several of the system's components we can
    separate the internal dynamics from the external fluctuations. The
    method allows us to systematically determine the origin of fluctuations
    in various real systems, finding that while the Internet and the
    computer chip have robust internal dynamics, highway and Web traffic
    are driven by external demand. As multichannel measurements are
    becoming the norm in most fields, the method could help uncover the
    collective dynamics of a wide array of complex systems.
 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 RP de Menezes, MA, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 CR ABARBANEL HDI, 1993, REV MOD PHYS, V65, P1331
    ALBERT R, 1999, NATURE, V401, P130
    ALBERT R, 2002, REV MOD PHYS, V74, P47
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    CANCHO RFI, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64
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    CIEPLAK M, 1998, J STAT PHYS, V91, P1
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 NR 25
 TC 19
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 0031-9007
 J9 PHYS REV LETT
 JI Phys. Rev. Lett.
 PD AUG 6
 PY 2004
 VL 93
 IS 6
 AR 068701
 DI ARTN 068701
 PG 4
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA 844DS
 UT ISI:000223138200058
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Makeev, MA
    Barabasi, AL
 TI Effect of surface morphology on the sputtering yields. I. Ion
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 SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM
    INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID KURAMOTO-SIVASHINSKY EQUATION; AUGER-ELECTRON-SPECTROSCOPY;
    KARDAR-PARISI-ZHANG; LONG-WAVELENGTH PROPERTIES; AMORPHOUS-CARBON
    SURFACES; SCALE INVARIANT SOLUTIONS; BOMBARDED SOLID-SURFACES; SAMPLE
    ROTATION; RIPPLE FORMATION; UNIVERSAL PROPERTIES
 AB As extensive experimental studies have shown, under certain conditions,
    ion bombardment of solid targets induces a random (self-affine)
    morphology on the ion-eroded surfaces. The rough morphology development
    is known to cause substantial variations in the sputtering yields. In
    this article, we present a theoretical model describing the sputter
    yields from random, self-affine surfaces subject to energetic ion
    bombardment. We employ the Sigmund's theory of ion sputtering, modified
    for the case of self-affine surfaces, to compute the sputter yields. We
    find that the changes in the sputtering yield, associated with the
    non-planar surface morphology, are strongly dependent on the parameters
    characterizing the surface roughness (such as the saturation width and
    the correlation length) and the incident ion beam (such as the incident
    ion energy and the deposited energy widths). It is shown that, for
    certain ranges of the parameters variations, surface roughness leads to
    substantial enhancements in the yield, with magnitude of the effect
    being more than 100%, as compared to the flat surface value.
    Furthermore, we find that, depending on the interplay between these
    parameters, the surface roughness can both enhance and suppress the
    sputter yields. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46566 USA.
 RP Makeev, MA, Univ So Calif, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Collab Adv Comp &
    Simulat, VHE 608,3651 Watt Way, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA.
 EM makeev@usc.edu
    alb@nd.edu
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 NR 77
 TC 3
 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
 PI AMSTERDAM
 PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS
 SN 0168-583X
 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH PHYS RES B
 JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B-Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms
 PD AUG
 PY 2004
 VL 222
 IS 3-4
 BP 316
 EP 334
 PG 19
 SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics,
    Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Nuclear
 GA 843XY
 UT ISI:000223121800002
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Makeev, MA
    Barabasi, AL
 TI Effect of surface morphology on the sputtering yields. II. Ion
    sputtering from rippled surfaces
 SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM
    INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID AUGER-ELECTRON-SPECTROSCOPY; SAMPLE ROTATION; TOPOGRAPHY CHANGES; DEPTH
    RESOLUTION; BOMBARDMENT; GAAS; SI; ROUGHNESS; DIFFUSION; GROWTH
 AB Off-normal ion bombardment of solid targets with energetic particles
    often leads to development of periodically modulated structures on the
    surfaces of eroded materials. Ion-induced surface roughening, in its
    turn, causes sputtering yield changes. We report on a comprehensive
    theoretical study of the effect of rippled surface morphology on the
    sputtering yields. The yield is computed as a function of the
    parameters characterizing the surface morphology and the incident ion
    beam, using the Sigmund's theory of ion sputtering. We find that the
    surface morphology development may cause substantial variations in the
    sputter yields, depending on a complex interplay between the parameters
    characterizing the ripple structure and the incident ion beam. For
    certain realizations of the ripple structure, the surface morphology is
    found to induce enhanced, relative to the flat surface value,
    sputtering yields. On the other hand, there exist regimes in which the
    sputtering yield is suppressed by the surface roughness below the flat
    surface result. We confront the obtained theoretical results with
    available experimental data and find that our model provides an
    excellent qualitative and, in some cases, quantitative agreement with
    the results of experimental studies. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights
    reserved.
 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46566 USA.
 RP Makeev, MA, Univ So Calif, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Collab Adv Comp &
    Simulat, VHE 608,3651 Watt Way, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA.
 EM makeev@usc.edu
    alb@nd.edu
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 NR 47
 TC 4
 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
 PI AMSTERDAM
 PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS
 SN 0168-583X
 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH PHYS RES B
 JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B-Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms
 PD AUG
 PY 2004
 VL 222
 IS 3-4
 BP 335
 EP 354
 PG 20
 SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics,
    Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Nuclear
 GA 843XY
 UT ISI:000223121800003
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Barabasi, AL
    de Menezes, MA
    Balensiefer, S
    Brockman, J
 TI Hot spots and universality in network dynamics
 SO EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL B
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID WORLD-WIDE-WEB; GENE-EXPRESSION; METABOLIC NETWORKS; COMPLEX NETWORKS;
    RANDOM RESISTOR; ORGANIZATION; BEHAVIOR; NOISE
 AB Most complex networks serve as conduits for various dynamical
    processes, ranging from mass transfer by chemical reactions in the cell
    to packet transfer on the Internet. We collected data on the time
    dependent activity of five natural and technological networks, finding
    evidence of orders of magnitude differences in the fluxes of individual
    nodes. This dynamical inhomogeneity reflects the emergence of localized
    high flux regions or "hot spots", carrying an overwhelming fraction of
    the network's activity. We find that each system is characterized by a
    unique scaling law, coupling the flux fluctuations with the total flux
    on individual nodes, a result of the competition between the system's
    internal collective dynamics and changes in the external environment.
    We propose a method to separate these two components, allowing us to
    predict the relevant scaling exponents. As high fluctuations can lead
    to dynamical bottlenecks and jamming, these findings have a strong
    impact on the predictability and failure prevention of complex
    transportation networks.
 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
    Univ Notre Dame, Dept Comp Sci & Engn, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 RP Barabasi, AL, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 EM mdemenez@nd.edu
 CR ALBERT R, 1999, NATURE, V401, P130
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 NR 48
 TC 3
 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG
 PI NEW YORK
 PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA
 SN 1434-6028
 J9 EUR PHYS J B
 JI Eur. Phys. J. B
 PD MAR
 PY 2004
 VL 38
 IS 2
 BP 169
 EP 175
 PG 7
 SC Physics, Condensed Matter
 GA 821GB
 UT ISI:000221447300005
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Yook, SH
    Oltvai, ZN
    Barabasi, AL
 TI Functional and topological characterization of protein interaction
    networks
 SO PROTEOMICS
 LA English
 DT Article
 DE bioinformatics; protein interaction networks; scale-free networks
 ID SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; METABOLIC NETWORKS; COMPLEX NETWORKS; YEAST;
    ORGANIZATION; IDENTIFICATION; EVOLUTION; BEHAVIOR; DATABASE; GENOMES
 AB The elucidation of the cell's large-scale organization is a primary
    challenge for post-genomic biology, and understanding the structure of
    protein interaction networks offers an important starting point for
    such studies. We compare four available databases that approximate the
    protein interaction network of the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae,
    aiming to uncover the network's generic large-scale properties and the
    impact of the proteins' function and cellular localization on the
    network topology. We show how each database supports a scale-free,
    topology with hierarchical modularity, indicating that these features
    represent a robust and generic property of the protein interactions
    network. We also find strong correlations between the network's
    structure and the functional role and subcellular localization of its
    protein constituents, concluding that most functional and/or
    localization classes appear as relatively segregated subnetworks of the
    full protein interaction network. The uncovered systematic differences
    between the four protein interaction databases reflect their relative
    coverage for different functional and localization classes and provide
    a guide for their utility in various bioinformatics studies.
 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
    Northwestern Univ, Dept Pathol, Chicago, IL 60611 USA.
 RP Barabasi, AL, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 EM alb@nd.edu
 CR ALBERT R, 2000, NATURE, V406, P378
    ALBERT R, 2002, REV MOD PHYS, V74, P47
    ALOY P, 2002, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V99, P5896
    BARABASI AL, 1999, PHYSICA A, V272, P173
    BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509
    BARABASI AL, 2001, PHYSICA A, V299, P559
    BOCK JR, 2001, BIOINFORMATICS, V17, P455
    BOLLOBAS B, 1985, RANDOM GRAPHS
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    DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2002, PHYS REV E 2, V65
    DRESS BL, 2001, J CELL BIOL, V154, P549
    FEATHERSTONE DE, 2002, BIOESSAYS, V24, P267
    GAVIN AC, 2002, NATURE, V415, P141
    GOMEZ SM, 2002, PAC S BIOC, V7, P413
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 NR 45
 TC 94
 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH
 PI WEINHEIM
 PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY
 SN 1615-9853
 J9 PROTEOMICS
 JI Proteomics
 PD APR
 PY 2004
 VL 4
 IS 4
 BP 928
 EP 942
 PG 15
 SC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
 GA 811HV
 UT ISI:000220763900004
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Dobrin, R
    Beg, QK
    Barabasi, AL
    Oltvai, ZN
 TI Aggregation of topological motifs in the Escherichia coli
    transcriptional regulatory network
 SO BMC BIOINFORMATICS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID COMPLEX NETWORKS; GENE NETWORKS; AUTOREGULATION; ORGANIZATION;
    STABILITY; EVOLUTION; FEEDBACK; OPERON
 AB Background: Transcriptional regulation of cellular functions is carried
    out through a complex network of interactions among transcription
    factors and the promoter regions of genes and operons regulated by
    them. To better understand the system-level function of such networks
    simplification of their architecture was previously achieved by
    identifying the motifs present in the network, which are small,
    overrepresented, topologically distinct regulatory interaction patterns
    (subgraphs). However, the interaction of such motifs with each other,
    and their form of integration into the full network has not been
    previously examined.
    <LF>Results: By studying the transcriptional regulatory network of the
    bacterium, Escherichia coli, we demonstrate that the two previously
    identified motif types in the network (i.e., feed-forward loops and
    bi-fan motifs) do not exist in isolation, but rather aggregate into
    homologous motif clusters that largely overlap with known biological
    functions. Moreover, these clusters further coalesce into a
    supercluster, thus establishing distinct topological hierarchies that
    show global statistical properties similar to the whole network.
    Targeted removal of motif links disintegrates the network into small,
    isolated clusters, while random disruptions of equal number of links do
    not cause such an effect.
    Conclusion: Individual motifs aggregate into homologous motif clusters
    and a supercluster forming the backbone of the E. coli transcriptional
    regulatory network and play a central role in defining its global
    topological organization.
 C1 Northwestern Univ, Dept Pathol, Chicago, IL 60611 USA.
    Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 RP Oltvai, ZN, Northwestern Univ, Dept Pathol, Chicago, IL 60611 USA.
 EM r-dobrin@northwestern.edu
    qasimbeg@northwestern.edu
    alb@nd.edu
    zno008@northwestern.edu
 CR ALBERT R, 2000, NATURE, V406, P378
    BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509
    BECSKEI A, 2000, NATURE, V405, P590
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    CONANT GC, 2003, NAT GENET, V34, P264
    GUELZIM N, 2002, NAT GENET, V31, P60
    HARTWELL LH, 1999, NATURE, V402, P47
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    MANGAN S, 2003, J MOL BIOL, V334, P197
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    SALGADO H, 2001, NUCLEIC ACIDS RES, V29, P72
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    SIMON I, 2001, CELL, V106, P697
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 NR 26
 TC 41
 PU BIOMED CENTRAL LTD
 PI LONDON
 PA MIDDLESEX HOUSE, 34-42 CLEVELAND ST, LONDON W1T 4LB, ENGLAND
 SN 1471-2105
 J9 BMC BIOINFORMATICS
 JI BMC Bioinformatics
 PD JAN 30
 PY 2004
 VL 5
 AR 10
 DI ARTN 10
 PG 7
 SC Biochemical Research Methods; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
 GA 801RK
 UT ISI:000220112800001
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Almaas, E
    Kovacs, B
    Vicsek, T
    Oltvai, ZN
    Barabasi, AL
 TI Global organization of metabolic fluxes in the bacterium Escherichia
    coli
 SO NATURE
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID CENTRAL CARBON METABOLISM; NETWORKS; CAPABILITIES; DEFINITION;
    PATHWAYS; MG1655
 AB Cellular metabolism, the integrated interconversion of thousands of
    metabolic substrates through enzyme-catalysed biochemical reactions, is
    the most investigated complex intracellular web of molecular
    interactions. Although the topological organization of individual
    reactions into metabolic networks is well understood(1-4), the
    principles that govern their global functional use under different
    growth conditions raise many unanswered questions(5-7). By implementing
    a flux balance analysis(8-12) of the metabolism of Escherichia coli
    strain MG1655, here we show that network use is highly uneven. Whereas
    most metabolic reactions have low fluxes, the overall activity of the
    metabolism is dominated by several reactions with very high fluxes. E.
    coli responds to changes in growth conditions by reorganizing the rates
    of selected fluxes predominantly within this high-flux backbone. This
    behaviour probably represents a universal feature of metabolic activity
    in all cells, with potential implications for metabolic engineering.
 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
    Lorand Eotvos Univ, Biol Phys Dept, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
    Lorand Eotvos Univ, Res Grp HAS, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
    Northwestern Univ, Dept Pathol, Chicago, IL 60611 USA.
 RP Barabasi, AL, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 EM alb@nd.edu
 CR BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509
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    EDWARDS JS, 2002, BIOTECHNOL BIOENG, V77, P27
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 NR 29
 TC 121
 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
 PI LONDON
 PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
 SN 0028-0836
 J9 NATURE
 JI Nature
 PD FEB 26
 PY 2004
 VL 427
 IS 6977
 BP 839
 EP 843
 PG 5
 SC Multidisciplinary Sciences
 GA 777WU
 UT ISI:000189207500040
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Barabasi, AL
    Oltvai, ZN
 TI Network biology: Understanding the cell's functional organization
 SO NATURE REVIEWS GENETICS
 LA English
 DT Review
 ID PROTEIN-PROTEIN INTERACTIONS; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE GENOME;
    ESCHERICHIA-COLI GENOME; GENE-EXPRESSION; METABOLIC NETWORKS; COMPLEX
    NETWORKS; MOLECULAR NETWORKS; REGULATORY NETWORK;
    DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER; MODULAR ORGANIZATION
 AB A key aim of postgenomic biomedical research is to systematically
    catalogue all molecules and their interactions within a living cell.
    There is a clear need to understand how these molecules and the
    interactions between them determine the function this enormously
    complex machinery, both in isolation and when surrounded by other
    cells. Rapid advances in network biology indicate that cellular
    networks are governed by universal laws and offer a new conceptual
    framework that could potentially revolutionize our view of biology and
    disease pathologies in the twenty-first century.
 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
    Northwestern Univ, Dept Pathol, Chicago, IL 60611 USA.
 RP Barabasi, AL, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 EM alb@nd.edu
    zno008@northwestern.edu
 CR AGRAWAL H, 2002, PHYS REV LETT, V89
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 NR 106
 TC 511
 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
 PI LONDON
 PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
 SN 1471-0056
 J9 NAT REV GENET
 JI Nat. Rev. Genet.
 PD FEB
 PY 2004
 VL 5
 IS 2
 BP 101
 EP U15
 PG 14
 SC Genetics & Heredity
 GA 768ZW
 UT ISI:000188602400012
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU de Menezes, MA
    Barabasi, AL
 TI Fluctuations in network dynamics
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID COMPLEX NETWORKS
 AB Most complex networks serve as conduits for various dynamical
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 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 RP de Menezes, MA, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 CR ALBERT R, 2002, REV MOD PHYS, V74, P47
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 NR 17
 TC 37
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 0031-9007
 J9 PHYS REV LETT
 JI Phys. Rev. Lett.
 PD JAN 16
 PY 2004
 VL 92
 IS 2
 AR 028701
 DI ARTN 028701
 PG 4
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA 764DP
 UT ISI:000188187100053
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Dezso, Z
    Oltvai, ZN
    Barabasi, AL
 TI Bioinformatics analysis of experimentally determined protein complexes
    in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
 SO GENOME RESEARCH
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID EXPRESSION PROFILES; GENE-EXPRESSION; CELL-CYCLE; SCALE DATA; GENOME;
    IDENTIFICATION; PATTERNS; NETWORKS
 AB Many important cellular functions are implemented by protein complexes
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    phenotype (essential or nonessential), and share identical functional
    classification and cellular localization. This core is surrounded by a
    functionally mixed group of proteins, which likely represent
    short-lived or spurious attachments. The results allow us to define the
    deletion phenotype and cellular task of most known complexes, and to
    identify with high confidence the biochemical role of hundreds of
    proteins with yet unassigned functionality.
 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
    Northwestern Univ, Dept Pathol, Chicago, IL 60611 USA.
 RP Oltvai, ZN, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 CR ABBOTT A, 2002, NATURE, V417, P894
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 NR 24
 TC 15
 PU COLD SPRING HARBOR LAB PRESS, PUBLICATIONS DEPT
 PI WOODBURY
 PA 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2924 USA
 SN 1088-9051
 J9 GENOME RES
 JI Genome Res.
 PD NOV
 PY 2003
 VL 13
 IS 11
 BP 2450
 EP 2454
 PG 5
 SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology;
    Genetics & Heredity
 GA 739QB
 UT ISI:000186357000011
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Wuchty, S
    Oltvai, ZN
    Barabasi, AL
 TI Evolutionary conservation of motif constituents in the yeast protein
    interaction network
 SO NATURE GENETICS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID GENE DISPENSABILITY; CELLULAR NETWORKS; ORGANIZATION; DATABASE
 AB Understanding why some cellular components are conserved across species
    but others evolve rapidly is a key question of modern biology(1-3).
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    find that the conservation of proteins in distinct topological motifs
    correlates with the interconnectedness and function of that motif and
    also depends on the structure of the overall interactome topology.
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    conserved topological units of cellular networks molded in accordance
    with the specific biological function in which they participate.
 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
    Northwestern Univ, Dept Pathol, Chicago, IL 60611 USA.
 RP Barabasi, AL, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 CR FRASER HB, 2002, SCIENCE, V296, P750
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 NR 22
 TC 103
 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
 PI NEW YORK
 PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA
 SN 1061-4036
 J9 NAT GENET
 JI Nature Genet.
 PD OCT
 PY 2003
 VL 35
 IS 2
 BP 176
 EP 179
 PG 4
 SC Genetics & Heredity
 GA 726WV
 UT ISI:000185625300015
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Gerdes, SY
    Scholle, MD
    Campbell, JW
    Balazsi, G
    Ravasz, E
    Daugherty, MD
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    Anderson, I
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    Baev, MV
    Grechkin, Y
    Mseeh, F
    Fonstein, MY
    Overbeek, R
    Barabasi, AL
    Oltvai, ZN
    Osterman, AL
 TI Experimental determination and system level analysis of essential genes
    in Escherichia coli MG1655
 SO JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE GENOME; TRANSPOSON MUTAGENESIS; METABOLIC
    NETWORKS; SCALE ANALYSIS; IDENTIFICATION; SEQUENCE; ORGANIZATION;
    DISRUPTION; STRATEGY; BACTERIA
 AB Defining the gene products that play an essential role in an organism's
    functional repertoire is vital to understanding the system level
    organization of living cells. We used a genetic footprinting technique
    for a genome-wide assessment of genes required for robust aerobic
    growth of Escherichia coli in rich media. We identified 620 genes as
    essential and 3,126 genes as dispensable for growth under these
    conditions. Functional context analysis of these data allows individual
    functional assignments to be refined. Evolutionary context analysis
    demonstrates a significant tendency of essential E. coli genes to be
    preserved throughout the bacterial kingdom. Projection of these data
    over metabolic subsystems reveals topologic modules with essential and
    evolutionarily preserved enzymes with reduced capacity for error
    tolerance.
 C1 Northwestern Univ, Dept Pathol, Chicago, IL 60611 USA.
    Integrated Genomics Inc, Chicago, IL 60612 USA.
    Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 RP Oltvai, ZN, Northwestern Univ, Dept Pathol, 303 E Chicago Ave, Chicago,
    IL 60611 USA.
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    WINZELER EA, 1999, SCIENCE, V285, P901
 NR 39
 TC 122
 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY
 PI WASHINGTON
 PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA
 SN 0021-9193
 J9 J BACTERIOL
 JI J. Bacteriol.
 PD OCT
 PY 2003
 VL 185
 IS 19
 BP 5673
 EP 5684
 PG 12
 SC Microbiology
 GA 724NK
 UT ISI:000185493500003
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Yang, I
    Jeong, H
    Kahng, B
    Barabasi, AL
 TI Emerging behavior in electronic bidding
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID EMERGENCE; AUCTIONS; NETWORKS
 AB We characterize the statistical properties of a large number of agents
    on two major online auction sites. The measurements indicate that the
    total number of bids placed in a single category and the number of
    distinct auctions frequented by a given agent follow power-law
    distributions, implying that a few agents are responsible for a
    significant fraction of the total bidding activity on the online
    market. We find that these agents exert an unproportional influence on
    the final price of the auctioned items. This domination of online
    auctions by an unusually active minority may be a generic feature of
    all online mercantile processes.
 C1 Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Phys, Seoul 151747, South Korea.
    Seoul Natl Univ, Ctr Theoret Phys, Seoul 151747, South Korea.
    Korea Adv Inst Sci & Technol, Dept Phys, Taejon 305701, South Korea.
    Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 RP Yang, I, Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Phys, Seoul 151747, South Korea.
 CR ALBERT R, 2002, REV MOD PHYS, V74, P47
    AXTELL RL, 2001, SCIENCE, V293, P1818
    BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509
    BOUCHARD JP, 2000, THEORY FINANCIAL RIS
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    DAS SR, 1997, AUCTION THEORY SUMMA
    DHULST R, 2001, PHYSICA A, V294, P447
    KAUFFMAN RJ, 2000, P AMCIS
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    LEYTONBROWN K, UNPUB GAMES EC BEHA
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    OHARA M, 1995, MARKET MICROSTRUCTUR
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    STANLEY MHR, 1996, NATURE, V379, P804
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 NR 22
 TC 6
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 1063-651X
 J9 PHYS REV E
 JI Phys. Rev. E
 PD JUL
 PY 2003
 VL 68
 IS 1
 PN Part 2
 AR 016102
 DI ARTN 016102
 PG 5
 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical
 GA 708RK
 UT ISI:000184582500012
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Balazsi, G
    Kay, KA
    Barabasi, AL
    Oltvai, ZN
 TI Spurious spatial periodicity of co-expression in microarray data due to
    printing design
 SO NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID GENE-EXPRESSION; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; CELL LYMPHOMA; GENOME;
    NORMALIZATION; SINGLE; YEAST; CYCLE; CLASSIFICATION; IDENTIFICATION
 AB Global transcriptome data is increasingly combined with sophisticated
    mathematical analyses to extract information about the functional state
    of a cell. Yet the extent to which the results reflect experimental
    bias at the expense of true biological information remains largely
    unknown. Here we show that the spatial arrangement of probes on
    microarrays and the particulars of the printing procedure significantly
    affect the log-ratio data of mRNA expression levels measured during the
    Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell cycle. We present a numerical method that
    filters out these technology-derived contributions from the existing
    transcriptome data, leading to improved functional predictions. The
    example presented here underlines the need to routinely search and
    compensate for inherent experimental bias when analyzing systematically
    collected, internally consistent biological data sets.
 C1 Northwestern Univ, Feinberg Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Chicago, IL 60611 USA.
    Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 RP Balazsi, G, Northwestern Univ, Feinberg Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Ward Bldg
    6-204,303 E Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611 USA.
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    YANG YH, 2002, NUCLEIC ACIDS RES, V30
 NR 34
 TC 22
 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS
 PI OXFORD
 PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND
 SN 0305-1048
 J9 NUCL ACID RES
 JI Nucleic Acids Res.
 PD AUG 1
 PY 2003
 VL 31
 IS 15
 BP 4425
 EP 4433
 PG 9
 SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
 GA 707WM
 UT ISI:000184532900026
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Barabasi, AL
    Bonabeau, E
 TI Scale-free networks
 SO SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN
 LA English
 DT Article
 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
    Icosyst, Cambridge, MA USA.
 RP Barabasi, AL, Univ Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 CR ALBERT R, 2002, REV MOD PHYS, V74, P47
    BARABASI AL, 2002, LINKED NEW SCI NETWO
    COHEN D, 2002, NEW SCI, V174, P24
    MENDES JFF, 2003, EVOLUTION NETWORKS B
 NR 4
 TC 59
 PU SCI AMERICAN INC
 PI NEW YORK
 PA 415 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA
 SN 0036-8733
 J9 SCI AMER
 JI Sci.Am.
 PD MAY
 PY 2003
 VL 288
 IS 5
 BP 60
 EP 69
 PG 10
 SC Multidisciplinary Sciences
 GA 667YW
 UT ISI:000182263500031
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Ravasz, E
    Barabasi, AL
 TI Hierarchical organization in complex networks
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID SCALE-FREE NETWORKS; SCIENTIFIC COLLABORATION NETWORKS; SMALL-WORLD
    NETWORKS; METABOLIC NETWORKS; EVOLVING NETWORKS; WIDE-WEB; INTERNET;
    EVOLUTION; TOPOLOGY; ATTACK
 AB Many real networks in nature and society share two generic properties:
    they are scale-free and they display a high degree of clustering. We
    show that these two features are the consequence of a hierarchical
    organization, implying that small groups of nodes organize in a
    hierarchical manner into increasingly large groups, while maintaining a
    scale-free topology. In hierarchical networks, the degree of clustering
    characterizing the different groups follows a strict scaling law, which
    can be used to identify the presence of a hierarchical organization in
    real networks. We find that several real networks, such as the
    Worldwideweb, actor network, the Internet at the domain level, and the
    semantic web obey this scaling law, indicating that hierarchy is a
    fundamental characteristic of many complex systems.
 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 RP Ravasz, E, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, 225 Nieuwland Sci Hall, Notre
    Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 CR ADAMIC LA, UNPUB
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    ALBERT R, 2000, NATURE, V406, P378
    ALBERT R, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P5234
    ALBERT R, 2002, REV MOD PHYS, V74, P47
    AMARAL LAN, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P11149
    BARABASI AL, 1999, PHYSICA A, V272, P173
    BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509
    BARABASI AL, 2001, PHYSICA A, V299, P559
    BARABASI AL, 2002, PHYSICA A, V311, P590
    BIANCONI G, 2001, EUROPHYS LETT, V54, P436
    BIANCONI G, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P5632
    BOLLOBAS B, 1985, RANDOM GRAPHS
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    ECKMANN JP, 2002, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V99, P5825
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    SZABO G, CONDMAT0208551
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    YOOK S, UNPUB
    YOOK SH, CONDMAT0107417
    YOOK SH, UNPUB
 NR 49
 TC 202
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 1063-651X
 J9 PHYS REV E
 JI Phys. Rev. E
 PD FEB
 PY 2003
 VL 67
 IS 2
 PN Part 2
 AR 026112
 DI ARTN 026112
 PG 7
 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical
 GA 654WQ
 UT ISI:000181520300024
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Jeong, H
    Neda, Z
    Barabasi, AL
 TI Measuring preferential attachment in evolving networks
 SO EUROPHYSICS LETTERS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID GROWING RANDOM NETWORKS; WORLD-WIDE-WEB; INTERNET
 AB A key ingredient of man current models proposed to capture the
    topological evolution of complex networks is the hypothesis that highly
    connected nodes increase their connectivity faster than their less
    connected peers, a phenomenon called preferential attachment.
    Measurements on four networks, namely the science citation network,
    Internet, actor collaboration and science coauthorship network indicate
    that the rate at which nodes acquire links depends on the node's
    degree, offering direct quantitative support for the presence of
    preferential attachment. We find that for the first two systems the
    attachment rate depends linearly on the node degree, while for the last
    two the dependence follows a sublinear power law.
 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46616 USA.
    Korea Adv Inst Sci & Technol, Dept Phys, Taejon 305701, South Korea.
 RP Jeong, H, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46616 USA.
 CR ALBERT R, 1999, NATURE, V401, P130
    ALBERT R, 2002, REV MOD PHYS, V74, P47
    BARABASI AL, 1999, PHYSICA A, V272, P173
    BARABASI AL, 2000, PHYSICA A, V281, P69
    BARABASI AL, 2002, PHYSICA A, V311, P590
    BOLLOBAS B, 1985, RANDOM GRAPHS
    COHEN R, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P4626
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    WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440
 NR 21
 TC 34
 PU E D P SCIENCES
 PI LES ULIS CEDEXA
 PA 7, AVE DU HOGGAR, PARC D ACTIVITES COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES
    ULIS CEDEXA, FRANCE
 SN 0295-5075
 J9 EUROPHYS LETT
 JI Europhys. Lett.
 PD FEB
 PY 2003
 VL 61
 IS 4
 BP 567
 EP 572
 PG 6
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA 643KC
 UT ISI:000180859600020
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Farkas, I
    Jeong, H
    Vicsek, T
    Barabasi, AL
    Oltvai, ZN
 TI The topology of the transcription regulatory network in the yeast,
    Saccharomyces cerevisiae
 SO PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS
 LA English
 DT Article
 DE bioinformatics; mRNA expression; analysis of graph topology
 ID CAENORHABDITIS-ELEGANS; ENVIRONMENTAL-CHANGES; EXPRESSION; GENOME
 AB A central goal of postgenomic biology is the elucidation of the
    regulatory relationships among all cellular constituents that together
    comprise the 'genetic network' of a cell or microorganism. Experimental
    manipulation of gene activity coupled with the assessment of perturbed
    transcriptome (i.e., global mRNA expression) patterns represents one
    approach toward this goal, and may provide a backbone into which other
    measurements can be later integrated.
    We use microarray data on 287 single gene deletion Saccharomyces
    cerevisiae mutant strains to elucidate generic relationships among
    perturbed transcriptomes. Their comparison with a method that
    preferentially recognizes distinct expression subpatterns allows us to
    pair those transcriptomes that share localized similarities. Analyses
    of the resulting transcriptome similarity network identify a continuum
    hierarchy among the deleted genes, and in the frequency of local
    similarities that establishes the links among their reorganized
    transcriptomes. We also find a combinatorial utilization of shared
    expression subpatterns within individual links, with increasing
    quantitative similarity among those that connect transcriptome states
    induced by the deletion of functionally related gene products. This
    suggests a distinct hierarchical and combinatorial organization of the
    S. cerevisiae transcriptional activity, and may represent a pattern
    that is generic to the transcriptional organization of all eukaryotic
    organisms.
    Color versions of both the Supplementary Material and the article are
    available at http:// angel.elte.hu/bioinf. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science
    B.V. All rights reserved.
 C1 Lorand Eotvos Univ, Dept Biol Phys, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
    NW Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Chicago, IL 60611 USA.
    Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 RP Vicsek, T, Lorand Eotvos Univ, Dept Biol Phys, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
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    WINZELER EA, 1999, SCIENCE, V285, P901
 NR 23
 TC 28
 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
 PI AMSTERDAM
 PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS
 SN 0378-4371
 J9 PHYSICA A
 JI Physica A
 PD FEB 15
 PY 2003
 VL 318
 IS 3-4
 BP 601
 EP 612
 PG 12
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA 642YP
 UT ISI:000180835200026
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Makeev, MA
    Cuerno, R
    Barabasi, AL
 TI Morphology of ion-sputtered surfaces
 SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM
    INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS
 LA English
 DT Review
 DE surface morphology; ion irradiation; ripples; sputtering; roughening
 ID KURAMOTO-SIVASHINSKY EQUATION; BOMBARDED SOLID-SURFACES;
    KARDAR-PARISI-ZHANG; LONG-WAVELENGTH PROPERTIES; AMORPHOUS-CARBON
    SURFACES; SCALE INVARIANT SOLUTIONS; INDUCED RIPPLE TOPOGRAPHY; SAMPLE
    ROTATION; ROUGHENING INSTABILITY; YIELD CHANGES
 AB We derive a stochastic nonlinear continuum equation to describe the
    morphological evolution of amorphous surfaces eroded by ion
    bombardment. Starting from Sigmund's theory of sputter erosion, we
    calculate the coefficients appearing in the continuum equation in terms
    of the physical parameters characterizing the sputtering process. We
    analyze the morphological features predicted by the continuum theory,
    comparing them with the experimentally reported morphologies. We show
    that for short time scales, where the effect of nonlinear terms is
    negligible, the continuum theory predicts ripple formation. We
    demonstrate that in addition to relaxation by thermal surface
    diffusion, the sputtering process can also contribute to the smoothing
    mechanisms shaping the surface morphology. We explicitly calculate an
    effective surface diffusion constant characterizing this smoothing
    effect and show that it is responsible for the low temperature ripple
    formation observed in various experiments. At long time scales the
    nonlinear terms dominate the evolution of the surface morphology. The
    nonlinear terms lead to the stabilization of the ripple wavelength and
    we show that, depending on the experimental parameters, such as angle
    of incidence and ion. energy, different morphologies can be observed:
    asymptotically, sputter eroded surfaces could undergo kinetic
    roughening, or can display novel ordered structures with rotated
    ripples. Finally, we discuss in detail the existing experimental
    support for the proposed theory and uncover novel features of the
    surface morphology and evolution, that could be directly tested
    experimentally. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.
 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
    Univ Carlos III Madrid, Dept Matemat, Leganes 28911, Spain.
    Univ Carlos III Madrid, Grp Interdisciplinar Sistemas Complicados, Leganes 28911, Spain.
 RP Makeev, MA, Louisiana State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, CCLMS, Baton
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 NR 118
 TC 85
 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
 PI AMSTERDAM
 PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS
 SN 0168-583X
 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH PHYS RES B
 JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B-Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms
 PD DEC
 PY 2002
 VL 197
 IS 3-4
 BP 185
 EP 227
 PG 43
 SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics,
    Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Nuclear
 GA 624LA
 UT ISI:000179760100003
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Farkas, I
    Derenyi, I
    Jeong, H
    Meda, Z
    Oltvai, ZN
    Ravasz, E
    Schubert, A
    Barabasi, AL
    Vicsek, T
 TI Networks in life: scaling properties and eigenvalue spectra
 SO PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS
 LA English
 DT Article
 DE random networks; collaboration graphs; graph spectra; spectral analysis
    of real-world graphs
 ID SCIENTIFIC COLLABORATION NETWORKS; SMALL-WORLD NETWORKS; BEHAVIOR;
    DYNAMICS; WEB
 AB We analyze growing networks ranging from collaboration graphs of
    scientists to the network of similarities defined among the various
    transcriptional profiles of living cells. For the explicit
    demonstration of the scale-free nature and hierarchical organization of
    these graphs, a deterministic construction is also used. We demonstrate
    the use of determining the eigenvalue spectra of sparse random graph
    models for the categorization of small measured networks. (C) 2002
    Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
 C1 Lorand Eotvos Univ, Dept Biol Phys, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
    Inst Curie, UMR 168, F-75248 Paris 05, France.
    Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
    Univ Babes Bolyai, Dept Theoret Phys, RO-3400 Cluj Napoca, Romania.
    Northwestern Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Chicago, IL 60611 USA.
    Hungarian Acad Sci Lib, Bibliometr Serv, H-1245 Budapest, Hungary.
 RP Vicsek, T, Lorand Eotvos Univ, Dept Biol Phys, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
 CR ALBERT R, 1999, NATURE, V401, P130
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    BARABASI AL, 2001, PHYSICA A, V299, P559
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    JUNG S, 2002, PHYS REV E 2, V65
    KOCHEN M, 1989, SMALL WORLD
    KRAPIVSKY PL, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P4629
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    MEHTA ML, 1991, RANDOM MATRICES
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    WUCHTY S, 2001, MOL BIOL EVOL, V18, P1694
 NR 28
 TC 19
 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
 PI AMSTERDAM
 PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS
 SN 0378-4371
 J9 PHYSICA A
 JI Physica A
 PD NOV 1
 PY 2002
 VL 314
 IS 1-4
 BP 25
 EP 34
 PG 10
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA 619XL
 UT ISI:000179502800004
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Kim, J
    Kahng, B
    Barabasi, AL
 TI Nanoscale wire formation on sputter-eroded surfaces
 SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID RIPPLE TOPOGRAPHY; ION; EROSION
 AB Rotated ripple structures (RRS) on sputter-eroded surfaces are
    potential candidates for nanoscale wire fabrication. We show that the
    RRS can form when the width of the collision cascade in the
    longitudinal direction is larger than that in the transverse direction
    and the incident angle of ion beam is chosen in a specific window. By
    calculating the structure factor for the RRS, we find that they are
    more regular and their amplitude is more enhanced compared to the much
    studied ripple structure forming in the linear regime of sputter
    erosion. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics.
 C1 Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Phys, Seoul 151747, South Korea.
    Seoul Natl Univ, Ctr Theoret Phys, Seoul 151747, South Korea.
    Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 RP Kim, J, KISTI, Supercomp Res Dept, Taejon 305806, South Korea.
 CR BRADLEY RM, 1988, J VAC SCI TECHNOL A, V6, P2390
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    FACSKO S, 2001, PHYS REV B, V63
    FROST F, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P4116
    HABENICHT S, 2000, EUROPHYS LETT, V50, P209
    JACAK L, 1998, QUANTUM DOTS
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 NR 15
 TC 8
 PU AMER INST PHYSICS
 PI MELVILLE
 PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1,
    MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA
 SN 0003-6951
 J9 APPL PHYS LETT
 JI Appl. Phys. Lett.
 PD NOV 4
 PY 2002
 VL 81
 IS 19
 BP 3654
 EP 3656
 PG 3
 SC Physics, Applied
 GA 609ZA
 UT ISI:000178935200046
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Yook, SH
    Jeong, HW
    Barabasi, AL
 TI Modeling the Internet's large-scale topology
 SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF
    AMERICA
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID GROWING RANDOM NETWORKS; ATTACK; WEB
 AB Network generators that capture the Internet's large-scale topology are
    crucial for the development of efficient routing protocols and modeling
    Internet traffic. Our ability to design realistic generators is limited
    by the incomplete understanding of the fundamental driving forces that
    affect the Internet's evolution. By combining several independent
    databases capturing the time evolution, topology, and physical layout
    of the Internet, we identify the universal mechanisms that shape the
    Internet's router and autonomous system level topology. We find that
    the physical layout of nodes form a fractal set, determined by
    population density patterns around the globe. The placement of links is
    driven by competition between preferential attachment and linear
    distance dependence, a marked departure from the currently used
    exponential laws. The universal parameters that we extract
    significantly restrict the class of potentially correct Internet models
    and indicate that the networks created by all available topology
    generators are fundamentally different from the current Internet.
 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
    Korea Adv Inst Sci & Technol, Dept Phys, Taejon 305701, South Korea.
 RP Barabasi, AL, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
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    BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509
    BIANCONI G, 2001, EUROPHYS LETT, V54, P436
    BOLLOBAS B, 1985, RANDOM GRAPHS
    CALVERT KL, 1997, IEEE COMMUN MAG, V35, P160
    CAPOCCI A, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64
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 NR 24
 TC 86
 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES
 PI WASHINGTON
 PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA
 SN 0027-8424
 J9 PROC NAT ACAD SCI USA
 JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.
 PD OCT 15
 PY 2002
 VL 99
 IS 21
 BP 13382
 EP 13386
 PG 5
 SC Multidisciplinary Sciences
 GA 604RW
 UT ISI:000178635700009
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Oltvai, ZN
    Barabasi, AL
 TI Life's complexity pyramid
 SO SCIENCE
 LA English
 DT Editorial Material
 ID NETWORKS
 C1 Northwestern Univ, Dept Pathol, Chicago, IL 60611 USA.
    Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 RP Oltvai, ZN, Northwestern Univ, Dept Pathol, Chicago, IL 60611 USA.
 CR BHALLA US, 1999, SCIENCE, V283, P381
    BRAY D, 1995, NATURE, V376, P307
    HARTWELL LH, 1999, NATURE, V402, P47
    HASTY J, 2001, NAT REV GENET, V2, P268
    JEONG H, 2000, NATURE, V407, P651
    KITANO H, 2002, SCIENCE, V295, P1662
    LEE TI, 2002, SCIENCE, V298, P799
    MILO R, 2002, SCIENCE, V298, P824
    RAVASZ E, 2002, SCIENCE, V297, P1551
    SHENORR SS, 2002, NAT GENET, V31, P64
 NR 10
 TC 102
 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE
 PI WASHINGTON
 PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA
 SN 0036-8075
 J9 SCIENCE
 JI Science
 PD OCT 25
 PY 2002
 VL 298
 IS 5594
 BP 763
 EP 764
 PG 2
 SC Multidisciplinary Sciences
 GA 607KR
 UT ISI:000178791200040
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Schwartz, N
    Cohen, R
    ben-Avraham, D
    Barabasi, AL
    Havlin, S
 TI Percolation in directed scale-free networks
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID COMPLEX NETWORKS; ABSORBING STATES; RANDOM GRAPHS; FRAGILITY; INTERNET;
    ATTACK
 AB Many complex networks in nature have directed links, a property that
    affects the network's navigability and large-scale topology. Here we
    study the percolation properties of such directed scale-free networks
    with correlated in and out degree distributions. We derive a phase
    diagram that indicates the existence of three regimes, determined by
    the values of the degree exponents. In the first regime we regain the
    known directed percolation mean field exponents. In contrast, the
    second and third regimes are characterized by anomalous exponents,
    which we calculate analytically. In the third regime the network is
    resilient to random dilution, i.e., the percolation threshold is
    p(c)-->1.
 C1 Bar Ilan Univ, Minerva Ctr, Ramat Gan, Israel.
    Bar Ilan Univ, Dept Phys, Ramat Gan, Israel.
    Clarkson Univ, Dept Phys, Potsdam, NY 13699 USA.
    Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 RP Schwartz, N, Bar Ilan Univ, Minerva Ctr, Ramat Gan, Israel.
 CR ALBERT R, 2000, NATURE, V406, P378
    ALBERT R, 2000, NATURE, V406, P6794
    ALBERT R, 2002, REV MOD PHYS, V74, P47
    BARABASI AL, 2000, PHYSICA A, V281, P2115
    BRODER A, 2000, COMPUT NETW, V33, P309
    BUNDE A, 1996, FRACTALS DISORDERED
    CALLAWAY DS, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P5468
    COHEN R, CONDMAT0202259
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    COHEN R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P3682
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    HINRICHSEN H, 2000, ADV PHYS, V49, P815
    JEONG H, 2000, NATURE, V407, P651
    NEWMAN MEJ, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64
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    SANCHEZ AD, 2002, PHYS REV LETT, V88
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    WILF HS, 1994, GENERATINGFUNCTIONOL
 NR 22
 TC 18
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 1063-651X
 J9 PHYS REV E
 JI Phys. Rev. E
 PD JUL
 PY 2002
 VL 66
 IS 1
 PN Part 2
 AR 015104
 DI ARTN 015104
 PG 4
 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical
 GA 579WG
 UT ISI:000177200600004
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Barabasi, AL
    Jeong, H
    Neda, Z
    Ravasz, E
    Schubert, A
    Vicsek, T
 TI Evolution of the social network of scientific collaborations
 SO PHYSICA A
 LA English
 DT Article
 DE random networks; scaling; small-word systems; scale-free networks
 ID WORLD-WIDE-WEB; GROWING RANDOM NETWORKS; TOPOLOGY; INTERNET;
    DISTRIBUTIONS; ORGANIZATION; DYNAMICS; GROWTH
 AB The co-authorship network of scientists represents a prototype of
    complex evolving networks. In addition, it offers one of the most
    extensive database to date on social networks. By mapping the
    electronic database containing all relevant journals in mathematics and
    neuro-science for an 8-year period (1991-98), we infer the dynamic and
    the structural mechanisms that govern the evolution and topology of
    this complex system. Three complementary approaches allow us to obtain
    a detailed characterization. First, empirical measurements allow us to
    uncover the topological measures that characterize the network at a
    given moment, as well as the time evolution of these quantities. The
    results indicate that the network is scale-free, and that the network
    evolution is governed by preferential attachment, affecting both
    internal and external links. However, in contrast with most model
    predictions the average degree increases in time, and the node
    separation decreases. Second, we propose a simple model that captures
    the network's time evolution. In some limits the model can be solved
    analytically, predicting a two-regime scaling in agreement with the
    measurements. Third, numerical simulations are used to uncover the
    behavior of quantities that could not be predicted analytically. The
    combined numerical and analytical results underline the important role
    internal links play in determining the observed scaling behavior and
    network topology. The results and methodologies developed in the
    context of the co-authorship network could be useful for a systematic
    study of other complex evolving networks as well, such as the world
    wide web, Internet, or other social networks. (C) 2002 Published by
    Elsevier Science B.V.
 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
    Coll Budepest, Inst Adv Study, Budapest, Hungary.
    Univ Babes Bolyai, Dept Theoret Phys, R-3400 Cluj Napoca, Romania.
    Lib Hungarian Acad Sci, Bibliomet Serv, Budapest, Hungary.
    Lorand Eotvos Univ, Dept Biol Phys, Budapest, Hungary.
 RP Barabasi, AL, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 CR ALBERT P, 1999, NATURE, V400, P130
    ALBERT R, 2000, NATURE, V406, P378
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    BARABASI AL, 1999, PHYSICA A, V272, P173
    BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509
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    BOLLOBAS B, 1985, RANDOM GRAPHS
    BRODER A, 2000, P 9 INT WORLD WID WE
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 NR 42
 TC 162
 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
 PI AMSTERDAM
 PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS
 SN 0378-4371
 J9 PHYSICA A
 JI Physica A
 PD AUG 15
 PY 2002
 VL 311
 IS 3-4
 BP 590
 EP 614
 PG 25
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA 581BK
 UT ISI:000177271100023
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Dezso, Z
    Barabasi, AL
 TI Halting viruses in scale-free networks
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID COMPLEX NETWORKS; PERCOLATION; INTERNET; ATTACK
 AB vanishing epidemic threshold for viruses spreading on scale-free
    networks indicate that traditional methods, aiming to decrease a virus'
    spreading rate cannot succeed in eradicating an epidemic. We
    demonstrate that policies that discriminate between the nodes, curing
    mostly the highly connected nodes, can restore a finite epidemic
    threshold and potentially eradicate a virus. We find that the more
    biased a policy is towards the hubs, the more chance it has to bring
    the epidemic threshold above the virus' spreading rate. Furthermore,
    such biased policies are more cost effective, requiring less cures to
    eradicate the virus.
 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 RP Dezso, Z, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
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    BOLLOBAS B, 1985, RANDOM GRAPHS
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    LLOYD AL, 2001, SCIENCE, V292, P1316
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 NR 31
 TC 60
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 1063-651X
 J9 PHYS REV E
 JI Phys. Rev. E
 PD MAY
 PY 2002
 VL 65
 IS 5
 PN Part 2
 AR 055103
 DI ARTN 055103
 PG 4
 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical
 GA 568PZ
 UT ISI:000176552500003
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Albert, R
    Barabasi, AL
 TI Statistical mechanics of complex networks
 SO REVIEWS OF MODERN PHYSICS
 LA English
 DT Review
 ID SMALL-WORLD NETWORKS; SCIENTIFIC COLLABORATION NETWORKS; HIGHLY
    OPTIMIZED TOLERANCE; GROWING RANDOM NETWORKS; SCALE-FREE NETWORKS;
    MEAN-FIELD THEORY; ART. NO. 025101; RANDOM GRAPHS; EVOLVING NETWORKS;
    WIDE-WEB
 AB Complex networks describe a wide range of systems in nature and
    society. Frequently cited examples include the cell, a network of
    chemicals linked by chemical reactions, and the Internet, a network of
    routers and computers connected by physical links. While traditionally
    these systems have been modeled as random graphs, it is increasingly
    recognized that the topology and evolution of real networks are
    governed by robust organizing principles. This article reviews the
    recent advances in the field of complex networks, focusing on the
    statistical mechanics of network topology and dynamics. After reviewing
    the empirical data that motivated the recent interest in networks, the
    authors discuss the main models and analytical tools, covering random
    graphs, small-world and scale-free networks, the emerging theory of
    evolving networks, and the interplay between topology and the network's
    robustness against failures and attacks.
 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 RP Albert, R, Univ Minnesota, Sch Math, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
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 NR 214
 TC 2060
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 0034-6861
 J9 REV MOD PHYS
 JI Rev. Mod. Phys.
 PD JAN
 PY 2002
 VL 74
 IS 1
 BP 47
 EP 97
 PG 51
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA 533UL
 UT ISI:000174548700003
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Jeong, H
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    Kwak, CY
    Barabasi, AL
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 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E
 LA English
 DT Article
 AB The fabrication of ZnSe/ZnTe superlattices grown by the process of
    rotating the substrate in the presence of an inhomogeneous flux
    distribution instead of the successively closing and opening of source
    shutters is studied via Monte Carlo simulations. It is found that the
    concentration of each compound is sinusoidally modulated along the
    growth direction, caused by the uneven arrival of Se and Te atoms at a
    given point of the sample, and by the variation of the Te/Se ratio at
    that point due to the rotation of the substrate. In this way we obtain
    a ZnSe1-xTex alloy in which the composition x varies sinusoidally along
    the growth direction. The period of the modulation is directly
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    compositional modulation is monotonic for small angular velocities of
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    results are in good agreement with previously published experimental
    measurements on superlattices fabricated in this manner.
 C1 Korea Adv Inst Sci & Technol, Dept Phys, Taejon 305710, South Korea.
    Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Phys, Seoul 151742, South Korea.
    Seoul Natl Univ, Ctr Theoret Phys, Seoul 151742, South Korea.
    Korea Univ, Dept Phys, Seoul 136701, South Korea.
    Konkuk Univ, Dept Phys, Seoul 143701, South Korea.
    Konkuk Univ, Ctr Adv Mat, Seoul 143701, South Korea.
 RP Kahng, B, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 CR FAMILY F, 1986, J PHYS A, V19, L441
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 NR 9
 TC 0
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 1063-651X
 J9 PHYS REV E
 JI Phys. Rev. E
 PD MAR
 PY 2002
 VL 65
 IS 3
 PN Part 1
 AR 031602
 DI ARTN 031602
 PG 5
 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical
 GA 533UM
 UT ISI:000174548800056
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Albert, I
    Sample, JG
    Morss, AJ
    Rajagopalan, S
    Barabasi, AL
    Schiffer, P
 TI Granular drag on a discrete object: Shape effects on jamming
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID FORCE FLUCTUATIONS; STRESS FLUCTUATIONS; BEAD PACKS; PROPAGATION;
    MATTER; MEDIA
 AB We study the drag force on discrete objects with circular cross section
    moving slowly through a spherical granular medium. Variations in the
    geometry of the dragged object change the drag force only by a small
    fraction relative to shape effects in fluid drag. The drag force
    depends quadratically on the object's diameter as expected. We do
    observe, however. a deviation above the expected linear depth
    dependence, and the magnitude of the deviation is apparently controlled
    by geometrical factors.
 C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
    Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
    Penn State Univ, Mat Res Inst, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
 RP Schiffer, P, Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
 EM schiffer@phys.psu.edu
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 NR 18
 TC 18
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 1063-651X
 J9 PHYS REV E
 JI Phys. Rev. E
 PD DEC
 PY 2001
 VL 6406
 IS 6
 PN Part 1
 AR 061303
 DI ARTN 061303
 PG 4
 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical
 GA 502CN
 UT ISI:000172726300018
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Kahng, B
    Albert, L
    Schiffer, P
    Barabasi, AL
 TI Modeling relaxation and jamming in granular media
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID STRESS FLUCTUATIONS; BREAKDOWN; PROPAGATION; TRANSITION; SANDPILES;
    DRAG; SAND
 AB We introduce a stochastic microscopic model to investigate the jamming
    and reorganization of grains induced by an object moving through a
    granular medium. The model reproduces the experimentally observed
    periodic sawtooth fluctuations in the jamming force and predicts the
    period and the power spectrum in terms of the controllable physical
    parameters. It also predicts that the avalanche sizes, defined as the
    number of displaced grains during a single advance of the object,
    follow a power law P(s) similar to s(-tau), where the exponent is
    independent of the physical parameters.
 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
    Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Phys, Seoul 151742, South Korea.
    Seoul Natl Univ, Ctr Theoret Phys, Seoul 151742, South Korea.
    Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
    Penn State Univ, Mat Res Inst, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
 RP Kahng, B, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 CR ALBERT I, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V84, P5122
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 NR 25
 TC 6
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 1063-651X
 J9 PHYS REV E
 JI Phys. Rev. E
 PD NOV
 PY 2001
 VL 6405
 IS 5
 PN Part 1
 AR 051303
 DI ARTN 051303
 PG 4
 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical
 GA 496QF
 UT ISI:000172406900036
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Barabasi, AL
    Ravasz, E
    Vicsek, T
 TI Deterministic scale-free networks
 SO PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS
 LA English
 DT Article
 DE disordered systems; networks; scale-free networks; scaling
 ID INTERNET; TOPOLOGY; WEB
 AB Scale-free networks are abundant in nature and society, describing such
    diverse systems as the world wide web, the web of human sexual
    contacts, or the chemical network of a cell. All models used to
    generate a scale-free topology are stochastic, that is they create
    networks in which the nodes appear to be randomly connected to each
    other. Here we propose a simple model that generates scale-free
    networks in a deterministic fashion. We solve exactly the model,
    showing that the tail of the degree distribution follows a power law.
    (C) 2001 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.
 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Coll Sci, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
    Lorand Eotvos Univ, Dept Biol Sci, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
 RP Barabasi, AL, Univ Notre Dame, Coll Sci, Dept Phys, 225,Nieuwland Sci
    Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 CR ALBERT R, 1999, NATURE, V401, P130
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 NR 32
 TC 64
 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
 PI AMSTERDAM
 PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS
 SN 0378-4371
 J9 PHYSICA A
 JI Physica A
 PD OCT 15
 PY 2001
 VL 299
 IS 3-4
 BP 559
 EP 564
 PG 6
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA 484DT
 UT ISI:000171675500016
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Albert, I
    Tegzes, P
    Albert, R
    Sample, JG
    Barabasi, AL
    Vicsek, T
    Kahng, B
    Schiffer, P
 TI Stick-slip fluctuations in granular drag
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID FORCE FLUCTUATIONS; STRESS FLUCTUATIONS; BEAD PACKS; PROPAGATION;
    FRICTION; MATTER; LAYERS; MODELS; MEDIA
 AB We study fluctuations in the drag force experienced by an object moving
    through a granular medium. The successive formation and collapse of
    jammed states give a stick-slip nature to the fluctuations which are
    periodic at small depths but become "stepped" at large depths, a
    transition that we interpret as a consequence of the long-range nature
    of the force chains and the finite size of our experiment. Another
    important finding is that the mean force and the fluctuations appear to
    be independent of the properties of the contact surface between the
    grains and the dragged object. These results imply that the drag force
    originates in the bulk properties of the granular sample.
 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
    Lorand Eotvos Univ, Dept Biol Phys, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
    Seoul Natl Univ, Ctr Theoret Phys, Seoul 151742, South Korea.
    Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Phys, Seoul 151742, South Korea.
    Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
    Penn State Univ, Mat Res Inst, University Pk, PA 16802 USA.
 RP Albert, I, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 CR ALBERT I, CONDMAT0107392
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 NR 29
 TC 19
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 1063-651X
 J9 PHYS REV E
 JI Phys. Rev. E
 PD SEP
 PY 2001
 VL 6403
 IS 3
 PN Part 1
 BP art. no.
 EP 031307
 AR 031307
 PG 9
 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical
 GA 474ZB
 UT ISI:000171136200022
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Kahng, B
    Jeong, H
    Barabasi, AL
 TI Nanoscale structure formation on sputter eroded surface
 SO JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID ION-BOMBARDED SI(001); ROUGHENING INSTABILITY; RIPPLE FORMATION;
    EROSION; EVOLUTION
 AB We investigate the morphological features of sputter eroded surfaces,
    demonstrating that while at short times ripple formation is described
    by the linear theory, after a characteristic time, the nonlinear terms
    determine the surface morphology, by monitoring the surface width and
    the erosion velocity. Furthermore, we show that sputtering under normal
    incidence leads to the formation of spatially ordered uniform nanoscale
    islands or holes. We find that while the size of these nanostructures
    is independent of flux and temperature, it can be controlled by ion
    beam energy.
 C1 Seoul Natl Univ, Ctr Theoret Phys, Seoul 151742, South Korea.
    Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Phys, Seoul 151742, South Korea.
    Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 RP Kahng, B, Seoul Natl Univ, Ctr Theoret Phys, Seoul 151742, South Korea.
 CR BAN YC, 1999, J KOREAN PHYS SOC S, V35, S829
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    FACSKO S, 1999, SCIENCE, V285, P1551
    KAHNG B, 2001, APPL PHYS LETT, V78, P805
    KARDAR M, 1986, PHYS REV LETT, V56, P889
    KOPONEN I, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V78, P2612
    MAKEEV M, PREPRINT
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    MAYER TM, 1994, J APPL PHYS, V76, P1633
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    YANG HN, 1994, PHYS REV B, V50, P7635
 NR 23
 TC 2
 PU KOREAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI SEOUL
 PA 635-4, YUKSAM-DONG, KANGNAM-KU, SEOUL 135-703, SOUTH KOREA
 SN 0374-4884
 J9 J KOREAN PHYS SOC
 JI J. Korean Phys. Soc.
 PD SEP
 PY 2001
 VL 39
 IS 3
 BP 421
 EP 424
 PG 4
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA 473FK
 UT ISI:000171029700002
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Podani, J
    Oltvai, ZN
    Jeong, H
    Tombor, B
    Barabasi, AL
    Szathmary, E
 TI Comparable system-level organization of Archaea and Eukaryotes
 SO NATURE GENETICS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID METABOLIC NETWORKS; HYPOTHESIS; DEFINITION; PATHWAYS; GENES
 AB A central and long-standing issue in evolutionary theory is the origin
    of the biological variation upon which natural selection acts'. Some
    hypotheses suggest that evolutionary change represents an adaptation to
    the surrounding environment within the constraints of an organism's
    innate characteristics(1-3). Elucidation of the origin and evolutionary
    relationship of species has been complemented by nucleotide sequence(4)
    and gene content(5) analyses, with profound implications for
    recognizing life's major domains(4). Understanding of evolutionary
    relationships may be further expanded by comparing systemic
    higher-level organization among species. Here we employ multivariate
    analyses to evaluate the biochemical reaction pathways characterizing
    43 species. Comparison of the information transfer pathways of Archaea
    and Eukaryotes indicates a close relationship between these domains. In
    addition, whereas, eukaryotic metabolic enzymes are primarily of
    bacterial origin(6), the pathway-level organization of archaeal and
    eukaryotic metabolic networks is more closely related. Our analyses
    therefore suggest that during the symbiotic evolution of
    eukaryotes,(7-9) incorporation of bacterial metabolic enzymes into the
    proto-archaeal proteome was constrained by the host's pre-existing
    metabolic architecture.
 C1 Collegium Budapest, Inst Adv Study, H-1014 Budapest, Hungary.
    Lorand Eotvos Univ, Dept Plant Taxon & Ecol, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
    Northwestern Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Chicago, IL 60611 USA.
    Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 RP Oltvai, ZN, Collegium Budapest, Inst Adv Study, H-1014 Budapest,
    Hungary.
 CR ANDERSSON JO, 1999, CURR OPIN GENET DEV, V9, P664
    BROOKS DR, 2000, ANN NY ACAD SCI, V901, P257
    DARWIN C, 1872, ORIGIN SPECIES
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    MARGULIS L, 1970, ORIGIN EUKARYOTIC CE
    MARTIN W, 1998, NATURE, V392, P37
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    OVERBEEK R, 2000, NUCLEIC ACIDS RES, V28, P123
    PENNY D, 1999, CURR OPIN GENET DEV, V9, P672
    PODANI J, 1998, DATA SCI CLASSIFICAT, P125
    PODANI J, 2000, INTRO EXPLORATION MU
    PODANI J, 2001, SYN TAX 2000 COMPUTE
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 NR 24
 TC 26
 PU NATURE AMERICA INC
 PI NEW YORK
 PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA
 SN 1061-4036
 J9 NAT GENET
 JI Nature Genet.
 PD SEP
 PY 2001
 VL 29
 IS 1
 BP 54
 EP 56
 PG 3
 SC Genetics & Heredity
 GA 468WN
 UT ISI:000170781300016
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Barabasi, AL
    Freeh, VW
    Jeong, HW
    Brockman, JB
 TI Parasitic computing
 SO NATURE
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID WEB
 AB Reliable communication on the Internet is guaranteed by a standard set
    of protocols, used by all computers(1). Here we show that these
    protocols can be exploited to compute with the communication
    infrastructure, transforming the Internet into a distributed computer
    in which servers unwittingly perform computation on behalf of a remote
    node. In this model, which we call 'parasitic computing', one machine
    forces target computers to solve a piece of a complex computational
    problem merely by engaging them in standard communication.
    Consequently, the target computers are unaware that they have performed
    computation for the benefit of a commanding node. As experimental
    evidence of the principle of parasitic computing, we harness the power
    of several web servers across the globe, which-unknown to them-work
    together to solve an NP complete problem(2).
 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
    Univ Notre Dame, Dept Comp Sci & Engn, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 RP Barabasi, AL, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 CR ALDERMAN LM, 1994, SCIENCE, V266, P1021
    BOOLE G, 1854, INVESTIGATION LAWS T
    COHEN R, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P4626
    COHEN R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P3682
    FOSTER I, 2000, NATURE WEB MATTERS
    GAREY M, 1979, COMPUTERS INTRACTABI
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    LAWRENCE S, 1999, NATURE, V400, P107
    OUYANG Q, 1997, SCIENCE, V278, P446
    PETERSON LL, 2000, COMPUTER NETWORKS SY
    SCHONING U, 1999, P 40 ANN IEEE S FDN, P410
    STEVENS WR, 1994, TCP IP ILLUSTRATED, P144
    STONE J, 1998, IEEE ACM T NETWORK, V6, P529
    STONE J, 2000, P ACM SIGCOMM, P309
 NR 14
 TC 6
 PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
 PI LONDON
 PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
 SN 0028-0836
 J9 NATURE
 JI Nature
 PD AUG 30
 PY 2001
 VL 412
 IS 6850
 BP 894
 EP 897
 PG 5
 SC Multidisciplinary Sciences
 GA 467EG
 UT ISI:000170689000040
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Farkas, IJ
    Derenyi, I
    Barabasi, AL
    Vicsek, T
 TI Spectra of "real-world" graphs: Beyond the semicircle law
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID RANDOM NETWORKS; INTERNET; TOPOLOGY
 AB Many natural and social systems develop complex networks that are
    usually modeled as random graphs. The eigenvalue spectrum of these
    graphs provides information about their structural properties. While
    the semicircle law is known to describe the spectral densities of
    uncorrelated random graphs, much less is known about the spectra of
    real-world graphs, describing such complex systems as the Internet,
    metabolic pathways, networks of power stations, scientific
    collaborations, or movie actors, which are inherently correlated and
    usually very sparse. An important limitation in addressing the spectra
    of these systems is that the numerical determination of the spectra for
    systems with more than a few thousand nodes is prohibitively time and
    memory consuming. Making use of recent advances in algorithms for
    spectral characterization, here we develop methods to determine the
    eigenvalues of networks comparable in size to real systems, obtaining
    several surprising results on the spectra of adjacency matrices
    corresponding to models of real-world graphs. We find that when the
    number of links grows as the number of nodes, the spectral density of
    uncorrelated random matrices does not converge to the semicircle, law.
    Furthermore, the spectra of real-world graphs have specific features,
    depending on the details of the corresponding models. In particular,
    scale-free graphs develop a trianglelike spectral density with a
    power-law tail, while small-world graphs have a complex spectral
    density consisting of several sharp peaks. These and further results
    indicate that the spectra of correlated graphs represent a practical
    tool for graph classification and can provide useful insight into the
    relevant structural properties of real networks.
 C1 Lorand Eotvos Univ, Dept Biol Phys, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
    Collegium Budapest, Inst Adv Study, H-1014 Budapest, Hungary.
    Inst Curie, UMR 168, F-75248 Paris, France.
    Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 RP Farkas, IJ, Lorand Eotvos Univ, Dept Biol Phys, Pazmany Peter Setany
    1A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
 EM fij@elte.hu
    derenyi@angel.elte.hu
    alb@nd.edu
    vicsek@angel.elte.hu
 CR ADAMIC LA, 1999, NATURE, V401, P131
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 NR 66
 TC 64
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 1063-651X
 J9 PHYS REV E
 JI Phys. Rev. E
 PD AUG
 PY 2001
 VL 6402
 IS 2
 PN Part 2
 AR 026704
 DI ARTN 026704
 PG 12
 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical
 GA 463TJ
 UT ISI:000170493100104
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Barabasi, AL
 TI The physics of the Web
 SO PHYSICS WORLD
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID NETWORKS; INTERNET
 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 RP Barabasi, AL, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, 203 Nieuwland Sci Hall, Notre
    Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 CR ALBERT R, 2000, NATURE, V406, P378
    BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509
    BIANCONI G, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P5632
    BRODER A, 2000, COMPUT NETW, V33, P309
    CALLAWAY DS, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P5468
    COHEN R, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P4626
    FALOUTSOS M, 1999, COMP COMM R, V29, P251
    LAWRENCE S, 1999, NATURE, V400, P107
    PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P3200
    WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440
 NR 10
 TC 9
 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD
 PI BRISTOL
 PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND
 SN 0953-8585
 J9 PHYS WORLD
 JI Phys. World
 PD JUL
 PY 2001
 VL 14
 IS 7
 BP 33
 EP 38
 PG 6
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA 459ZR
 UT ISI:000170281800031
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Yook, SH
    Jeong, H
    Barabasi, AL
    Tu, Y
 TI Weighted evolving networks
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID SMALL-WORLD NETWORKS; INTERNET
 AB Many biological, ecological, and economic systems are best described by
    weighted networks, as the nodes interact with each other with varying
    strength. However, most evolving network models studied so far are
    binary, the link strength being either 0 or 1. In this paper we
    introduce and investigate the scaling properties of a class of models
    which assign weights to the links as the network evolves. The combined
    numerical and analytical approach indicates that asymptotically the
    total weight distribution converges to the scaling behavior of the
    connectivity distribution, but this convergence is hampered by strong
    logarithmic corrections.
 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
    IBM Corp, Thomas J Watson Res Ctr, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598 USA.
 RP Yook, SH, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 CR ALBERT R, 1999, NATURE, V401, P130
    AMARAL LAN, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P11149
    BANAVAR JR, 1999, NATURE, V399, P130
    BARABASI AL, 1999, PHYSICA A, V272, P173
    BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509
    BERLOW EL, 1999, NATURE, V398, P330
    BOLLOBAS B, 1985, RANDOM GRAPHS
    COHEN R, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P4626
    DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2000, EUROPHYS LETT, V52, P33
    DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2000, PHYS REV E A, V62, P1842
    ERDOS P, 1960, PUBL MATH I HUNG, V5, P17
    GRANOVET.MS, 1973, AM J SOCIOL, V78, P1360
    KRAPIVSKY PL, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P4629
    KULLMANN L, CONDMAT0012410
    MULLER B, 1991, NEURAL NETWORKS INTR
    NEWMAN MEJ, 2000, J STAT PHYS, V101, P819
    NEWMAN MEJ, 2001, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V98, P404
    WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440
    WATTS DJ, 1999, SMALL WORLDS DYNAMIC
 NR 19
 TC 97
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 0031-9007
 J9 PHYS REV LETT
 JI Phys. Rev. Lett.
 PD JUN 18
 PY 2001
 VL 86
 IS 25
 BP 5835
 EP 5838
 PG 4
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA 443ZG
 UT ISI:000169373000049
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Bianconi, G
    Barabasi, AL
 TI Bose-Einstein condensation in complex networks
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID SMALL-WORLD NETWORKS; INTERNET; TOPOLOGY; WEB
 AB The evolution of many complex systems, including the World Wide Web,
    business, and citation networks, is encoded in the dynamic web
    describing the interactions between the system's constituents. Despite
    their irreversible and nonequilibrium nature these networks follow Bose
    statistics and can undergo Bose-Einstein condensation. Addressing the
    dynamical properties of these nonequilibrium systems within the
    framework of equilibrium quantum gases predicts that the
    "first-mover-advantage." "fit-get-rich," and "winner-takes-all"
    phenomena observed in competitive systems an thermodynamically distinct
    phases of the underlying evolving networks.
 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
    Coll Budapest, Inst Adv Studies, H-1014 Budapest, Hungary.
 RP Bianconi, G, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 CR ADAMIC LA, 2000, SCIENCE, V287, P2115
    ALBERT R, 1999, NATURE, V401, P130
    ALBERT R, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P5234
    AMARAL LAN, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P11149
    BARABASI AL, CONDMAT0104162
    BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509
    BIANCONI G, IN PRESS EUROPHYS LE
    DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P4633
    FALOUTSOS M, 1999, COMP COMM R, V29, P251
    HUANG K, 1987, STAT MECH
    KIRMAN A, 1997, J EVOL ECON, V7, P339
    KRAPIVSKY PL, CONDMAT0011094
    KRAPIVSKY PL, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P4629
    LAWRENCE S, 1999, NATURE, V400, P107
    NEWMAN MEJ, CONDMAT0011144
    REDNER S, 1998, EUR PHYS J B, V4, P131
    WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440
 NR 17
 TC 82
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 0031-9007
 J9 PHYS REV LETT
 JI Phys. Rev. Lett.
 PD JUN 11
 PY 2001
 VL 86
 IS 24
 BP 5632
 EP 5635
 PG 4
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA 441PV
 UT ISI:000169239500057
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Bianconi, G
    Barabasi, AL
 TI Competition and multiscaling in evolving networks
 SO EUROPHYSICS LETTERS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID SMALL-WORLD NETWORKS; WIDE-WEB; INTERNET; TOPOLOGY; DYNAMICS
 AB The rate at which nodes in a network increase their connectivity
    depends on their fitness to compete for links. For example, in social
    networks some individuals acquire more social links than others, or on
    the www some webpages attract considerably more links than others. We
    nd that this competition for links translates into multiscaling, i.e. a
    fitness-dependent dynamic exponent, allowing fitter nodes to overcome
    the more connected but less fit ones. Uncovering this
    fitter-gets-richer phenomenon can help us understand in quantitative
    terms the evolution of many competitive systems in nature and society.
 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
    Collegium Budapest, Inst Adv Studies, H-1014 Budapest, Hungary.
 RP Bianconi, G, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 CR ADAMIC LA, 2000, J9MENCE, V287, P2115
    ALBERT R, 1999, NATURE, V401, P130
    ALBERT R, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P5234
    AMARAL LAN, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P11149
    BANAVAR JR, 1999, NATURE, V399, P130
    BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509
    BARTHELEMY M, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V82, P3180
    BOLLOBAS B, 1985, RANDOM GRAPHS
    CALDARELLI G, 2000, EUROPHYS LETT, V52, P386
    DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2000, PHYS REV E A, V62, P1842
    ERDOS P, 1960, PUBL MATH I HUNG, V5, P17
    FALOUTSOS M, 1999, COMP COMM R, V29, P251
    HUBERMAN BA, 1999, NATURE, V401, P131
    JEONG H, 2000, NATURE, V407, P651
    KLEINBERG J, 1999, INT C COMB COMP
    NEWMAN MEJ, 2000, J STAT PHYS, V101, P819
    REDNER S, 1998, EUR PHYS J B, V4, P131
    WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440
 NR 18
 TC 108
 PU E D P SCIENCES
 PI LES ULIS CEDEXA
 PA 7, AVE DU HOGGAR, PARC D ACTIVITES COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES
    ULIS CEDEXA, FRANCE
 SN 0295-5075
 J9 EUROPHYS LETT
 JI Europhys. Lett.
 PD MAY
 PY 2001
 VL 54
 IS 4
 BP 436
 EP 442
 PG 7
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA 435GR
 UT ISI:000168869500005
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Jeong, H
    Mason, SP
    Barabasi, AL
    Oltvai, ZN
 TI Lethality and centrality in protein networks
 SO NATURE
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; YEAST; ORGANIZATION; DATABASE; GENOME
 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 RP Jeong, H, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 CR ALBERT R, 2000, NATURE, V406, P378
    AMARAL LAN, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P11149
    COSTANZO MC, 2000, NUCLEIC ACIDS RES, V28, P73
    EISENBERG D, 2000, NATURE, V405, P823
    FELL DA, ANIMATING CELLULAR M, P79
    HARTWELL LH, 1999, NATURE, V402, P47
    JEONG H, 2000, NATURE, V407, P651
    RAIN JC, 2001, NATURE, V409, P211
    ROSSMACDONALD P, 1999, NATURE, V402, P413
    UETZ P, 2000, NATURE, V403, P623
    WAGNER A, 2000, NAT GENET, V24, P355
    WINZELER EA, 1999, SCIENCE, V285, P901
    XENARIOS I, 2000, NUCLEIC ACIDS RES, V28, P289
 NR 13
 TC 745
 PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
 PI LONDON
 PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
 SN 0028-0836
 J9 NATURE
 JI Nature
 PD MAY 3
 PY 2001
 VL 411
 IS 6833
 BP 41
 EP 42
 PG 2
 SC Multidisciplinary Sciences
 GA 427XY
 UT ISI:000168432800033
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Lee, CS
    Kahng, B
    Barabasi, AL
 TI Spatial ordering of stacked quantum dots
 SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; INAS ISLANDS; SURFACES; GROWTH; GAAS; STRESS
 AB We investigate the growth conditions necessary to form an ordered
    quantum dot crystal by capping spatially ordered quantum dots and
    growing a new layer of dots on top of the capping layer. Performing
    Monte Carlo simulations and developing analytic arguments based on the
    stress energy function, we demonstrate the existence of an optimal
    capping layer thickness, external flux, and temperature for the
    formation of quantum dot crystals. (C) 2001 American Institute of
    Physics.
 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
    Konkuk Univ, Ctr Adv Mat & Devices, Seoul 143701, South Korea.
    Konkuk Univ, Dept Phys, Seoul 143701, South Korea.
 RP Lee, CS, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 CR DARHUBER AA, 1997, THIN SOLID FILMS, V294, P296
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    HU SM, 1989, J APPL PHYS, V66, P2741
    JACAK L, 1998, QUANTUM DOTS
    KAMINS TI, 1997, APPL PHYS LETT, V71, P120
    KOBAYASHI A, 1988, J VAC SCI TECHNOL B, V6, P1145
    KOBAYASHI A, 1988, PHYS REV B, V37, P1039
    LEE C, 1998, APPL PHYS LETT, V73, P2651
    LEONARD D, 1993, APPL PHYS LETT, V63, P3203
    MEADE RD, 1989, PHYS REV B, V40, P3905
    NAKATA Y, 1997, J CRYST GROWTH 2, V175, P713
    NEWMAN MEJ, 1999, MONTE CARLO METHODS
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    SOLOMON GS, 1997, J CRYST GROWTH 2, V175, P707
    SPRINGHOLZ G, 1998, SCIENCE, V282, P734
    TERSOFF J, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V76, P1675
    WIDMANN F, 1998, J APPL PHYS, V83, P7618
    WOLF DE, 1997, DYNAMICS FLUCTUATING
    XIE QH, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V75, P2542
    ZUNDEL MK, 1997, APPL PHYS LETT, V71, P2972
 NR 24
 TC 15
 PU AMER INST PHYSICS
 PI MELVILLE
 PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA
 SN 0003-6951
 J9 APPL PHYS LETT
 JI Appl. Phys. Lett.
 PD FEB 12
 PY 2001
 VL 78
 IS 7
 BP 984
 EP 986
 PG 3
 SC Physics, Applied
 GA 398TN
 UT ISI:000166772600045
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Kahng, B
    Jeong, H
    Barabasi, AL
 TI Quantum dot and hole formation in sputter erosion
 SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID RIPPLE FORMATION; SURFACE-DIFFUSION; ION-BOMBARDMENT; SCALE
 AB Recently, it was experimentally demonstrated that sputtering under
    normal incidence leads to the formation of spatially ordered uniform
    nanoscale islands or holes. Here, we show that these nanostructures
    have inherently nonlinear origin, first appearing when the nonlinear
    terms start to dominate the surface dynamics. Depending on the sign of
    the nonlinear terms, determined by the shape of the collision cascade,
    the surface can develop regular islands or holes with identical
    dynamical features, and while the size of these nanostructures is
    independent of flux and temperature, it can be modified by tuning the
    ion energy. (C) 2001 American Institute of Physics.
 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
    Konkuk Univ, Dept Phys, Seoul 143701, South Korea.
    Konkuk Univ, Ctr Adv Mat & Devices, Seoul 143701, South Korea.
 RP Kahng, B, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 CR BARABASI AL, 1995, FRACTAL CONCEPTS SUR
    BRADLEY RM, 1988, J VAC SCI TECHNOL A, V6, P2390
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    ERLEBACHER J, 2000, J VAC SCI TECHNOL A, V18, P115
    FACSKO S, 1999, SCIENCE, V285, P1551
    JACAK L, 1998, QUANTUM DOTS
    KAMINS TI, 1997, APPL PHYS LETT, V71, P1201
    KOPONEN I, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V78, P2612
    MACLAREN SW, 1992, J VAC SCI TECHNOL A, V10, P468
    MAKEEV M, UNPUB
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    PARK S, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V83, P3486
    RUSPONI S, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V78, P2795
    RUSPONI S, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V81, P4184
    RUSPONI S, 1999, APPL PHYS LETT, V75, P3318
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 NR 23
 TC 56
 PU AMER INST PHYSICS
 PI MELVILLE
 PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA
 SN 0003-6951
 J9 APPL PHYS LETT
 JI Appl. Phys. Lett.
 PD FEB 5
 PY 2001
 VL 78
 IS 6
 BP 805
 EP 807
 PG 3
 SC Physics, Applied
 GA 398CF
 UT ISI:000166737800041
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Albet, R
    Jeong, N
    Barabasi, AL
 TI Error and attack tolerance of complex networks (vol 406, pg 378, 2000)
 SO NATURE
 LA English
 DT Correction
 ID SMALL-WORLD NETWORKS; INTERNET TOPOLOGY; WIDE-WEB; DYNAMICS
 AB Many complex systems display a surprising degree of tolerance against
    errors. For example, relatively simple organisms grow, persist and
    reproduce despite drastic pharmaceutical or environmental
    interventions, an error tolerance attributed to the robustness of the
    underlying metabolic network(1). Complex communication networks(2)
    display a surprising degree of robustness: although key components
    regularly malfunction, local failures rarely lead to the loss of the
    global information-carrying ability of the network. The stability of
    these and other complex systems is often attributed to the redundant
    wiring of the functional web defined by the systems' components. Here
    we demonstrate that error tolerance is not shared by all redundant
    systems: it is displayed only by a class of inhomogeneously wired
    networks, called scale-free networks, which include the World-Wide
    Web(3-5), the Internet(6), social networks(7) and cells(8). We find
    that such networks display an unexpected degree of robustness, the
    ability of their nodes to communicate being unaffected even by
    unrealistically high failure rates. However, error tolerance comes at a
    high price in that these networks are extremely vulnerable to attacks
    (that is, to the selection and removal of a few nodes that play a vital
    role in maintaining the network's connectivity). Such error tolerance
    and attack vulnerability are generic properties of communication
    networks.
 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 RP Albet, R, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, 225 Nieuwland Sci Hall, Notre
    Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 CR ADAMIC LA, 1999, LECT NOTES COMPUT SC, V1696, P443
    ALBERT R, 1999, NATURE, V401, P130
    ALBERT R, 2000, NATURE, V406, P378
    BANAVAR JR, 1999, NATURE, V399, P130
    BARABASI AL, 1999, PHYSICA A, V272, P173
    BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509
    BARTHELEMY M, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V82, P3180
    BOLLOBAS B, 1985, RANDOM GRAPHS
    BUDNE A, 1996, FRACTALS DISORDERED
    CLAFFY K, 1999, NATURE WEB MATERS
    ERDOS P, 1960, PUBL MATH I HUNG, V5, P17
    FALOUTSOS M, 1999, COMP COMM R, V29, P251
    HARTWELL LH, 1999, NATURE, V402, P47
    HUBERMAN BA, 1999, NATURE, V401, P131
    JEONG H, IN PRESS NATURE
    KUMAR R, 2000, P 19 ACM SIGACT SIGM, P1
    LAWRENCE S, 1999, NATURE, V400, P107
    MARITAN A, 1996, SCIENCE, V272, P984
    MILGRAM S, 1967, PSYCHOL TODAY, V1, P61
    PAXSON V, 1997, IEEE ACM T NETWORK, V5, P601
    REDNER S, 1998, EUR PHYS J B, V4, P131
    WASSERMAN S, 1994, SOCIAL NETWORK ANAL
    WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440
    WILLIAMS RJ, 2000, NATURE, V404, P180
    ZEGURA EW, 1997, IEEE ACM T NETWORK, V5, P770
 NR 25
 TC 16
 PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
 PI LONDON
 PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
 SN 0028-0836
 J9 NATURE
 JI Nature
 PD JAN 25
 PY 2001
 VL 409
 IS 6819
 BP 542
 EP +
 PG 6
 SC Multidisciplinary Sciences
 GA 395FW
 UT ISI:000166570500057
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Albert, R
    Barabasi, AL
 TI Topology of evolving networks: Local events and universality
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID INTERNET
 AB Networks grow and evolve by local events, such as the addition of new
    nodes and links, or rewiring of links from one node to another. We show
    that depending on the frequency of these processes two topologically
    different networks can emerge, the connectivity distribution following
    either a generalized power law or an exponential. We propose a
    continuum theory that pr-edicts these two regimes as well as the
    scaling function and the exponents, in good agreement with numerical
    results. Finally, we use the obtained predictions to fit the
    connectivity distribution of the network describing the professional
    links between movie actors.
 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 RP Barabasi, AL, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 CR *MEM CLEV PROJ, 1999, SCI AM, V280, P54
    ALBERT R, 1999, NATURE, V401, P130
    AMARAL LAN, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P11149
    BARABASI AL, 1999, PHYSICA A, V272, P173
    BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509
    DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2000, PHYS REV E A, V62, P1842
    ERDOS P, 1960, PUBL MATH I HUNG, V5, P17
    FALOUTSOS M, 1999, COMP COMM R, V29, P251
    JEONG H, 2000, NATURE, V407, P651
    KRAPIVSKY PL, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P4629
    KUMAR R, 1999, P 25 INT C VER LARG, P639
    REDNER S, 1998, EUR PHYS J B, V4, P131
    TU Y, COMMUNICATION
    WASSERMAN S, 1994, SOCIAL NETWORK ANAL
    WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440
 NR 15
 TC 246
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 0031-9007
 J9 PHYS REV LETT
 JI Phys. Rev. Lett.
 PD DEC 11
 PY 2000
 VL 85
 IS 24
 BP 5234
 EP 5237
 PG 4
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA 382CC
 UT ISI:000165800000055
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Jeong, H
    Tombor, B
    Albert, R
    Oltvai, ZN
    Barabasi, AL
 TI The large-scale organization of metabolic networks
 SO NATURE
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID SMALL-WORLD NETWORKS
 AB In a cell or microorganism, the processes that generate mass, energy,
    information transfer and cell-fate specification are seamlessly
    integrated through a complex network of cellular constituents and
    reactions(1). However, despite the key role of these networks in
    sustaining cellular functions, their large-scale structure is
    essentially unknown. Here we present a systematic comparative
    mathematical analysis of the metabolic networks of 43 organisms
    representing all three domains of life. We show that, despite
    significant variation in their individual constituents and pathways,
    these metabolic networks have the same topological scaling properties
    and show striking similarities to the inherent organization of complex
    non-biological systems(2). This may indicate that metabolic
    organization is not only identical for all living organisms, but also
    complies with the design principles of robust and error-tolerant
    scale-free networks(2-5), and may represent a common blueprint for the
    large-scale organization of interactions among all cellular
    constituents.
 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
    Northwestern Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Chicago, IL 60611 USA.
 RP Oltvai, ZN, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 EM zno008@northwestern.edu
    alb@nd.edu
 CR ALBERT R, 1999, NATURE, V401, P130
    ALBERT R, 2000, NATURE, V406, P378
    AMARAL LAN, 2000, CLASSES BEHAV SMALL
    BANAVAR JR, 1999, NATURE, V399, P130
    BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509
    BARKAI N, 1997, NATURE, V387, P913
    BARTHELEMY M, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V82, P3180
    BECSKEI A, 2000, NATURE, V405, P590
    BHALLA US, 1999, SCIENCE, V283, P381
    BOLLOBAS B, 1985, RANDOM GRAPHS
    BRAY D, 1995, NATURE, V376, P307
    DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2000, EVOLUTION REFERENCE
    EDWARDS JS, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P5528
    ELOWITZ MB, 2000, NATURE, V403, P335
    ERDOS P, 1960, PUBL MATH I HUNG, V5, P17
    FALOUTSOS M, 1999, COMP COMM R, V29, P251
    GARDNER TS, 2000, NATURE, V403, P339
    HARTWELL LH, 1999, NATURE S, V402, C47
    HASTY J, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P2075
    INGBER DE, 1993, J CELL SCI 3, V104, P613
    KANEHISA M, 2000, NUCLEIC ACIDS RES, V28, P27
    KARP PP, 1999, TRENDS BIOTECHNOL, V17, P275
    KISCHNER M, 2000, CELL, V100, P79
    MCADAMS HH, 1999, TRENDS GENET, V15, P65
    OVERBEEK R, 2000, NUCLEIC ACIDS RES, V28, P123
    WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440
    WEST GB, 1999, SCIENCE, V284, P1677
    YI TM, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P4649
 NR 28
 TC 939
 PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
 PI LONDON
 PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
 SN 0028-0836
 J9 NATURE
 JI Nature
 PD OCT 5
 PY 2000
 VL 407
 IS 6804
 BP 651
 EP 654
 PG 5
 SC Multidisciplinary Sciences
 GA 362HP
 UT ISI:000089772800053
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Albert, R
    Jeong, H
    Barabasi, AL
 TI Error and attack tolerance of complex networks
 SO NATURE
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID SMALL-WORLD NETWORKS; WIDE-WEB; INTERNET; DYNAMICS
 AB Many complex systems display a surprising degree of tolerance against
    errors. For example, relatively simple organisms grow, persist and
    reproduce despite drastic pharmaceutical or environmental
    interventions, an error tolerance attributed to the robustness of the
    underlying metabolic network(1). Complex communication networks(2)
    display a surprising degree of robustness: although key components
    regularly malfunction, local failures rarely lead to the loss of the
    global information-carrying ability of the network. The stability of
    these and other complex systems is often attributed to the redundant
    wiring of the functional web defined by the systems' components. Here
    we demonstrate that error tolerance is not shared by all redundant
    systems: it is displayed only by a class of inhomogeneously wired
    networks, called scale-free networks, which include the World-Wide
    Web(3-5), the Internet(6), social networks(7) and cells(8). We find
    that such networks display an unexpected degree of robustness, the
    ability of their nodes to communicate being unaffected even by
    unrealistically high failure rates. However, error tolerance comes at a
    high price in that these networks are extremely vulnerable to attacks
    (that is, to the selection and removal of a few nodes that play a vital
    role in maintaining the network's connectivity). Such error tolerance
    and attack vulnerability are generic properties of communication
    networks.
 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 RP Barabasi, AL, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, 225 Nieuwland Sci Hall, Notre
    Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 CR ADAMIC LA, 1999, LECT NOTES COMPUT SC, V1696, P443
    ALBERT R, 1999, NATURE, V401, P130
    BANAVAR JR, 1999, NATURE, V399, P130
    BARABASI AL, 1999, PHYSICA A, V272, P173
    BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509
    BARTHELEMY M, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V82, P3180
    BOLLOBAS B, 1985, RANDOM GRAPHS
    BUNDE A, 1996, FRACTALS DISORDERED
    CLAFFY K, 1999, NATURE WEB MATTERS
    ERDOS P, 1960, PUBL MATH I HUNG, V5, P17
    FALOUTSOS M, 1999, ACM SIGCOMM COMPUTER, V29, P251
    HARTWELL LH, 1999, NATURE, V402, P47
    HUBERMAN BA, 1999, NATURE, V401, P131
    JEONG H, IN PRESS NATURE
    KUMAR R, 2000, P 19 ACM SIGACT SIGM, P1
    LAWRENCE S, 1999, NATURE, V400, P107
    MARITAN A, 1996, SCIENCE, V272, P984
    MILGRAM S, 1967, PSYCHOL TODAY, V1, P61
    PAXSON V, 1997, IEEE ACM T NETWORK, V5, P601
    REDNER S, 1998, EUR PHYS J B, V4, P131
    WASSERMAN S, 1994, SOCIAL NETWORK ANAL
    WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440
    WILLIAMS RJ, 2000, NATURE, V404, P180
    ZEGURA EW, 1997, IEEE ACM T NETWORK, V5, P770
 NR 24
 TC 775
 PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
 PI LONDON
 PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
 SN 0028-0836
 J9 NATURE
 JI Nature
 PD JUL 27
 PY 2000
 VL 406
 IS 6794
 BP 378
 EP 382
 PG 6
 SC Multidisciplinary Sciences
 GA 337WC
 UT ISI:000088383800038
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Barabasi, AL
    Albert, R
    Jeong, H
 TI Scale-free characteristics of random networks: the topology of the
    World-Wide Web
 SO PHYSICA A
 LA English
 DT Article
 DE disordered systems; networks; random networks; critical phenomena;
    scaling; world-wide web
 ID COMPLEXITY; SYSTEMS
 AB The world-wide web forms a large directed graph, whose vertices are
    documents and edges are links pointing from one document to another.
    Here we demonstrate that despite its apparent random character, the
    topology of this graph has a number of universal scale-free
    characteristics. We introduce a model that leads to a scale-free
    network, capturing in a minimal fashion the self-organization processes
    governing the world-wide web. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights
    reserved.
 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Coll Sci, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 RP Barabasi, AL, Univ Notre Dame, Coll Sci, Dept Phys, 225 Nieuwland Sci
    Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 CR 1999, SCI AM, V280, P54
    ALBERT R, CONDMAT9907038
    ALBERT R, UNPUB
    ARTHUR WB, 1999, SCIENCE, V284, P107
    BANAVAR JR, 1999, NATURE, V399, P130
    BARABASI AL, 1999, PHYSICA A, V272, P173
    BARABISI AL, PREPRINT
    BARTHELEMY LAN, 1999, AMARAL PHYS REV LETT, V82, P15
    BOLLOBIAS B, 1985, RANDOM GRAPHS
    BUNDE A, 1994, FRACTALS SCI
    ERDOS P, 1960, PUBL MATH I HUNG, V5, P17
    FALOUTSOS M, 1999, SIGCOMM99
    GALLAGHER R, 1999, SCIENCE, V284, P79
    HUBERMAN BA, CONDMAT9901071
    KOCH C, 1999, SCIENCE, V284, P96
    KOCHEN M, 1989, SMALL WORLD
    KUMAR R, 1999, P 25 VLDB C ED SCOTL
    LAWRENCE S, 1998, SCIENCE, V280, P98
    LAWRENCE S, 1999, NATURE, V400, P107
    MILGRAM S, 1967, PSYCHOL TODAY, V1, P61
    SERVICE RF, 1999, SCIENCE, V284, P80
    WASSERMAN S, 1994, SOCIAL NETWORK ANAL
    WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440
    WENG GZ, 1999, SCIENCE, V284, P92
 NR 24
 TC 142
 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
 PI AMSTERDAM
 PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS
 SN 0378-4371
 J9 PHYSICA A
 JI Physica A
 PD JUN 15
 PY 2000
 VL 281
 IS 1-4
 BP 69
 EP 77
 PG 9
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA 326NM
 UT ISI:000087741700008
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Albert, R
    Barabasi, AL
 TI Dynamics of complex systems: Scaling laws for the period of Boolean
    networks
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID KAUFFMAN CELLULAR AUTOMATA; EMERGENT PROPERTIES; PHASE-TRANSITIONS;
    PERCOLATION
 AB Boolean networks serve as models for complex systems, such as social or
    genetic networks, where each vertex, based on inputs received from
    selected vertices, makes its own decision about its state. Despite
    their simplicity, little is known about the dynamical properties of
    these systems. Hen we propose a method to calculate the period of a
    finite Boolean system, by identifying the mechanisms determining its
    value. The proposed method can be applied to systems of arbitrary
    topology, and can serve as a roadmap For understanding the dynamics of
    large interacting systems in general.
 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 RP Albert, R, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 CR ALBERT R, UNPUB
    ALBERT R, 1999, NATURE, V401, P130
    ALON U, 1999, NATURE, V397, P168
    ATLAN H, 1981, CYBERNET SYST, V12, P103
    BARABASI AL, 1999, PHYSICA A, V272, P173
    BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509
    BHALLA US, 1999, SCIENCE, V283, P381
    BOLLOBAS B, 1985, RANDOM GRAPHS
    BUNDE A, 1994, FRACTALS SCI
    COHEN JE, 1988, DISCRETE APPL MATH, V19, P113
    DEARCANGELIS L, 1987, J PHYS-PARIS, V48, P1881
    DERRIDA B, 1986, EUROPHYS LETT, V2, P739
    ERDOS P, 1960, PUBL MATH I HUNG, V5, P17
    FOGELMANSOULIE F, 1984, DISCRETE APPL MATH, V9, P139
    FOGELMANSOULIE F, 1985, THEOR COMPUT SCI, V40, P275
    GELFAND AE, 1984, ENSEMBLE MODELING
    KAUFFMAN SA, 1969, J THEOR BIOL, V22, P437
    KAUFFMAN SA, 1984, PHYSICA D, V10, P145
    KAUFFMAN SA, 1993, ORIGINS ORDER
    LUQUE B, 1997, PHYS REV E A, V55, P257
    LUX T, 1999, NATURE, V397, P498
    PRAKASH S, 1992, PHYS REV A, V46, R1724
    STAUFFER D, 1987, PHILOS MAG B, V56, P901
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    WALKER CC, 1965, KYBERNETICS, V3, P100
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    WASSERMANN S, 1994, SOCIAL NETWORK ANAL
    WEISBUCH G, 1987, J PHYS-PARIS, V48, P11
 NR 28
 TC 24
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 0031-9007
 J9 PHYS REV LETT
 JI Phys. Rev. Lett.
 PD JUN 12
 PY 2000
 VL 84
 IS 24
 BP 5660
 EP 5663
 PG 4
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA 322RH
 UT ISI:000087522200051
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Neda, Z
    Ravasz, E
    Vicsek, T
    Brechet, Y
    Barabasi, AL
 TI Physics of the rhythmic applause
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID SYNCHRONIZATION; OSCILLATORS; SYSTEMS
 AB We report on a series of measurements aimed to characterize the
    development and the dynamics of the rhythmic applause in concert halls.
    Our results demonstrate that while this process shares many
    characteristics of other systems that are known to synchronize, it also
    has features that are unexpected and unaccounted for in many other
    systems. In particular, we find that the mechanism lying at the heart
    of the synchronization process is the period doubling of the clapping
    rhythm. The characteristic interplay between synchronized and
    unsynchronized regimes during the applause is the result of a
    frustration in the system. All results are understandable in the
    framework of the Kuramoto model.
 C1 Univ Babes Bolyai, Dept Theoret Phys, RO-3400 Cluj Napoca, Romania.
    Lorand Eotvos Univ, Dept Biol Phys, Budapest, Hungary.
    Domaine Univ Grenoble, INPG, ENSEEG, LTPCM, F-38402 St Martin Dheres, France.
 RP Neda, Z, Univ Babes Bolyai, Dept Theoret Phys, Strada Kogalniceanu Nr
    1, RO-3400 Cluj Napoca, Romania.
 CR BOTTANI S, 1997, PHYS REV E, V54, P2334
    GLASS L, 1988, CLOCKS CHAOS RHYTHMS
    JIANG Y, 1997, PHYS REV E A, V56, P2672
    JUST W, 1997, PHYS REP, V290, P101
    KURAMOTO Y, 1987, J STAT PHYS, V49, P569
    MIROLLO RE, 1990, SIAM J APPL MATH, V50, P1645
    NEDA Z, 2000, NATURE, V403, P849
    ROSENBLUM MG, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V76, P1804
    STROGATZ SH, 1993, LECT NOTES BIOMATH, V100
    STROGATZ SH, 1993, SCI AM, V269, P102
    WINFREE AT, 1967, J THEOR BIOL, V16, P15
 NR 11
 TC 18
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 1063-651X
 J9 PHYS REV E
 JI Phys. Rev. E
 PD JUN
 PY 2000
 VL 61
 IS 6
 PN Part B
 BP 6987
 EP 6992
 PG 6
 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical
 GA 323QA
 UT ISI:000087575400036
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Albert, I
    Tegzes, P
    Kahng, B
    Albert, R
    Sample, JG
    Pfeifer, M
    Barabasi, AL
    Vicsek, T
    Schiffer, P
 TI Jamming and fluctuations in granular drag
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID FORCE FLUCTUATIONS; STRESS FLUCTUATIONS; BEAD PACKS; FRICTION;
    PROPAGATION; MATTER; LAYERS; MODEL; MEDIA
 AB We investigate the dynamic evolution of jamming in granular media
    through fluctuations in the granular drag force. The successive
    collapse and formation of jammed states give a stick-slip nature to the
    fluctuations which is independent of the contact surface between the
    grains and the dragged object, thus implying that the stress-induced
    collapse is nucleated in the bull; of the granular sample. We also find
    that while the fluctuations are periodic at small depths, they become
    "stepped" at large depths, a transition which we interpret as a
    consequence of the long-range nature of the force chains.
 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
    Lorand Eotvos Univ, Dept Biol Phys, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
    Konkuk Univ, Dept Phys, Seoul 143701, South Korea.
 RP Schiffer, P, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 CR ALBERT I, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V82, P205
    ALBERT R, UNPUB
    BROWN RL, 1970, PRINCIPLES POWDER ME
    BUCHHOLTZ V, 1998, GRANUL MATTER, V1, P33
    CATES ME, CONDMAT9901009
    CATES ME, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V81, P1841
    CATES ME, 1999, PHYSICA A, V263, P354
    CLAUDIN P, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V78, P231
    COPPERSMITH SN, 1996, PHYS REV E A, V53, P4673
    DEMIREL AL, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V77, P4330
    DURAN J, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P2431
    FEDER HJS, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V66, P2669
    GEMINARD JC, 1999, PHYS REV E B, V59, P5881
    HOWELL D, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V82, P5241
    JAEGER HM, 1996, REV MOD PHYS, V68, P1259
    JIA X, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V82, P1863
    KADANOFF LP, 1999, REV MOD PHYS, V71, P435
    KOLB E, 1999, EUR PHYS J B, V8, P483
    LIU AJ, 1998, NATURE, V396, P21
    LIU CH, 1995, SCIENCE, V269, P513
    MILLER B, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V77, P3110
    NASUNO S, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V79, P949
    NASUNO S, 1998, PHYS REV E B, V58, P2161
    NGUYEN ML, 1999, PHYS REV E B, V59, P5870
    TKACHENKO AV, CONDMAT9910250
    VANEL L, 1999, PHYS REV E, V60, P5040
    ZIK O, 1992, EUROPHYS LETT, V17, P315
 NR 27
 TC 32
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 0031-9007
 J9 PHYS REV LETT
 JI Phys. Rev. Lett.
 PD MAY 29
 PY 2000
 VL 84
 IS 22
 BP 5122
 EP 5125
 PG 4
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA 318CL
 UT ISI:000087266300023
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Neda, Z
    Ravasz, E
    Brechet, Y
    Vicsek, T
    Barabasi, AL
 TI The sound of many hands clapping - Tumultuous applause can transform
    itself into waves of synchronized clapping
 SO NATURE
 LA English
 DT Article
 C1 Univ Babes Bolyai, Dept Theoret Phys, RO-3400 Cluj Napoca, Romania.
    INP Grenoble, ENSEEG, LTPCM, St Martin Dheres, France.
    Lorand Eotvos Univ, Dept Biol Phys, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
    Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 RP Neda, Z, Univ Babes Bolyai, Dept Theoret Phys, Str Kogalniceanu 1,
    RO-3400 Cluj Napoca, Romania.
 CR BOTTANI S, 1997, PHYS REV E, V54, P2334
    GLASS L, 1988, CLOCKS CHAOS RHYTHMS
    KURAMOTO Y, 1987, J STAT PHYS, V49, P569
    MIROLLO RE, 1990, SIAM J APPL MATH, V50, P1645
    STROGATZ SH, 1997, SCI AM, V54, P2334
    WINFREE AT, 1967, J THEOR BIOL, V16, P15
 NR 6
 TC 39
 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
 PI LONDON
 PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
 SN 0028-0836
 J9 NATURE
 JI Nature
 PD FEB 24
 PY 2000
 VL 403
 IS 6772
 BP 849
 EP 850
 PG 2
 SC Multidisciplinary Sciences
 GA 288JG
 UT ISI:000085559200041
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Barabasi, AL
 TI Thermodynamic and kinetic mechanisms in self-assembled quantum dot
    formation
 SO MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING B-SOLID STATE MATERIALS FOR ADVANCED
    TECHNOLOGY
 LA English
 DT Article
 DE thermodynamic mechanisms; kinetic mechanisms; self-assembled quantum dot
 ID HETEROEPITAXIAL GROWTH; STRAINED ISLANDS; INAS ISLANDS; BEAM EPITAXY;
    EVOLUTION; EQUILIBRIUM; NUCLEATION; SURFACES; SI(001); MODEL
 AB Heteroepitaxial growth of highly strained structures offers the
    possibility to fabricate islands with very narrow size distribution,
    coined self-assembling quantum dots (SAQD). In spite of the high
    experimental interest, the mechanism of SAQD formation is not well
    understood. We will show that equilibrium theories can successfully
    predict the island sizes and densities, the nature and the magnitude of
    the critical thickness needed to be deposited for SAQD formation, as
    well as the onset of ripening. Furthermore, the flux and temperature
    dependence of the SAQDs is described using kinetic Monte Carlo
    simulations. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.
 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 RP Barabasi, AL, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 CR ABSTREITER G, 1996, SEMICOND SCI TECH S, V11, P1521
    BARABASI AL, 1995, FRACTAL CONCEPTS SUR
    BARABASI AL, 1997, APPL PHYS LETT, V70, P2565
    DARUKA I, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V79, P3708
    DARUKA I, 1998, APPL PHYS LETT, V72, P2102
    DARUKA I, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V82, P2753
    DRUCKER J, 1993, PHYS REV B, V48, P18203
    GERARD JM, 1995, CONFINED ELECT PHOTO
    JESSON DE, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V77, P1330
    KAMINS TI, 1997, J APPL PHYS, V81, P211
    KIRMSE H, 1998, APPL PHYS LETT, V72, P1329
    KOBAYASHI NP, 1996, APPL PHYS LETT, V68, P3299
    LEE C, 1998, APPL PHYS LETT, V73, P2651
    LEE S, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V81, P3479
    LEONARD D, 1994, PHYS REV B, V50, P11687
    MEDEIROSRIBEIRO G, 1998, SCIENCE, V279, P353
    MILLER MS, 1996, SOLID STATE ELECTRON, V40, P609
    NGO TT, 1996, PHYS REV B, V53, P9618
    NOTZEL R, 1996, SEMICOND SCI TECH, V11, P1365
    ORR BG, 1992, EUROPHYS LETT, V19, P33
    OSTWALD W, 1900, Z PHYS CHEM-STOCH VE, V34, P495
    PETROFF PM, 1996, MRS BULL, V21, P50
    PRIESTER C, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V75, P93
    RATSCH C, 1994, SURF SCI, V314, L937
    ROSS FM, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V80, P984
    SEIFERT W, 1996, J CRYSTAL GROWTH CHA, V33, P423
    SHCHUKIN VA, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V75, P2968
    STANLEY HE, 1971, INTRO PHASE TRANSITI
    STRANSKI IN, 1938, SITZUNGSBER AK 2B MN, V146, P797
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    ZINKEALLMANG M, 1992, SURF SCI REP, V16, P377
 NR 32
 TC 2
 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA
 PI LAUSANNE
 PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND
 SN 0921-5107
 J9 MATER SCI ENG B-SOLID STATE M
 JI Mater. Sci. Eng. B-Solid State Mater. Adv. Technol.
 PD DEC 8
 PY 1999
 VL 67
 IS 1-2
 BP 23
 EP 30
 PG 8
 SC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter
 GA 266PY
 UT ISI:000084309400005
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Tegzes, P
    Albert, R
    Paskvan, M
    Barabasi, AL
    Vicsek, T
    Schiffer, P
 TI Liquid-induced transitions in granular media
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID FORCE
 AB We investigate the effect of interstitial liquid on the physical
    properties of granular media by measuring the angle of repose as a
    function of the liquid content. The resultant adhesive forces lead to
    three distinct regimes in the observed behavior as the liquid content
    is increased: a granular regime in which the grains move individually,
    a correlated regime in which the grains move in correlated clusters,
    and a plastic regime in which the grains flow coherently. We discuss
    these regimes in terms of two proposed theories describing the effects
    of liquid on the physical properties of granular media.
    [S1063-651X(99)12311-0].
 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
    Lorand Eotvos Univ, Dept Biol Phys, Budapest, Hungary.
 RP Tegzes, P, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, 225 Nieuwland Sci, Notre Dame,
    IN 46556 USA.
 CR ALBERT R, 1997, PHYS REV E, V56, P6271
    ALBERT R, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V82, P205
    ALONSO JJ, 1998, PHYS REV E, V58, P672
    BARABASI AL, 1999, PHYSICA A, V266, P340
    BOCQUET L, 1998, NATURE, V396, P735
    BROWN RL, 1970, PRINCIPLES POWDER ME
    DEGENNES PG, 1999, REV MOD PHYS, V71, P374
    DUPONT TF, 1993, PHYS REV E, V47, P4182
    FRAYSSE N, 1997, POWDERS GRAINS 97
    FUJI M, 1998, J PHYS CHEM B, V102, P8782
    HALSEY TC, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V80, P3141
    HORNBAKER DJ, 1997, NATURE, V387, P765
    JAEGER HM, 1996, REV MOD PHYS, V68, P1259
    LIU CH, 1993, PHYS REV B, V48, P15646
    LIU CH, 1995, SCIENCE, V269, P513
    MAKSE HA, 1997, NATURE, V386, P379
    NEDDERMAN RM, 1992, STATICS KINEMATICS G
    ULMAN A, 1991, ULTRATHIN ORGANIC FI
    UMBANHOWAR PB, 1996, NATURE, V382, P793
    WOLF DE, 1996, COMPUTATIONAL SIMULA
 NR 20
 TC 29
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 1063-651X
 J9 PHYS REV E
 JI Phys. Rev. E
 PD NOV
 PY 1999
 VL 60
 IS 5
 PN Part B
 BP 5823
 EP 5826
 PG 4
 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical
 GA 259AB
 UT ISI:000083870900023
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Park, S
    Kahng, B
    Jeong, H
    Barabasi, AL
 TI Dynamics of ripple formation in sputter erosion: Nonlinear phenomena
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID PARISI-ZHANG EQUATION; ROUGHENING INSTABILITY; NUMERICAL-SOLUTION;
    ION-BOMBARDMENT; SURFACE GROWTH; DIMENSIONS; SI
 AB Many morphological features of sputter eroded surfaces are determined
    by the balance between ion-induced linear instability and surface
    diffusion. However, the impact of the nonlinear terms on the morphology
    is less understood. We demonstrate that, while at short times ripple
    formation is described by the linear theory, after a characteristic
    time the nonlinear terms determine the surface morphology by either
    destroying the ripples or generating a new rotated ripple structure. We
    show that the morphological transitions induced by the nonlinear
    effects can be detected by monitoring the surface width and the erosion
    velocity.
 C1 Konkuk Univ, Dept Phys, Seoul 143701, South Korea.
    Konkuk Univ, Ctr Adv Mat & Devices, Seoul 143701, South Korea.
    Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 RP Park, S, Konkuk Univ, Dept Phys, Seoul 143701, South Korea.
 CR AMAR JG, 1990, PHYS REV A, V41, P3399
    BARABASI AL, 1995, FRACTAL CONCEPTS SUR
    BRADLEY RM, 1988, J VAC SCI TECHNOL A, V6, P2390
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    CHASON E, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P3040
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    DASGUPTA C, 1996, PHYS REV E, V54, P4552
    EKLUND EA, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V67, P1759
    ERLEBACHER J, IN PRESS
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    JIANG ZX, 1998, APPL PHYS LETT, V73, P315
    KARDAR M, 1986, PHYS REV LETT, V56, P889
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    MOSER K, 1991, PHYSICA A, V178, P215
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    YANG HN, 1994, PHYS REV B, V50, P7635
 NR 30
 TC 85
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 0031-9007
 J9 PHYS REV LETT
 JI Phys. Rev. Lett.
 PD OCT 25
 PY 1999
 VL 83
 IS 17
 BP 3486
 EP 3489
 PG 4
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA 247VZ
 UT ISI:000083242800035
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Barabasi, AL
    Albert, R
    Jeong, H
 TI Mean-field theory for scale-free random networks
 SO PHYSICA A
 LA English
 DT Article
 DE disordered systems; networks; random networks; critical phenomena;
    scaling
 ID SMALL-WORLD NETWORKS
 AB Random networks with complex topology are common in Nature, describing
    systems as diverse as the world wide web or social and business
    networks. Recently, it has been demonstrated that most large networks
    for which topological information is available display scale-free
    features. Here we study the scaling properties of the recently
    introduced scale-free model, that can account for the observed
    power-law distribution of the connectivities. We develop a mean-field
    method to predict the growth dynamics of the individual vertices, and
    use this to calculate analytically the connectivity distribution and
    the scaling exponents. The mean-field method can be used to address the
    properties of two variants of the scale-free model, that do not display
    power-law scaling. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 RP Barabasi, AL, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 CR 1999, SCI AM, V280, P54
    ALBERT R, IN PRESS NATURE
    ALBERT R, UNPUB
    ARTHUR WB, 1999, SCIENCE, V284, P107
    BANAVAR JR, 1999, NATURE, V399, P130
    BARABASI AL, UNPUB SCIENCE
    BARRAT A, CONDMAT9903323
    BARRAT A, CONDMAT9903411
    BARTHELEMY M, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V82, P3180
    BOLLOBAS B, 1985, RANDOM GRAPHS
    COLLINS J, 1998, NATURE, V393, P6684
    ERDOS P, 1960, PUBL MATH I HUNG, V5, P17
    GALLAGHER R, 1999, SCIENCE, V284, P79
    HERZEL H, 1998, FRACTALS, V6, P301
    HUBERMAN BA, CONDMAT9901071
    HUBERMAN BA, 1998, SCIENCE, V280, P95
    KASTURIRANGAN R, CONDMAT9904055
    KOCH C, 1999, SCIENCE, V284, P96
    KOCHEN M, 1989, SMALL WORLD
    KULKARNI RV, CONDMAT9905066
    LAWRENCE S, 1999, NATURE, V400, P107
    LUBKIN GB, 1998, PHYS TODAY, V51, P17
    MENEZES MA, CONDMAT9903426
    MILGRAM S, 1967, PSYCHOL TODAY, V1, P61
    MONASSON R, CONDMAT9903323
    MOUKARZEL CF, CONDMAT9905131
    MOUKARZEL CF, CONDMAT9905322
    NEWMAN MEJ, CONDMAT9903357
    NEWMAN MEJ, CONDMAT9904419
    REDNER S, 1998, EUR PHYS J B, V4, P131
    SERVICE RF, 1999, SCIENCE, V284, P80
    STAUFFER D, 1992, PERCOLATION THEORY
    WASSERMAN S, 1994, SOCIAL NETWORK ANAL
    WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440
    WENG GZ, 1999, SCIENCE, V284, P92
 NR 35
 TC 374
 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
 PI AMSTERDAM
 PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS
 SN 0378-4371
 J9 PHYSICA A
 JI Physica A
 PD OCT 1
 PY 1999
 VL 272
 IS 1-2
 BP 173
 EP 187
 PG 15
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA 244YZ
 UT ISI:000083079500012
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Barabasi, AL
    Albert, R
 TI Emergence of scaling in random networks
 SO SCIENCE
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID WORLD-WIDE-WEB; COMPLEXITY; INTERNET; DYNAMICS
 AB Systems as diverse as genetic networks or the World Wide Web are best
    described as networks with complex topology. A common property of many
    Large networks is that the vertex connectivities follow a scale-free
    power-law distribution. This feature was found to be a consequence of
    two generic mechanisms: (i) networks expand continuously by the
    addition of new vertices, and (ii) new vertices attach preferentially
    to sites that are already well connected. A model based on these two
    ingredients reproduces the observed stationary scale-free
    distributions, which indicates that the development of Large networks
    is governed by robust self-organizing phenomena that go beyond the
    particulars of the individual systems.
 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 RP Barabasi, AL, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 EM alb@nd.edu
 CR 1999, SCI AM, V280, P54
    ALBERT R, 1999, NATURE, V401, P130
    ARTHUR WB, 1999, SCIENCE, V284, P107
    BANAVAR JR, 1999, NATURE, V399, P130
    BARABASI AL, 1999, PHYSICA A, V272, P173
    BARTHELEMY M, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V82, P1580
    BOLLOBA B, 1985, RANDOM GRAPHS
    ERDOS P, 1960, PUBL MATH I HUNG, V5, P17
    GALLAGHER R, 1999, SCIENCE, V284, P79
    GUARE J, 1990, 6 DEGREES SEPARATION
    HUBERMAN BA, 1998, SCIENCE, V280, P95
    HUBERMAN BA, 1999, NATURE, V401, P131
    KOCH C, 1999, SCIENCE, V284, P96
    KOCHEN M, 1989, SMALL WORLD
    LAWRENCE S, 1998, SCIENCE, V280, P98
    MILGRAM S, 1967, PSYCHOL TODAY, V1, P61
    REDNER S, 1998, EUR PHYS J B, V4, P131
    SEVICE RF, 1999, SCIENCE, V284, P80
    TU Y, COMMUNICATION
    WASSERMAN S, 1994, SOCIAL NETWORK ANAL
    WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440
    WENG GZ, 1999, SCIENCE, V284, P92
 NR 22
 TC 2218
 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE
 PI WASHINGTON
 PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA
 SN 0036-8075
 J9 SCIENCE
 JI Science
 PD OCT 15
 PY 1999
 VL 286
 IS 5439
 BP 509
 EP 512
 PG 4
 SC Multidisciplinary Sciences
 GA 245RD
 UT ISI:000083121200054
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Albert, R
    Jeong, H
    Barabasi, AL
 TI Internet - Diameter of the World-Wide Web
 SO NATURE
 LA English
 DT Article
 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 RP Albert, R, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 CR BARTHELEMY M, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V82, P3180
    BOLLOBAS B, 1985, RANDOM GRAPHS
    BUNDLE A, 1994, FRACTALS SCI
    CLAFFY K, 1999, INTERNET TOMOGRAPHY
    ERDOS P, 1960, PUBL MATH I HUNG, V5, P17
    LAWRENCE S, 1999, NATURE, V400, P107
    WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440
 NR 7
 TC 670
 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
 PI LONDON
 PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
 SN 0028-0836
 J9 NATURE
 JI Nature
 PD SEP 9
 PY 1999
 VL 401
 IS 6749
 BP 130
 EP 131
 PG 2
 SC Multidisciplinary Sciences
 GA 234AF
 UT ISI:000082458800041
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Daruka, I
    Barabasi, AL
    Zhou, SJ
    Germann, TC
    Lomdahl, PS
    Bishop, AR
 TI Molecular-dynamics investigation of the surface stress distribution in
    a Ge/Si quantum dot superlattice
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID X-RAY-DIFFRACTION; ASSEMBLED GE DOTS; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; SHOCK-WAVES;
    SIMULATIONS; GROWTH; SILICON; GAAS
 AB The surface stress distribution in an ordered quantum dot superlattice
    is investigated using classical molecular dynamics simulations. We find
    that the surface stress field induced by various numbers (from 1 to 9)
    of Ge islands embedded in a Si(001) substrate is in good agreement with
    analytical expressions based on pointlike embedded force dipoles,
    explaining the tendency of layered arrays to form vertically aligned
    columns. The shea-ranged nature of this stress field implies that only
    the uppermost layers affect the surface growth and that their influence
    decreases rapidly with layer depth. [S0163-1829(99)52028-6].
 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
    Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Appl Theoret & Computat Phys Div, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
    Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA.
 RP Daruka, I, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 CR BEAZLEY DM, 1994, PARALLEL COMPUT, V20, P173
    BEAZLEY DM, 1997, COMPUT PHYS, V11, P230
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    DARHUBER AA, 1997, THIN SOLID FILMS, V294, P296
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    HARDY RJ, 1982, J CHEM PHYS, V76, P622
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    LIU F, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V82, P2528
    LOMDAHL PS, 1993, P SUP 93, P520
    NAKATA Y, 1997, J CRYST GROWTH 2, V175, P713
    ROLAND C, 1993, PHYS REV B, V47, P16286
    ROUVIMOV S, 1998, J ELECTRON MATER, V27, P427
    SOLOMON GS, 1997, J CRYST GROWTH 2, V175, P707
    SPRINGHOLZ G, 1998, SCIENCE, V282, P734
    STEPHENSON PCL, 1996, SURF SCI, V366, P177
    STILLINGER FH, 1985, PHYS REV B, V31, P5262
    TERSOFF J, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V76, P1675
    WIDMANN F, 1998, J APPL PHYS, V83, P7618
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    ZHOU SJ, 1998, SCIENCE, V279, P1525
    ZUNDEL MK, 1997, APPL PHYS LETT, V71, P2972
 NR 24
 TC 18
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 0163-1829
 J9 PHYS REV B
 JI Phys. Rev. B
 PD JUL 15
 PY 1999
 VL 60
 IS 4
 BP R2150
 EP R2153
 PG 4
 SC Physics, Condensed Matter
 GA 223HA
 UT ISI:000081834400005
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Lee, CS
    Janko, B
    Derenyi, I
    Barabasi, AL
 TI Reducing vortex density in superconductors using the 'ratchet effect'
 SO NATURE
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID HIGH-TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTORS; VOLTAGE RECTIFICATION; DYNAMIC
    PHASES; VORTICES; LATTICES; NOISE; FIELD
 AB A serious obstacle impeding the application of low- and
    high-temperature superconductor devices is the presence of trapped
    magnetic flux(1,2): flux lines or vortices can be induced by fields as
    small as the Earth's magnetic field Once present, vortices dissipate
    energy and generate internal noise, limiting the operation of numerous
    superconducting devices(2,3). Methods used to overcome this difficulty
    include the pinning of vortices by the incorporation of impurities and
    defects(4), the construction of flux 'dams'(5), slots and holes(6), and
    magnetic shields(2,3) which block the penetration of new flux lines in
    the bulk of the superconductor or reduce the magnetic field in the
    immediate vicinity of the superconducting device. The most desirable
    method would be to remove the vortices from the bulk of the
    superconductor, but there was hitherto no known phenomenon that could
    form the basis for such a process. Here we show that the application of
    an alternating current to a superconductor patterned with an asymmetric
    pinning potential can induce vortex motion whose direction is
    determined only by the asymmetry of the pattern. The mechanism
    responsible for this phenomenon is the so-called 'ratchet
    effect'(7-10), and its working principle applies to both low- and
    high-temperature superconductors. We demonstrate theoretically that,
    with an appropriate choice of pinning potential, the ratchet effect can
    be used to remove vortices from low-temperature superconductors in the
    parameter range required for various applications.
 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
    Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA.
    Univ Chicago, Dept Surg, Chicago, IL 60637 USA.
 RP Barabasi, AL, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 CR ASTUMIAN RD, 1997, SCIENCE, V276, P917
    BLATTER G, 1994, REV MOD PHYS, V66, P1125
    CLARKE J, 1990, SUPERCONDUCTING DEVI, P51
    CLEM JR, 1973, J LOW TEMP PHYS, V12, P449
    DANTSKER E, 1997, APPL PHYS LETT, V70, P2037
    DERENYI I, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V80, P1473
    DONALDSON GB, 1985, SQUID 85, P749
    FAUCHEUX LP, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V74, P1504
    HANGGI P, 1996, LECT NOTE PHYS, V476, P294
    JULICHER F, 1997, REV MOD PHYS, V69, P1269
    KELLY TR, UNPUB NATURE
    KOCH RH, 1995, APPL PHYS LETT, V67, P709
    MAGNASCO MO, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P1477
    MUCK M, 1997, SUPERLATTICE MICROST, V21, P415
    OLSON CJ, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V81, P3757
    REICHHARDT C, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V78, P2648
    REICHHARDT C, 1998, PHYS REV B, V58, P6534
    ROUSSELET J, 1994, NATURE, V370, P446
    SCOTT BA, 1997, NATURE, V389, P164
    TINKHAM M, 1996, INTRO SUPERCONDUCTIV
    ZAPATA I, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V77, P2292
    ZAPATA L, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V80, P829
    ZELDOV E, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V73, P1428
 NR 23
 TC 97
 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
 PI LONDON
 PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
 SN 0028-0836
 J9 NATURE
 JI Nature
 PD JUL 22
 PY 1999
 VL 400
 IS 6742
 BP 337
 EP 340
 PG 4
 SC Multidisciplinary Sciences
 GA 219CH
 UT ISI:000081590000041
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Lee, S
    Daruka, I
    Kim, CS
    Barabasi, AL
    Furdyna, JK
    Merz, JL
 TI Comment on "Dynamics of ripening of self-assembled II-VI semiconductor
    quantum dots" - Lee et al. reply
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID SURFACE; GROWTH; ZNSE
 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 RP Lee, S, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 CR BARABASI AL, 1995, FRACTAL CONCEPTS SUR
    DARUKA I, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V79, P3708
    HOMMEL D, 1997, PHYS STATUS SOLIDI B, V202, P835
    KO HC, 1997, APPL PHYS LETT, V70, P3278
    KRATZERT PR, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V83, P239
    KURTZ E, 1998, J CRYST GROWTH, V184, P242
    LEE S, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V81, P3479
    MEDEIROSRIBEIRO G, 1998, SCIENCE, V279, P353
    MERZ JL, 1998, J CRYST GROWTH, V184, P228
    RABE M, 1997, PHYS STATUS SOLIDI B, V202, P817
    ROSS FM, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V80, P984
    SMATHERS JB, 1998, APPL PHYS LETT, V72, P1238
    XIN SH, 1996, APPL PHYS LETT, V69, P3884
 NR 13
 TC 2
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 0031-9007
 J9 PHYS REV LETT
 JI Phys. Rev. Lett.
 PD JUL 5
 PY 1999
 VL 83
 IS 1
 BP 240
 EP 240
 PG 1
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA 212VH
 UT ISI:000081238000061
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Barabasi, AL
    Albert, R
    Schiffer, P
 TI The physics of sand castles: maximum angle of stability in wet and dry
    granular media
 SO PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS
 LA English
 DT Article
 DE sand castles; granular medium; maximum angle
 ID DYNAMICS; DRUM
 AB We demonstrate that stability criteria can be used to calculate the
    maximum angle of stability, theta(m), of a granular medium composed of
    spherical particles in three dimensions and circular discs in two
    dimensions. We apply the results to wet granular material by
    calculating the dependence of theta(m) on the liquid content of the
    material. The results are in good agreement with our experimental data.
    (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 RP Barabasi, AL, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 CR ALBERT R, 1997, PHYS REV E, V56, P6271
    BROWN RL, 1970, PRINCIPLES POWDER ME
    CANTELAUBE F, 1995, J PHYS I, V5, P581
    EREMENKO V, 1970, LIQUID PHASE SINTERI
    HALSEY TC, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V80, P3141
    HILL KM, 1994, PHYS REV E A, V49, R3610
    HORNBAKER DJ, 1997, NATURE, V387, P765
    JAEGER HM, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V62, P40
    JAEGER HM, 1992, SCIENCE, V255, P1523
    LEE J, 1993, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V26, P373
    NEDDERMANN RM, 1992, STATICS KINEMATICS G
    RISTOW GH, 1996, EUROPHYS LETT, V34, P263
    SCHWARZER S, 1995, PHYS REV E B, V52, P6461
    TEGZES D, UNPUB
    TRAIN D, 1958, J PHARM PHARMACOL, V10, T127
 NR 15
 TC 7
 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
 PI AMSTERDAM
 PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS
 SN 0378-4371
 J9 PHYSICA A
 JI Physica A
 PD APR 15
 PY 1999
 VL 266
 IS 1-4
 BP 366
 EP 371
 PG 6
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA 194AR
 UT ISI:000080170400054
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Daruka, I
    Tersoff, J
    Barabasi, AL
 TI Shape transition in growth of strained islands
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
 LA English
 DT Article
 AB Strained islands formed in heteroepitaxy sometimes change shape during
    growth. Here we show that there is typically a first-order shape
    transition with island size, with the discontinuous introduction of
    steeper facets at the island edge. We present a phase diagram for
    island shape as a function of volume and surface energy, showing how
    surface energy controls the sequence of island shapes with increasing
    volume. The discontinuous chemical potential at the shape transition
    drastically affects island coarsening and size distributions.
    [S0031-9007(99)08789-X].
 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
    IBM Corp, Div Res, TJ Watson Res Ctr, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598 USA.
 RP Daruka, I, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 CR 1996, PHYS TODAY, V49, P22
    1998, MAT RES B, V23, P15
    CHEN KM, 1997, PHYS REV B, V56, P1700
    DUPORT C, 1997, MORPHOLOGICAL ORG EP
    HERRING C, 1951, PHYS REV, V82, P87
    KERN R, 1979, CURRENT TOPICS MAT S, V3
    LEGOUES FK, 1995, APPL PHYS LETT, V67, P2317
    MEDEIROSRIBEIRO G, COMMUNICATION
    MEDEIROSRIBEIRO G, 1998, SCIENCE, V279, P353
    PONCHET A, 1995, APPL PHYS LETT, V67, P1850
    REAVES CM, 1996, APPL PHYS LETT, V69, P3878
    ROSS FM, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V80, P984
    SEIFERT W, 1996, PROG CRYST GROWTH CH, V33, P423
    SHCHUKIN VA, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V75, P2968
    TERSOFF J, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P2782
    TERSOFF J, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P3570
    TOUGAW PD, 1996, J APPL PHYS, V80, P4722
    WULFF G, 1901, Z KRISTALLOGR, V34, P449
    ZANGWILL A, 1988, PHYSICS SURFACES
    ZINKEALLMANG M, 1992, SURF SCI REP, V16, P377
 NR 20
 TC 95
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 0031-9007
 J9 PHYS REV LETT
 JI Phys. Rev. Lett.
 PD MAR 29
 PY 1999
 VL 82
 IS 13
 BP 2753
 EP 2756
 PG 4
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA 179UY
 UT ISI:000079348900033
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Albert, R
    Pfeifer, MA
    Barabasi, AL
    Schiffer, P
 TI Slow drag in a granular medium
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID STRESS FLUCTUATIONS; FORCE FLUCTUATIONS; BEAD PACKS; MODEL
 AB We have studied the drag force acting on an object moving with low
    velocity through a granular medium. Although the drag force is a
    dynamic quantity, its behavior in this regime is dominated by the
    inhomogeneous distribution of stress in static granular media. We find
    experimentally that the drag force on a vertical cylinder is linearly
    dependent on the cylinder diameter, quadratically dependent on the
    depth of insertion, and independent of velocity. An accompanying
    analytical calculation based on the static distribution of forces
    arrives at the same result, demonstrating that the local theory of
    stress propagation in static granular media can be used to predict this
    bulk dynamic property. [S0031-9007(98)08142-3].
 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 RP Albert, R, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, 225 Nieuwland Sci Hall, Notre
    Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 CR ALBERT R, 1997, PHYS REV E, V56, P6271
    BARABASI AL, IN PRESS PHYSICA A
    BAXTER GW, 1997, POWDERS GRAINS 97
    BEHRINGER RP, 1993, NONLINEAR SCI TODAY, V3, P1
    BROWN RL, 1970, PRINCIPLES POWDER ME
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    COPPERSMITH SN, 1996, PHYS REV E A, V53, P4673
    DRESCHER A, 1972, J MECH PHYS SOLIDS, V20, P337
    HORNBAKER DJ, 1997, NATURE, V387, P765
    LIU CH, 1995, SCIENCE, V269, P513
    MILLER B, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V77, P3110
    MUETH DM, 1998, PHYS REV E B, V57, P3164
    RADJAI F, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V77, P274
    SMITH KA, 1991, SOIL ANAL
    TARDOS GI, 1998, PHYS FLUIDS, V10, P335
    TRAVERS T, 1987, EUROPHYS LETT, V4, P329
    WIEGHARDT K, 1975, ANNU REV FLUID MECH, V7, P89
    ZIK O, 1992, EUROPHYS LETT, V17, P315
 NR 18
 TC 49
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 0031-9007
 J9 PHYS REV LETT
 JI Phys. Rev. Lett.
 PD JAN 4
 PY 1999
 VL 82
 IS 1
 BP 205
 EP 208
 PG 4
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA 154KA
 UT ISI:000077887000051
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Czirok, A
    Barabasi, AL
    Vicsek, T
 TI Collective motion of self-propelled particles: Kinetic phase transition
    in one dimension
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID LONG-RANGE ORDER; BACTERIAL COLONIES; XY MODEL; SYSTEM; 2-TEMPERATURE;
    PATTERNS; GROWTH
 AB We demonstrate that a system of self-propelled particles exhibits
    spontaneous symmetry breaking and self-organization in one dimension,
    in contrast with previous analytical predictions. To explain this
    surprising result we derive a new continuum theory that can account for
    the development of the symmetry broken state and belongs to the same
    universality class as the discrete self-propelled particle model.
    [S0031-9007(98)07911-3].
 C1 Lorand Eotvos Univ, Dept Biol Phys, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary.
    Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 RP Czirok, A, Lorand Eotvos Univ, Dept Biol Phys, Pazmany Stny 1, H-1118
    Budapest, Hungary.
 CR ALBANO EV, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V77, P2129
    ALLISON C, 1991, SCI PROG, V75, P403
    ALON U, CONDMAT9710142
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    BASSLER KE, 1995, PHYS REV E A, V52, R9
    BENJACOB E, 1994, FRACTALS, V2, P1
    BENJACOB E, 1994, NATURE, V368, P46
    BENJACOB E, 1994, PHYSICA A, V202, P1
    BUSSEMAKER HJ, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V78, P5018
    CSAHOK Z, 1995, PHYS REV E B, V52, P5297
    CSAHOK Z, 1997, PHYSICA A, V243, P304
    CZIROK A, 1997, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V30, P1375
    DENEUBOURG JL, 1989, ETHOL ECOL EVOL, V1, P295
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 NR 29
 TC 27
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 0031-9007
 J9 PHYS REV LETT
 JI Phys. Rev. Lett.
 PD JAN 4
 PY 1999
 VL 82
 IS 1
 BP 209
 EP 212
 PG 4
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA 154KA
 UT ISI:000077887000052
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Lee, C
    Barabasi, AL
 TI Spatial ordering of islands grown on patterned surfaces
 SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID SCANNING-TUNNELING-MICROSCOPE; ASSEMBLED QUANTUM DOTS; BEAM EPITAXY;
    HETEROEPITAXY; FABRICATION; WIRES
 AB We demonstrate that growth on a sample patterned with an ordered defect
    array can lead to islands with rather narrow size distribution.
    However, improvement in the size distribution is achieved only if the
    growth conditions (flux and temperature) have optimal values,
    determined by the patterning length scale. Since the scanning tunelling
    and the atomic force microscopes are capable of inducing surface
    perturbations that act as potential preferential nucleation sites, our
    work demonstrates that nanoscale surface patterning can improve the
    ordering of platelets and self-assembled quantum dots. (C) 1998
    American Institute of Physics. [S0003-6951(98)03444-5]
 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 RP Lee, C, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 CR AMAR JG, 1994, PHYS REV B, V50, P8781
    BARABASI AL, 1995, FRACTAL CONCEPTS SUR
    BARABASI AL, 1997, APPL PHYS LETT, V70, P2565
    BARTELT MC, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V81, P1901
    BRESSLERHILL V, 1994, PHYS REV B, V50, P8479
    DARUKA I, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V78, P3027
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 NR 22
 TC 24
 PU AMER INST PHYSICS
 PI WOODBURY
 PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY
    11797-2999 USA
 SN 0003-6951
 J9 APPL PHYS LETT
 JI Appl. Phys. Lett.
 PD NOV 2
 PY 1998
 VL 73
 IS 18
 BP 2651
 EP 2653
 PG 3
 SC Physics, Applied
 GA 131DR
 UT ISI:000076560900037
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Lee, S
    Daruka, I
    Kim, CS
    Barabasi, AL
    Merz, JL
    Furdyna, JK
 TI Dynamics of ripening of self-assembled II-VI semiconductor quantum dots
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID KRASTANOW GROWTH MODE; HETEROEPITAXIAL GROWTH; ISLAND FORMATION;
    EVOLUTION; SURFACES
 AB We report the systematic investigation of ripening of CdSe
    self-assembled quantum dots (QDs) on ZnSe. We investigate the size and
    density of the QDs as a function of time after deposition of CdSe has
    stopped. The dynamics of the ripening process is interpreted in terms
    of the theory of Ostwald ripening. Furthermore, the experimental
    results allow us to identify the growth mode of the QD formation
    process. [S0031-9007(98)07378-5].
 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
    Univ Notre Dame, Dept Elect Engn, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 RP Lee, S, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 EM alb@nd.edu
    furdyna.1@nd.edu
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    BARABASI AL, 1997, APPL PHYS LETT, V70, P2565
    DARUKA I, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V79, P3708
    DARUKA I, 1998, APPL PHYS LETT, V72, P2102
    DOBBS HT, 1997, DOBBS HT, P263
    DRUCKER J, 1993, PHYS REV B, V48, P18203
    FLACK F, 1996, PHYS REV B, V54
    FURDYNA JK, 1999, 2 6 SEMICONDUCTOR MA
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    KO HC, 1997, APPL PHYS LETT, V70, P3278
    KURTZ E, IN PRESS J CRYST GRO
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 NR 26
 TC 52
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 0031-9007
 J9 PHYS REV LETT
 JI Phys. Rev. Lett.
 PD OCT 19
 PY 1998
 VL 81
 IS 16
 BP 3479
 EP 3482
 PG 4
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA 129JX
 UT ISI:000076461000045
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Makeev, MA
    Barabasi, AL
 TI Effect of surface roughness on the secondary ion yield in ion sputtering
 SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID SCANNING-TUNNELING-MICROSCOPE; BOMBARDMENT; GROWTH
 AB There is extensive experimental evidence that, at low temperatures,
    surface erosion by ion bombardment roughens the sputtered substrate,
    leading to a self-affine surface. These changes in the surface
    morphology also modify the secondary ion yield. Here, we calculate
    analytically the secondary ion yield in terms of parameters
    characterizing the sputtering process and the interface roughness. (C)
    1998 American Institute of Physics. [S0003-6951(98)04036-4].
 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 RP Makeev, MA, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
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    TOWNSEND PD, 1976, ION IMPLANTATION SPU
    WITTMAACK K, 1990, J VAC SCI TECHNOL  2, V8, P2246
    YAMAMURA Y, 1987, RADIAT EFF, V103, P25
    YANG HN, 1994, PHYS REV B, V50, P7635
    YOU H, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P2900
 NR 19
 TC 1
 PU AMER INST PHYSICS
 PI WOODBURY
 PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY
    11797-2999 USA
 SN 0003-6951
 J9 APPL PHYS LETT
 JI Appl. Phys. Lett.
 PD OCT 12
 PY 1998
 VL 73
 IS 15
 BP 2209
 EP 2211
 PG 3
 SC Physics, Applied
 GA 128UX
 UT ISI:000076427700048
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Albert, R
    Barabasi, AL
    Carle, N
    Dougherty, A
 TI Driven interfaces in disordered media: Determination of universality
    classes from experimental data
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID POROUS-MEDIA; DISPLACEMENT; MODEL
 AB While there have been important theoretical advances in understanding
    the universality classes of interfaces moving in porous media, the
    developed tools cannot be directly applied to experiments. Here we
    introduce a method that can distinguish the isotropic and directed
    percolation universality classes from snapshots of the interface
    profile. We test the method on discrete models whose universality class
    is well known, and use it to identify the universality class of
    interfaces obtained in experiments on fluid flow in porous media.
 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
    Lafayette Coll, Dept Phys, Easton, PA 18042 USA.
 RP Albert, R, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 CR AMARAL LAN, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V73, P62
    AMARAL LAN, 1995, PHYS REV E B, V52, P4087
    BARABASI AL, 1995, FRACTAL CONCEPTS SUR
    BLATTER G, 1994, REV MOD PHYS, V66, P1125
    BULDYREV SV, 1992, PHYS REV A, V45, P8313
    BULDYREV SV, 1992, PHYSICA A, V191, P220
    CIEPLAK M, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V60, P2042
    FAMILY F, 1985, J PHYS A, V18, P75
    HORVATH VK, 1995, PHYS REV E B, V52, P5166
    KOILLER B, 1992, PHYS REV B, V46, P5258
    LESCHHORN H, 1993, PHYSICA A, V195, P324
    NATTERMANN T, 1992, J PHYS II, V2, P1483
    RUBIO MA, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V63, P1685
    TANG LH, 1992, PHYS REV A, V45, P8309
    TANG LH, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V74, P920
    WONG PZ, 1994, MRS BULL, V19, P32
 NR 16
 TC 19
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 0031-9007
 J9 PHYS REV LETT
 JI Phys. Rev. Lett.
 PD OCT 5
 PY 1998
 VL 81
 IS 14
 BP 2926
 EP 2929
 PG 4
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA 125HR
 UT ISI:000076231900023
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Frey, U
    Silverman, M
    Barabasi, AL
    Suki, B
 TI Irregularities and power law distributions in the breathing pattern in
    preterm and term infants
 SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY
 LA English
 DT Article
 DE control of breathing; apnea; hypopnea; neural network
 ID EYE-MOVEMENT SLEEP; RIB CAGE; APNEA; MODEL; NOISE
 AB Unlike older children, young infants are prone to develop unstable
    respiratory patterns, suggesting important differences in their control
    of breathing. We examined the irregular breathing pattern in infants by
    measuring the time interval between breaths ("interbreath interval";
    IBI) assessed from abdominal movement during 2 h of sleep in 25 preterm
    infants at a postconceptional age of 40.5 +/- 5.2 (SD) wk. and in 14
    term healthy infants at a postnatal age of 8.2 +/- 4 wk. In 10 infants
    we performed longitudinal measurements on two occasions. We developed a
    threshold algorithm for the detection of a breath so that an IBI
    included an apneic period and potentially some periods of insufficient
    tidal breathing excursions (hypopneas). The probability density
    distribution (P) of IBIs follows a power law, P(IBI)similar to
    IBI-alpha, with the exponent alpha providing a statistical measurement
    of the relative risk of insufficient breathing. With maturation, alpha
    increased from 2.62 +/- 0.4 at 41.2 +/- 3.6 wk to 3.22 +/- 0.4 at 47.3
    +/- 6.4 wk postconceptional age, indicating a decrease in long
    hypopneas (for paired data P = 0.002). The statistical properties of
    IBI were well reproduced in a model of the respiratory oscillator on
    the basis of two hypotheses: 1) tonic neural inputs to the respiratory
    oscillator are noisy; and 2) the noise explores a critical region where
    IBI diverges with decreasing tonic inputs. Accordingly, maturation of
    infant respiratory control can be explained by the tonic inputs moving
    away from this critical region. We conclude that breathing
    irregularities in infants can be characterized by alpha, which provides
    a link between clinically accessible data and the neurophysiology of
    the respiratory oscillator.
 C1 Univ Leicester, Dept Child Hlth, Leicester LE2 7LX, Leics, England.
    Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
    Boston Univ, Dept Biomed Engn, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
 RP Frey, U, Univ Hosp Bern, Inselspital, Dept Paediat, CH-3010 Bern,
    Switzerland.
 EM urs.frey@insel.ch
 CR AMIT DJ, 1989, MODELING BRAIN FUNCT
    BARABASI AL, 1995, FRACTAL CONCEPTS SUR
    BERGMAN AB, 1972, PEDIATRICS, V49, P860
    BOTROS SM, 1990, BIOL CYBERN, V63, P143
    BOUCHAUD JP, 1990, PHYS REP, V195, P127
    COONS S, 1982, PEDIATRICS, V69, P793
    DRANSFIELD DA, 1983, AM J DIS CHILD, V137, P441
    FARBER JP, 1988, AM J PHYSIOL, V254, R578
    FINER NN, 1976, J PAEDIAT CHILD HLTH, V89, P249
    GAULTIER C, 1987, J DEV PHYSIOL, V9, P391
    GERHARDT T, 1984, PEDIATRICS, V74, P58
    GIRARD F, 1960, J PHYSIOL-PARIS, V52, P108
    HENDERSONSMART DJ, 1983, NEW ENGL J MED, V308, P353
    HERSHENSON MB, 1990, AM REV RESPIR DIS, V141, P922
    HODGMAN JE, 1990, AM J DIS CHILD, V144, P54
    HOOP B, 1995, CHAOS, V5, P609
    LAWSON EE, 1989, J APPL PHYSIOL, V66, P983
    MATHEW OP, 1982, J PEDIATR, V100, P964
    MONTROLL EW, 1982, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V79, P3380
    OGILVIE MD, 1992, AM J PHYSIOL 2, V263, R962
    PAYDARFAR D, 1995, CHAOS, V5, P18
    RICHTER DW, 1983, CENTRAL NEURONE ENV, P165
    ROSE A, 1993, J MARC RES, V1, P65
    SACHIS PN, 1982, J NEUROPATH EXP NEUR, V41, P466
    SUKI B, 1994, NATURE, V368, P615
    SZETO HH, 1992, AM J PHYSIOL 2, V263, R141
 NR 26
 TC 8
 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC
 PI BETHESDA
 PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA
 SN 8750-7587
 J9 J APPL PHYSIOL
 JI J. Appl. Physiol.
 PD SEP
 PY 1998
 VL 85
 IS 3
 BP 789
 EP 797
 PG 9
 SC Physiology; Sport Sciences
 GA 117KY
 UT ISI:000075781500003
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Makeev, MA
    Barabasi, AL
 TI Effect of surface roughness on the secondary ion yield in ion sputtering
 SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID SCANNING-TUNNELING-MICROSCOPE; BOMBARDMENT; GROWTH
 AB There is extensive experimental evidence that, at low temperatures,
    surface erosion by ion bombardment roughens the sputtered substrate,
    leading to a self-affine surface. These changes in the surface
    morphology also modify the secondary ion yield. Here, we calculate
    analytically the secondary ion yield in terms of parameters
    characterizing the sputtering process and the interface roughness. (C)
    1998 American Institute of Physics. [S0003-6951(98)04036-4].
 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 RP Makeev, MA, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 CR BARABASI AL, 1995, FRACTAL CONCEPTS SUR
    BRADLEY RM, 1988, J VAC SCI TECHNOL A, V6, P2390
    CUERNO R, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V74, P4746
    EKLUND EA, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V67, P1759
    EKLUND EA, 1993, SURF SCI, V285, P157
    FAMILY F, 1991, DYNAMICS FRACTAL SUR
    HALPINHEALY T, 1995, PHYS REP, V254, P215
    KRIM J, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P57
    MAKEEV MA, UNPUB
    MAKEEV MA, 1997, APPL PHYS LETT, V71, P2800
    MAKEEV MA, 1998, APPL PHYS LETT, V72, P906
    MAYER TM, 1994, J APPL PHYS, V76, P1633
    MEAKIN P, 1993, PHYS REP, V235, P189
    SIGMUND P, 1969, PHYS REV, V184, P383
    SIGMUND P, 1973, J MATER SCI, V8, P1545
    TOWNSEND PD, 1976, ION IMPLANTATION SPU
    WITTMAACK K, 1990, J VAC SCI TECHNOL  2, V8, P2246
    YAMAMURA Y, 1987, RADIAT EFF, V103, P25
    YANG HN, 1994, PHYS REV B, V50, P7635
    YOU H, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P2900
 NR 20
 TC 4
 PU AMER INST PHYSICS
 PI WOODBURY
 PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY
    11797-2999 USA
 SN 0003-6951
 J9 APPL PHYS LETT
 JI Appl. Phys. Lett.
 PD SEP 7
 PY 1998
 VL 73
 IS 10
 BP 1445
 EP 1447
 PG 3
 SC Physics, Applied
 GA 117MU
 UT ISI:000075786000046
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Daruka, I
    Barabasi, AL
 TI Equilibrium phase diagrams for dislocation free self-assembled quantum
    dots
 SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID GROWTH
 AB The equilibrium theory of self-assembled quantum dot (SAQD) formation
    can account for many of the experimentally observed growth modes. Here,
    we show that despite the large number of material constants entering
    the free energy of strained islands, then are only four topologically
    different phase diagrams describing the SAQD formation process. We
    derive each of these phase diagrams and discuss the physical properties
    of the predicted growth modes. (C) 1998 American Institute of Physics.
 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 RP Daruka, I, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 EM alb@nd.edu
 CR BARABASI AL, 1997, APPL PHYS LETT, V70, P2565
    DARUKA L, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V79, P3708
    DOBBS HT, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V79, P897
    KAMINS TI, 1997, J APPL PHYS, V81, P211
    KRISHNAMURTHY M, 1997, APPL PHYS LETT, V70, P49
    MADHUKAR A, 1996, J CRYST GROWTH, V163, P149
    MEDEIROSRIBEIRO G, 1998, SCIENCE, V279, P353
    ORR BG, 1992, EUROPHYS LETT, V19, P33
    PETROFF PM, 1996, MRS BULL, V21, P50
    ROLAND C, 1993, PHYS REV B, V47, P16286
    SEIFERT W, 1997, J PROGR CRYSTAL GROW, V33, P423
    SHCHUKIN VA, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V75, P2968
    TERSOFF J, 1991, PHYS REV B, V43, P9377
    WILLIAMS SR, COMMUNICATION
 NR 14
 TC 48
 PU AMER INST PHYSICS
 PI WOODBURY
 PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY
    11797-2999 USA
 SN 0003-6951
 J9 APPL PHYS LETT
 JI Appl. Phys. Lett.
 PD APR 27
 PY 1998
 VL 72
 IS 17
 BP 2102
 EP 2104
 PG 3
 SC Physics, Applied
 GA ZJ819
 UT ISI:000073256700012
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Makeev, MA
    Barabasi, AL
 TI Secondary ion yield changes on rippled interfaces
 SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID ROUGHENING INSTABILITY; TOPOGRAPHY CHANGES; SURFACE; BOMBARDMENT;
    EVOLUTION; EROSION; SILICON; GAAS; SI
 AB Sputter erosion often leads to the development of surface ripples. Here
    we investigate the effect of the ripples on the secondary ion yield, by
    calculating the yield as a function of the microscopic parameters
    characterizing the ion cascade (such as penetration depth, widths of
    the deposited energy distribution) and the ripples (ripple amplitude,
    wavelength), We find that ripples can strongly enhance the yield, with
    the magnitude of the effect depending on the interplay between the ion
    and ripple characteristics. Furthermore, pre compare our predictions
    with existing experimental results. (C) 1998 American Institute of
    Physics.
 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 RP Makeev, MA, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 EM alb@nd.edu
 CR BARABASI AL, 1995, FRACTAL CONCEPTS SUR
    BARABASI AL, 1997, DYNAMICS FLUCTUATING
    BEHRISCH R, 1983, SPUTTERING PARTICLE, V1
    BEHRISCH R, 1983, SPUTTERING PARTICLE, V2
    BEHRISCH R, 1983, SPUTTERING PARTICLE, V3
    BRADLEY RM, 1988, J VAC SCI TECHNOL A, V6, P2390
    BRADLEY RM, 1996, PHYS REV E, V54, P6149
    CHASON E, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P3040
    CRESPOSOSA A, 1996, PHYS REV B, V53, P14795
    CUERNO R, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V74, P4746
    CUERNO R, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V75, P4464
    DUNKAN S, 1984, VACUUM, V34, P145
    KAREN A, 1991, J VAC SCI TECHNOL A, V9, P2247
    MACLAREN SW, 1992, J VAC SCI TECHNOL A, V10, P468
    MAKEEV MA, UNPUB
    MAKEEV MA, 1997, APPL PHYS LETT, V71, P2800
    MAYER TM, 1994, J APPL PHYS, V76, P1633
    SHICHI H, 1991, JPN J APPL PHYS 2, V30, L927
    SIGMUND P, 1969, PHYS REV, V184, P383
    SIGMUND P, 1973, J MATER SCI, V8, P1545
    STEVIE FA, 1988, J VAC SCI TECHNOL A, V6, P76
    VAJO JJ, 1996, J VAC SCI TECHNOL A, V14, P2709
    WITTMAACK K, 1990, J VAC SCI TECHNOL  2, V8, P2246
 NR 23
 TC 12
 PU AMER INST PHYSICS
 PI WOODBURY
 PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY
    11797-2999 USA
 SN 0003-6951
 J9 APPL PHYS LETT
 JI Appl. Phys. Lett.
 PD FEB 23
 PY 1998
 VL 72
 IS 8
 BP 906
 EP 908
 PG 3
 SC Physics, Applied
 GA ZJ463
 UT ISI:000073218200012
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Derenyi, I
    Lee, C
    Barabasi, AL
 TI Ratchet effect in surface electromigration: Smoothing surfaces by an ac
    field
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID SEMICONDUCTOR SURFACES; BROWNIAN PARTICLES; TRANSPORT; GROWTH
 AB We demonstrate that for surfaces that have a nonzero Schwoebel barrier
    the application of an ac field parallel to the surface induces a net
    electromigration current that points in the descending step direction.
    The magnitude of the current is calculated analytically and compared
    with Monte Carlo simulations. Since a downhill current smoothes the
    surface, our results imply that the application of ac fields can aid
    the smoothing process during annealing and can slow or eliminate the
    Schwoebel-barrier-induced mound formation during growth.
    [S0031-9007(97)05220-4].
 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
    Lorand Eotvos Univ, Dept Atom Phys, H-1088 Budapest, Hungary.
 RP Barabasi, AL, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 EM alb@nd.edu
 CR AJDARI A, 1992, CR ACAD SCI II-MEC P, V315, P1635
    ASTUMIAN RD, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P1766
    ASTUMIAN RD, 1997, SCIENCE, V276, P917
    BARABASI AL, 1995, FRACTAL CONCEPTS SUR
    DERENYI I, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V75, P374
    DOERING CR, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P2984
    FAUCHEUX LP, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V74, P1504
    ICHIKAWA M, 1990, VACUUM, V41, P923
    JO BH, 1995, APPL SURF SCI, V89, P237
    JOHNSON MD, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P116
    KANDEL D, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V76, P1114
    KODIYALAM S, 1996, PHYS REV B, V53, P9913
    MAGNASCO MO, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P1477
    PROST J, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P2652
    ROUS PJ, 1994, SURF SCI, V315, L995
    ROUSSELET J, 1994, NATURE, V370, P446
    SCHWOEBEL RL, 1969, J APPL PHYS, V40, P614
    STROSCIO JA, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V75, P4246
    VERBRUGGEN AH, 1988, IBM J RES DEV, V32, P93
    VILLAIN J, 1991, J PHYS I, V1, P19
    YASUNAGA H, 1992, SURF SCI REP, V15, P205
    ZUO JK, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V78, P2791
 NR 22
 TC 55
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 0031-9007
 J9 PHYS REV LETT
 JI Phys. Rev. Lett.
 PD FEB 16
 PY 1998
 VL 80
 IS 7
 BP 1473
 EP 1476
 PG 4
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA YX202
 UT ISI:000072016600030
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Albert, R
    Albert, I
    Hornbaker, D
    Schiffer, P
    Barabasi, AL
 TI Maximum angle of stability in wet and dry spherical granular media
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID AVALANCHES; SANDPILE; DRUM
 AB We demonstrate that stability criteria can be used to calculate the
    maximum angle of stability theta(m) of a granular medium composed of
    spherical particles in three dimensions and circular disks in two
    dimensions. The predicted angles are in good agreement with the
    experimental results. Furthermore, we determine the dependence of
    theta(m) on cohesive forces, applying the results to wet granular
    material by calculating the dependence of theta(m) on the liquid
    content of the material. We have also studied wet granular media
    experimentally and find good agreement between the theory and our
    experimental results.
 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 RP Albert, R, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 CR BROWN RL, 1970, PRINCIPLES POWDER ME
    CANTELAUBE F, 1995, J PHYS I, V5, P581
    CZIROK A, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P2154
    CZIROK A, 1994, PHYSICA A, V205, P355
    EREMENKO V, 1972, LIQUID PHASE SINTERI
    EVESQUE P, 1991, PHYS REV A, V43, P2720
    EVESQUE P, 1993, PHYS REV E, V47, P2326
    FOWLER TR, 1960, AUST J CHEM ENG, V1, P5
    HILL KM, 1994, PHYS REV E A, V49, R3610
    HORNBAKER DJ, 1997, NATURE, V387, P765
    ISRAELACHVILI JN, 1989, INTERMOLECULAR SURFA
    JAEGER HM, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V62, P40
    JAEGER HM, 1992, SCIENCE, V255, P1523
    LEE J, 1993, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V26, P373
    NAGEL SR, 1992, REV MOD PHYS, V64, P321
    PILPEL N, 1970, MANUF CHEM AEROSOL N, V41, P19
    RISTOW GH, 1996, EUROPHYS LETT, V34, P263
    SCHWARZER S, 1995, PHYS REV E B, V52, P6461
    STANDISH N, 1991, POWDER TECHNOL, V68, P187
    TRAIN D, 1958, J PHARM PHARMACOL, V10, T127
    WOLF EF, 1945, T AM SOC MECH ENG, V67, P585
 NR 21
 TC 53
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 1063-651X
 J9 PHYS REV E
 JI Phys. Rev. E
 PD DEC
 PY 1997
 VL 56
 IS 6
 BP R6271
 EP R6274
 PG 4
 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical
 GA YM237
 UT ISI:000071043500013
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Daruka, I
    Barabasi, AL
 TI Dislocation-free island formation in heteroepitaxial growth: A study at
    equilibrium
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID INAS ISLANDS; EVOLUTION; FILMS; GE
 AB We investigate the equilibrium properties of strained heteroepitaxial
    systems, incorporating the formation and the growth of a wetting film,
    dislocation-free island formation, and ripening. The derived phase
    diagram provides a detailed characterization of the possible growth
    modes in terms of the island density, equilibrium island size, and
    wetting layer thickness. Comparing our predictions with experimental
    results we discuss the growth conditions that can lead to stable
    islands as well as ripening. [S0031-9007(97)04531-6].
 RP Daruka, I, UNIV NOTRE DAME,DEPT PHYS,NOTRE DAME,IN 46556.
 CR ABARABASI AL, 1997, APPL PHYS LETT, V70, P2565
    ABSTREITER G, 1996, SEMICOND SCI TECH S, V11, P1521
    DARUKA I, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V78, P3027
    GERARD JM, 1995, CONFINED ELECT PHOTO
    JESSON DE, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V77, P1330
    KAMINS TI, 1997, J APPL PHYS, V81, P211
    KOBAYASHI NP, 1996, APPL PHYS LETT, V68, P3299
    LANDAU LD, 1986, THEORY ELASTICITY
    LEONARD D, 1994, PHYS REV B, V50, P11687
    MARCHENKO VI, 1981, SOV PHYS JETP, V54, P605
    MILLER MS, 1996, SOLID STATE ELECTRON, V40, P609
    ORR BG, 1992, EUROPHYS LETT, V19, P33
    PETROFF PM, 1996, MRS BULL, V21, P50
    RICKMAN JM, 1993, SURF SCI, V284, P211
    ROLAND C, 1993, PHYS REV B, V47, P16286
    SEIFERT W, 1996, J CRYSTAL GROWTH CHA, V33, P423
    SHCHUKIN VA, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V75, P2968
    TERSOFF J, 1991, PHYS REV B, V43, P9377
    XIN SH, 1996, APPL PHYS LETT, V69, P3884
 NR 19
 TC 166
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 0031-9007
 J9 PHYS REV LETT
 JI Phys. Rev. Lett.
 PD NOV 10
 PY 1997
 VL 79
 IS 19
 BP 3708
 EP 3711
 PG 4
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA YF186
 UT ISI:A1997YF18600041
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Makeev, MA
    Barabasi, AL
 TI Ion-induced effective surface diffusion in ion sputtering
 SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID ROUGHENING INSTABILITY; BOMBARDMENT; GROWTH; ROUGHNESS; IMPACT
 AB Ion bombardment is known to enhance surface diffusion and affect the
    surface morphology. Here we demonstrate that preferential erosion
    during ion sputtering can lead to a physical phenomenon reminiscent of
    surface diffusion, what we call effective surface diffusion (ESD), that
    does not imply mass transport along the surface and is independent of
    the temperature. We calculate the ion-induced ESD constant and its
    dependence on the ion energy, flux and angle of incidence, showing that
    sputtering can both enhance and suppress surface diffusion. The
    influence of ion-induced ESD on ripple formation and roughening of
    ion-sputtered surfaces is discussed and summarized in a morphological
    phase diagram. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    [S0003-6951(97)02245-6].
 RP Makeev, MA, UNIV NOTRE DAME,DEPT PHYS,NOTRE DAME,IN 46556.
 CR BABAEV VO, 1976, THIN SOLID FILMS, V38, P1
    BARNETT SA, 1987, SURF SCI, V181, P596
    BEHRISCH R, 1982, SPUTTERING PARTICLE, V2
    BEHRISCH R, 1983, SPUTTERING PARTICLE, V1
    BEHRISCH R, 1983, SPUTTERING PARTICLE, V3
    BRADLEY RM, 1988, J VAC SCI TECHNOL A, V6, P2390
    CARTER G, 1983, SPUTTERING PARTICLE, V2, P231
    CAVAILLE JY, 1978, SURF SCI, V75, P342
    CHASON E, 1990, APPL PHYS LETT, V57, P1793
    CHASON E, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P3040
    CUERNO R, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V74, P4746
    DASSARMA S, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V66, P325
    DRANOVA ZI, 1970, FIZ TVERD TELA, V12, P104
    EKLUND EA, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V67, P1759
    EKLUND EA, 1993, SURF SCI, V285, P157
    FAMILY F, 1991, DYNAMICS FRACTAL SUR
    HERRING C, 1950, J APPL PHYS, V21, P301
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 NR 34
 TC 87
 PU AMER INST PHYSICS
 PI WOODBURY
 PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999
 SN 0003-6951
 J9 APPL PHYS LETT
 JI Appl. Phys. Lett.
 PD NOV 10
 PY 1997
 VL 71
 IS 19
 BP 2800
 EP 2802
 PG 3
 SC Physics, Applied
 GA YE753
 UT ISI:A1997YE75300026
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Hornbaker, DJ
    Albert, R
    Albert, I
    Barabasi, AL
    Schiffer, P
 TI What keeps sandcastles standing?
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 NR 13
 TC 85
 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
 PI LONDON
 PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
 SN 0028-0836
 J9 NATURE
 JI Nature
 PD JUN 19
 PY 1997
 VL 387
 IS 6635
 BP 765
 EP 765
 PG 1
 SC Multidisciplinary Sciences
 GA XF144
 UT ISI:A1997XF14400027
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Barabasi, AL
 TI Self-assembled island formation in heteroepitaxial growth
 SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID QUANTUM DOTS; INAS ISLANDS; GAAS; EPITAXY
 AB We investigate island formation during heteroepitaxial growth using an
    atomistic model that incorporates deposition, activated diffusion, and
    stress relaxation. For high misfit the system naturally evolves into a
    state characterized by a narrow island size distribution. The
    simulations indicate the existence of a strain assisted kinetic
    mechanism responsible for the self-assembling process, involving
    enhanced detachment of atoms from the edge of large islands and biased
    adatom diffusion. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics.
 RP Barabasi, AL, UNIV NOTRE DAME,DEPT PHYS,NOTRE DAME,IN 46556.
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 NR 24
 TC 173
 PU AMER INST PHYSICS
 PI WOODBURY
 PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999
 SN 0003-6951
 J9 APPL PHYS LETT
 JI Appl. Phys. Lett.
 PD MAY 12
 PY 1997
 VL 70
 IS 19
 BP 2565
 EP 2567
 PG 3
 SC Physics, Applied
 GA WY234
 UT ISI:A1997WY23400025
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Daruka, I
    Barabasi, AL
 TI Island formation and critical thickness in heteroepitaxy
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID GROWTH
 RP Daruka, I, UNIV NOTRE DAME,DEPT PHYS,NOTRE DAME,IN 46556.
 CR AMAR JG, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V74, P2066
    BARABASI AL, 1995, FRACTAL CONCEPTS SUR
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    DARUKA I, IN PRESS
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 NR 10
 TC 11
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 0031-9007
 J9 PHYS REV LETT
 JI Phys. Rev. Lett.
 PD APR 14
 PY 1997
 VL 78
 IS 15
 BP 3027
 EP 3027
 PG 1
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA WT633
 UT ISI:A1997WT63300040
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Barabasi, AL
    Kaxiras, E
 TI Dynamic scaling in conserved systems with coupled fields: Application
    to surfactant-mediated growth
 SO EUROPHYSICS LETTERS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID NONEQUILIBRIUM INTERFACES; DRIVEN INTERFACES; EPITAXIAL-GROWTH; KINETIC
    GROWTH; RELAXATION; DIFFUSION; CONTINUUM; SI(001); MODELS
 AB We present an analytical study of the interaction of two nonequilibrium
    conservative fields. Due to the conservative character of the
    relaxation mechanism, the scaling exponents can be obtained exactly
    using dynamic renormalization group. We apply our results to
    surfactant-mediated growth of semiconductors. We find that the coupling
    between the surfactant thickness and the interface height cannot
    account for the experimentally observed layered growth, implying that
    reduced diffusion of the embedded atoms is a key mechanism in
    surfactant-mediated growth.
 C1 HARVARD UNIV,DEPT PHYS,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139.
    HARVARD UNIV,DIV APPL SCI,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139.
 RP Barabasi, AL, UNIV NOTRE DAME,DEPT PHYS,NOTRE DAME,IN 46556.
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 NR 25
 TC 1
 PU EDITIONS PHYSIQUE
 PI LES ULIS CEDEX
 PA Z I DE COURTABOEUF AVE 7 AV DU HOGGAR, BP 112, 91944 LES ULIS CEDEX,
    FRANCE
 SN 0295-5075
 J9 EUROPHYS LETT
 JI Europhys. Lett.
 PD OCT 10
 PY 1996
 VL 36
 IS 2
 BP 129
 EP 134
 PG 6
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA VP871
 UT ISI:A1996VP87100009
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Buldyrev, SV
    Amaral, LAN
    Barabasi, AL
    Harrington, ST
    Havlin, S
    Kertesz, J
    SadrLahijany, R
    Stanley, HE
 TI Avalanches in the directed percolation depinning and self-organized
    depinning models of interface roughening
 SO FRACTALS-AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL ON THE COMPLEX GEOMETRY OF NATURE
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID AFFINE FRACTAL INTERFACES; POROUS-MEDIA; QUENCHED DISORDER;
    BALLISTIC-DEPOSITION; DRIVEN INTERFACES; CORRELATED NOISE; FLUID
    INVASION; IMMISCIBLE DISPLACEMENT; PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM; GROWING
    INTERFACES
 AB We review the recently introduced Directed Percolation Depinning (DPD)
    and Self-Organized Depinning (SOD) models for interface roughening with
    quenched disorder. The differences in the dynamics of the invasion
    process in these two models are discussed and different avalanche
    definitions are presented. The scaling properties of the avalanche size
    distribution and the properties of active cells are discussed.
 C1 BOSTON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02215.
    BAR ILAN UNIV,MINERVA CTR,RAMAT GAN,ISRAEL.
    BAR ILAN UNIV,DEPT PHYS,RAMAT GAN,ISRAEL.
    TECH UNIV BUDAPEST,INST PHYS,H-1111 BUDAPEST,HUNGARY.
 RP Buldyrev, SV, BOSTON UNIV,CTR POLYMER STUDIES,BOSTON,MA 02215.
 CR AMAR JG, 1991, PHYS REV A, V43, P4548
    AMARAL LAN, UNPUB
    AMARAL LAN, 1993, FRACTALS, V1, P818
    AMARAL LAN, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P641
    AMARAL LAN, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V73, P62
    AMARAL LAN, 1995, PHYS REV E B, V52, P4087
    AMARAL LAN, 1995, PHYS REV E, V51, P4655
    BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381
    BAK P, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P4083
    BARABASI AL, PREPRINT
    BARABASI AL, 1992, PHYS REV A, V46, R2977
    BARABASI AL, 1992, SURFACE DISORDERING
    BARABASI AL, 1995, FRACTAL CONCEPTS SUR
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    BRUINSMA R, 1984, PHYS REV LETT, V52, P1547
    BULDYREV SV, UNPUB
    BULDYREV SV, 1991, PHYS REV A, V43, P7113
    BULDYREV SV, 1992, PHYS REV A, V45, P8313
    BULDYREV SV, 1992, PHYSICA A, V191, P220
    BULDYREV SV, 1993, FRACTALS, V1, P827
    BULDYREV SV, 1993, PHYSICA A, V200, P200
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    BUNDE A, 1991, FRACTALS DISORDERED
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    PARISI G, 1992, EUROPHYS LETT, V17, P673
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    STEPANOW S, 1995, J PHYS II, V5, P11
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    SUKI B, 1994, NATURE, V368, P615
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    TANG LH, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V74, P920
    VICSEK T, 1990, PHYSICA A, V167, P315
    VICSEK T, 1992, FRACTAL GROWTH PHE 4
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 NR 98
 TC 3
 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD
 PI SINGAPORE
 PA JOURNAL DEPT PO BOX 128 FARRER ROAD, SINGAPORE 9128, SINGAPORE
 SN 0218-348X
 J9 FRACTALS
 JI Fractals-Interdiscip. J. Complex Geom. Nat.
 PD SEP
 PY 1996
 VL 4
 IS 3
 BP 307
 EP 319
 PG 13
 SC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Multidisciplinary Sciences
 GA VM909
 UT ISI:A1996VM90900013
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Jensen, P
    Barabasi, AL
    Larralde, H
    Havlin, S
    Stanley, HE
 TI A fractal model for the first stages of thin film growth
 SO FRACTALS-AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL ON THE COMPLEX GEOMETRY OF NATURE
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID DIFFUSION-LIMITED AGGREGATION; ISLAND GROWTH; SUBMONOLAYER EPITAXY;
    CLUSTER MOBILITY; DEPOSITION; SURFACES; NANOSTRUCTURES; NUCLEATION;
    PARTICLES; DYNAMICS
 AB In this paper, we briefly review a model that describes the
    diffusion-controlled aggregation exhibited by particles as they are
    deposited on a surface. This model allows us to understand many
    experiments of thin film deposition. In the Sec. 1, we describe the
    model, which incorporates deposition, particle and cluster diffusion,
    and aggregation. In Sec. 2, we study the dynamical evolution of the
    model. Finally, we analyze the effects of small cluster mobility and
    show that the introduction of cluster diffusion dramatically affects
    the dynamics of film growth. Some of these effects can be tested
    experimentally.
 C1 UNIV NOTRE DAME,DEPT PHYS,NOTRE DAME,IN 46556.
    UNIV CAMBRIDGE,CAVENDISH LAB,DEPT PHYS,CAMBRIDGE CB3 0HE,ENGLAND.
    BAR ILAN UNIV,DEPT PHYS,RAMAT GAN,ISRAEL.
    BOSTON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02215.
    BOSTON UNIV,CTR POLYMER STUDIES,BOSTON,MA 02215.
 RP Jensen, P, UNIV LYON 1,DEPT PHYS MAT,F-69622 VILLEURBANNE,FRANCE.
 CR AMAR JG, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V74, P2066
    BALES GS, 1994, PHYS REV B, V50, P6057
    BARABASI AL, 1995, FRACTAL CONCEPTS SUR
    BARDOTTI L, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V74, P4694
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    BARTELT MC, 1993, PHYS REV B, V47, P13891
    BRUNE H, 1994, NATURE, V369, P469
    BRUNE H, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V73, P1955
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    JENSEN P, 1994, NATURE, V368, P22
    JENSEN P, 1994, PHYS REV B, V50, P15316
    JENSEN P, 1994, PHYS REV E, V50, P618
    JENSEN P, 1994, PHYSICA A, V207, P219
    JENSEN P, 1996, RECHERCHE, V283, P42
    KALDIS E, 1971, SURF SCI, V27, P483
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    KERN R, 1979, CURRENT TOPICS MAT S, V3
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    LAGALLY M, 1990, KINETICS ORDERING GR
    LAGALLY M, 1993, PHYSICS TODAY, V24
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    MEAKIN P, 1983, PHYS REV LETT, V51, P1119
    MELINON P, 1991, PHYS REV B, V44, P12562
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    STAUFFER D, 1992, INTRO PERCOLATION TH
    STOYANOV S, 1981, CURRENT TOPICS MAT S
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 NR 42
 TC 7
 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD
 PI SINGAPORE
 PA JOURNAL DEPT PO BOX 128 FARRER ROAD, SINGAPORE 9128, SINGAPORE
 SN 0218-348X
 J9 FRACTALS
 JI Fractals-Interdiscip. J. Complex Geom. Nat.
 PD SEP
 PY 1996
 VL 4
 IS 3
 BP 321
 EP 329
 PG 9
 SC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Multidisciplinary Sciences
 GA VM909
 UT ISI:A1996VM90900014
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Barabasi, AL
 TI Roughening of growing surfaces: Kinetic models and continuum theories
 SO COMPUTATIONAL MATERIALS SCIENCE
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID MOLECULAR-BEAM EPITAXY; FREE SOLID FILMS; ION-BOMBARDMENT; 2+1
    DIMENSIONS; MORPHOLOGICAL INSTABILITY; NONEQUILIBRIUM GROWTH;
    UNIVERSALITY CLASSES; NUMERICAL-SOLUTION; DIFFUSION; INTERFACES
 AB The use of scaling concepts in understanding growth by molecular beam
    epitaxy (MBE) is increasingly important these days. Here we present a
    critical discussion on the advantages and disadvantages of kinetic
    theories and continuum models, two main methods frequently used to
    study the roughening and scaling of surfaces grown by MBE. Finally,
    some open problems faced by these approaches are also discussed.
 C1 UNIV NOTRE DAME,DEPT PHYS,NOTRE DAME,IN 46556.
    IBM CORP,THOMAS J WATSON RES CTR,YORKTOWN HTS,NY 10598.
 CR AMAR JG, 1990, PHYS REV A, V41, P3399
    AMAR JG, 1993, PHYS REV E, V47, P3242
    BARABASI AL, 1995, FRACTAL CONCEPTS SUR
    BEHRISCH R, 1981, SPUTTERING PARTICLE, V1
    BEHRISCH R, 1983, SPUTTERING PARTICLE, V2
    BRADLEY RM, 1988, J VAC SCI TECHNOL A, V6, P2390
    CARTER G, 1983, SPUTTERING PARTICLE, V2, P231
    CHASON E, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P3040
    CLARKE S, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V58, P2235
    CUERNO R, 1994, P MRS FALL M BOST 19
    DASSARMA S, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V66, P325
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    DASSARMA S, 1994, PHYS REV B, V49, P10693
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 NR 48
 TC 2
 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
 PI AMSTERDAM
 PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS
 SN 0927-0256
 J9 COMPUT MATER SCI
 JI Comput. Mater. Sci.
 PD AUG
 PY 1996
 VL 6
 IS 2
 BP 127
 EP 134
 PG 8
 SC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
 GA VJ932
 UT ISI:A1996VJ93200004
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU MolinasMata, P
    Munoz, MA
    Martinez, DO
    Barabasi, AL
 TI Ballistic random walker
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID INITIALLY SEPARATED REACTANTS; KINETIC CRITICAL PHENOMENON; 2-SPECIES
    ANNIHILATION; DISORDERED MEDIA; REACTION FRONT; DIFFUSION; SYSTEMS;
    MODEL; BEHAVIOR
 AB We introduce and investigate the scaling properties of a random walker
    that moves ballistically on a two-dimensional square lattice. The
    walker is scattered (changes direction randomly) every time it reaches
    a previously unvisited site, and follows ballistic trajectories between
    two scattering events. The asymptotic properties of the density of
    unvisited sites and the diffusion exponent can be calculated using a
    mean-field theory. The obtained predictions are in good agreement with
    the results of extensive numerical simulations. In particular, we show
    that this random walk is subdiffusive.
 C1 IBM CORP,THOMAS J WATSON RES CTR,YORKTOWN HTS,NY 10598.
    LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,DIV THEORET,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545.
    UNIV NOTRE DAME,DEPT PHYS,NOTRE DAME,IN 46556.
 CR AMIT DJ, 1983, PHYS REV B, V27, P1635
    ARAUJO M, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V68, P1791
    ARAUJO M, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P3592
    BARABASI AL, 1991, DYNAMICS FRACTAL SUR
    BARABASI AL, 1995, FRACTAL CONCEPTS SUR
    BENNAIM E, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P1890
    BOUCHAUD JP, 1990, PHYS REP, V195, P127
    DEGENNES PG, 1979, SCALING CONCEPTS POL
    DEUTSCHER G, 1980, ANN ISRAEL PHYSICAL, V5
    DOMB C, 1972, J PHYS C SOLID STATE, V5, P956
    DUXBURY PM, 1984, J PHYS A, V17, P2113
    DUXBURY PM, 1985, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V18, P661
    EINSTEIN A, 1905, ANN PHYS-BERLIN, V17, P549
    GRASSBERGER P, 1982, J CHEM PHYS, V77, P6281
    GRASSBERGER P, 1982, Z PHYS B, V47, P255
    GRASSBERGER P, 1984, J PHYS A, V17, L105
    GRASSBERGER P, 1989, J PHYS A, V22, L1103
    HAVLIN S, 1987, ADV PHYS, V36, P695
    JENSEN I, 1993, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V26, P3921
    KANG K, 1984, PHYS REV A, V30, P2833
    KANG K, 1984, PHYS REV LETT, V52, P955
    KRAPIVSKY PL, 1995, PHYS REV E A, V51, P3977
    LARRALDE H, 1992, NATURE, V356, P168
    LARRALDE H, 1992, PHYS REV A, V45, P7128
    LARRALDE H, 1992, PHYS REV A, V46, P6121
    LARRALDE H, 1992, PHYS REV A, V46, P855
    LEYVRAZ F, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V66, P2168
    LEYVRAZ F, 1992, PHYS REV A, V46, P3132
    MUNOZ MA, UNPUB
    PELITI L, 1986, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V19, L365
    PIASECKI J, 1995, PHYS REV E A, V51, P5535
    REDNER S, 1983, PHYS REV LETT, V51, P1729
    STANLEY HE, 1983, PHYS REV LETT, V51, P1223
    SZABO A, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V61, P2496
    TOUSSAINT D, 1983, J CHEM PHYS, V78, P2642
    VINEYARD GH, 1963, J MATH PHYS, V4, P1991
    ZIFF RM, 1986, PHYS REV LETT, V56, P2553
 NR 37
 TC 2
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 1063-651X
 J9 PHYS REV E
 JI Phys. Rev. E
 PD JUL
 PY 1996
 VL 54
 IS 1
 BP 968
 EP 971
 PG 4
 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical
 GA UY734
 UT ISI:A1996UY73400119
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Makse, HA
    Barabasi, AL
    Stanley, HE
 TI Elastic string in a random medium
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID DISORDERED MEDIUM; SURFACE GROWTH; INTERFACES; DYNAMICS; MODEL
 AB We consider a one-dimensional elastic string as a set of massless beads
    interacting through springs characterized by anisotropic elastic
    constants. The string, driven by an external force, moves in a medium
    with quenched disorder. We find that longitudinal fluctuations lead to
    nonlinear behavior in the equation of motion that is kinematically
    generated by the motion of the string. The strength of the nonlinear
    effects depends on the anisotropy of the medium and the distance from
    the depinning transition. On the other hand, the consideration of
    restricted solid-on-solid conditions imposed on the string leads to a
    nonlinear term with a diverging coefficient at the depinning transition.
 C1 BOSTON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02215.
 RP Makse, HA, BOSTON UNIV,CTR POLYMER STUDIES,BOSTON,MA 02215.
 CR AMARAL LAN, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V73, P62
    AMARAL LAN, 1995, PHYS REV E B, V52, P4087
    AMARAL LAN, 1995, PHYS REV E, V51, P4655
    BARABASI AL, 1995, FRACTAL CONCEPTS SUF
    BLATTER G, 1994, REV MOD PHYS, V66, P1125
    BULDYREV SV, 1992, PHYS REV A, V45, P8313
    DONG M, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P662
    EDWARDS SF, 1982, P ROY SOC LOND A MAT, V381, P17
    ERTAS D, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V73, P1703
    HALPINHEALY T, 1995, PHYS REP, V254, P215
    KAPER HG, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P3713
    KARDAR M, 1986, PHYS REV LETT, V56, P889
    KERTESZ J, 1994, FRACTALS SCI
    KIM JM, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V62, P2289
    KRUG J, 1990, PHYS REV LETT, V64, P2332
    LESCHHORN H, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P2973
    LESCHHORN H, 1993, PHYSICA A, V195, P324
    MAKSE HA, 1995, EUROPHYS LETT, V31, P379
    MAKSE HA, 1995, PHYS REV E, V52, P4080
    MEAKIN P, 1993, PHYS REP, V235, P189
    NARAYAN O, 1993, PHYS REV B, V48, P7030
    NATTERMANN T, 1992, J PHYS II, V2, P1483
    PARISI G, 1992, EUROPHYS LETT, V17, P673
    SNEPPEN K, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V69, P3539
    SNEPPEN K, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P3833
    TANG C, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P1264
    TANG LH, 1992, PHYS REV A, V45, P8309
    TANG LH, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P3832
    VICSEK T, 1992, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO
 NR 29
 TC 1
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 1063-651X
 J9 PHYS REV E
 JI Phys. Rev. E
 PD JUN
 PY 1996
 VL 53
 IS 6
 PN Part B
 BP 6573
 EP 6576
 PG 4
 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical
 GA UR607
 UT ISI:A1996UR60700061
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Barabasi, AL
 TI Invasion percolation and global optimization
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID POROUS-MEDIA; SIMULATION
 AB Invasion bond percolation (IBP) is mapped exactly into Prim's algorithm
    for finding the shortest spanning tree of a weighted random graph.
    Exploring this mapping, which is valid for arbitrary dimensions and
    lattices, we introduce a new IBP model that belongs to the same
    universality class as IBP and generates the minimal energy tree
    spanning the IBP cluster.
 C1 IBM CORP,THOMAS J WATSON RES CTR,YORKTOWN HTS,NY 10598.
 RP Barabasi, AL, UNIV NOTRE DAME,DEPT PHYS,NOTRE DAME,IN 46556.
 CR BARABASI AL, 1995, FRACTAL CONCEPTS SUR
    BLUNT M, 1992, PHYS REV A, V46, P7680
    BUNDE A, 1991, FRACTALS DISORDERED
    CAYYLEY A, 1874, PHILOS MAG, V67, P444
    CHANDLER R, 1982, J FLUID MECH, V119, P249
    CHRISTOFIDES N, 1975, GRAPH THEORY ALGORIT
    CIEPLAK M, IN PRESS
    CIEPLAK M, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P2320
    FEDER J, 1988, FRACTALS
    FURUBERG L, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V61, P2117
    KEVIN V, 1972, COMMUN ACM, V15, P273
    KRUSKAL JB, 1956, P AM MATH SOC, V7, P48
    LENORMAND R, 1980, CR ACAD SCI PARIS B, V291, P279
    PRIM RC, 1957, BELL SYST TECH J, V36, P1389
    SAHIMI M, 1995, FLOW TRANSPORT POROU
    SUKI B, 1994, NATURE, V368, P615
    TZSCHICHHOLZ F, 1989, PHYS REV A, V39, P5470
    VICSEK T, 1992, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO
    WILKINSON D, 1983, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V16, P3365
    WONG PZ, 1994, MRS BULL, V19, P32
 NR 20
 TC 20
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 0031-9007
 J9 PHYS REV LETT
 JI Phys. Rev. Lett.
 PD MAY 13
 PY 1996
 VL 76
 IS 20
 BP 3750
 EP 3753
 PG 4
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA UK560
 UT ISI:A1996UK56000023
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Barabasi, AL
    Buldyrev, SV
    Stanley, HE
    Suki, B
 TI Avalanches in the lung: A statistical mechanical model
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID BRONCHIAL TREE; AIRWAY-CLOSURE
 AB We study a statistical mechanical model for the dynamics of lung
    inflation which incorporates recent experimental observations on the
    opening of individual airways by a cascade or avalanche mechanism.
    Using an exact mapping of the avalanche problem onto percolation on a
    Cayley tree, we analytically derive the exponents describing the size
    distribution of the first avalanches and test the analytical solution
    by numerical simulations. We find that the treelike structure of the
    airways, together with the simplest assumptions concerning opening
    threshold pressures of each airway, is sufficient to explain the
    existence of power-law distributions observed experimentally.
 C1 BOSTON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02215.
    UNIV NOTRE DAME,DEPT PHYS,NOTRE DAME,IN 46556.
    BOSTON UNIV,DEPT BIOMED ENGN,RESP RES LAB,BOSTON,MA 02215.
 RP Barabasi, AL, BOSTON UNIV,CTR POLYMER STUDIES,BOSTON,MA 02215.
 CR ASMUSSEN S, 1983, BRANCHING PROCESSES
    BASSINGTHWAIGHT.JB, 1994, FRACTAL PHYSL
    BASSINGTHWAIGHT.JB, 1994, FRACTALS NATURAL SCI
    BINGHAM NH, 1988, J APPL PROBAB A, V25, P215
    BUNDE A, 1996, FRACTALS DISORDERED
    CRAWFORD ABH, 1989, J APPL PHYSIOL, V66, P2511
    ENGEL LA, 1975, J APPL PHYSIOL, V38, P1117
    ESSAM JW, 1980, REP PROG PHYS, V43, P833
    GRAVER DP, 1990, J APPL PHYS, V69, P74
    GRINSTEIN G, 1995, SCALE INVARIANCE INT
    HARRIS TE, 1989, THEORY BRANCHING PRO
    HORSFIELD K, 1971, J APPL PHYSIOL, V31, P207
    OTIS DR, 1994, THESIS MIT
    PETAK F, 1993, EUR RESPIR J, V6, S403
    SHLESINGER MF, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V67, P2106
    SUKI B, 1993, J APPL PHYSIOL, V75, P2755
    SUKI B, 1994, NATURE, V368, P615
    WEST BJ, 1989, INT J MOD PHYS B, V3, P795
    WEST BJ, 1990, FRACTAL PHYSL CHAOS
    WEST BJ, 1993, GROWTH PATTERNS PHYS
    WEST BJ, 1994, PHYS REP, V246, P1
 NR 21
 TC 27
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 0031-9007
 J9 PHYS REV LETT
 JI Phys. Rev. Lett.
 PD MAR 18
 PY 1996
 VL 76
 IS 12
 BP 2192
 EP 2195
 PG 4
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA TZ984
 UT ISI:A1996TZ98400052
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Barabasi, AL
    Grinstein, G
    Munoz, MA
 TI Directed surfaces in disordered media
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID POROUS-MEDIA; FLUID INVASION; INTERFACE; PERCOLATION; GROWTH; MODEL
 AB The critical exponents for a class of one-dimensional models of
    interface depinning in disordered media can be calculated through a
    mapping onto directed percolation. In higher dimensions these models
    give rise to directed surfaces, which do not belong to the directed
    percolation universality class. We formulate a scaling theory of
    directed surfaces, and calculate critical exponents numerically, using
    a cellular automaton that locates the directed surfaces without making
    reference to the dynamics of the underlying interface growth models.
 C1 IBM CORP,DIV RES,TJ WATSON RES CTR,YORKTOWN HTS,NY 10598.
 CR AHARONY A, 1986, DIRECTIONS CONDENSED
    AMARAL LAN, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V73, P62
    AMARAL LAN, 1995, PHYS REV E B, V52, P4087
    AMARAL LAN, 1995, PHYS REV E, V51, P4655
    ARORA BM, 1983, J PHYS C SOLID STATE, V16, P2913
    BARABASI AL, 1995, FRACTAL CONCEPTS SUR
    BLATTER G, 1994, REV MOD PHYS, V66, P1125
    BULDYREV SV, 1992, PHYS REV A, V45, P8313
    BULDYREV SV, 1992, PHYSICA A, V191, P220
    CIEPLAK M, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V60, P2042
    FAMILY F, 1991, DYNAMICS FRACTAL STR
    HALPINHEALY T, 1995, PHYS REP, V254, P215
    HAVLIN S, 1993, GROWTH PATTERNS PHYS
    HE SJ, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V69, P3731
    HEDE B, 1991, J STAT PHYS, V64, P829
    HORVATH VK, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, L25
    HORVATH VK, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V67, P3207
    HORVATH VK, 1995, PHYS REV E B, V52, P5166
    HUBER G, 1995, PHYS REV E A, V52, R2133
    KARDAR M, 1986, PHYS REV LETT, V56, P889
    KARDAR M, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V74, P920
    MASLOV S, 1994, PHYS REV E, V50, R643
    MEAKIN P, 1993, PHYS REP, V235, P189
    OLAMI Z, 1994, PHYS REV E, V49, P1232
    RUBIO MA, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V63, P1685
    SNEPPEN K, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V69, P3539
    TANG LH, 1992, PHYS REV A, V45, P8309
 NR 27
 TC 11
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 0031-9007
 J9 PHYS REV LETT
 JI Phys. Rev. Lett.
 PD FEB 26
 PY 1996
 VL 76
 IS 9
 BP 1481
 EP 1484
 PG 4
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA TW700
 UT ISI:A1996TW70000020
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU JENSEN, P
    BARABASI, AL
    LARRALDE, H
    HAVLIN, S
    STANLEY, HE
 TI GROWTH AND PERCOLATION OF THIN-FILMS - A MODEL INCORPORATING
    DEPOSITION, DIFFUSION AND AGGREGATION
 SO CHAOS SOLITONS & FRACTALS
 LA English
 DT Article
 AB We propose a model for describing diffusion-controlled aggregation of
    parti cles that are continually deposited on a surface. The model,
    which incorporates deposition, diffusion and aggregation, is motivated
    by recent thin film deposition experiments. We find, that the diffusion
    and aggregation of randomly deposited particles ''builds'' a wide
    variety of fractal structures, all characterized by a common length
    scale L(1). This length L(1) scales as the ratio of the diffusion
    constant over the particle flux to the power 1/4. We compare our
    results with several recent experiments on two-dimensional
    nanostructures formed by diffusion-controlled aggregation on surfaces.
 C1 BOSTON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02215.
 RP JENSEN, P, BOSTON UNIV,CTR POLYMER STUDIES,BOSTON,MA 02215.
 CR BARABASI AL, 1995, FRACTAL CONCEPTS SUR
    BRUNE H, 1994, NATURE, V369, P469
    JENSEN P, 1992, PHYSICA A, V185, P104
    JENSEN P, 1994, NATURE, V368, P22
    JENSEN P, 1994, PHYS REV B, V50, R30
    JENSEN P, 1994, PHYS REV E, V50, P618
    JENSEN P, 1994, PHYSICA A, V207, P219
    KERTESZ J, 1994, FRACTALS SCI
    RODER H, 1993, NATURE, V366, P141
    VENABLES JA, 1984, REP PROG PHYS, V47, P399
    VICSEK T, 1992, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO
 NR 11
 TC 3
 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
 PI OXFORD
 PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB
 SN 0960-0779
 J9 CHAOS SOLITON FRACTAL
 JI Chaos Solitons Fractals
 PY 1995
 VL 6
 BP 227
 EP 236
 PG 10
 SC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics,
    Multidisciplinary; Physics, Mathematical
 GA TF140
 UT ISI:A1995TF14000029
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU AMARAL, LAN
    BARABASI, AL
    MAKSE, HA
    STANLEY, HE
 TI SCALING PROPERTIES OF DRIVEN INTERFACES IN DISORDERED MEDIA
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID AFFINE FRACTAL INTERFACES; FIELD ISING-MODEL; POROUS-MEDIA; IMMISCIBLE
    DISPLACEMENT; BALLISTIC-DEPOSITION; CORRELATED NOISE; FLUID INVASION;
    SURFACE GROWTH; ROUGH SURFACES; PERCOLATION
 AB We perform a systematic study of several models that have been proposed
    for the purpose of understanding the motion of driven interfaces in
    disordered media. We identify two distinct universality classes. (i)
    One of these, referred to as directed percolation depinning (DPD), can
    be described by a Langevin equation similar to the Kardar-Parisi-Zhang
    equation, but with quenched disorder. (ii) The other, referred to as
    quenched Edwards-Wilkinson (QEW), can be described by a Langevin
    equation similar to the Edwards-Wilkinson equation, but with quenched
    disorder. We find that for the DPD universality class, the coefficient
    lambda of the nonlinear term diverges at the depinning transition,
    while for the QEW universality class, either lambda = 0 or lambda --> 0
    as the depinning transition is approached. The identification of the
    two universality classes allows us to better understand many of the
    results previously obtained experimentally and numerically. However, we
    find that some results cannot be understood in terms of the exponents
    obtained for the two universality classes at the depinning transition.
    In order to understand these remaining disagreements, we investigate
    the scaling properties of models in each of the two universality
    classes above the depinning transition. For the DPD universality class,
    we find for the roughness exponent alpha(P) = 0.63 +/- 0.03 for the
    pinned phase and alpha(M) = 0.75 +/- 0.05 for the moving phase. For the
    growth exponent, we find beta(P) = 0.67 +/- 0.05 for the pinned phase
    and beta(M) = 0.74 +/- 0.06 for the moving phase. Furthermore, we find
    an anomalous scaling of the prefactor of the width on the driving
    force. A new exponent (phi(M) = -0.12 +/- 0.06, characterizing the
    scaling of this prefactor, is shown to relate the values of the
    roughness exponents on both sides of the depinning transition. For the
    QEW universality class, we find that alpha(P) approximate to alpha(M) =
    0.92 +/- 0.04 and beta(P) approximate to beta(M) = 0.86 +/- 0.03 are
    roughly the same for both the pinned and moving phases. Moreover, we
    again find a dependence of the prefactor of the width on the driving
    force. For this universality class, the exponent phi(M) = 0.44 +/- 0.05
    is found to relate the different values of the local crp and global
    roughness exponent alpha(G) approximate to 1.23 +/- 0.04 at the
    depinning transition. These results provide us with a more consistent
    understanding of the scaling properties of the two universality
    classes, both at and above the depinning transition. We compare our
    results with all the relevant experiments.
 C1 BOSTON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02215.
 RP AMARAL, LAN, BOSTON UNIV,CTR POLYMER STUDIES,BOSTON,MA 02215.
 CR AMAR JG, 1991, PHYS REV A, V43, P4548
    AMARAL LAN, THESIS BOSTON U
    AMARAL LAN, 1993, FRACTALS, V1, P818
    AMARAL LAN, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P641
    AMARAL LAN, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V73, P62
    AMARAL LAN, 1995, PHYS REV E, V51, P4655
    BARABASI AL, 1992, PHYS REV A, V46, R2977
    BARABASI AL, 1992, SURFACE DISORDERING
    BARABASI AL, 1995, FRACTAL CONCEPTS SUR
    BENOIT M, 1994, PHYSICA A, V207, P500
    BIROVLJEV A, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V67, P584
    BRUINSMA R, 1984, PHYS REV LETT, V52, P1547
    BULDYREV SV, 1991, PHYS REV A, V43, P7113
    BULDYREV SV, 1992, PHYS REV A, V45, P8313
    BULDYREV SV, 1992, PHYSICA A, V191, P220
    BULDYREV SV, 1993, FRACTALS, V1, P827
    BULDYREV SV, 1993, PHYSICA A, V200, P200
    BULDYREV SV, 1995, PHYS REV E A, V52, P373
    CIEPLAK M, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V60, P2042
    CSAHOK Z, 1993, J PHYS A, V26, L171
    CSAHOK Z, 1993, PHYSICA A, V200, P136
    DASSARMA S, 1994, PHYS REV E, V49, P122
    DONG M, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P662
    EDWARDS SF, 1982, P ROY SOC LOND A MAT, V381, P17
    ESSAM JW, 1986, PHYS REV B, V33, P1982
    ESSAM JW, 1988, J PHYS A, V21, P3815
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    FAMILY F, 1986, J PHYS A, V19, L441
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 NR 90
 TC 52
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 1063-651X
 J9 PHYS REV E
 JI Phys. Rev. E
 PD OCT
 PY 1995
 VL 52
 IS 4
 PN Part B
 BP 4087
 EP 4104
 PG 18
 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical
 GA TA525
 UT ISI:A1995TA52500019
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU CUERNO, R
    BARABASI, AL
 TI DYNAMIC SCALING OF ION-SPUTTERED SURFACES
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID KURAMOTO-SIVASHINSKY EQUATION; KARDAR-PARISI-ZHANG; LONG-WAVELENGTH
    PROPERTIES; INVARIANT SOLUTIONS; NUMERICAL-SOLUTION; GROWTH;
    DIMENSIONS; BOMBARDMENT; INTERFACES; MODEL
 C1 BOSTON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02215.
    IBM CORP,TJ WATSON RES CTR,NEW YORK,NY 10598.
 RP CUERNO, R, BOSTON UNIV,CTR POLYMER STUDIES,BOSTON,MA 02215.
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    BEHRISCH R, 1983, SPUTTERING PARTICLE, V2
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    CARTER G, 1983, SPUTTERING PARTICLE, V2, P231
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 NR 40
 TC 182
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 0031-9007
 J9 PHYS REV LETT
 JI Phys. Rev. Lett.
 PD JUN 5
 PY 1995
 VL 74
 IS 23
 BP 4746
 EP 4749
 PG 4
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA RB200
 UT ISI:A1995RB20000047
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU AMARAL, LAN
    BARABASI, AL
    BULDYREV, SV
    HARRINGTON, ST
    HAVLIN, S
    SADRLAHIJANY, R
    STANLEY, HE
 TI AVALANCHES AND THE DIRECTED PERCOLATION DEPINNING MODEL - EXPERIMENTS,
    SIMULATIONS, AND THEORY
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID AFFINE FRACTAL INTERFACES; POROUS-MEDIA; IMMISCIBLE DISPLACEMENT;
    BALLISTIC-DEPOSITION; CORRELATED NOISE; DISORDERED MEDIUM; ROUGH
    SURFACES; FLUID INVASION; GROWTH; DYNAMICS
 C1 BOSTON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02215.
    BAR ILAN UNIV,MINERVA CTR,RAMAT GAN,ISRAEL.
    BAR ILAN UNIV,DEPT PHYS,RAMAT GAN,ISRAEL.
 RP AMARAL, LAN, BOSTON UNIV,CTR POLYMER STUDIES,BOSTON,MA 02215.
 CR AMAR JG, 1991, PHYS REV A, V43, P4548
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    BARABASI AL, 1995, FRACTAL CONCEPTS SUR
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    FAMILY F, 1991, DYNAMICS FRACTAL SUR
    GOUYET JF, 1991, FRACTALS DISORDERED
    HALPINHEALY T, 1995, PHYS REP, V254, P215
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 NR 89
 TC 27
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 1063-651X
 J9 PHYS REV E
 JI Phys. Rev. E
 PD MAY
 PY 1995
 VL 51
 IS 5
 PN Part B
 BP 4655
 EP 4673
 PG 19
 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical
 GA QZ155
 UT ISI:A1995QZ15500016
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU JENSEN, P
    BARABASI, AL
    LARRALDE, H
    HAVLIN, S
    STANLEY, HE
 TI DEPOSITION, DIFFUSION AND AGGREGATION OF ATOMS ON SURFACES - A MODEL
    FOR NANOSTRUCTURE GROWTH
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID MEDIATED ISLAND GROWTH; LIMITED AGGREGATION; CLUSTER DEPOSITION;
    CRYSTAL-GROWTH; GOLD-FILMS; PERCOLATION; EPITAXY
 C1 BOSTON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02215.
    UNIV LYON 1,DEPT PHYS MAT,F-69622 VILLEURBANNE,FRANCE.
    BAR ILAN UNIV,DEPT PHYS,RAMAT GAN,ISRAEL.
 RP JENSEN, P, BOSTON UNIV,CTR POLYMER STUDIES,BOSTON,MA 02215.
 CR AMAR JG, 1994, PHYS REV B, V50, P8781
    BALES GS, 1994, PHYS REV B, V50, P6057
    BARABASI AL, IN PRESS FRACTAL APP
    BARDOTTI L, UNPUB
    BARTELT MC, 1992, PHYS REV B, V46, P12675
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    BARTELT MC, 1993, PHYS REV B, V47, P13891
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    BRUNE H, 1994, NATURE, V369, P469
    BUNDE A, 1991, FRACTALS DISORDERED
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    HERRMANN HJ, 1986, PHYS REP, V136, P153
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    STOYANOV S, 1992, CURRENT TOPICS MATER
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 NR 44
 TC 105
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 0163-1829
 J9 PHYS REV B
 JI Phys. Rev. B
 PD NOV 15
 PY 1994
 VL 50
 IS 20
 BP 15316
 EP 15329
 PG 14
 SC Physics, Condensed Matter
 GA PV865
 UT ISI:A1994PV86500066
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU JENSEN, P
    BARABASI, AL
    LARRALDE, H
    HAVLIN, S
    STANLEY, HE
 TI MODEL INCORPORATING DEPOSITION, DIFFUSION, AND AGGREGATION IN
    SUBMONOLAYER NANOSTRUCTURES
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E
 LA English
 DT Note
 ID CLUSTER DEPOSITION; GROWTH; PERCOLATION; EPITAXY; FILMS
 AB We propose a model for describing diffusion-controlled aggregation of
    particles that are continually deposited on a surface. The model
    incorporates deposition, diffusion, and aggregation. We find that the
    diffusion and aggregation of randomly deposited particles ''builds'' a
    wide variety of fractal structures, all characterized by a common
    length scale L1. This length L1 scales as the ratio of the diffusion
    constant over the particle flux to the power 1/4. We compare our
    results with several recent experiments on two-dimensional
    nanostructures formed by diffusion-controlled aggregation on surfaces.
 C1 BOSTON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02215.
    UNIV LYON 1,DEPT PHYS MAT,F-69621 VILLEURBANNE,FRANCE.
    UNIV CAMBRIDGE,CAVENDISH LAB,DEPT PHYS,CAMBRIDGE CB3 0HE,ENGLAND.
    BAR ILAN UNIV,DEPT PHYS,IL-52100 RAMAT GAN,ISRAEL.
 RP JENSEN, P, BOSTON UNIV,CTR POLYMER STUDIES,BOSTON,MA 02215.
 CR AMAR JG, IN PRESS PHYS REV B
    CHAPON C, 1981, SURF SCI, V106, P152
    GHAISAS SV, 1992, PHYS REV B, V46, P7308
    HERRMANN HJ, 1986, PHYS REP, V136, P153
    HWANG RQ, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V67, P3279
    JENSEN P, 1992, PHYSICA A, V185, P104
    JENSEN P, 1994, NATURE, V368, P22
    JENSEN P, 1994, PHYSICA A, V207, P219
    KOLB M, 1983, PHYS REV LETT, V51, P1123
    MEAKIN P, 1983, PHYS REV LETT, V51, P1119
    MEAKIN P, 1992, REP PROG PHYS, V55, P157
    MEAKING P, 1992, 1992 P HOUCH WORKSH
    MELINON P, 1991, PHYS REV B, V44, P12562
    REINERS G, 1986, THIN SOLID FILMS, V143, P311
    RODER H, 1993, NATURE, V366, P141
    TANG LH, 1993, J PHYS I, V3, P935
    VENABLES JA, 1984, REP PROG PHYS, V47, P399
    VICSEK T, 1992, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO
    VILLAIN J, 1992, J PHYS I, V2, P2107
    VILLAIN J, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V69, P985
 NR 20
 TC 17
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 1063-651X
 J9 PHYS REV E
 JI Phys. Rev. E
 PD JUL
 PY 1994
 VL 50
 IS 1
 BP 618
 EP 621
 PG 4
 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical
 GA NZ084
 UT ISI:A1994NZ08400082
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU AMARAL, LAN
    BARABASI, AL
    STANLEY, HE
 TI UNIVERSALITY CLASSES FOR INTERFACE GROWTH WITH QUENCHED DISORDER
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID RANDOM-MEDIA; SURFACE GROWTH; DYNAMICS; PERCOLATION
 AB We present numerical evidence for the existence of two distinct
    universality classes characterizing driven interface roughening in the
    presence of quenched disorder. The evidence is based on the behavior of
    lambda, the coefficient of the nonlinear term in the growth equation.
    Specifically, for three of the models studied, lambda --> infinity at
    the depinning transition, while for the two other models, lambda --> 0.
 C1 BOSTON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02215.
 RP AMARAL, LAN, BOSTON UNIV,CTR POLYMER STUDIES,BOSTON,MA 02215.
 CR AMARAL LAN, UNPUB
    AMARAL LAN, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P641
    BARABASI AL, 1992, SURFACE DISORDERING
    BULDYREV SV, 1992, PHYS REV A, V45, P8313
    BULDYREV SV, 1993, PHYSICA A, V200, P200
    CSAHOK Z, 1993, PHYSICA A, V200, P136
    KARDAR M, 1986, PHYS REV LETT, V56, P889
    KESSLER DA, 1991, PHYS REV A, V43, P4551
    KOILLER B, 1993, NEW TRENDS MAGNETIC
    KRUG J, 1990, PHYS REV LETT, V64, P2332
    KRUG J, 1991, SOLIDS FAR EQUILIBRI
    LESCHHORN H, 1993, PHYSICA A, V195, P324
    MAKSE H, IN PRESS
    MEAKIN P, 1993, PHYS REP, V235, P189
    NARAYAN O, 1993, PHYS REV B, V48, P7030
    NATTERMANN T, 1992, J PHYS II, V2, P1483
    NOLLE CS, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P2074
    PARISI G, 1992, EUROPHYS LETT, V17, P673
    ROBBINS MO, 1993, GROWTH PATTERNS PHYS
    TANG LH, 1992, PHYS REV A, V45, P8309
    VICSEK T, 1992, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO
 NR 21
 TC 82
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 0031-9007
 J9 PHYS REV LETT
 JI Phys. Rev. Lett.
 PD JUL 4
 PY 1994
 VL 73
 IS 1
 BP 62
 EP 65
 PG 4
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA NV631
 UT ISI:A1994NV63100016
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU SUKI, B
    BARABASI, AL
    LUTCHEN, KR
 TI LUNG-TISSUE VISCOELASTICITY - A MATHEMATICAL FRAMEWORK AND ITS
    MOLECULAR-BASIS
 SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY
 LA English
 DT Article
 DE STRESS RELAXATION; TISSUE VISCANCE; TISSUE ELASTANCE; MODELING;
    FRACTIONAL DERIVATIVES; FIBERS; MICROMECHANICS; POLYMER SYSTEMS
 ID STAR-SHAPED POLYMERS; CONSTITUTIVE-EQUATIONS; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES;
    FRACTIONAL CALCULUS; PLEURAL MEMBRANE; ELASTIN FIBERS; IMPEDANCE; RAT;
    PARENCHYMA; REPTATION
 AB Recent studies indicated that lung tissue stress relaxation is well
    represented by a simple empirical equation involving a power law,
    t(-beta) (where t is time). Likewise, tissue impedance is well
    described by a model having a frequency-independent (constant) phase
    with impedance proportional to omega(-alpha) (where omega is angular
    frequency and alpha is a constant). These models provide superior
    descriptions over conventional spring-dashpot systems. Here we offer a
    mathematical framework and explore its mechanistic basis for using the
    power law relaxation function and constant-phase impedance. We show
    that replacing ordinary time derivatives with fractional time
    derivatives in the constitutive equation of conventional spring-dashpot
    systems naturally leads to power law relaxation function, the Fourier
    transform of which is the constant-phase impedance with alpha = 1 -
    beta. We further establish that fractional derivatives have a
    mechanistic basis with respect to the viscoelasticity of certain
    polymer systems. This mechanistic basis arises from molecular theories
    that take into account the complexity and statistical nature of the
    system at the molecular level. Moreover, because tissues are composed
    of long flexible biopolymers, we argue that these molecular theories
    may also apply for soft tissues. In our approach a key parameter is the
    exponent beta, which is shown to be directly related to dynamic
    processes at the tissue fiber and matrix level. By exploring
    statistical properties of various polymer systems, we offer a molecular
    basis for several salient features of the dynamic passive mechanical
    properties of soft tissues.
 C1 BOSTON UNIV,CTR POLYMER,DEPT PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02215.
 RP SUKI, B, BOSTON UNIV,DEPT BIOMED ENGN,RESP RES LAB,44 CUMMINGTON
    ST,BOSTON,MA 02215.
 CR BACHOFEN H, 1968, J APPL PHYSIOL, V24, P296
    BAGLEY RL, 1983, J RHEOL, V27, P201
    BATES JHT, 1993, FASEB J, V7, A8
    BAYLISS LE, 1939, Q J EXP PHYSL, V29, P27
    CATES ME, 1987, MACROMOLECULES, V20, P2289
    DEBES JC, 1992, J APPL PHYSIOL, V73, P1171
    DEGENNES PG, 1971, J CHEM PHYS, V55, P572
    DEGENNES PG, 1979, SCALING CONCEPTS POL, P223
    DOI M, 1986, THEORY POLYM DYNAMIC
    FERRY JD, 1969, VISCOELASTIC PROPERT, P195
    FETTERS LJ, 1993, MACROMOLECULES, V26, P647
    FINDLEY WN, 1976, CREEP RELAXATION NON
    FREDBERG JJ, 1978, J BIOMECH ENG, V100, P57
    FREDBERG JJ, 1989, J APPL PHYSIOL, V67, P2408
    FREDBERG JJ, 1993, J APPL PHYSIOL, V74, P1387
    FUNG YC, 1981, BIOMECHANICS
    GUNST SJ, 1983, J APPL PHYSIOL, V55, P749
    HAJJI MA, 1979, J APPL PHYSIOL, V47, P175
    HANTOS Z, 1987, B EUR PHYSIOPATH S12, V23, S326
    HANTOS Z, 1987, J APPL PHYSIOL, V63, P36
    HANTOS Z, 1990, J APPL PHYSIOL, V68, P849
    HANTOS Z, 1992, J APPL PHYSIOL, V72, P168
    HANTOS Z, 1992, J APPL PHYSIOL, V73, P427
    HEARST JE, 1966, J CHEM PHYS, V45, P3106
    HILDEBRANDT J, 1969, B MATH BIOPHYS, V31, P651
    HILDEBRANDT J, 1970, J APPL PHYSIOL, V28, P365
    HILDERBRANDT J, 1969, J APPL PHYSIOL, V27, P246
    KOELLER RC, 1984, J APPL MECH-T ASME, V51, P299
    LANIR Y, 1983, J BIOMECH, V16, P1
    LANIR Y, 1986, FRONTIERS BIOMECHANI, P130
    LUTCHEN KL, 1994, EUR RESPIR J, V19, P198
    LUTCHEN KR, 1990, J APPL PHYSIOL, V68, P2128
    MARSHALL R, 1960, CLIN SCI, V20, P19
    MCCULLAGH CM, 1992, BIOPOLYMERS, V32, P1685
    MERCER RR, 1990, J APPL PHYSIOL, V69, P756
    MIJAILOVICH SM, 1993, J APPL PHYSIOL, V74, P665
    MOONEY M, 1959, J POLYM SCI, V34, P599
    MOUNT LE, 1955, J PHYSIOL-LONDON, V127, P157
    NAVAJAS D, 1992, J APPL PHYSIOL, V73, P2681
    PEARSON DS, 1984, MACROMOLECULES, V17, P888
    PESLIN R, 1990, J APPL PHYSIOL, V69, P1080
    ROGERS L, 1983, J RHEOL, V27, P351
    ROUSE PE, 1953, J CHEM PHYS, V21, P1272
    SAIBENE F, 1969, J APPL PHYSIOL, V26, P732
    SHARP JT, 1967, J APPL PHYSIOL, V23, P487
    SOBIN SS, 1988, J APPL PHYSIOL, V64, P1659
    STAMENOVIC D, 1984, J APPL PHYSIOL, V57, P1189
    STAMENOVIC D, 1990, J APPL PHYSIOL, V69, P973
    SUKI B, 1989, J APPL PHYSIOL, V67, P1623
    SUKI B, 1992, RESPIR PHYSL, V90, P271
    SUKI B, 1993, J APPL PHYSIOL, V74, P2574
    SUKI B, 1993, J APPL PHYSIOL, V75, P2755
    TORVIK PJ, 1984, J APPL MECH-T ASME, V51, P294
    ZIMM BH, 1956, J CHEM PHYS, V24, P269
 NR 54
 TC 46
 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC
 PI BETHESDA
 PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814
 SN 8750-7587
 J9 J APPL PHYSIOL
 JI J. Appl. Physiol.
 PD JUN
 PY 1994
 VL 76
 IS 6
 BP 2749
 EP 2759
 PG 11
 SC Physiology; Sport Sciences
 GA NR916
 UT ISI:A1994NR91600068
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU SUKI, B
    BARABASI, AL
    HANTOS, Z
    PETAK, F
    STANLEY, HE
 TI AVALANCHES AND POWER-LAW BEHAVIOR IN LUNG-INFLATION
 SO NATURE
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID AIRWAY-CLOSURE; MODEL
 AB WHEN lungs are emptied during exhalation, peripheral airways close up1.
    For people with lung disease, they may not reopen for a significant
    portion of inhalation, impairing gas exchange2,3. A knowledge of the
    mechanisms that govern reinflation of collapsed regions of lungs is
    therefore central to the development of ventilation strategies for
    combating respiratory problems. Here we report measurements of the
    terminal airway resistance, R(t), during the opening of isolated dog
    lungs. When inflated by a constant flow, R(t) decreases in discrete
    jumps. We find that the probability distribution of the sizes of the
    jumps and of the time intervals between them exhibit power-law
    behaviour over two decades. We develop a model of the inflation process
    in which 'avalanches' of airway openings are seen-with power-law
    distributions of both the size of avalanches and the time intervals
    between them-which agree quantitatively with those seen experimentally,
    and are reminiscent of the power-law behaviour observed for
    self-organized critical systems4. Thus power-law distributions, arising
    from avalanches associated with threshold phenomena propagating down a
    branching tree structure, appear to govern the recruitment of terminal
    airspaces.
 C1 BOSTON UNIV,CTR POLYMER STUDIES,BOSTON,MA 02215.
    BOSTON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02215.
    ALBERT SZENT GYORGYI MED UNIV,DEPT MED INFORMAT,SZEGED,HUNGARY.
    ALBERT SZENT GYORGY MED UNIV,DEPT EXPTL SURG,SZEGED,HUNGARY.
 RP SUKI, B, BOSTON UNIV,DEPT BIOMED ENGN,RESP RES LAB,BOSTON,MA 02215.
 CR BAK P, 1989, NATURE, V342, P780
    BAK P, 1994, FRACTALS SCI
    CRAWFORD ABH, 1989, J APPL PHYSIOL, V66, P2511
    DAVEY BLK, 1993, RESP PHYSIOL, V91, P165
    ENGEL LA, 1975, J APPL PHYSIOL, V38, P1117
    GAVER DP, 1990, J APPL PHYSIOL, V69, P74
    HORSFIELD K, 1982, J APPL PHYSIOL, V52, P21
    HUGHES JMB, 1970, J APPL PHYSIOL, V29, P340
    LAMBERT RK, 1982, J APPL PHYSL RESPIRA, V52, P44
    MACKLEM PT, 1970, RESP PHYSIOL, V8, P191
    PETAK F, 1993, EUR RESPIR J, V6, S403
    SALAZAR E, 1964, J APPL PHYSIOL, V19, P97
    SHLESINGER MF, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V67, P2106
    VICSEK T, 1992, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO
    WEST BJ, 1990, AM SCI, V78, P40
    WEST BJ, 1990, FRACTAL PHYSL CHAOS
 NR 16
 TC 106
 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
 PI LONDON
 PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
 SN 0028-0836
 J9 NATURE
 JI Nature
 PD APR 14
 PY 1994
 VL 368
 IS 6472
 BP 615
 EP 618
 PG 4
 SC Multidisciplinary Sciences
 GA NF392
 UT ISI:A1994NF39200054
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU JENSEN, P
    BARABASI, AL
    LARRALDE, H
    HAVLIN, S
    STANLEY, HE
 TI CONTROLLING NANOSTRUCTURES
 SO NATURE
 LA English
 DT Letter
 C1 BOSTON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02215.
    UNIV LYON 1,DEPT PHYS MAT,F-69622 VILLEURBANNE,FRANCE.
    BAR ILAN UNIV,DEPT PHYS,RAMAT GAN,ISRAEL.
 RP JENSEN, P, BOSTON UNIV,CTR POLYMER STUDIES,BOSTON,MA 02215.
 CR JENSEN P, 1992, PHYSICA A, V185, P104
    RODER H, 1993, NATURE, V366, P141
    VENABLES JA, 1984, REP PROG PHYS, V47, P399
    VICSEK T, 1992, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO
 NR 4
 TC 37
 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
 PI LONDON
 PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
 SN 0028-0836
 J9 NATURE
 JI Nature
 PD MAR 3
 PY 1994
 VL 368
 IS 6466
 BP 22
 EP 22
 PG 1
 SC Multidisciplinary Sciences
 GA MY569
 UT ISI:A1994MY56900037
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU AMARAL, LAN
    BARABASI, AL
    BULDYREV, SV
    HAVLIN, S
    STANLEY, HE
 TI NEW EXPONENT CHARACTERIZING THE EFFECT OF EVAPORATION ON IMBIBITION
    EXPERIMENTS
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID IMMISCIBLE DISPLACEMENT; DIRECTED PERCOLATION; POROUS-MEDIA;
    DIMENSIONS; INTERFACES; OVERHANGS; GRADIENT; FRONTS; MODEL
 AB We report imbibition experiments investigating the effect of
    evaporation on the interface roughness and mean interface height. We
    observe a new exponent characterizing the scaling of the saturated
    surface width. Further, we argue that evaporation can be usefully
    modeled by introducing a gradient in the strength of the disorder, in
    analogy with the gradient percolation model of Sapoval et al. By
    incorporating this gradient we predict a new critical exponent and a
    novel scaling relation for the interface width. Both the exponent value
    and the form of the scaling agree with the experimental results.
 C1 BOSTON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02215.
    BAR ILAN UNIV,DEPT PHYS,RAMAT GAN,ISRAEL.
 RP AMARAL, LAN, BOSTON UNIV,CTR POLYMER STUDIES,BOSTON,MA 02215.
 CR BARABASI AL, 1992, SURFACE DISORDERING, P193
    BIROVLJEV A, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V67, P584
    BULDYREV SV, 1992, PHYS REV A, V45, P8313
    BULDYREV SV, 1992, PHYSICA A, V191, P220
    ESSAM JW, 1986, PHYS REV B, V33, P1982
    ESSAM JW, 1988, J PHYS A, V21, P3815
    GOUYET JF, 1991, FRACTALS DISORDERED
    HALPINHEALEY T, IN PRESS PHYS REP
    HANSEN A, 1990, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V23, L145
    HANSEN A, 1991, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V24, P2377
    HE SJ, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V69, P3731
    HORVATH VK, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, L25
    KARDAR M, 1986, PHYS REV LETT, V56, P889
    MEAKIN P, 1993, PHYS REP, V235, P189
    ROSSO M, 1986, PHYS REV LETT, V57, P3195
    RUBIO MA, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V63, P1685
    SAPOVAL B, 1985, J PHYS LETT-PARIS, V46, L149
    TANG LH, 1992, PHYS REV A, V45, P8309
    VICSEK T, 1990, PHYSICA A, V167, P315
    VICSEK T, 1991, DYNAMICS FRACTAL SUR
    VICSEK T, 1992, FRACTAL GROWTH PHE 4
    WILKINSON D, 1984, PHYS REV A, V30, P520
    WILKINSON D, 1986, PHYS REV A, V34, P1380
 NR 23
 TC 29
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 0031-9007
 J9 PHYS REV LETT
 JI Phys. Rev. Lett.
 PD JAN 31
 PY 1994
 VL 72
 IS 5
 BP 641
 EP 644
 PG 4
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA MU628
 UT ISI:A1994MU62800013
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU BARABASI, AL
 TI SURFACTANT-MEDIATED GROWTH OF NONEQUILIBRIUM INTERFACES
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID MOLECULAR-BEAM EPITAXY; GROWING INTERFACES; KINETIC GROWTH; DIFFUSION;
    CONTINUUM; DYNAMICS; MODELS
 AB A number of recent experiments have shown that surfactants can modify
    the growth mode of an epitaxial film, suppressing islanding and
    promoting layer-by-layer growth. Here I introduce a set of coupled
    equations to describe the nonequilibrium roughening of an interface
    covered with a thin surfactant layer. The surfactant may drive the
    system into a novel phase, in which the surface roughness is negative,
    corresponding to a flat surface.
 C1 BOSTON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02215.
 RP BARABASI, AL, BOSTON UNIV,CTR POLYMER STUDIES,BOSTON,MA 02215.
 CR BARABASI AL, 1992, PHYS REV A, V46, R2977
    COPEL M, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V63, P632
    COPEL M, 1990, PHYS REV B, V42, P11682
    DASSARMA S, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V66, P325
    DASSARMA S, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V69, P3762
    DEGENNES PG, 1985, REV MOD PHYS, V57, P827
    ERTAS D, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V69, P929
    FAMILY F, 1991, D YNAMICS FRACTAL SU
    FAMILY F, 1992, SURFACE DISORDERING
    FORREST BM, 1990, PHYS REV LETT, V64, P1405
    GOLUBOVIC L, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V66, P321
    GRANDJEAN N, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V69, P796
    GRANDJEAN N, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P1031
    KARDAR M, 1986, PHYS REV LETT, V56, P889
    KAXIRAS E, 1993, EUROPHYS LETT, V21, P685
    KESSLER DA, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V69, P100
    KIM JM, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V62, P2289
    KRUG J, 1991, SOLIDS FAR EQUILIBRI
    LAI ZW, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V66, P2348
    MOSER K, 1991, PHYSICA A, V178, P215
    ORR BG, 1992, EUROPHYS LETT, V19, P33
    OSTEN HJ, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V69, P450
    SIEGERT M, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V68, P2035
    SNYDER CW, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P1030
    SUN T, 1989, PHYS REV A, V40, P6763
    TANG LH, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V66, P2899
    TROMP RM, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V68, P954
    VANDERVEGT HA, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V68, P3335
    VICSEK T, 1992, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO
    VILLAIN J, 1991, J PHYS I, V1, P19
    WOLF DE, 1990, EUROPHYS LETT, V13, P389
    WOLF DE, 1990, KINETICS ORDERING GR
 NR 32
 TC 15
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 0031-9007
 J9 PHYS REV LETT
 JI Phys. Rev. Lett.
 PD JUN 28
 PY 1993
 VL 70
 IS 26
 BP 4102
 EP 4105
 PG 4
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA LJ827
 UT ISI:A1993LJ82700019
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU BULDYREV, SV
    BARABASI, AL
    HAVLIN, S
    KERTESZ, J
    STANLEY, HE
    XENIAS, HS
 TI ANOMALOUS INTERFACE ROUGHENING IN 3D POROUS-MEDIA - EXPERIMENT AND MODEL
 SO PHYSICA A
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID GROWTH
 AB We report the first imbibition experiments in 2 + 1 dimensions - using
    simple materials as the random media and various aqueous suspensions as
    wetting fluids. We measure the width w(l, t) of the resulting interface
    and find it to scale with length l as w(l, infinity) approximately
    l-degrees with alpha = 0.50 +/- 0.05. This value of a is larger than
    the value of alpha = 0.40 found for the KPZ universality class in 2 + 1
    dimensions. We develop a new imbibition model that describes
    quantitatively our experiments. For d = 1 + 1, the model can be mapped
    to directed percolation; for d = 2 + 1, it corresponds to a new
    anisotropic surface percolation problem. Our model leads to the
    exponent alpha = 0.5 +/- 0.05 in excellent agreement with the
    experiment.
 C1 TECH UNIV BUDAPEST,INST PHYS,H-1521 BUDAPEST 11,HUNGARY.
    BOSTON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02215.
    BAR ILAN UNIV,DEPT PHYS,RAMAT GAN,ISRAEL.
 RP BULDYREV, SV, BOSTON UNIV,CTR POLYMER STUDIES,BOSTON,MA 02215.
 CR BARABASI AL, 1991, PHYS REV A, V44, P2730
    BARABASI AL, 1992, 1992 P HOUCH WORKSH
    BULDYREV SV, 1992, PHYS REV A, V45, P8313
    BULDYREV SV, 1992, SURFACE DISORDERING
    HAVLIN S, 1992, 1991 P NATO ADV RES
    HEDE B, 1991, J STAT PHYS, V64, P829
    KARDAR M, 1986, PHYS REV LETT, V56, P889
    KIM JM, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V62, P2289
    KINZEL W, 1983, PERCOLATION STRUCTUR
    KINZEL W, 1991, FRACTALS DISORDORED
    KRUG J, 1991, SOLIDS FAR EQUILIBRI
    MATSUSHITA M, 1989, PHYSICA D, V38, P246
    MEDINA E, 1989, PHYS REV A, V39, P3053
    TANG LH, 1992, PHYS REV A, V45, P8309
 NR 14
 TC 27
 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
 PI AMSTERDAM
 PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS
 SN 0378-4371
 J9 PHYSICA A
 JI Physica A
 PD DEC 15
 PY 1992
 VL 191
 IS 1-4
 BP 220
 EP 226
 PG 7
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA KF666
 UT ISI:A1992KF66600036
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU BARABASI, AL
 TI DYNAMIC SCALING OF COUPLED NONEQUILIBRIUM INTERFACES
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID GROWTH; NOISE
 AB We propose a simple discrete model to study the nonequilibrium
    fluctuations of two locally coupled (1+1)-dimensional systems
    (interfaces). Measuring numerically the tilt-dependent velocity we
    construct a set of stochastic continuum equations describing the
    fluctuations in the model. The scaling predicted by the equations is
    studied analytically using dynamic-renormalization-group theory and
    compared with simulation results.
 C1 BOSTON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02215.
 RP BARABASI, AL, BOSTON UNIV,CTR POLYMER STUDIES,BOSTON,MA 02215.
 CR BULDYREV SV, 1992, PHYS REV A, V45, P8313
    EDWARDS SF, 1982, P ROY SOC LOND A MAT, V381, P17
    FAMILY F, 1991, DYNAMICS FRACTAL SUR
    FAMILY F, 1992, SURFACE DISORDERING
    FORSTER D, 1977, PHYS REV A, V16, P732
    HORVATH VK, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, L25
    KARDAR M, 1986, PHYS REV LETT, V56, P889
    KERTESZ J, 1988, J PHYS A, V21, P747
    KRUG J, 1990, PHYS REV LETT, V64, P2332
    KRUG J, 1991, SOLIDS FAR EQUILIBRI
    MEAKIN P, 1986, PHYS REV A, V34, P5091
    MEDINA E, 1989, PHYS REV A, V39, P3053
    PLISCHE M, 1987, PHYS REV B, V35, P3484
    RUBIO MA, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V63, P1685
    TANG LH, 1992, PHYS REV A, V45, P7162
    VICSEK T, 1992, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO
    VICZEK T, 1990, PHYSICA A, V167, P315
    WOLF DE, 1987, EUROPHYS LETT, V4, P561
    WOLF DE, 1990, KINETICS ORDERING GR
 NR 19
 TC 22
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 1050-2947
 J9 PHYS REV A
 JI Phys. Rev. A
 PD SEP 15
 PY 1992
 VL 46
 IS 6
 BP R2977
 EP R2980
 PG 4
 SC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical
 GA JQ375
 UT ISI:A1992JQ37500002
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU BULDYREV, SV
    BARABASI, AL
    CASERTA, F
    HAVLIN, S
    STANLEY, HE
    VICSEK, T
 TI ANOMALOUS INTERFACE ROUGHENING IN POROUS-MEDIA - EXPERIMENT AND MODEL
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A
 LA English
 DT Note
 ID GROWTH
 AB We report measurements of the interface formed when a wet front
    propagates in paper by imbibition and we find anomalous roughening with
    exponent-alpha = 0.63 +/- 0.04. We also formulate an imbibition model
    that agrees with the experimental morphology. The main ingredient of
    the model is the propagation and pinning of a self-affine interface in
    the presence of quenched disorder, with erosion of overhangs. By
    relating our model to directed percolation, we find alpha congruent-to
    0.63.
 C1 BOSTON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02215.
    NIH,DIV COMP RES & TECHNOL,BETHESDA,MD 20892.
    EOTVOS LORAND UNIV,DEPT ATOM PHYS,H-1445 BUDAPEST,HUNGARY.
 RP BULDYREV, SV, BOSTON UNIV,CTR POLYMER STUDIES,BOSTON,MA 02215.
 CR BARBASI AL, 1992, 1992 P LES HOUCH WOR
    BUNDE A, 1991, FRACTALS DISORDERED
    CHAN KCB, UNPUB
    CIEPLAK M, 1990, PHYS REV B, V41, P11508
    FORREST BM, 1990, PHYS REV LETT, V64, P1405
    HAVLIN S, 1992, 1991 P NATO ADV RES
    HEDE B, 1991, J STAT PHYS, V64, P829
    HORVATH VK, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, L25
    HORVATH VK, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V67, P3207
    HUBER G, UNPUB
    KARDAR M, 1986, PHYS REV LETT, V56, P889
    KERTESZ J, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V62, P2517
    KESSLER DA, 1991, PHYS REV A, V43, P4551
    KINZEL W, 1983, PERCOLATION STRUCTUR
    KRUG J, 1991, SOLIDS FAR EQUILIBRI
    MEDINA E, 1989, PHYS REV A, V39, P3053
    ROBBINS MO, COMMUNICATION
    RUBIO MA, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V63, P1685
    STAUFFER D, 1992, INTRO PERCOLATION TH
    TANG LH, 1992, PHYS REV A, V45, P8309
    VICSEK T, 1990, PHYSICA A, V167, P315
    ZHANG YC, 1990, J PHYS-PARIS, V51, P2113
 NR 22
 TC 213
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 1050-2947
 J9 PHYS REV A
 JI Phys. Rev. A
 PD JUN 15
 PY 1992
 VL 45
 IS 12
 BP R8313
 EP R8316
 PG 4
 SC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical
 GA JA214
 UT ISI:A1992JA21400002
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU BARABASI, AL
    ARAUJO, M
    STANLEY, HE
 TI 3-DIMENSIONAL TOOM MODEL - CONNECTION TO THE ANISOTROPIC
    KARDAR-PARISI-ZHANG EQUATION
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID GROWTH; SYSTEMS
 AB A three-dimensional Toom model is defined and the properties of the
    interface separating the two stable phases are investigated. Using
    symmetry arguments we show that in the zero-noise limit the model has
    only nonequilibrium fluctuations and that the scaling is described by
    the anisotropic Kardar-Parisi-Zhang equation. The scaling exponents are
    determined numerically and good agreement with the theoretical
    predictions is found.
 C1 BOSTON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02215.
 RP BARABASI, AL, BOSTON UNIV,CTR POLYMER STUDIES,BOSTON,MA 02215.
 CR ARAUJO M, IN PRESS
    BENNETT CH, 1985, PHYS REV LETT, V55, P657
    DERRIDA B, 1991, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V24, P4805
    DERRIDA B, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V67, P165
    FAMILY F, 1991, DYNAMICS FRACTAL SUR
    FORREST BM, 1990, PHYS REV LETT, V64, P1405
    GACS P, 1990, J STAT PHYS, V59, P171
    HWA T, THESIS MIT
    HWA T, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V62, P1813
    JULLIEN R, 1992, 1992 P LES HOUCH WOR
    KARDAR M, 1986, PHYS REV LETT, V56, P889
    KIM JM, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V62, P2289
    KRUG J, 1990, PHYS REV LETT, V64, P2332
    KRUG J, 1991, SOLIDS FAR EQUILIBRI
    LEBOWITZ JL, 1990, J STAT PHYS, V59, P117
    MEDINA E, 1989, PHYS REV A, V39, P3053
    MOSER K, SURFACE DISORDERING
    MOSER K, 1991, PHYSICA A, V178, P215
    TOOM AL, 1980, MULTICOMPONENT RANDO
    VICSEK T, 1992, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO
    VILLAIN J, 1991, J PHYS I, V1, P19
    WOLF DE, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V67, P1783
    WOLF E, 1990, KINETICS ORDERING GR
 NR 23
 TC 13
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 0031-9007
 J9 PHYS REV LETT
 JI Phys. Rev. Lett.
 PD JUN 22
 PY 1992
 VL 68
 IS 25
 BP 3729
 EP 3732
 PG 4
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA HZ980
 UT ISI:A1992HZ98000019
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU BARABASI, AL
    BOURBONNAIS, R
    JENSEN, M
    KERTESZ, J
    VICSEK, T
    ZHANG, YC
 TI MULTIFRACTALITY OF GROWING SURFACES
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A
 LA English
 DT Note
 ID INTERFACES; GROWTH; NOISE
 AB We have carried out large-scale computer simulations of experimentally
    motivated (1 + 1)-dimensional models of kinetic surface roughening with
    power-law-distributed amplitudes of uncorrelated noise. The
    appropriately normalized qth-order correlation function of the height
    differences c(q)(x) = [\h(x + x')-h(x')\q] shows strong multifractal
    scaling behavior up to a crossover length depending on the system size,
    i.e., c(q)(x) approximately x(qH)q, where H(q) is a continuously
    changing nontrivial function. Beyond the crossover length conventional
    scaling is found.
 C1 KFA JULICH GMBH,FORSCHUNGSZENTRUM,HOCHSTLEISTUNGSRECHENZENTRUM,W-5170 JULICH 1,GERMANY.
    NORDITA,DK-2100 COPENHAGEN,DENMARK.
    UNIV COLOGNE,INST THEORET PHYS,W-5000 COLOGNE 41,GERMANY.
    INST TECH PHYS,H-1325 BUDAPEST,HUNGARY.
    IST NAZL FIS NUCL,I-100185 ROME,ITALY.
 RP BARABASI, AL, EOTVOS LORAND UNIV,DEPT ATOM PHYS,POB 327,H-1445
    BUDAPEST,HUNGARY.
 CR AMAR JG, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, L79
    ANSELMET F, 1984, J FLUID MECH, V140, P63
    BARABASI AL, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, P1013
    BARABASI AL, 1991, PHYS REV A, V44, P2730
    BARABASI AL, 1991, PHYSICA A, V178, P17
    BOURBONNAIS R, 1991, INT J MOD PHYS C, V2, P719
    BOURBONNAIS R, 1991, J PHYS II, V1, P493
    BULDYREV SV, 1991, PHYS REV A, V43, P7113
    FAMILY F, 1985, J PHYS A, V18, L75
    FAMILY F, 1991, DYNAMICS FRACTAL SUR
    FRISCH U, 1985, TURBULENCE PREDICTAB
    HALSEY TC, 1986, PHYS REV A, V33, P1141
    HAVLIN S, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, L925
    HORVATH VK, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, L25
    HORVATH VK, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V67, P3207
    JENSEN MH, 1991, PHYS REV A, V43, P798
    KARDAR M, 1986, PHYS REV LETT, V56, P889
    KERTESZ J, 1988, J PHYS A, V21, P747
    KERTESZ J, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V62, P2571
    KRUG J, 1991, J PHYS I, V1, P9
    LEE J, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V61, P2945
    MANDELBROT BB, 1974, J FLUID MECH, V62, P331
    MANDELBROT BB, 1982, FRACTAL GEOMETRY NAT
    MEDINA E, 1989, PHYS REV A, V39, P3053
    RUBIO MA, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V63, P1685
    STANLEY HE, 1988, RANDOM FLUCTUATIONS
    VICSEK T, 1989, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO
    VICSEK T, 1990, PHYSICA A, V167, P315
    WOLF D, UNPUB
    ZHANG YC, 1990, J PHYS-PARIS, V51, P2129
    ZHANG YC, 1990, PHYSICA A, V170, P1
 NR 31
 TC 42
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 1050-2947
 J9 PHYS REV A
 JI Phys. Rev. A
 PD MAY 15
 PY 1992
 VL 45
 IS 10
 BP R6951
 EP R6954
 PG 4
 SC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical
 GA HV267
 UT ISI:A1992HV26700002
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU BARABASI, AL
    SZEPFALUSY, P
    VICSEK, T
 TI MULTIFRACTAL SPECTRA OF MULTI-AFFINE FUNCTIONS
 SO PHYSICA A
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID TURBULENCE; DIMENSION
 AB Self-affine functions F(chi) with multiscaling height correlations
    C(q)(chi) approximately chi(qH)q are described in terms of the standard
    multifractal formalism with a modified assumption for the partition.
    The corresponding quantities and expressions are shown to exhibit some
    characteristic differences from the standard ones. According to our
    calculations the f(alpha) type spectra are not uniquely determined by
    the H(q) spectrum, but depend on the particular choice which is made
    for the dependence of N on chi, where N is the number of points over
    which the average is taken. Our results are expected to be relevant in
    the analysis of signal type data obtained in experiments on systems
    with an underlying multiplicative process.
 C1 EOTVOS LORAND UNIV,INST SOLID STATE PHYS,H-1445 BUDAPEST,HUNGARY.
    HUNGARIAN ACAD SCI,CENT RES INST PHYS,H-1525 BUDAPEST,HUNGARY.
    INST TECH PHYS,H-1325 BUDAPEST,HUNGARY.
 RP BARABASI, AL, EOTVOS LORAND UNIV,DEPT ATOM PHYS,POB 327,H-1445
    BUDAPEST,HUNGARY.
 CR BARABASI AL, IN PRESS
    BECK C, 1990, PHYSICA D, V41, P67
    FAMILY F, 1991, DYNAMICS FRACTAL SUR
    FRISCH U, 1985, TURBULENCE PREDICTAB
    HALSEY TC, 1986, PHYS REV A, V33, P1141
    MANDELBROT BB, 1974, J FLUID MECH, V62, P331
    MANDELBROT BB, 1982, FRACTAL GEOMETRY NAT
    MANDELBROT BB, 1985, PHYS SCRIPTA, V32, P257
    MEAKIN P, 1987, CRC CRIT R SOLID ST, V13, P143
    MENEVEAU C, 1987, NUCL PHYS B        S, V2, P49
    NELKIN M, 1989, J STAT PHYS, V54, P1
    PRASAD RR, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V61, P74
    STANLEY HE, 1988, RANDOM FLUCTUATIONS
    VICSEK T, 1989, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO
    VOSS RF, 1988, SCI FRACTAL IMAGES, CH1
 NR 15
 TC 49
 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
 PI AMSTERDAM
 PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS
 SN 0378-4371
 J9 PHYSICA A
 JI Physica A
 PD OCT 1
 PY 1991
 VL 178
 IS 1
 BP 17
 EP 28
 PG 12
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA GM817
 UT ISI:A1991GM81700003
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU BARABASI, AL
 TI A MODEL FOR TEMPORAL FLUCTUATIONS OF THE SURFACE WIDTH - A STOCHASTIC
    ONE-DIMENSIONAL MAP
 SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS A-MATHEMATICAL AND GENERAL
 LA English
 DT Letter
 ID INTERFACES; GROWTH; NOISE
 AB A stochastic one-dimensional map is introduced to model the
    steady-state fluctuations of the surface width in far-from-equilibrium
    surface roughening.  The dynamics of the map and the correlations in
    the time sequence are investigated.  In particular, for power law
    distributed noise a non-trivial multi-affine behaviour is observed.
 RP BARABASI, AL, EOTVOS LORAND UNIV,DEPT ATOM PHYS,POB 327,H-1445
    BUDAPEST,HUNGARY.
 CR AMAR JG, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, L79
    BARABASI AL, PREPRINT
    BARABASI AL, 1991, IN PRESS PHYS REV A
    BOURBONNAIS R, 1991, J PHYS II, V1, P493
    BULDYREV SV, 1991, PHYS REV A, V43, P7113
    FAMILY F, 1991, DYNAMICS FRACTAL SUR
    HAVLIN S, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, L925
    HORVATH VK, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, L25
    KARDAR M, 1986, PHYS REV LETT, V56, P888
    KERTESZ J, 1988, J PHYS A, V21, P747
    KRUG J, 1991, J PHYSIQUE, V11, P9
    MEDINA E, 1989, PHYS REV A, V39, P3053
    RUBIO MA, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V63, P1685
    SANDER LM, PREPRINT
    VICSEK T, 1989, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO
    VICSEK T, 1990, PHYSICA A, V167, P315
    ZHANG YC, 1990, J PHYS-PARIS, V51, P2129
    ZHANG YC, 1990, PHYSICA A, V170, P1
 NR 18
 TC 9
 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD
 PI BRISTOL
 PA TECHNO HOUSE, REDCLIFFE WAY, BRISTOL, ENGLAND BS1 6NX
 SN 0305-4470
 J9 J PHYS-A-MATH GEN
 JI J. Phys. A-Math. Gen.
 PD SEP 7
 PY 1991
 VL 24
 IS 17
 BP L1013
 EP L1019
 PG 7
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Mathematical
 GA GE979
 UT ISI:A1991GE97900009
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU BARABASI, AL
    VICSEK, T
 TI MULTIFRACTALITY OF SELF-AFFINE FRACTALS
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A
 LA English
 DT Note
 ID SINGULARITIES; TURBULENCE; DIMENSION
 AB The concept of multifractality is extended to self-affine fractals in
    order to provide a more complete description of fractal surfaces.  We
    show that for a class of iteratively constructed self-affine functions
    there exists an infinite hierarchy of exponents H(q) describing the
    scaling of the qth order height-height correlation function c(q)(x)
    approximately (qH)q.  Possible applications to random walks and
    turbulent flows are discussed.  It is demonstrated on the example of
    random walks along a chain that for stochastic lattice models leading
    to self-affine fractals H(q) exhibits phase-transition-like behavior.
 C1 INST TECH PHYS,H-1325 BUDAPEST,HUNGARY.
 RP BARABASI, AL, EOTVOS LORAND UNIV,DEPT ATOM PHYS,POB 327,H-1445
    BUDAPEST,HUNGARY.
 CR BARABASI AL, UNPUB
    BLUMENFELD R, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V62, P2977
    CSORDAS A, 1989, PHYS REV A, V39, P4767
    FAMILY F, 1990, PHYSICA A, V168
    FEDER J, 1988, FRACTALS
    FRISCH U, 1985, TURBULENCE PREDICTAB
    HALSEY TC, 1986, PHYS REV A, V33, P1141
    KRUG J, 1990, SOLIDS FAR EQUILIBRI
    LEE J, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V61, P2945
    MALOY KJ, 1987, TIME DEPENDENT EFFEC, P111
    MANDELBROT BB, 1974, J FLUID MECH, V62, P331
    MANDELBROT BB, 1982, FRACTAL GEOMETRY NAT
    MANDELBROT BB, 1985, PHYS SCRIPTA, V32, P257
    MEAKIN P, 1987, CRC CRIT R SOLID ST, V13, P143
    NELKIN M, 1989, J STAT PHYS, V54, P1
    PRASAD RR, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V61, P74
    STANLEY HE, 1988, RANDOM FLUCTUATIONS
    VICSEK T, 1989, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO
    VOSS RF, 1988, SCI FRACTAL IMAGES, CH1
 NR 19
 TC 101
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 1050-2947
 J9 PHYS REV A
 JI Phys. Rev. A
 PD AUG 15
 PY 1991
 VL 44
 IS 4
 BP 2730
 EP 2733
 PG 4
 SC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical
 GA GC350
 UT ISI:A1991GC35000058
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU VICSEK, T
    BARABASI, AL
 TI MULTI-AFFINE MODEL FOR THE VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION IN FULLY TURBULENT
    FLOWS
 SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS A-MATHEMATICAL AND GENERAL
 LA English
 DT Letter
 ID DEVELOPED TURBULENCE; SINGULARITIES; DIMENSION; FRACTALS; NUMBER
 AB A simple multi-affine model for the velocity distribution in fully
    developed turbulent flows is introduced to capture the essential
    features of the underlying geometry of the velocity field.  We show
    that in this model the various relevant quantities characterizing
    different aspects of turbulence can be readily calculated.  A
    simultaneous good agreement is found with the available experimental
    data for the velocity structure functions, the D(q) spectra obtained
    from studies of the velocity derivatives, and the exponent describing
    the scaling of the spectrum of the kinetic energy fluctuations.  Our
    results are obtained analytically assuming a single free parameter. 
    The fractal dimension of the region where the dominating contribution
    to dissipation comes from is estimated to be D conguent-to 2.88.
 C1 INST TECH PHYS,H-1325 BUDAPEST,HUNGARY.
 RP VICSEK, T, EOTVOS LORAND UNIV,DEPT ATOM PHYS,POB 328,H-1445
    BUDAPEST,HUNGARY.
 CR ANSELMET F, 1984, J FLUID MECH, V140, P63
    BARABASI AL, IN PRESS
    BARABASI AL, 1991, IN PRESS PHYS REV A
    BATCHELOR GK, 1982, THEORY HOMOGENEOUS T
    BENZI R, 1984, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V17, P3521
    FRISCH U, 1978, J FLUID MECH, V87, P719
    FRISCH U, 1985, TURBULENCE PREDICTAB
    HALSEY TC, 1986, PHYS REV A, V33, P1141
    HENTSCHEL HGE, 1983, PHYSICA D, V8, P435
    HOSOKAWA I, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V66, P1054
    HUBER G, PREPRINT
    KOLMOGOROV AN, 1941, DOKL AKAD NAUK SSSR, V30, P299
    LANDAU LD, 1987, FLUID MECHANICS
    MANDELBROT BB, 1974, J FLUID MECH, V62, P331
    MANDELBROT BB, 1982, FRACTAL GEOMETRY NAT
    MANDELBROT BB, 1985, PHYS SCRIPTA, V32, P257
    MANDELBROT BB, 1988, RANDOM FLUCTUATIONS
    MENEVEAU C, 1987, NUCL PHYS B        S, V2, P49
    MENEVEAU C, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P1424
    SREENIVASAN KR, 1988, PHYS REV A, V38, P6287
    TONG P, 1988, PHYS FLUIDS, V31, P3253
    WU XZ, 1990, PHYS REV LETT, V64, P2140
 NR 22
 TC 13
 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD
 PI BRISTOL
 PA TECHNO HOUSE, REDCLIFFE WAY, BRISTOL, ENGLAND BS1 6NX
 SN 0305-4470
 J9 J PHYS-A-MATH GEN
 JI J. Phys. A-Math. Gen.
 PD AUG 7
 PY 1991
 VL 24
 IS 15
 BP L845
 EP L851
 PG 7
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Mathematical
 GA GB645
 UT ISI:A1991GB64500010
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU BARABASI, AL
    VICSEK, T
 TI SELF-SIMILARITY OF THE LOOP STRUCTURE OF DIFFUSION-LIMITED AGGREGATES
 SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS A-MATHEMATICAL AND GENERAL
 LA English
 DT Letter
 C1 INST TECH PHYS,H-1325 BUDAPEST,HUNGARY.
 RP BARABASI, AL, EOTVOS LORAND UNIV,DEPT ATOM PHYS,POB 327,H-1445
    BUDAPEST,HUNGARY.
 CR AMITRANO C, 1986, PHYS REV LETT, V57, P1016
    BLUMENFELD R, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V62, P2977
    BORH T, 1988, EUROPHYS LETT, V6, P445
    HARRIS AB, 1990, PHYS REV A, V41, P971
    HAVLIN S, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V63, P1189
    HAYAKAWA Y, 1987, PHYS REV A, V36, P1963
    KOLB M, 1985, J PHYS LETT-PARIS, V46, P631
    LEE J, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V61, P2945
    MANDELBROT BB, 1982, FRACTAL GEOMETRY NAT
    MANDELBROT BB, 1989, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V22, L377
    MEAKIN P, 1985, PHYS REV A, V32, P685
    MEAKIN P, 1987, PHASE TRANSITIONS CR, V12
    SCHWARZER S, 1990, PREPRINT
    STANLEY HE, 1989, RANDOM FLUCTUATIONS
    TOLMAN S, 1989, PHYS REV A, V40, P428
    VICSEK T, 1989, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO
    WITTEN TA, 1981, PHYS REV LETT, V47, P1400
 NR 17
 TC 7
 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD
 PI BRISTOL
 PA TECHNO HOUSE, REDCLIFFE WAY, BRISTOL, ENGLAND BS1 6NX
 SN 0305-4470
 J9 J PHYS-A-MATH GEN
 JI J. Phys. A-Math. Gen.
 PD AUG 7
 PY 1990
 VL 23
 IS 15
 BP L729
 EP L733
 PG 5
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Mathematical
 GA DT315
 UT ISI:A1990DT31500007
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU BARABASI, AL
    VICSEK, T
 TI TRACING A DIFFUSION-LIMITED AGGREGATE - SELF-AFFINE VERSUS SELF-SIMILAR
    SCALING
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A
 LA English
 DT Article
 C1 INST TECH PHYS,H-1325 BUDAPEST,HUNGARY.
 RP BARABASI, AL, LORAND EOTVOS UNIV,DEPT ATOM PHYS,POB 327,H-1445
    BUDAPEST,HUNGARY.
 CR FAMILY F, 1985, J PHYS A, V18, P75
    FEDER J, 1988, FRACTALS
    HALSEY TC, 1985, PHYS REV A, V32, P2546
    HORVATH VK, 1990, J PHYS A, V22, L259
    KOLB M, 1985, J PHYS LETT-PARIS, V46, P631
    MANDELBROT BB, 1982, FRACTAL GEOMETRY NAT
    MANDELBROT BB, 1983, FRACTALS PHYSICS, P3
    MANDELBROT BB, 1985, PHYS SCRIPTA, V32, P257
    MATSUSHITA M, 1989, PHYSICA D, V38, P246
    MEAKIN P, 1985, PHYS REV A, V32, P685
    STANLEY HE, 1988, RANDOM FLUCTUATIONS
    TOLMAN S, 1989, PHYS REV A, V40, P428
    VICSEK T, 1988, RANDOM FLUCTUATIONS, P312
    VICSEK T, 1989, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO
    VOSS RF, 1988, SCI FRACTAL IMAGES, CH1
    WITTEN TA, 1981, PHYS REV LETT, V47, P1400
    ZIFF RM, 1986, PHYS REV LETT, V56, P545
 NR 17
 TC 3
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 1050-2947
 J9 PHYS REV A
 JI Phys. Rev. A
 PD JUN 15
 PY 1990
 VL 41
 IS 12
 BP 6881
 EP 6883
 PG 3
 SC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical
 GA DK165
 UT ISI:A1990DK16500033
 ER
 
 EF
 
 
 FN ISI Export Format
 VR 1.0
 PT J
 AU Garfield, E
 AF Garfield, Eugene
 TI The evolution of the Science Citation Index
 SO INTERNATIONAL MICROBIOLOGY
 LA English
 DT Article
 DE y
 ID IMPACT; JOURNALS
 C1 Thomson Sci ISI Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA.
 RP Garfield, E, Thomson Sci ISI Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA.
 EM garfield@codex.cis.upenn.edu
 CR BENSMAN SJ, 1998, LIBR RESOUR TECH SER, V42, P147
    BRODMAN E, 1944, B MED LIB ASS, V32, P479
    GARFIELD E, 1955, SCIENCE, V122, P108
    GARFIELD E, 1972, SCIENCE, V178, P471
    GARFIELD E, 1976, RATION BETWEEN CONTE, V2, P419
    GARFIELD E, 1998, LONGTERM VS SHORTTER, V12, P10
    GARFIELD E, 1998, LONGTERM VS SHORTTER, V12, P12
    GONZALEZ L, 2006, J AM SOC INFOR SCI T, V58, P252
    HOEFFEL C, 1998, ALLERGY, V53, P1225
    LOCK S, 1989, CBE VIEWS, V12, P57
    PUDOVKIN AI, 2002, J AM SOC INF SCI TEC, V53, P1113
    PUDOVKIN AI, 2004, P ASIST ANNU, V41, P507
 NR 12
 TC 0
 PU VIGUERA EDITORES, S L
 PI BARCELONA
 PA PLAZA TETUAN, 7, BARCELONA, E-08010, SPAIN
 SN 1139-6709
 J9 INT MICROBIOL
 JI Int. Microbiol.
 PD MAR
 PY 2007
 VL 10
 IS 1
 BP 65
 EP 69
 PG 5
 SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology
 GA 156FS
 UT ISI:000245634100010
 ER
 
 PT S
 AU Marion, LS
    Garfield, E
    Hargens, LL
    Lievrouw, LA
    White, HD
    Wilson, CS
 TI Social network analysis and citation network analysis: Complementary
    approaches to the study of scientific communication (SIG MET)
 SO ASIST 2003: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 66TH ASIST ANNUAL  MEETING, VOL 40, 2003
 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASIST ANNUAL MEETING
 LA English
 DT Article
 AB The study of networks is gaining prominence in many disciplines as well
    as in the popular press. Information scientists, however, have studied
    networks for decades. This session will explore the potential of using
    citation network analysis and social network analysis to provide
    structural assessments of scientific communication. Panelists will
    discuss their research and highlight the advantages and challenges of
    using these methods to derive a comprehensive portrait of the diffusion
    of scientific knowledge.
 C1 Drexel Univ, Coll Informat Sci & Technol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
    ISI, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
    Univ Washington, Dept Sociol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
    Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Informat Studies, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA.
    Univ New S Wales, Sch Informat Syst Technol & Management, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
 RP Marion, LS, Drexel Univ, Coll Informat Sci & Technol, Philadelphia, PA
    19104 USA.
 EM Linda.Marion@drexel.edu
    Garfield@codex.cis.upenn.edu
    hargens@u.washington.edu
    llievrou@ucla.edu
    whitehd@drexel.edu
    c.wilson@unsw.edu.au
 CR LIEVROUW LA, 1987, SOC NETWORKS, V9, P217
    SANDSTROM PE, 1998, THESIS INDIANA U
    WELLMAN B, 1988, SOCIAL STRUCTURES NE
    WHITE HD, 2002, DOES CITATION REFLEC
 NR 4
 TC 0
 PU INFORMATION TODAY INC
 PI MEDFORD
 PA 143 OLD MARLTON PIKE, MEDFORD, NJ 08055 USA
 SN 0044-7870
 J9 P ASIST ANNU MEET
 PY 2003
 VL 40
 BP 486
 EP 487
 PG 2
 SC Computer Science, Information Systems; Information Science & Library
    Science
 GA BBZ20
 UT ISI:000228354100086
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Moed, HF
    Garfield, E
 TI In basic science the percentage of 'authoritative' references decreases
    as bibliographies become shorter
 SO SCIENTOMETRICS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID CITATION
 AB The empirical question addressed in this contribution is: How does the
    relative frequency at which authors in a research field cite
    'authoritative' documents in the reference lists in their papers vary
    with the number of references such papers contain? 'Authoritative'
    documents are defined as those that are among the ten percent most
    frequently cited items in a research field. It is assumed that authors
    who write papers with relatively short reference lists are more
    selective in what they cite than authors who compile long reference
    lists. Thus, by comparing in a research field the fraction of
    references of a particular type in short reference lists to that in
    longer lists, one can obtain an indication of the importance of that
    type. Our analysis suggests that in basic science fields such as
    physics or molecular biology the percentage of 'authoritative'
    references decreases as bibliographies become shorter. In other words,
    when basic scientists are selective in referencing behavior, references
    to 'authoritative' documents are dropped more readily than other types.
    The implications of this empirical finding for the debate on normative
    versus constructive citation theories are discussed.
 C1 Leiden Univ, Ctr Sci & Technol Studies, NL-2300 RB Leiden, Netherlands.
    Inst Sci Informat, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
 RP Moed, HF, Leiden Univ, Ctr Sci & Technol Studies, POB 9555, NL-2300 RB
    Leiden, Netherlands.
 EM moed@cwts.leidenuniv.nl
 CR ABT HA, 2002, J AM SOC INF SCI TEC, V53, P1106
    GARFIELD E, 1985, ESSAYS INFORMATION S, V8, P403
    GILBERT GN, 1977, SOC STUD SCI, V7, P113
    MERTON RK, 1988, ISIS, V79, P606
    ROUSSEAU R, 1998, SCIENTOMETRICS, V43, P63
    ZUCKERMAN H, 1987, SCIENTOMETRICS, V12, P329
 NR 6
 TC 5
 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL
 PI DORDRECHT
 PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS
 SN 0138-9130
 J9 SCIENTOMETRICS
 JI Scientometrics
 PY 2004
 VL 60
 IS 3
 BP 295
 EP 303
 PG 9
 SC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Information Science &
    Library Science
 GA 835QY
 UT ISI:000222501800004
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Garfield, E
 TI Historiographic mapping of knowledge domains literature
 SO JOURNAL OF INFORMATION SCIENCE
 LA English
 DT Article
 DE mapping; knowledge domains; small world concept; DNA structure;
    citation analysis; historiography; information visualization; software;
    HistCite
 ID SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERY
 AB To better understand the topic of this colloquium, we have created a
    series of databases related to knowledge domains (dynamic systems
    [small world/Milgram], information visualization [Tufte], co-citation
    [Small], bibliographic coupling [Kessler], and scientometrics
    [Scientometrics]). I have used a software package called HistCite(TM)
    which generates chronological maps of subject (topical) collections
    resulting from searches of the ISI Web of Science(R) or ISI citation
    indexes (SCI, SSCI, and/or AHCI) on CD-ROM. When a marked list is
    created on WoS, an export file is created which contains all cited
    references for each source document captured. These bibliographic
    collections, saved as ASCII files, are processed by HistCite in order
    to generate chronological and other tables as well as historiographs
    which highlight the most-cited works in and outside the collection.
    HistCite also includes a module for detecting and editing errors or
    variations in cited references as well as a vocabulary analyzer which
    generates both ranked word lists and word pairs used in the collection.
    Ideally the system will be used to help the searcher quickly identify
    the most significant work on a topic and trace its year-by-year
    historical development. In addition to the collections mentioned above,
    historiographs based on collections of papers that cite the
    Watson-Crick 1953 classic paper identifying the helical structure of
    DNA were created. Both year-by-year as well as month-by-month displays
    of papers from 1953 to 1958 were necessary to highlight the publication
    activity of those years.
 C1 ISI, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
 RP Garfield, E, ISI, 3501 Market St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
 EM garfield@codex.cis.upenn.edu
 CR 2003, BIOIT WORLD, V2, P28
    ASIMOV A, 1963, GENETIC CODE
    AVERY OT, 1944, J EXP MED, V79, P137
    GARFIELD E, 1964, UNPUB USE CITATION D
    GARFIELD E, 2001, COMPUTATIONAL LINGUI
    GARFIELD E, 2002, P ASIST ANNU, V39, P14
    GARFIELD E, 2003, J AM SOC INF SCI TEC, V54, P400
    GARNER R, 1967, COMPUTER ORIENTED GR
    HERSHEY AD, 1953, J GEN PHYSIOL, V36, P777
    HUMMON NP, 1989, SOC NETWORKS, V11, P39
    LEDERBERG J, 1972, NATURE, V239, P234
    LEDERBERG J, 1995, ANN NY ACAD SCI, V758, P176
    STENT GS, 1972, SCI AM, V227, P84
    STENT GS, 1995, ANN NY ACAD SCI, V758, P25
    STENT GS, 2002, PREMATURITY SCI DISC, P22
    STRASSER BJ, 2003, NATURE, V42, P803
    WATSON JD, 1953, NATURE, V171, P737
    ZUCKERMAN H, 1986, NATURE, V324, P629
 NR 18
 TC 8
 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD
 PI LONDON
 PA 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON EC1Y 1SP, ENGLAND
 SN 0165-5515
 J9 J INFORM SCI
 JI J. Inf. Sci.
 PY 2004
 VL 30
 IS 2
 BP 119
 EP 145
 PG 27
 SC Computer Science, Information Systems; Information Science & Library
    Science
 GA 818WL
 UT ISI:000221275100003
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Garfield, E
    Pudovkin, AI
    Istomin, VS
 TI Mapping the output of topical searches in the Web of Knowledge and the
    case of Watson-Crick
 SO INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND LIBRARIES
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID SCIENCE
 AB HistCite(TM) is a system that generates chronological maps of subject
    (topical) collections resulting from searches of the Institute for
    Scientific Information Web of Science (WoS) or Science Citation Index,
    Social Sciences Citation Index, and Arts and Humanities Citation Index
    on CD-ROM. WoS export files are created in which all cited references
    for source documents are captured. These bibliographic collections are
    processed by HistCite, which generates chronological tables as well as
    historiographs that highlight the most-cited works in and outside the
    collection. Articles citing the 1953 primordial Watson-Crick paper on
    the structure of DNA will be used as a demonstration. Real-time dynamic
    genealogical historiographs will be shown. HistCite also includes a
    module for detecting and editing errors or variations in cited
    references. Export Files of five thousand or more records are processed
    in minutes on a PC. Ideally the system will be used to help the
    searcher quickly identify the most significant work on a topic and
    enable the searcher to trace its year-by-year historical development.
 C1 Thomson ISI, Philadelphia, PA USA.
    Russian Acad Sci, Inst Marine Biol, Vladivostok, Russia.
    Washington State Univ, Ctr Teaching Learning & Technol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA.
 RP Garfield, E, Thomson ISI, Philadelphia, PA USA.
 EM garfield@codex.cis.upenn.edu
    aipud@online.ru
    vi@mail.wsu.edu
 CR ESSAYS INFORMATION S, V9, P324
    2003, BIO IT WORLD, V2, P28
    AVERY OT, 1944, J EXP MED, V79, P137
    CAWKELL AE, 1989, CURR CONTENTS, V44, P4
    CAWKELL AE, 2000, WEB KNOWLEDGE FESTSC, P177
    GARFIELD E, 1964, AF49 I SCI INF
    GARFIELD E, 1969, P 3 INT C MED LIBR A, P187
    GARFIELD E, 1971, CURR CONTENTS, V15, M25
    GARFIELD E, 1992, CURR CONTENTS, V23, P5
    GARFIELD E, 2003, J AM SOC INF SCI TEC, V54, P400
    SMALL H, 1985, J INFORM SCI, V11, P147
    SMALL H, 1985, SCIENTOMETRICS, V8, P321
    SMALL H, 1994, SCIENTOMETRICS, V30, P229
    WATSON JD, 1953, NATURE, V171, P737
 NR 14
 TC 4
 PU AMER LIBRARY ASSOC
 PI CHICAGO
 PA 50 E HURON ST, CHICAGO, IL 60611 USA
 SN 0730-9295
 J9 INFORM TECHNOL LIBR
 JI Inf. Technol. Libr.
 PD DEC
 PY 2003
 VL 22
 IS 4
 BP 183
 EP 187
 PG 5
 SC Computer Science, Information Systems; Information Science & Library
    Science
 GA 765GK
 UT ISI:000188258600008
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Garfield, E
    Pudovkin, AI
 TI From materials science to nano-ceramics: Citation analysis identifies
    the key journals and players
 SO JOURNAL OF CERAMIC PROCESSING RESEARCH
 LA English
 DT Article
 DE nano-ceramics; Science citation index; Ctation analysis; Web of
    science; ISI
 ID BIOLOGY JOURNALS
 AB The Science Citation Index was designed primarily to help the scientist
    or engineer retrieve relevant literature on specific topics. This
    database is now on-line as part of ISIs Web of Science and covers over
    thirty million papers containing nearly a half-billion cited
    references. For each source paper included, backward and foreward links
    are provided to the cited and citing papers. ISI also publishes
    additional databases such as the Journal Citation Reports and Journal
    Performance Indicators which can provide qualitative and quantitative
    information on thousands of journals, including impact factors. Using
    these files and a variety of bibliometric techniques we demonstrate how
    to identify the core journals of materials science, ceramics, and
    nanoceramics. Other ISI resources such as ISI Essential Science
    Indicators identify the leading countries, institutions, and authors of
    materials science. The output of a WoS search is used to analyze over
    10,000 papers on nano-crystals and nano-ceramics. We have identified
    dozens of highly-cited papers, which are visualized as a series of
    historiographs; and topological maps These HistCite, maps and tables
    demonstrate the chronological development of the field [1].
 C1 ISI, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
    Russian Acad Sci, Inst Marine Biol, Vladivostok 690041, Russia.
 RP Garfield, E, ISI, 3501 Market St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
 CR 2003, SCI WATCH, V14, P1
    DAUGHTON CG, 2002, SCIENTIST, V16, P12
    GARFIELD E, 1980, CURR CONTENTS, V35, P5
    GARFIELD E, 1994, J MAT ED, V16, P327
    GARFIELD E, 2002, SCIENTIST, V16, P6
    GINSBURG I, 2001, SCIENTIST, V15, P51
    LAWRENCE S, 2001, NATURE, V411, P521
    MABE M, 2001, SCIENTOMETRICS, V51, P147
    MABE M, 2003, SERIALS, V16, P491
    PUDOVKIN AI, 1992, BIOL MORYA-VLAD, P83
    PUDOVKIN AI, 1993, MARINE ECOLOGY PROGR, V100, P207
    PUDOVKIN AI, 1995, SCIENTOMETRICS, V32, P227
    PUDOVKIN AI, 2002, J AM SOC INF SCI TEC, V53, P1113
 NR 13
 TC 0
 PU KOREAN ASSOC CRYSTAL GROWTH, INC
 PI SEOUL
 PA SUNGDONG POST OFFICE, P O BOX 27, SEOUL 133-600, SOUTH KOREA
 SN 1229-9162
 J9 J CERAM PROCESS RES
 JI J. Ceram. Process. Res.
 PY 2003
 VL 4
 IS 4
 BP 155
 EP 167
 PG 13
 SC Materials Science, Ceramics
 GA 759BE
 UT ISI:000187717300001
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Garfield, E
    Pudovkin, AI
    Istomin, VS
 TI Why do we need algorithmic historiography?
 SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
 LA English
 DT Article
 AB This article discusses the rationale for creating historiographs of
    scholarly topics using a new program called HistCite(TM), which
    produces a variety of analyses to aid the historian identify key events
    (papers), people (authors), and journals in a field. By creating a
    genealogic profile of the evolution, the program aids the scholar in
    evaluating the paradigm involved.
 C1 Inst Sci Informat, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
    Russian Acad Sci, Inst Marine Biol, Vladivostok 690041, Russia.
    Washington State Univ, Ctr Teaching Learning & Technol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA.
 RP Garfield, E, Inst Sci Informat, 3501 Market St, Philadelphia, PA 19104
    USA.
 CR GARFIELD E, 1964, USE CITATION DATA WR
    GARFIELD E, 2001, LAZ LECT HELD CONJ P
    GARFIELD E, 2002, P ASIST ANNU, V39, P14
    KESSLER MM, 1963, AM DOC, V14, P10
    LANDER ES, 2001, NATURE, V409, P860
    LOWRY OH, 1951, J BIOL CHEM, V193, P265
    VENTER JC, 2001, SCIENCE, V291, P1304
 NR 7
 TC 9
 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC
 PI HOBOKEN
 PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA
 SN 1532-2882
 J9 J AM SOC INF SCI TECHNOL
 JI J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci. Technol.
 PD MAR
 PY 2003
 VL 54
 IS 5
 BP 400
 EP 412
 PG 13
 SC Computer Science, Information Systems; Information Science & Library
    Science
 GA 649ZR
 UT ISI:000181238300007
 ER
 
 PT S
 AU Garfield, E
    Pudovkin, AI
    Istomin, VS
 TI Algorithmic citation-linked historiography - Mapping the literature of
    science
 SO ASIST 2002: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 65TH ASIST ANNUAL MEETING, VOL 39, 2002
 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASIST ANNUAL MEETING
 LA English
 DT Article
 AB There is a large literature on mapping and visualizing the scholarly
    literature (White McCain, 1997; Buter & Noyons, 2001). However, none of
    these methods have been used to create historical displays of works on
    a given subject. The authors have developed a process and software
    called HistCite for generating chronological maps of collections
    resulting from searching the ISI Web of Science (WOS), SCI/SSCI/AHCI on
    CD-ROM or SciSearch on Dialog. Export files are created in which all
    cited references for source documents are captured. These files are
    processed by HistCite to generate tables of the most-cited works. Real
    time demonstrations of several topics such as bibliographic-coupling,
    co-citation analysis, gene flow, etc. will be provided. The HistCite
    software includes an expert system for detecting and editing errors or
    variations in cited references. Export Files of 1,000 or more records
    are processed in minutes on a PC. Ideally the system will be used to
    help the searcher quickly identify the most significant work on a topic
    and trace its year-by-year development.
 C1 ISI, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
    Russian Acad Sci, Inst Marine Biol, Vladivostok 690041, Russia.
    Washington State Univ, Ctr Teaching Learning & Technol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA.
 RP Garfield, E, ISI, 3501 Market St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
 CR BUTER RK, 2001, SCIENTOMETRICS, V51, P55
    CAWKELL AE, 1989, ESSAYS INFORMATION S, V12, P4
    CAWKELL AE, 2000, WEB KNOWLEDGE FESTSC, P177
    GARFIELD E, 1964, USE CITATION DATA WR
    GARFIELD E, 1971, ESSAYS INFORMATION S, V1, P158
    GARFIELD E, 1988, ESSAYS INFORMATION S, V9, P324
    GARFIELD E, 1992, ESSAYS INFORMATION S, V15, P75
    GARFIELD E, 2001, S HON C BORK U PITTS
    LAWRENCE S, 1999, COMPUTER, V32, P67
    SMALL H, 1985, J INFORM SCI, V11, P147
    SMALL H, 1985, SCIENTOMETRICS, V8, P321
    SMALL H, 1994, SCIENTOMETRICS, V30, P229
    WHITE HD, 1997, ANNU REV INFORM SCI, V32, P99
 NR 13
 TC 2
 PU INFORMATION TODAY INC
 PI MEDFORD
 PA 143 OLD MARLTON PIKE, MEDFORD, NJ 08055 USA
 SN 0044-7870
 J9 P ASIST ANNU MEET
 PY 2002
 VL 39
 BP 14
 EP 24
 PG 11
 SC Computer Science, Information Systems; Information Science & Library
    Science
 GA BV87V
 UT ISI:000180277800002
 ER
 
 PT S
 AU Harmon, G
    Garfield, E
    Paris, G
    Marchionini, G
    Fagan, J
 TI Bioinformatics in information science education
 SO ASIST 2002: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 65TH ASIST ANNUAL MEETING, VOL 39, 2002
 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASIST ANNUAL MEETING
 LA English
 DT Article
 AB To support the introduction of bioinformatics education into
    information science curricula, panel members and other participants
    will attempt to define briefly the nature and scope of bioinformatics
    and its significance for information science education. Discussions
    will also explore emerging opportunities for program graduates in
    bioinformatics research, professional practice, and enterprise.
 C1 Univ Texas, Grad Sch Lib & Informat Sci, Austin, TX 78712 USA.
    Inst Sci Informat, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
    Oncol Business Unit, Novartis Inst Biomed Res, Summit, NJ 07901 USA.
    Univ N Carolina, Sch Informat & Lib Sci, Chapel Hill, NC 27559 USA.
    So Illinois Univ, Morris Lib, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA.
 RP Harmon, G, Univ Texas, Grad Sch Lib & Informat Sci, Austin, TX 78712
    USA.
 CR ARMOUR PG, 2001, COMMUN ACM, V44, P13
    BATES MJ, 1999, J AM SOC INFORM SCI, V50, P1043
    COLE NJ, 1996, J DOC, V52, P51
    LEE C, 1999, BIOINFORMATICS INTER
 NR 4
 TC 0
 PU INFORMATION TODAY INC
 PI MEDFORD
 PA 143 OLD MARLTON PIKE, MEDFORD, NJ 08055 USA
 SN 0044-7870
 J9 P ASIST ANNU MEET
 PY 2002
 VL 39
 BP 490
 EP 491
 PG 2
 SC Computer Science, Information Systems; Information Science & Library
    Science
 GA BV87V
 UT ISI:000180277800076
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Abt, HA
    Garfield, E
 TI Is the relationship between numbers of references and paper lengths the
    same for all sciences?
 SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID CITATIONS
 AB In each of 41 research journals in the physical, life, and social
    sciences there is a linear relationship between the average number of
    references and the normalized paper lengths. For most of the journals
    in a given field, the relationship is the same within statistical
    errors. For papers of average lengths in different sciences the average
    number of references is the same within +/-17%. Because papers of
    average lengths in various sciences have the same number of references,
    we conclude that the citation counts to them can be inter-compared
    within that accuracy. However, review journals are different: after
    scanning 18 review journals we found that those papers average twice
    the number of references as research papers of the same lengths.
 C1 Kitt Peak Natl Observ, Tucson, AZ 85726 USA.
    Inst Sci Informat, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
 RP Abt, HA, Kitt Peak Natl Observ, Box 26732, Tucson, AZ 85726 USA.
 CR ABT HA, 1984, PUBL ASTRON SOC PAC, V96, P746
    ABT HA, 1987, PUBL ASTRON SOC PAC, V99, P1329
    ABT HA, 1998, NATURE, V395, P756
    ABT HA, 2000, SCIENTOMETRICS, V49, P443
    AYRES I, 2000, J LEGAL STUD 2, V29, P427
    DIMITROFF A, 1992, B MED LIBR ASSOC, V80, P340
    SEGLEN PO, 1992, REPRESENTATIONS SCI, P240
    SENGUPTA IN, 1986, SCIENTOMETRICS, V10, P235
 NR 8
 TC 3
 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC
 PI HOBOKEN
 PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA
 SN 1532-2882
 J9 J AM SOC INF SCI TECHNOL
 JI J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci. Technol.
 PD NOV
 PY 2002
 VL 53
 IS 13
 BP 1106
 EP 1112
 PG 7
 SC Computer Science, Information Systems; Information Science & Library
    Science
 GA 607DP
 UT ISI:000178776600004
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Pudovkin, AI
    Garfield, E
 TI Algorithmic procedure for finding semantically related journals
 SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID CITATION RELATIONSHIPS; SCIENTIFIC JOURNALS; BIOLOGY JOURNALS;
    SELF-CITATION
 AB Using citations, papers and references as parameters a relatedness
    factor (RF) is computed for a series of journals. Sorting these
    journals by the RF produces a list of journals most closely related to
    a specified starting journal. The method appears to select a set of
    journals that are semantically most similar to the target journal. The
    algorithmic procedure is illustrated for the journal Genetics.
    Inter-journal citation data needed to calculate the RF were obtained
    from the 1996 ISI Journal Citation Reports on CD-ROM(C). Out of the
    thousands of candidate journals in JCR(C), 30 have been selected. Some
    of them are different from the journals in the JCR category for
    genetics and heredity. The new procedure is unique in that it takes
    varying journal sizes into account.
 C1 Russian Acad Sci, Far E Branch, Inst Marine Biol, Vladivostok, Russia.
    Inst Informat Sci, ISItm, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
 RP Pudovkin, AI, Russian Acad Sci, Far E Branch, Inst Marine Biol,
    Vladivostok, Russia.
 CR CARPENTER MP, 1973, J AM SOC INFORM SCI, V24, P425
    COZZENS SE, 1993, SCI TECHNOLOGY POLIC, P219
    EGGHE L, 1999, SCIENTOMETRICS, V45, P217
    EGGHE L, 2000, J AM SOC INFORM SCI, V51, P1123
    GARFIELD E, 1975, NO GROWTH LIB CITATI, V2, P300
    GARFIELD E, 1988, J CITATION STUDIES, V9, P9
    GARFIELD E, 1996, SCIENTIST, V10, P13
    LEYDESDORFF L, 1994, SCIENTOMETRICS, V31, P59
    NARIN F, 1972, J AM SOC INFORM SCI, V23, P323
    NARIN F, 2000, WEB KNOWLEDGE FESTSC, P337
    PUDOVKIN AI, 1992, BIOL MORYA-VLAD, P83
    PUDOVKIN AI, 1993, MARINE ECOLOGY PROGR, V100, P207
    PUDOVKIN AI, 1995, SCIENTOMETRICS, V32, P227
    ROUSSEAU R, 1999, SCIENTOMETRICS, V44, P521
    SHAMA G, 2000, SCIENTOMETRICS, V49, P289
 NR 15
 TC 17
 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC
 PI HOBOKEN
 PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA
 SN 1532-2882
 J9 J AM SOC INF SCI TECHNOL
 JI J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci. Technol.
 PD NOV
 PY 2002
 VL 53
 IS 13
 BP 1113
 EP 1119
 PG 7
 SC Computer Science, Information Systems; Information Science & Library
    Science
 GA 607DP
 UT ISI:000178776600005
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Garfield, E
 TI Recollections of Irving H. Sher 1924-1996: Polymath/information
    scientist extraordinaire
 SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID CITATION
 AB Over a 35-year period, Irving H. Sher played a critical role in the
    development and implementation of the Science Citation Index (R) and
    other ISI (R) products. Trained as a biochemist, statistician, and
    linguist, Sher brought a unique combination of talents to ISI as
    Director of Quality Control and Director of Research and Development.
    His talents as a teacher and mentor evoked loyalty. He was a
    particularly inventive but self-taught programmer. In addition to the
    SCI,(R) Social Sciences Citation Index,(R) and Arts and Humanities
    Citation Index,(R) Sher was involved with the development of the first
    commercial SDI system, the Automatic Subject Citation Alert, now called
    Research Alert,(R) and Request-A-Print Cards. Together we developed the
    journal impact factor and the Journal Citation Reports.(R) Sher was
    also the inventor of the SYSTABAR System of coding references and
    Sherhand. He was involved in key reports on citation-based
    historiography, forecasting Nobel prizes, and served as a referee for
    JASIS over a 20-year period.
 C1 Inst Sci Informat, Scientist, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
 RP Garfield, E, Inst Sci Informat, Scientist, 3501 Market St,
    Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
 CR 1970, NATURE, V228, P698
    ASIMOV I, 1963, GENETIC CODE
    BACHRACH CA, 1978, MED INFORM, V3, P237
    GARFIELD E, 1955, SCIENCE, V122, P108
    GARFIELD E, 1964, USE CITATION DATA WR
    GARFIELD E, 1967, J CHEM DOCUMENTATION, V7, P147
    GARFIELD E, 1967, J LIBRARY HISTORY, V2, P235
    GARFIELD E, 1968, CURR CONTENTS, V2, P5
    GARFIELD E, 1969, CURR CONTENTS, V6, P4
    GARFIELD E, 1970, NATURE, V227, P669
    GARFIELD E, 1972, CURR CONTENTS, V36, P5
    GARFIELD E, 1975, CURR CONTENTS, P5
    GARFIELD E, 1976, J AM SOC INFORM SCI, V27, P288
    GARFIELD E, 1977, CURR CONTENTS, P5
    GARFIELD E, 1983, CURRENT CONTENTS, V26, P5
    GARFIELD E, 1985, CURR CONTENTS, V43, P3
    GARFIELD E, 1998, C HIST HER SCI INF S
    GUTTERMAN L, 1967, WISDOM SARNOFF WORLD
    KOENIG MED, 1977, B ATOM SCI, V23, P16
    LAWRENCE S, 1999, COMPUTER, V32, P67
    LEONHARDT J, 2000, NY TIMES        0728
    MERTON RK, 1968, SOCIAL THEORY SOCIAL, P27
    SHER IH, 1966, RES PROGRAM EFFECTIV, P135
    TUKEY JW, 1962, J CHEM DOCUMENTATION, V2, P34
 NR 24
 TC 0
 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC
 PI NEW YORK
 PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA
 SN 1532-2882
 J9 J AM SOC INF SCI TECHNOL
 JI J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci. Technol.
 PD DEC
 PY 2001
 VL 52
 IS 14
 BP 1197
 EP 1202
 PG 6
 SC Computer Science, Information Systems; Information Science & Library
    Science
 GA 497HU
 UT ISI:000172450000002
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Garfield, E
 TI From laboratory to information explosions ... the evolution of chemical
    information services at ISI
 SO JOURNAL OF INFORMATION SCIENCE
 LA English
 DT Article
 AB The experience in locating and coding the steroid literature for the US
    Patent Office led to a variety of chemically-based services dealing
    with new compounds and intermediates, as well as graphical presentation
    of chemical formulas and reactions. The Index Chemicus Registry System
    was the first to use the Wiswesser line notation, which became a
    standard in the pharmaceutical field. This eventually led to Current
    Chemical Reactions Database and Reaction Citation Index.This paper
    presents an autobiographical account of Eugene Garfield's involvement
    in chemical information systems. It traces his personal evolution from
    laboratory chemist transformed into an information scientist who
    combined his knowledge of structural linguistics and information
    technology into an algorithmic system for identifying molecular
    formulas in the literature.
    Recognizing the shortcomings of traditional abstracting and indexing
    systems like Index Medicus and Chemical Abstracts, he launched Current
    Contents, Index Chemicus and Science Citation Index, which were
    designed to provide timely, weekly and highly specific retrieval of
    chemical information.
    The experience in locating and coding the steroid literature for the US
    Patent Office led to a variety of chemically-based services dealing
    with new compounds and intermediates, as well as graphical presentation
    of chemical formulas and reactions.
    The Index Chemicus Registry System was the first to use the Wiswesser
    line notation, which became a standard in the pharmaceutical field.
    This eventually led to Current Chemical Reactions Database and Reaction
    Citation Index.
 C1 Inst Sci Informat, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
 RP Garfield, E, Inst Sci Informat, 3501 Market St, Philadelphia, PA 19104
    USA.
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    GARFIELD E, 1961, INDEX CHEM 1 CUMULAT, P1
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    GARFIELD E, 1964, AM CHEM SOC 148 M SE
    GARFIELD E, 1967, AM BEHAV SCI, V10, P29
    GARFIELD E, 1967, CHEM ENG NEWS, V45, P6
    GARFIELD E, 1967, J CHEM DOCUMENTATION, V7, P147
    GARFIELD E, 1970, J CHEM DOC, V10, P54
    GARFIELD E, 1971, CURRENT CONTENT 0804
    GARFIELD E, 1972, AM CHEM SOC 164 M HE
    GARFIELD E, 1973, NATURE, V242, P307
    GARFIELD E, 1975, CURR CONTENTS, P5
    GARFIELD E, 1979, AM CHEM SOC 177 M AP
    GARFIELD E, 1979, CURRENT CONTENTS, V45, P5
    GARFIELD E, 1980, CURR CONTENTS, V35, P5
    GARFIELD E, 1984, CURRENT CONTENTS, V27, P3
    GARFIELD E, 1987, CURR CONTENTS, V7, P3
    GARFIELD E, 1987, CURR CONTENTS, V7, P3
    GARFIELD E, 1998, C HIST HER SCI INF S
    GRANITO CE, 1971, J CHEM DOC, V11, P251
    GRANITO CE, 1972, AM CHEM SOC 164 M AU, P2
    GRANITO CE, 1972, AM CHEM SOC 164 M AU, P20
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    GRANITO CE, 1973, ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S, P19
    GRANITO CE, 1973, J CHEM DOC, V13, P72
    GRANITO CE, 1973, NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN, V60, P189
    GRANITO CE, 1974, AM CHEM SOC 168 M SE
    GRANITO CE, 1979, AM CHEM SOC 117 M AP, P48
    KABACK SM, 1999, AM CHEM SOC 218 M 1
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 NR 53
 TC 1
 PU BOWKER-SAUR
 PI E GRINSTEAD
 PA WINDSOR COURT, EAST GRINSTEAD HOUSE, E GRINSTEAD RH19 1XA, W SUSSEX,
    ENGLAND
 SN 0165-5515
 J9 J INFORM SCI
 JI J. Inf. Sci.
 PY 2001
 VL 27
 IS 2
 BP 119
 EP 125
 PG 7
 SC Computer Science, Information Systems; Information Science & Library
    Science
 GA 487EV
 UT ISI:000171861400008
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Garfield, E
 TI A retrospective and prospective view of information retrieval and
    artificial intelligence in the 21st century
 SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERY
 C1 ISI, Publisher, The Scientist, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
 RP Garfield, E, ISI, Publisher, The Scientist, 3501 Market St,
    Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
 CR CARUSO D, 1997, NY TIMES        0324, C5
    GARFIELD E, IN PRESS SCIENTIST
    GARFIELD E, 1961, J CHEM DOC, V1, P70
    GARFIELD E, 1962, CURRENT CONTENTS, V1
    GARFIELD E, 1963, 6 ANN SESS MED WRIT
    GARFIELD E, 1965, STAT ASS METHODS MEC, P189
    GARFIELD E, 1966, KARGER GAZETTE  0305, V13, P2
    GARFIELD E, 1967, AM BEHAV SCI, V10, P29
    GARFIELD E, 1969, CURRENT CONTENTS, V3
    GARFIELD E, 1977, CURR CONTENTS, P5
    GARFIELD E, 1979, CURRENT CONTENTS, V45, P5
    GARFIELD E, 1990, CURR CONTENTS, V33, P5
    GARFIELD E, 1990, CURRENT CONTENT 0212, P3
    GARFIELD E, 1993, J AM SOC INFORM SCI, V44, P298
    GARFIELD E, 1997, NY TIMES        0414
    GARFIELD E, 1999, SCIENTIST, V13, P14
    GLEICK J, 1997, NY TIMES MAGAZI 0323, P32
    LAWRENCE S, 1999, COMPUTER, V32, P67
    LENHOFF HM, 2000, SCIENTIST, V14, P35
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    SWANSON DR, 1997, ARTIF INTELL, V91, P183
    SWANSON DR, 1999, LIBR TRENDS, V48, P48
    WATTERS PA, 1999, INTERNET RES, V9, P153
 NR 27
 TC 1
 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC
 PI NEW YORK
 PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA
 SN 1532-2882
 J9 J AM SOC INF SCI TECHNOL
 JI J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci. Technol.
 PD JAN
 PY 2001
 VL 52
 IS 1
 BP 18
 EP 21
 PG 4
 SC Computer Science, Information Systems; Information Science & Library
    Science
 GA 404KX
 UT ISI:000167097900004
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Garfield, E
 TI Use of Journal Citation Reports and Journal Performance Indicators in
    measuring short and long term journal impact
 SO CROATIAN MEDICAL JOURNAL
 LA English
 DT Article
 DE bibliometrics; citation analysis; impact factor; journal article;
    library science; medical informatics; medical literature analysis and
    retrieval system
 AB The impact factor has become the subject of widespread controversy. It
    has gradually developed to mean both journal and author impact. The
    emphasis on impact factors obscures the main purpose of bibliographic
    databases created at the Institute for Scientific Information. I will
    here show how two of these databases, Journal Citation Reports and the
    Journal Performance Indicators, can be used to study scientific
    journals and the articles they publish, as well as the evolution of
    scientific fields.
 C1 Inst Sci Informat, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
 RP Garfield, E, The Scientist, 3501 Market St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
 CR BENSMAN SJ, 1998, LIBR RESOUR TECH SER, V42, P147
    BROADY A, 1995, LANCET, V346, P1300
    BRODMAN E, 1960, B MED LIB ASS, V32, P479
    FENTON JE, 2000, CLIN OTOLARYNGOL, V25, P40
    FOSTER WR, 1995, LANCET, V346, P1301
    GARFIELD E, 1955, SCIENCE, V122, P108
    GARFIELD E, 1972, CURRENT CONTENT 0628
    GARFIELD E, 1973, CURR CONTENTS, P5
    GARFIELD E, 1976, CURRENT CONTENT 0209
    GARFIELD E, 1986, ANN INTERN MED, V105, P313
    GARFIELD E, 1998, SCIENTIST, V12, P10
    GARFIELD E, 1998, SCIENTIST, V12, P12
    GARFIELD E, 1999, CAN MED ASSOC J, V161, P979
    HANSEN HB, 1997, CLIN PHYSIOL, V17, P409
    HOEFFEL C, 1998, ALLERGY, V53, P1225
    LOBO RA, 2000, J SOC GYNECOL INVEST, V7, P3
    OPTHOF T, 1999, CARDIOVASC RES, V41, P1
    OREOPOULOS DG, 2000, PERITON DIALYSIS INT, V20, P5
    PICUS D, 2000, J VASC INTERV RADI 1, V11, P147
    PITTLER MH, 2000, J CLIN EPIDEMIOL, V53, P485
    REN SL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P1683
    SEMENZATO G, 2000, SARCOIDOSIS VASC DIF, V17, P22
    SORRENTINO D, 2000, DIGESTION, V61, P77
    VANLEEUWEN TN, 1997, CHEM INTELL, V3, P32
 NR 24
 TC 19
 PU PABST SCIENCE PUBLISHERS
 PI LENGERICH
 PA EICHENGRUND 28, D-49525 LENGERICH, GERMANY
 SN 0353-9504
 J9 CROAT MED J
 JI Croat. Med. J.
 PD DEC
 PY 2000
 VL 41
 IS 4
 BP 368
 EP 374
 PG 7
 SC Medicine, General & Internal
 GA 381TJ
 UT ISI:000165779300003
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Garfield, E
 TI The diverse roles of citation indexes in scientific research
 SO REVISTA DE INVESTIGACION CLINICA
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID IMPACT FACTOR; JOURNALS
 C1 Inst Sci Informat, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
 RP Garfield, E, Inst Sci Informat, 3501 Market St, Philadelphia, PA 19104
    USA.
 CR BRACHORIQUELME RL, 1997, REV INVEST CLIN, V49, P369
    BUTLER D, 1998, NATURE, V394, P309
    GARFIELD E, ESSAYS INFORMATION S, V1
    GARFIELD E, 1976, RECHERCHE, V7, P757
    GARFIELD E, 1997, CURR SCI INDIA, V73, P639
    GARFIELD E, 1998, 150 ANN M AAAS PHIL
    GARFIELD E, 1998, SCIENTIST, V12, P10
    GARFIELD E, 1998, SCIENTIST, V12, P12
    GARFIELD E, 1998, UNFALLCHIRURG, V101, P413
    KOREN G, 1997, CLIN INVEST MED, V20, P354
    LINDNER UK, 1997, UNFALLCHIRURG, V100, P253
    OESTERN HJ, 1997, UNFALLCHIRURG, V100, P838
    SEGLEN PO, 1997, BRIT MED J, V314, P498
    SHER IH, 1965, RES PROGRAM EFFECTIV
    SPIRIDIONE G, 1995, PESO QUALITA ACCADEM, P123
 NR 15
 TC 9
 PU INST NACIONAL NUTRICION
 PI TLALPAN
 PA VASCO DE QUIROZA #15, TLALPAN 14000 D F, MEXICO
 SN 0034-8376
 J9 REV INVEST CLIN
 JI Rev. Invest. Clin.
 PD NOV-DEC
 PY 1998
 VL 50
 IS 6
 BP 497
 EP 504
 PG 8
 SC Medicine, General & Internal
 GA 167EF
 UT ISI:000078619100008
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Garfield, E
 TI Random thoughts on citationology. Its theory and practice - Comments on
    theories of citation?
 SO SCIENTOMETRICS
 LA English
 DT Article
 AB Theories of citation are as elusive as theories of information science,
    which have been debated for decades. But as a basis for discussion I
    offer the term citationology as the theory and practice of citation,
    including its derivative disciplines citation analysis and
    bibliometrics. Several maxims, commandments if you will, have been
    enunciated. References are the result of a specialized symbolic
    language with a citation syntax and grammar. References, like words,
    have multiple meanings which are related to the aposteriori quality of
    citation indexes. Therefore, citation relevance cannot be predicted.
    Mathematical microtheories in bibliometrics abound, including the
    apposite laws of scattering and concentration. Citation behavior is a
    vast sub-set of citation theory, which like citation typology, can
    never be complete. Deviant citation behavior preoccupies certain
    authors but it is rarely significant in well-designed citation
    analyses, where proper cohorts are defined. Myths about uncitedness and
    the determinants of impact are discussed, as well as journal impact
    factors as surrogates and observation's on scientists of Nobel Class.
    After two years at Johns Hopkins investigating "machine documentation,"
    and another year as a student of library science, I became,
    fortuitously, a documentation consultant. By 1954, I called myself an
    information engineer, which was an apt description of my professional
    consulting activities. However, Pennsylvania licensing law requires
    that engineers be graduates of engineering schools. So I became an
    information scientist! I've never thought of myself as an information
    theoretician and have been skeptical about a need for a theory of
    information science. I've practiced information science and engineering
    without explicit theoretical support. But undoubtedly there are
    underlying principles which can guide information scientists who, like
    myself, could be called "citationists" or "citationologists.'' If there
    is a theory and practice of citation, it should probably be called
    citationology.
 C1 Inst Sci Informat, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
    The Scientist, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
 RP Garfield, E, Inst Sci Informat, 3501 Market St, Philadelphia, PA 19104
    USA.
 EM garfield@aurora.cis.upenn.edu
 CR BRADFORD SC, 1934, ENGINEERING-LONDON, V137, P85
    BRADFORD SC, 1950, DOCUMENTATION
    CAWKELL AE, 1980, EINSTEIN 1ST HUNDRED, P31
    CLEVERDON CW, 1967, ASLIB P, V19, P173
    GARFIELD E, 1962, UNPUB PROGR REPORT C
    GARFIELD E, 1971, CURRENT CONTENT 0804, P5
    GARFIELD E, 1976, CURRENT CONTENT 0209, P5
    GARFIELD E, 1976, J AM SOC INFORM SCI, V27, P288
    GARFIELD E, 1977, CURR CONTENTS, P5
    GARFIELD E, 1979, CITATION INDEXING
    GARFIELD E, 1981, CURRENT CONTENTS, V13, P5
    GARFIELD E, 1985, CURR CONTENTS, V43, P3
    GARFIELD E, 1996, LIB Q, V66, P499
    GARFIELD E, 1997, CELL DEATH DIFFER, V4, P352
    GARFIELD E, 1998, 150 ANN M AAAS PHIL
    GARFIELD E, 1998, CELL DEATH DIFFER, V5, P127
    GARFIELD E, 1998, SCIENTIST, V12, P11
    HAMILTON DP, 1990, SCIENCE, V250, P1331
    KELLY K, 1995, SOCIAL SYSTEMS EC WO
    KESSLER MM, 1963, AM DOC, V14, P10
    LOWRY OH, 1951, J BIOL CHEM, V193, P265
    PENDLEBURY DA, 1991, SCIENCE, V251, P1410
    PERT C, 1997, MOL EMOTION WHY FEEL
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    SEGLEN PO, 1997, BRIT MED J, V314, P498
    SHER IH, 1966, RES PROGRAM EFFECTIV, P135
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    WADE N, 1997, NY TIMES        1007, F4
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    ZUCKERMAN H, 1996, SCI ELITE NOBEL LAUR
 NR 30
 TC 17
 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
 PI AMSTERDAM
 PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS
 SN 0138-9130
 J9 SCIENTOMETRICS
 JI Scientometrics
 PD SEP
 PY 1998
 VL 43
 IS 1
 BP 69
 EP 76
 PG 8
 SC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Information Science &
    Library Science
 GA 119CL
 UT ISI:000075877700007
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Garfield, E
 TI From citation indexes to informetrics: Is the tail now wagging the dog?
 SO LIBRI
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID CO-CITATION; DEPARTMENTS; DOCUMENTS; MODEL
 AB This article provides a synoptic review and history of citation indexes
    and their evolution into research evaluation tools including a
    discussion of the use of bibliometric data for evaluating U.S.
    institutions (academic departments) by the National Research Council
    (NRC). The review covers the origin and uses of journal impact factors,
    validation studies of citation analysis, information retrieval and
    dissemination (current awareness), citation consciousness,
    historiography and science mapping, Citation Classics,(R) and the
    history of contemporary science. Retrieval of information by cited
    reference searching is illustrated, especially as it applies to
    avoiding duplicated research. The fifteen-year cumulative impacts of
    journals and the percentage of uncitedness, the emergence of
    scientometrics, old boy networks, and citation frequency distributions
    are discussed. The paper concludes with observations about the future
    of citation indexing.
 C1 Inst Sci Informat, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
 RP Garfield, E, 3501 Market St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.
 EM garfield@aurora.cis.upenn.edu
 CR *NAT SCI BOARD, 1993, SCI ENG IND 1993
    ADAIR WC, 1955, AM DOC, V6, P31
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    COZZENS SE, 1989, SCIENTOMETRICS, V15, P437
    CRONIN B, 1984, CITATION PROCESS
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    GARFIELD E, 1967, J CHEM DOCUMENTATION, V7, P147
    GARFIELD E, 1970, CURR CONTENTS, V16, P5
    GARFIELD E, 1971, CURR CONTENTS, V27, P5
    GARFIELD E, 1972, SCIENCE, V178, P471
    GARFIELD E, 1975, CURR CONTENTS, P5
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    GARFIELD E, 1976, NATURE, V264, P689
    GARFIELD E, 1978, CURRENT CONTENT 0710, P5
    GARFIELD E, 1979, CITATION INDEXING, P58
    GARFIELD E, 1980, CURR CONTENTS, V35, P5
    GARFIELD E, 1983, CURRENT CONTENTS, V26, P5
    GARFIELD E, 1985, CURR CONTENTS, V43, P3
    GARFIELD E, 1987, CURR CONTENTS, V7, P3
    GARFIELD E, 1988, CURR CONTENTS, V35, P3
    GARFIELD E, 1992, THEORETICAL MED, V13, P117
    GARFIELD E, 1993, CURRENT CONTENT 1108
    GARFIELD E, 1993, J AM SOC INFORM SCI, V44, P298
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    GARFIELD E, 1996, LIBR QUART, V66, P449
    GOLDBERGER ML, 1995, RES DOCTORATE PROGRA
    HAGSTROM WO, 1971, SOCIOL EDUC, V44, P375
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    KAPLAN N, 1965, AM DOC, V16, P179
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    OPPENHEIM C, 1997, J DOC, V53, P477
    PAO ML, 1993, INFORM PROCESS MANAG, V29, P95
    PENDLEBURY DA, 1991, SCIENCE, V251, P1410
    PRICE DJ, 1986, LITTLE SCI BIG SCI
    SACHS F, 1997, NATURE, V390, P203
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 NR 67
 TC 25
 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD
 PI COPENHAGEN
 PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK
 SN 0024-2667
 J9 LIBRI
 JI Libri
 PD JUN
 PY 1998
 VL 48
 IS 2
 BP 67
 EP 80
 PG 14
 SC Information Science & Library Science
 GA 103AT
 UT ISI:000074959000001
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Garfield, E
 TI The Impact Factor and using it correctly
 SO UNFALLCHIRURG
 LA German
 DT Article
 C1 Inst Sci Informat, Philadelphia, PA 19101 USA.
 RP Garfield, E, Inst Sci Informat, 3501 Market St, Philadelphia, PA 19101
    USA.
 NR 0
 TC 9
 PU SPRINGER VERLAG
 PI NEW YORK
 PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA
 SN 0177-5537
 J9 UNFALLCHIRURG
 JI Unfallchirurg
 PD JUN
 PY 1998
 VL 101
 IS 6
 BP 413
 EP 414
 PG 2
 SC Emergency Medicine; Surgery
 GA ZZ507
 UT ISI:000074736300001
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Garfield, E
 TI When to cite
 SO LIBRARY QUARTERLY
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID CITATION ANALYSIS
 AB Although the Modern Language Association and other style manuals
    describe in exquisite detail ''how'' to cite the literature, explicit
    tutorials on ''when'' to cite are nonexistent. Most journals provide
    instructions to authors but also fail to give explicit guidance on when
    to cite. In spite of numerous studies of citation behavior and the wide
    recognition by editors of the need to acknowledge intellectual debts,
    authors and referees need explicit reminders as to when formal
    references or acknowledgments are appropriate. Since referencing is
    both subjective and culturally based, there can be no absolutes about
    when to cite. Hence, it is unlikely that algorithmic documentation of
    texts can ever meet the competing requirements for relevance,
    selectivity, and comprehensiveness. What is common wisdom in one domain
    may be new or unique in another. A three-year experiment involving
    graduate students demonstrated the varying perceptions of the need for
    documentation of terminology, ideas, methods, and so forth. A tentative
    tutorial is suggested for journal editors that should be modified in
    each scholarly context.
 RP Garfield, E, INST SCI INFORMAT,3501 MARKET ST,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104.
 CR 1976, WEBSTERS 3 NEW INT D
    1982, CHICAGO STYLE MANUAL
    *EARLH COLL, 1993, HUM PROGR EARLH COLL
    BARZUN J, 1985, MODERN RESEARCHER
    BONITZ M, 1995, 4 SCI TECHN IND C OC, P163
    CHERNIN E, 1988, BRIT MED J, V297, P1062
    CRONIN B, 1984, CITATION PROCESS
    CRONIN B, 1994, J DOC, V50, P165
    FAIRCHILD RP, 1981, CHRONICLE HIGHE 0505, V3, P24
    GARFIELD E, 1961, J CHEM DOC, V1, P70
    GARFIELD E, 1965, NBS, V269, P189
    GARFIELD E, 1970, CURRENT CONTENT 0304, P4
    GARFIELD E, 1977, CURR CONTENTS, P5
    GARFIELD E, 1980, CURR CONTENTS, V35, P5
    GARFIELD E, 1982, CURRENT CONTENTS, V47, P5
    GARFIELD E, 1985, CURR CONTENTS, V43, P3
    GARFIELD E, 1989, CURRENT CONTENT 0501, P3
    GARFIELD E, 1989, CURRENT CONTENT 0501, P3
    GARFIELD E, 1990, CURRENT CONTENT 0212, P3
    GIBALDI J, 1995, MODERN LANGUAGE ASS
    HALBWACHS M, 1925, CADRES SOCIAUX MEMOI
    HAUPTMANN R, 1994, J INFORMATION ET 1 2, V3
    KAPLAN N, 1965, AM DOC, V16, P170
    KLING R, 1994, ASIS INTERNET B BOAR
    KOCHEN M, 1987, J DOC, V43, P54
    LANGHAM T, 1995, J DOC, V51, P360
    LEGGETT G, 1985, PRENTICE HALL HDB WR
    LOWRY OH, 1951, J BIOL CHEM, V193, P265
    MERTON RK, 1968, SCIENCE, V159, P56
    MERTON RK, 1968, SOCIAL THEORY SOCIAL
    MERTON RK, 1988, ISIS, V79, P606
    MERTON RK, 1993, SHOULDERS GIANTS SHA
    REISS P, 1984, THEORY FOOTNOTE
    SMITH LC, 1981, LIBR TRENDS, V30, P83
    SWANSON DR, 1986, LIBR QUART, V56, P103
    SWANSON DR, 1987, J AM SOC INFORM SCI, V38, P228
    ZUCKERMAN H, 1987, SCIENTOMETRICS, V12, P329
 NR 37
 TC 13
 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS
 PI CHICAGO
 PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637
 SN 0024-2519
 J9 LIBR QUART
 JI Libr. Q.
 PD OCT
 PY 1996
 VL 66
 IS 4
 BP 449
 EP 458
 PG 10
 SC Information Science & Library Science
 GA VK164
 UT ISI:A1996VK16400004
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Garfield, E
 TI How can impact factors be improved?
 SO BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL
 LA English
 DT Article
 AB Impact factors are widely used to rank and evaluate journals. They are
    also often used inappropriately as surrogates in evaluation exercises.
    The inventor of the Science Citation Index warns against the
    indiscriminate use of these data. Fourteen year cumulative impact data
    for 10 leading medical journals provide a quantitative indicator of
    their long term influence. In the final analysis, impact simply
    reflects the ability of journals and editors to attract the best papers
    available.
 RP Garfield, E, THE SCIENTIST,3600 MARKET ST,SUITE 450,PHILADELPHIA,PA
    19104.
 CR ABOULKER JP, 1993, LANCET, V341, P889
    FLEISCHMANN M, 1989, J ELECTROANAL CHEM, V261, P301
    GARFIELD E, 1955, SCIENCE, V122, P108
    GARFIELD E, 1984, ESSAYS INFORMATION S, V6, P354
    GARFIELD E, 1986, ANN INTERN MED, V105, P313
    GARFIELD E, 1987, ESSAYS INFORMATION S, V10, P7
    GARFIELD E, 1990, ESSAYS INFORMATION S, V13, P185
    GROSS PLK, 1927, SCIENCE, V66, P385
    LOCK SP, 1990, ESSAYS INFORMATION S, V13, P19
    LOWRY OH, 1951, J BIOL CHEM, V193, P265
    MARSHALL BJ, 1984, LANCET, V1, P1311
    VANTRIGT AM, 1995, SOC SCI MED, V41, P893
 NR 12
 TC 156
 PU BRITISH MED JOURNAL PUBL GROUP
 PI LONDON
 PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND WC1H 9JR
 SN 0959-8138
 J9 BRIT MED J
 JI Br. Med. J.
 PD AUG 17
 PY 1996
 VL 313
 IS 7054
 BP 411
 EP 413
 PG 3
 SC Medicine, General & Internal
 GA VD206
 UT ISI:A1996VD20600032
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU GARFIELD, E
 TI SCIENCE IN SPAIN FROM THE POINT-OF-VIEW OF CITATIONS (1981-1992)
 SO ARBOR-CIENCIA PENSAMIENTO Y CULTURA
 LA Spanish
 DT Article
 RP GARFIELD, E, INST SCI INFORMAT,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104.
 NR 0
 TC 2
 PU LIBRERIA CIENTIFICA MEDINACELI
 PI MADRID
 PA DUQUE DE MEDINACELI 4, 14 MADRID, SPAIN
 SN 0210-1963
 J9 ARBOR-CIEN PENSAM CULT
 JI Arbor-Cienc. Pensam. Cult.
 PD JAN-FEB
 PY 1994
 VL 147
 IS 577-78
 BP 111
 EP 133
 PG 23
 SC Humanities, Multidisciplinary
 GA ND401
 UT ISI:A1994ND40100008
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU GARFIELD, E
 TI WHAT CITATIONS TELL US ABOUT CANADIAN RESEARCH
 SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFORMATION AND LIBRARY SCIENCE-REVUE CANADIENNE
    DES SCIENCES DE L INFORMATION ET DE BIBLIOTHECONOMIE
 LA English
 DT Article
 AB The Ian P. Sharp Lecture an Information Science was established in 1990
    with an endowment from Reuters Information Services (Canada) Limited in
    honour of its founding president and former chief executive officer The
    lectureship is intended to provide a forum for distinguished figures in
    information science and related fields. I.P. Sharp Associates, one of
    the world's leading numeric database companies, was founded by Ian P.
    Sharp and seven colleagues. The Canadian company soon expanded
    establishing a timesharing service and pioneering the use of electronic
    mail in 1976, the company installed its own private, packet-switched
    network, and today it supplies the world's major financial and economic
    centres with historical information and financial products. In June
    1987, I.P. Sharp Associates was acquired by Reuter Holdings PLC of
    London, the world's largest electronic publisher.
    Dr. Garfield, the fourth I.P. Sharp lecturer, delivered the address
    that follows at the University of Toronto on April 8, 1993. He was
    introduced by his longtime colleague Professor Charles Meadow, Faculty
    of Library and Information Science, University of Toronto.
 RP GARFIELD, E, INST SCI INFORMAT, 3501 MARKET ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19104
    USA.
 CR GARFIELD E, 1977, CURR CONTENTS, P5
    GARFIELD E, 1979, CITATION INDEXING
    GARFIELD E, 1983, CURRENT CONTENTS, V26, P5
    GARFIELD E, 1983, CURRENT CONTENTS, V26, P5
    GARFIELD E, 1986, CURRENT CONTENT  DEC, P3
    GARFIELD E, 1990, CURRENT CONTENT 0212, P3
    GARFIELD E, 1992, SCI PUBL POLICY, V19, P321
    SMALL H, 1973, J AM SOC INFORM SCI, V24, P265
    SMALL H, 1985, J INFORM SCI, V11, P147
 NR 9
 TC 4
 PU CANADIAN ASSOC INFORMATION SCIENCE
 PI OTTAWA
 PA PO BOX 6174, STATION J, OTTAWA ON K2A 1T2, CANADA
 SN 1195-096X
 J9 CAN J INFORM LIB SCI
 JI Can. J. Inf. Libr. Sci.-Rev. Can. Sci. Inf. Bibl.
 PD DEC
 PY 1993
 VL 18
 IS 4
 BP 14
 EP 35
 PG 22
 SC Computer Science, Information Systems; Information Science & Library
    Science
 GA MN435
 UT ISI:A1993MN43500002
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU GARFIELD, E
    WELLJAMSDOROF, A
 TI THE MICROBIOLOGY LITERATURE - LANGUAGES OF PUBLICATION AND THEIR
    RELATIVE CITATION IMPACT
 SO FEMS MICROBIOLOGY LETTERS
 LA English
 DT Article
 DE CITATION ANALYSIS; SCIENCE CITATION INDEX; LANGUAGE TRENDS; IMPACT
    TRENDS; SCIENTOMETRICS
 AB This study examined trends in the number of papers published annually
    in various languages in 78 microbiology journals indexed in the Science
    Citation Index(R) (SCI(R)), 1981-1991. Trends in the average number of
    citations per paper (impact) for each language were also tracked. In
    addition, interlingual citation patterns were examined. The results
    showed that English is the lingua franca of microbiology research,
    accounting for 90-95 percent of all SCI-indexed papers in this time
    period. Also, the impact of English-language papers was greater than
    that of other languages by factors ranging from 2.4 to 14.4. Lastly,
    the majority of citations to papers published in English, German,
    French, or Italian were from English-language papers. The exception
    were papers in Russian: more than 90 percent of citations they received
    were from Russian-language papers.
 C1 INST SCI INFORMAT,3501 MARKET ST,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104.
 CR GARFIELD E, 1976, RECHERCHE, V7, P757
    GARFIELD E, 1985, ESSAYS INFORMATION S, V7, P138
    GARFIELD E, 1986, ANN INTERN MED, V105, P313
    GARFIELD E, 1989, ESSAYS INFORMATION S, V10, P342
    GARFIELD E, 1990, ANN AM ACAD POLIT SS, V511, P10
 NR 5
 TC 7
 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
 PI AMSTERDAM
 PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS
 SN 0378-1097
 J9 FEMS MICROBIOL LETT
 JI FEMS Microbiol. Lett.
 PD DEC 15
 PY 1992
 VL 100
 IS 1-3
 BP 33
 EP 37
 PG 5
 SC Microbiology
 GA KE540
 UT ISI:A1992KE54000008
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU GARFIELD, E
 TI THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MECHANICAL INDEXING, STRUCTURAL LINGUISTICS
    AND INFORMATION-RETRIEVAL
 SO JOURNAL OF INFORMATION SCIENCE
 LA English
 DT Article
 RP GARFIELD, E, INST SCI INFORMAT,3501 MKT ST,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104.
 CR BERNIER CL, 1948, IND ENG CHEM, V40, P725
    BUSA R, 1957, NACHR DOK, V8, P20
    CASEY RS, 1958, PUNCHED CARDS THEIR
    GARFIELD E, 1953, MAR S MACH TECHN SCI
    GARFIELD E, 1955, SCIENCE, V122, P108
    GARFIELD E, 1957, 1957 P INT STUD C CL, P91
    HARRIS Z, 1957, LANGUAGE, V33, P283
    HARRIS ZS, 1951, METHODS STRUCTURAL L
    HARRIS ZS, 1959, 1958 P INT SCI INF, V2, P937
    HARRIS ZS, 1959, ANTHROPOL LINGUIST, V1, P27
    HARRIS ZS, 1959, TRANSFORMATIONS DISC
    LARKEY SV, 1953, B MED LIB ASS, V41, P32
    LINDERSTROMLANG K, 1954, BIOCHIM BIOPHYS ACTA, V15, P156
    LUHN HP, 1958, IBM J RES DEV, V2, P159
    LUHN HP, 1959, ASDD RC127 REP
    NEWMAN JSM, 1956, PROBLEMS MECHANIZING
    NEWMAN SM, 1957, MONOGRAPH GEORGETOWN, V10
    PERRY JW, 1958, TOOLS MACHINE LITERA, P489
    TAUBE M, 1953, STUDIES COORDINATE I
    WELT ID, 1958, B MED LIBR ASSOC, V46, P60
 NR 20
 TC 0
 PU BOWKER-SAUR LTD
 PI E GRINSTEAD
 PA MAYPOLE HOUSE, MAYPOLE RD, E GRINSTEAD, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND RH19 1HH
 SN 0165-5515
 J9 J INFORM SCI
 JI J. Inf. Sci.
 PY 1992
 VL 18
 IS 5
 BP 343
 EP 354
 PG 12
 SC Computer Science, Information Systems; Information Science & Library
    Science
 GA JV725
 UT ISI:A1992JV72500003
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU GARFIELD, E
    WELLJAMSDOROF, A
 TI OF NOBEL CLASS - A CITATION PERSPECTIVE ON HIGH-IMPACT RESEARCH AUTHORS
 SO THEORETICAL MEDICINE
 LA English
 DT Article
 DE CITATION ANALYSIS; CITATION IMPACT; NOBEL PRIZE; SCIENCE CITATION
    INDEX; SCIENTOMETRICS
 ID SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE
 AB The purpose of this paper was to determine if quantitative rankings of
    highly cited research authors confirm Nobel prize awards. Six studies
    covering different time periods and author sample sizes were reviewed.
    The number of Nobel laureates at the time each study was published was
    tabulated, as was the number of high impact authors who later became
    laureates. ne Nobelists and laureates-to-be were also compared with
    non-Nobelists to see if they differed in terms of impact and
    productivity. The results indicate that high rankings by citation
    frequency identify researchers of Nobel class - that is, a small set of
    authors that includes a high proportion of actual Nobelists and
    laureates-to-be. Also, the average impact (citations per author) of
    Nobelists and laureates-to-be is sufficiently high to distinguish them
    from non-Nobelists in these rankings. In conclusion, a simple,
    quantitative, and objective algorithm based on citation data can
    effectively corroborate - and even forecast - a complex, qualitative,
    and subjective selection process based on human judgement.
 RP GARFIELD, E, INST SCI INFORMAT,3501 MARKET ST,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104.
 CR BAYER AE, 1966, SOCIOL EDUC, V39, P381
    COLE JR, 1973, SOCIAL STRATIFICATIO
    COLE S, 1967, AM SOCIOL REV, V32, P377
    GARFIELD E, 1970, NATURE, V227, P669
    GARFIELD E, 1977, ESSAYS INFORMATION S, V1, P487
    GARFIELD E, 1977, ESSAYS INFORMATION S, V2, P611
    GARFIELD E, 1980, ESSAYS INFORMATION S, V3, P326
    GARFIELD E, 1981, ESSAYS INFORMATION S, V4, P609
    GARFIELD E, 1983, ESSAYS INFORMATION S, V5, P269
    GARFIELD E, 1985, ESSAYS INFORMATION S, V7, P175
    GARFIELD E, 1986, ESSAYS INFORMATION S, V8, P132
    GARFIELD E, 1988, ESSAYS INFORMATION S, V9, P55
    GARFIELD E, 1990, CURR CONTENTS, V12, P3
    GARFIELD E, 1990, CURRENT CONTENT 0212, P3
    GARFIELD E, 1990, CURRENT CONTENT 0212, P3
    LOWRY OH, 1951, J BIOL CHEM, V193, P265
    MERTON RK, 1965, SHOULDERS GIANTS SHA
    PENDLEBURY D, 1989, SCIENTIST       1002
    PENDLEBURY D, 1989, SCIENTIST       1016
    PENDLEBURY D, 1989, SCIENTIST       1019
    SHER IH, 1966, RES PROGRAM EFFECTIV, P135
    SMALL H, 1973, J AM SOC INFORM SCI, V24, P265
    SMALL H, 1985, J INFORM SCI, P147
    WATSON JD, 1953, NATURE, V171, P737
    ZUCKERMAN H, 1977, SCI ELITE NOBEL LAUR
    ZUCKERMAN H, 1986, NATURE, V324, P629
 NR 26
 TC 31
 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL
 PI DORDRECHT
 PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS
 SN 0167-9902
 J9 THEOR MED
 JI Theor. Med.
 PD JUN
 PY 1992
 VL 13
 IS 2
 BP 117
 EP 135
 PG 19
 SC Medicine, Legal; Social Issues
 GA JL941
 UT ISI:A1992JL94100002
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU GARFIELD, E
 TI A CITATION ANALYSIS OF AUSTRIAN MEDICAL-RESEARCH AND
    WIENER-KLINISCHE-WOCHENSCHRIFT
 SO WIENER KLINISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT
 LA English
 DT Article
 DE CITATION ANALYSIS; AUSTRIAN MEDICAL RESEARCH; SCIENTIFIC PRODUCTIVITY
 AB Criteria for the prediction of Nobel price winners based on citation
    and predictor prizes are presented. The position of Austrian medical
    research and the role of the "Wiener klinische Wochenschrift" are
    compared to international standards.
 RP GARFIELD, E, INST SCI INFORMAT,3501 MARKET ST,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104.
 CR GARFIELD E, 1986, ANN INTERN MED, V105, P313
 NR 1
 TC 5
 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN
 PI VIENNA
 PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA
 SN 0043-5325
 J9 WIEN KLIN WOCHENSCHR
 JI Wien. Klin. Wochen.
 PY 1991
 VL 103
 IS 11
 BP 318
 EP 325
 PG 8
 SC Medicine, General & Internal
 GA FQ610
 UT ISI:A1991FQ61000001
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU GARFIELD, E
    SMALL, H
 TI MORAVCSIK,MICHAEL,J. - MULTIDIMENSIONAL SCHOLAR AND HERO OF THIRD-WORLD
    SCIENCE
 SO SCIENTOMETRICS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID PARTICLE PHYSICS; METHODOLOGY; TECHNOLOGY; CITATIONS; COUNTRIES;
    QUALITY; CRISIS
 RP GARFIELD, E, INST SCI INFORMAT,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104.
 CR BLICKENSTAFF J, 1982, SCIENTOMETRICS, V4, P135
    MORAVCSIK M, 1987, SCIENTIST, V1, P11
    MORAVCSIK MJ, 1964, MINERVA, V2, P197
    MORAVCSIK MJ, 1965, PHYS TODAY, V18, P23
    MORAVCSIK MJ, 1966, MINERVA, V4, P381
    MORAVCSIK MJ, 1968, PHYS TODAY, V19, P62
    MORAVCSIK MJ, 1968, PHYS TODAY, V19, P65
    MORAVCSIK MJ, 1968, PHYS TODAY, V21, P48
    MORAVCSIK MJ, 1973, RES POLICY, V2, P266
    MORAVCSIK MJ, 1974, LEONARDO, V7, P255
    MORAVCSIK MJ, 1974, RES POLICY, V3, P88
    MORAVCSIK MJ, 1975, PHYS TODAY, V28, P9
    MORAVCSIK MJ, 1975, RES POLICY, V4, P80
    MORAVCSIK MJ, 1975, SOC STUD SCI, V5, P86
    MORAVCSIK MJ, 1977, J SCI IND RES INDIA, V36, P195
    MORAVCSIK MJ, 1977, RES POLICY, V6, P78
    MORAVCSIK MJ, 1979, RES POLICY, V8, P26
    MORAVCSIK MJ, 1980, B ATOM SCI, V36, P56
    MORAVCSIK MJ, 1983, RES POLICY, V12, P287
    MORAVCSIK MJ, 1984, SCIENTOMETRICS, V6, P75
    MORAVCSIK MJ, 1985, CURRENT CONTENTS SOC, V17, P18
    MORAVCSIK MJ, 1985, JUL PHIL WORKSH DISC
    MORAVCSIK MJ, 1985, SCIENTOMETRICS, V7, P143
    MORAVCSIK MJ, 1985, SCIENTOMETRICS, V7, P165
    MORAVCSIK MJ, 1986, RES POLICY, V15, P1
    MORAVCSIK MJ, 1986, SOC STUD SCI, V16, P534
    MORAVCSIK MJ, 1988, RES POLICY, V17, P293
    MORAVCSIK MJ, 1988, SOC STUD SCI, V18, P515
    NICHOLLS PT, 1989, CANADIAN LIB J, V46, P257
    WEINBERG AM, 1963, MINERVA, V1, P159
 NR 30
 TC 1
 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
 PI AMSTERDAM
 PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS
 SN 0138-9130
 J9 SCIENTOMETRICS
 JI Scientometrics
 PD JAN
 PY 1991
 VL 20
 IS 1
 BP 19
 EP 24
 PG 6
 SC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Information Science &
    Library Science
 GA EY261
 UT ISI:A1991EY26100003
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU GARFIELD, E
 TI MAPPING CHOLERA RESEARCH AND THE IMPACT OF DE,SAMBHU,NATH OF CALCUTTA
    (REPRINTED FROM CURRENT-CONTENTS, VOL 14, PG 3-11, 7 APRIL 1986)
 SO CURRENT SCIENCE
 LA English
 DT Article
 RP GARFIELD, E, INST SCI INFORMAT,3501 MARKET ST,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104.
 CR ARUNACHALAM S, 1985, UNPUB MAY ANN M AM A
    ARUNACHALAM S, 1986, COMMUNICATION   0206
    AZURIN JC, 1974, B WORLD HEALTH ORGAN, V51, P19
    BLAKE PA, 1980, NEW ENGL J MED, V302, P305
    DE SN, 1953, J PATHOL BACTERIOL, V66, P559
    DE SN, 1956, J PATHOL BACTERIOL, V71, P201
    DE SN, 1959, NATURE, V183, P1533
    DE SN, 1960, J PATHOL BACTERIOL, V79, P373
    FEELEY JC, 1980, CHOLERA RELATED DIAR, P204
    GARFELD E, 1986, CURR CONTENTS, V10, P3
    GARFIELD E, 1985, CURR CONTENTS, V36, P3
    GARFIELD E, 1985, CURR CONTENTS, V37, P3
    GARFIELD E, 1985, CURRENT CONTENTS PHY, V25, P3
    GARFIELD E, 1986, CURR CONTENTS, V9, P3
    GLASS RI, 1982, AM J EPIDEMIOL, V116, P959
    KAPER JB, 1984, NATURE, V308, P655
    KHAN M, 1981, INT J EPIDEMIOL, V10, P23
    KHAN MU, 1982, T R SOC TROP MED HYG, V76, P373
    KUSTNER HG, 1981, S AFR MED J, V60, P87
    LONGMATE N, 1966, KING CHOLERA BIOGRAP
    MACKAY DM, 1980, PUBLIC HLTH, V94, P283
    MILLER CJ, 1982, LANCET, V1, P1216
    MORIRS RJ, 1971, NEW SOC, V18, P52
    MORRIS RJ, 1976, CHOLERA 1832 SOCIAL, P17
    MOSLEY WH, 1968, B WORLD HEALTH ORGAN, V38, P327
    NARAYANAN EK, 1964, INDIAN J MED RES, V52, P916
    RAHMAN ASMM, 1985, LANCET, V2, P539
    ROSENBERG CE, 1966, COMP STUDIES SOC HIS, V8, P452
    SAMADI AR, 1983, LANCET, V1, P805
    SENGUPTA PG, 1978, B WORLD HEALTH ORGAN, V56, P323
    SHANDERA WX, 1983, AM J TROP MED HYG, V32, P812
    SNOW J, 1936, SNOW CHOLERA REPRINT, P1
    VANHEYNINGEN WE, 1983, CHOLERA AM SCI EXPER, P61
    WEISSMAN JB, 1975, AM J EPIDEMIOL, V100, P487
 NR 34
 TC 0
 PU CURRENT SCIENCE ASSN
 PI BANGALORE
 PA C V RAMAN AVENUE, PO BOX 8005, BANGALORE 560 080, INDIA
 SN 0011-3891
 J9 CURR SCI
 JI Curr. Sci.
 PD JUL 25
 PY 1990
 VL 59
 IS 13-14
 BP 643
 EP 649
 PG 7
 SC Multidisciplinary Sciences
 GA DY529
 UT ISI:A1990DY52900007
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU GARFIELD, E
    WELLJAMSDOROF, A
 TI LANGUAGE USE IN INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH - A CITATION ANALYSIS
 SO ANNALS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF POLITICAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCE
 LA English
 DT Article
 RP GARFIELD, E, INST SCI INFORMAT,EDITORIAL SERV,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104.
 CR GARFIELD E, 1976, RECHERCHE, V7, P757
    GARFIELD E, 1984, CURR CONTENTS, V7, P3
    GARFIELD E, 1987, CURR CONTENTS, V7, P3
 NR 3
 TC 16
 PU SAGE SCIENCE PRESS
 PI THOUSAND OAKS
 PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320
 SN 0002-7162
 J9 ANN AMER ACAD POLIT SOC SCI
 JI Ann. Am. Acad. Polit. Soc. Sci.
 PD SEP
 PY 1990
 VL 511
 BP 10
 EP 24
 PG 15
 SC Political Science; Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary
 GA DW661
 UT ISI:A1990DW66100002
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU GARFIELD, E
 TI THE MOST-CITED PAPERS OF ALL TIME, SCI 1945-1988 .2. THE 2ND 100
    CITATION-CLASSICS
 SO CURRENT COMMENTS
 LA English
 DT Article
 RP GARFIELD, E, INST SCI INFORMAT,3501 MARKET ST,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104.
 NR 0
 TC 0
 PU INST SCI INFORM INC
 PI PHILADELPHIA
 PA 3501 MARKET ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19104
 J9 CURR COMMENT
 PD JUN 25
 PY 1990
 IS 26
 BP 3
 EP &
 PG 0
 SC Multidisciplinary Sciences
 GA DH015
 UT ISI:A1990DH01500001
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU GARFIELD, E
 TI THE RUSSIAN ARE COMING .2. THE TOP 50 SOVIET PAPERS MOST-CITED IN THE
    1973-1988 SCIENCE-CITATION-INDEX AND A LOOK AT 1988 RESEARCH FRONTS
 SO CURRENT COMMENTS
 LA English
 DT Article
 RP GARFIELD, E, INST SCI INFORMAT,3501 MARKET ST,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104.
 NR 0
 TC 0
 PU INST SCI INFORM INC
 PI PHILADELPHIA
 PA 3501 MARKET ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19104
 J9 CURR COMMENT
 PD JUN 18
 PY 1990
 IS 25
 BP 3
 EP &
 PG 0
 SC Multidisciplinary Sciences
 GA DF961
 UT ISI:A1990DF96100001
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU GARFIELD, E
 TI THE RUSSIANS ARE COMING .1. THE RED HOT 100 SOVIET SCIENTISTS, 1973-1988
 SO CURRENT COMMENTS
 LA English
 DT Article
 RP GARFIELD, E, INST SCI INFORMAT,3501 MARKET ST,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104.
 NR 0
 TC 0
 PU INST SCI INFORM INC
 PI PHILADELPHIA
 PA 3501 MARKET ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19104
 J9 CURR COMMENT
 PD JUN 11
 PY 1990
 IS 24
 BP 3
 EP &
 PG 0
 SC Multidisciplinary Sciences
 GA DF009
 UT ISI:A1990DF00900001
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU GARFIELD, E
 TI A PUBLISHERS PERSPECTIVE ON LAUNCHING NEW JOURNALS
 SO CURRENT COMMENTS
 LA English
 DT Article
 RP GARFIELD, E, INST SCI INFORMAT,3501 MARKET ST,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104.
 NR 0
 TC 0
 PU INST SCI INFORM INC
 PI PHILADELPHIA
 PA 3501 MARKET ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19104
 J9 CURR COMMENT
 PD JUN 4
 PY 1990
 IS 23
 BP 3
 EP &
 PG 0
 SC Multidisciplinary Sciences
 GA DD756
 UT ISI:A1990DD75600001
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU GARFIELD, E
 TI HOW ISI SELECTS JOURNALS FOR COVERAGE - QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE
    CONSIDERATIONS
 SO CURRENT COMMENTS
 LA English
 DT Article
 RP GARFIELD, E, INST SCI INFORMAT,3501 MARKET ST,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104.
 NR 0
 TC 0
 PU INST SCI INFORM INC
 PI PHILADELPHIA
 PA 3501 MARKET ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19104
 J9 CURR COMMENT
 PD MAY 28
 PY 1990
 IS 22
 BP 3
 EP &
 PG 0
 SC Multidisciplinary Sciences
 GA DC829
 UT ISI:A1990DC82900001
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU GARFIELD, E
 TI BEAVEN,D.W. ON THE DANGERS OF ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE
 SO CURRENT COMMENTS
 LA English
 DT Article
 RP GARFIELD, E, INST SCI INFORMAT,3501 MARKET ST,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104.
 NR 0
 TC 0
 PU INST SCI INFORM INC
 PI PHILADELPHIA
 PA 3501 MARKET ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19104
 J9 CURR COMMENT
 PD MAY 21
 PY 1990
 IS 21
 BP 3
 EP 3
 PG 1
 SC Multidisciplinary Sciences
 GA DB798
 UT ISI:A1990DB79800001
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU GARFIELD, E
 TI RESPONSE TO THE PANEL ON EVALUATION OF SCIENTIFIC-INFORMATION AND THE
    IMPACT OF NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
 SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION SCIENCE
 LA English
 DT Article
 RP GARFIELD, E, INST SCI INFORMAT,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104.
 CR GARFIELD E, 1983, ESSAYS INFORMATION S, V5
    GARFIELD E, 1988, SCIENTIST, V2, P11
    KOCHEN M, 1987, J DOC, V43, P54
    SHER IH, 1966, RES PROGRAM EFFECTIV, P135
 NR 4
 TC 2
 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC
 PI NEW YORK
 PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012
 SN 0002-8231
 J9 J AMER SOC INFORM SCI
 JI J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci.
 PD APR
 PY 1990
 VL 41
 IS 3
 BP 229
 EP 230
 PG 2
 SC Computer Science, Information Systems; Information Science & Library
    Science
 GA CZ961
 UT ISI:A1990CZ96100015
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU GARFIELD, E
 TI THE MOST-CITED PHYSICAL-SCIENCES PUBLICATIONS IN THE 1945-1954 SCIENCE
    CITATION INDEX .1. 52 CITATION CLASSICS IN PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY
 SO CURRENT COMMENTS
 LA English
 DT Article
 RP GARFIELD, E, INST SCI INFORMAT,3501 MARKET ST,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104.
 NR 0
 TC 29
 PU INST SCI INFORM INC
 PI PHILADELPHIA
 PA 3501 MARKET ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19104
 J9 CURR COMMENT
 PD MAY 14
 PY 1990
 IS 20
 BP 3
 EP &
 PG 0
 SC Multidisciplinary Sciences
 GA DA624
 UT ISI:A1990DA62400001
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU GARFIELD, E
    WELLJAMSDOROF, A
 TI THE IMPACT OF FRAUDULENT RESEARCH ON THE SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE - THE
    BREUNING,STEPHEN,E. CASE
 SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
 LA English
 DT Article
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 SC Computer Science, Information Systems
 GA 69932
 UT ISI:A19656993200006
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU GARFIELD, E
    STEVENS, LJ
 TI ON THE SCIENCE-CITATION-INDEX (SCI) AND RELATED RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
 SO NACHRICHTEN FUR DOKUMENTATION
 LA German
 DT Article
 CR GARFIELD E, 1963, AM DOC, V14, P289
    GARFIELD E, 1964, SCIENCE, V144, P649
    MODEL F, 1964, NACHR DOKUMENTATION, V15, P122
 NR 3
 TC 1
 PU VERLAG HOPPENSTEDT & CO
 PI DARMSTADT 1
 PA POSTFACH 40 06, HAVELSTR 9, D-6100 DARMSTADT 1, GERMANY
 SN 0027-7436
 J9 NACHR DOK
 JI Nachr. Dok.
 PY 1965
 VL 16
 IS 3
 BP 130
 EP 140
 PG 11
 SC Information Science & Library Science
 GA CEP90
 UT ISI:A1965CEP9000003
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU GARFIELD, E
 TI SCIENCE CITATION INDEX-NEW DIMENSION IN INDEXING - UNIQUE APPROACH
    UNDERLIES VERSATILE BIBLIOGRAPHIC SYSTEMS FOR COMMUNICATING +
    EVALUATING INFORMATION
 SO SCIENCE
 LA English
 DT Article
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    1962, J BIOL CHEM, V237, P3315
    1963, NATIONAL INFORMATION
    ADAIR WC, 1955, AM DOC, V6, P31
    ATHERTON P, 1962, 3 EXP CIT IND BIBL C
    AVAKIAN EA, 1956, SPEC LIBRARIES, V48, P145
    BENNETT G, 1961, SCITECH NEWS, V15, P129
    BERNAL JD, 1963, SCIENTIST SPECULATES, P11
    BORING EG, 1955, SCI MONTHLY, V80, P101
    BUSH V, 1945, ATLANTIC MONTHLY, V176, P101
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    ERNST HA, 1959, THESIS MASSACHUSETTS
    FANO RM, 1959, PRIVATE MEMORANDUM
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    GARFIELD E, 1963, NATIONAL INFORMATION, P226
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    GARFIELD E, 1963, SCIENCE CITATION IND
    GOOD IJ, 1963, SCIENTIST SPECULATES, P11
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    HART HC, 1949, J PATENT OFFICE SOC, V31, P714
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    SHERA JH, 1951, BIBLIOGRAPHIC ORGANI, P24
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    TUKEY JW, 1962, PRINCETON U STATISTI
    WEINBERG AM, 1963, SCIENCE GOVERNMENT I
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 NR 54
 TC 109
 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE
 PI WASHINGTON
 PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005
 SN 0036-8075
 J9 SCIENCE
 JI Science
 PY 1964
 VL 144
 IS 361
 BP 649
 EP &
 PG 0
 SC Multidisciplinary Sciences
 GA 3060C
 UT ISI:A19643060C00065
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU GARFIELD, E
    SHER, IH
 TI NEW FACTORS IN EVALUATION OF SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE THROUGH CITATION
    INDEXING
 SO AMERICAN DOCUMENTATION
 LA English
 DT Article
 CR COLE PF, 1962, J DOC, V18, P58
    GARFIELD E, 1955, SCIENCE, V122, P108
    GARFIELD E, 1958, P INT C SCI INFORMAT, V1, P461
    GROSS PLK, 1927, SCIENCE, V66, P385
    RAISIG LM, 1960, SCIENCE, V131, P1417
    WESTBROOK JH, 1960, SCIENCE, V132, P1229
 NR 6
 TC 78
 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC
 PI NEW YORK
 PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012
 SN 0096-946X
 J9 AMER DOCUMEN
 PY 1963
 VL 14
 IS 3
 BP 195
 EP &
 PG 0
 SC Computer Science, Information Systems; Information Science & Library
    Science
 GA 2557A
 UT ISI:A19632557A00003
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU GARFIELD, E
 TI CITATION INDEXES IN SOCIOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL RESEARCH
 SO AMERICAN DOCUMENTATION
 LA English
 DT Article
 CR ADAIR WC, 1955, AM DOC, V6, P31
    ALLEN G, PRIVATE COMMUNICATIO
    ALLEN GL, 1962, RESEARCH EVALUATION
    BERNAL JD, PRIVATE COMMUNICATIO
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    GARFIELD E, 1963, AM DOC, V14, P195
    GROSS PLK, 1927, SCIENCE, V66, P385
    KAHN AB, 1962, COMMUN ACM, V5, P558
    KESSLER MM, 1963, AM DOC, V14, P10
    LASSER DJ, 1961, CACM, V4, P167
    LEAKE CD, PRIVATE COMMUNICATIO
    LOWRY OH, 1951, J BIOL CHEM, V193, P265
    MERTON RK, PRIVATE COMMUNICATIO
    NEWELL A, PRIVATE COMMUNICATIO
    PRICE DD, PRIVATE COMMUNICATIO
    PRICE DD, 1963, LITTLE SCI BIG SCI, P41
    RAISIG LM, 1960, SCIENCE, V131, P1417
    SHRYOCK R, PRIVATE COMMUNICATIO
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    WESTBROOK JH, 1960, SCIENCE, V132, P1229
    WHITNAH CH, 1959, J DAIRY SCI, V42, P227
 NR 25
 TC 69
 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC
 PI NEW YORK
 PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012
 SN 0096-946X
 J9 AMER DOCUMEN
 PY 1963
 VL 14
 IS 4
 BP 289
 EP &
 PG 0
 SC Computer Science, Information Systems; Information Science & Library
    Science
 GA 2556A
 UT ISI:A19632556A00005
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU GARFIELD, E
 TI GENERIC SEARCHING BY USE OF ROTATED FORMULA INDEXES
 SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL DOCUMENTATION
 LA English
 DT Article
 CR ANSCHUTZ L, 1927, ANN, V454, P71
    DYSON GM, 1952, CHEM IND, P676
    FLETCHER JH, 1956, CHEM ENG NEWS, V34, P5888
    GARFIELD E, 1954, COMMUNICATION   0901
    GARFIELD E, 1961, 139TH NAT M AM CHEM, Q1
    GARFIELD E, 1961, INDEX CHEM 1 CUMULAT, P1
    PAULING L, 1952, J AM CHEM SOC, V74, P1111
    PAULING L, 1952, J AM CHEM SOC, V74, P3172
    PAULING L, 1962, COMMUNICATION   0804
    RONWIN E, 1951, J AM CHEM SOC, V73, P5141
    RONWIN E, 1954, COMMUNICATION   0924
    SKOLNIK H, 1958, J CHEM EDUC, V35, P150
 NR 12
 TC 8
 PU J CHEMICAL DOCUMENTATION
 PI WASHINGTON
 PA  WASHINGTON, DC
 SN 0021-9576
 J9 J CHEM DOC
 PY 1963
 VL 3
 IS 2
 BP 97
 EP 103
 PG 7
 SC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications
 GA XG088
 UT ISI:A1963XG08800015
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU GARFIELD, E
 TI AN ALGORITHM FOR TRANSLATING CHEMICAL NAMES TO MOLECULAR FORMULAS
 SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL DOCUMENTATION
 LA English
 DT Article
 CR GARFIELD E, 1961, ALGORITHM TRANSLATIN
    GARFIELD E, 1961, NATURE, V192, P192
 NR 2
 TC 19
 PU J CHEMICAL DOCUMENTATION
 PI WASHINGTON
 PA  WASHINGTON, DC
 SN 0021-9576
 J9 J CHEM DOC
 PY 1962
 VL 2
 IS 3
 BP 177
 EP 179
 PG 3
 SC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications
 GA XG085
 UT ISI:A1962XG08500021
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU GARFIELD, E
 TI INFORMATION THEORY AND OTHER QUANTITATIVE FACTORS IN CODE DESIGN FOR
    DOCUMENT CARD SYSTEMS
 SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL DOCUMENTATION
 LA English
 DT Article
 CR 1955, UNITERM SYSTEM INDEX
    1957, AM DOCUMENTATION, V8, P330
    ANDREWS DD, 1957, ADV DOCUMENTATION LI, V2, P447
    AVAKIAN E, 1957, SPEC LIBR, V48, P145
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    WHALEY FR, 1961, AM DOC, V12, P101
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    WISWESSER WJ, 1954, LINE FORMULA CHEMICA
 NR 48
 TC 10
 PU J CHEMICAL DOCUMENTATION
 PI WASHINGTON
 PA  WASHINGTON, DC
 SN 0021-9576
 J9 J CHEM DOC
 PY 1961
 VL 1
 IS 1
 BP 70
 EP 75
 PG 6
 SC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications
 GA XG080
 UT ISI:A1961XG08000020
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU AVAKIAN, EA
    GARFIELD, E
 TI AMFIS - THE AUTOMATIC MICROFILM INFORMATION-SYSTEM
 SO SPECIAL LIBRARIES
 LA English
 DT Article
 NR 0
 TC 9
 PU SPECIAL LIBRARIES ASSN
 PI WASHINGTON
 PA 1700 EIGHTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009-2508
 SN 0038-6723
 J9 SPEC LIBR
 JI Spec. Libr.
 PY 1957
 VL 48
 IS 4
 BP 145
 EP 148
 PG 4
 SC Information Science & Library Science
 GA CEG57
 UT ISI:A1957CEG5700003
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU GARFIELD, E
 TI BREAKING THE SUBJECT INDEX BARRIER - A CITATION INDEX FOR CHEMICAL
    PATENTS
 SO JOURNAL OF THE PATENT OFFICE SOCIETY
 LA English
 DT Article
 CR ADAIR WC, 1955, AM DOC, V6, P31
    CRANE EJ, 1955, CHEM ENG NEWS, V33, P2752
    GARFIELD E, 1955, SCIENCE, V122, P108
    HART HC, 1949, J PATENT OFFICE SOC, V31, P714
    SEIDEL AH, 1949, J PATENT OFFICE SOC, V31, P554
 NR 5
 TC 26
 PU PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFF SOC
 PI ARLINGTON
 PA PO BOX 2600, ARLINGTON, VA 22202
 SN 0096-3577
 J9 J PAT OFF SOC
 PY 1957
 VL 39
 IS 8
 BP 583
 EP 595
 PG 13
 SC Business; Information Science & Library Science; Law
 GA CDQ37
 UT ISI:A1957CDQ3700004
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU ROCKWELL, HE
    HAYNE, RL
    GARFIELD, E
 TI A UNIQUE SYSTEM FOR RAPID ACCESS TO LARGE VOLUME OF PHARMACOLOGICAL
    DATA - APPLICATION TO PUBLISHED LITERATURE ON CHLORPROMAZINE
 SO FEDERATION PROCEEDINGS
 LA English
 DT Article
 NR 0
 TC 5
 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL
 PI BETHESDA
 PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998
 SN 0014-9446
 J9 FED PROC
 PY 1957
 VL 16
 IS 3
 BP 726
 EP 731
 PG 6
 SC Biology
 GA WE228
 UT ISI:A1957WE22800015
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU GARFIELD, E
 TI CITATION INDEXES FOR SCIENCE - NEW DIMENSION IN DOCUMENTATION THROUGH
    ASSOCIATION OF IDEAS
 SO SCIENCE
 LA English
 DT Article
 CR ADAIR WC, 1955, AM DOC, V6, P31
    ANDREW AM, 1953, ELECTRON ENG, V25, P471
    BEHNKE JA, 1954, SCIENCE, V120, P1055
    BITNER H, 1954, COMMUNICATION    APR
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 NR 17
 TC 295
 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE
 PI WASHINGTON
 PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005
 SN 0036-8075
 J9 SCIENCE
 JI Science
 PY 1955
 VL 122
 IS 3159
 BP 108
 EP 111
 PG 4
 SC Multidisciplinary Sciences
 GA ZQ151
 UT ISI:A1955ZQ15100002
 ER
 
 EF
 
 
 FN ISI Export Format
 VR 1.0
 PT J
 AU Colizza, V
    Barrat, A
    Barthelemy, M
    Vespignani, A
 TI The role of the airline transportation network in the prediction and
    predictability of global epidemics
 SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF
    AMERICA
 LA English
 DT Article
 DE complex systems; epidemiology; networks
 ID INFECTIOUS-DISEASE; MATHEMATICAL-MODEL; GEOGRAPHIC SPREAD; INFLUENZA;
    OUTBREAKS; TRAVEL
 AB The systematic study of large-scale networks has unveiled the
    ubiquitous presence of connectivity patterns characterized by
    large-scale heterogeneities and unbounded statistical fluctuations.
    These features affect dramatically the behavior of the diffusion
    processes occurring on networks, determining the ensuing statistical
    properties of their evolution pattern and dynamics. In this article, we
    present a stochastic computational framework for the forecast of global
    epidemics that considers the complete worldwide air travel
    infrastructure complemented with census population data. We address two
    basic issues in global epidemic modeling: (i) we study the role of the
    large scale properties of the airline transportation network in
    determining the global diffusion pattern of emerging diseases; and (ii)
    we evaluate the reliability of forecasts and outbreak scenarios with
    respect to the intrinsic stochasticity of disease transmission and
    traffic flows. To address these issues we define a set of quantitative
    measures able to characterize the level of heterogeneity and
    predictability of the epidemic pattern. These measures may be used for
    the analysis of containment policies and epidemic risk assessment.
 C1 Indiana Univ, Sch Informat, Bloomington, IN 47401 USA.
    Indiana Univ, Ctr Biocomplex, Bloomington, IN 47401 USA.
    Univ Paris 11, CNRS, Unite Mixte Rech 8627, F-91405 Orsay, France.
 RP Vespignani, A, Indiana Univ, Sch Informat, Bloomington, IN 47401 USA.
 EM alexv@indiana.edu
 CR ALBERT R, 2002, REV MOD PHYS, V74, P47
    ANDERSON RM, 1992, INFECT DIS HUMANS
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 NR 30
 TC 24
 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES
 PI WASHINGTON
 PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA
 SN 0027-8424
 J9 PROC NAT ACAD SCI USA
 JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.
 PD FEB 14
 PY 2006
 VL 103
 IS 7
 BP 2015
 EP 2020
 PG 6
 SC Multidisciplinary Sciences
 GA 013LU
 UT ISI:000235411600005
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Colizza, V
    Flammini, A
    Serrano, MA
    Vespignani, A
 TI Detecting rich-club ordering in complex networks
 SO NATURE PHYSICS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID INTERNET TOPOLOGY
 AB Uncovering the hidden regularities and organizational principles of
    networks arising in physical systems ranging from the molecular level
    to the scale of large communication infrastructures is the key issue in
    understanding their fabric and dynamical properties(1-5). The
    'rich-club' phenomenon refers to the tendency of nodes with high
    centrality, the dominant elements of the system, to form tightly
    interconnected communities, and it is one of the crucial properties
    accounting for the formation of dominant communities in both computer
    and social sciences(4-8). Here, we provide the analytical expression
    and the correct null models that allow for a quantitative discussion of
    the rich-club phenomenon. The presented analysis enables the
    measurement of the rich-club ordering and its relation with the
    function and dynamics of networks in examples drawn from the
    biological, social and technological domains.
 C1 Indiana Univ, Sch Informat, Bloomington, IN 47406 USA.
    Indiana Univ, Dept Phys, Bloomington, IN 47406 USA.
 RP Vespignani, A, Indiana Univ, Sch Informat, Bloomington, IN 47406 USA.
 EM alexv@indiana.edu
 CR ALBERT R, 2002, REV MOD PHYS, V74, P47
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    ZHOU S, 2004, IEEE COMMUN LETT, V8, P180
 NR 28
 TC 16
 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
 PI LONDON
 PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
 SN 1745-2473
 J9 NAT PHYS
 JI Nat. Phys.
 PD FEB
 PY 2006
 VL 2
 IS 2
 BP 110
 EP 115
 PG 6
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA 014FM
 UT ISI:000235464700021
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Vespignani, A
 TI Behind enemy lines
 SO NATURE PHYSICS
 LA English
 DT News Item
 ID SPREAD; EPIDEMIOLOGY; COMPUTERS; NETWORKS; VIRUSES
 AB Computer viruses can spread through networks with alarming speed. But
    there is hope that those fighting the plague can keep up with the pace.
 C1 Indiana Univ, Sch Informat, Dept Phys, Bloomington, IN 47406 USA.
    Indiana Univ, Ctr Biocomplex, Bloomington, IN 47406 USA.
 RP Vespignani, A, Indiana Univ, Sch Informat, Dept Phys, Bloomington, IN
    47406 USA.
 EM alexv@indiana.edu
 CR BALTHROP J, 2004, SCIENCE, V304, P527
    GOLDENBERG J, 2005, NAT PHYS, V1, P184
    HOFMEYR S, 1999, EVOLUTIONARY COMPUTA, V7, P45
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    PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P3200
    SHANNON C, 2004, IEEE SECUR PRIV, V2, P46
 NR 7
 TC 0
 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
 PI LONDON
 PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
 SN 1745-2473
 J9 NAT PHYS
 JI Nat. Phys.
 PD DEC
 PY 2005
 VL 1
 IS 3
 BP 135
 EP 136
 PG 2
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA 006HK
 UT ISI:000234888400009
 ER
 
 PT S
 AU Dall'Asta, L
    Alvarez-Hamelin, I
    Barrat, A
    Vazquez, A
    Vespignani, A
 TI Traceroute-like exploration of unknown networks: A statistical analysis
 SO COMBINATORIAL AND ALGORITHMIC ASPECTS OF NETWORKING
 SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID BETWEENNESS; CENTRALITY; INTERNET
 AB Mapping the Internet generally consists in sampling the network from a
    limited set of sources by using traceroute-like probes. This
    methodology has been argued to introduce uncontrolled sampling biases
    that might produce statistical properties of the sampled graph which
    sharply differ from the original ones. Here we explore these biases and
    provide a statistical analysis of their origin. We derive a mean-field
    analytical approximation for the probability of edge and vertex
    detection that allows us to relate the global topological properties of
    the underlying network with the statistical accuracy of the sampled
    graph. In particular we show that shortest path routed sampling allows
    a clear characterization of underlying graphs with scale-free topology.
    We complement the analytical discussion with a throughout numerical
    investigation of simulated mapping strategies in different network
    models.
 C1 Univ Paris 11, CNRS, UMR 8627, Phys Theor Lab, F-91405 Orsay, France.
    Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 RP Dall'Asta, L, Univ Paris 11, CNRS, UMR 8627, Phys Theor Lab, Batiment
    210, F-91405 Orsay, France.
 CR BALDI P, 2003, PROBABILSISTIC METHO
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    BROIDO A, 2001, P SPIE INT S CONV IT
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    MEDINA A, 2000, BUCSTR2000005 BOST U
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    PASTORSATORRAS R, 2004, EVOLUTION STRUCTURE
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 NR 25
 TC 2
 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN
 PI BERLIN
 PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY
 SN 0302-9743
 J9 LECT NOTE COMPUT SCI
 PY 2005
 VL 3405
 BP 140
 EP 153
 PG 14
 SC Computer Science, Theory & Methods
 GA BCT65
 UT ISI:000231145300013
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Vergassola, M
    Vespignani, A
    Dujon, B
 TI Cooperative evolution in protein complexes of yeast from comparative
    analyses of its interaction network
 SO PROTEOMICS
 LA English
 DT Article
 DE comparative analyses; evolution; protein-protein interaction networks;
    Saccharomyces cerevisiae
 ID SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; SIMPLE DEPENDENCE; DATA SETS; NUMBER;
    GENERATION
 AB A comparative analysis among Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the other
    four yeasts Candida glabrata, Kluyveromyces lactis, Debaryomyces
    hansenii, and Yarrowia lipolytica is presented. The broad evolutionary
    range spanned by the organisms allows to quantitatively demonstrate
    novel evolutionary effects in protein complexes. The evolution rates
    within cliques of interlinked proteins are found to bear strong
    multipoint correlations, witnessing a cooperative coevolution of
    complex subunits. The coevolution is found to be largely independent of
    the tendency of the subunits to have similar abundances.
 C1 Inst Pasteur, Dept Struct & Dynam Genomes, Unite Genom Microorganismes Pathogenes, CNRS URA 2171, F-757724 Paris, France.
    Univ Paris 11, Phys Theor Lab, CNRS, UMR 8627, Orsay, France.
    Univ Paris 06, Inst Pasteur, Unite Genet Mol Levures, UFR 927, Paris, France.
    Univ Paris 06, Inst Pasteur, Unite Genet Mol Levures, CNRS URA 2171, Paris, France.
 RP Vergassola, M, Inst Pasteur, Dept Struct & Dynam Genomes, Unite Genom
    Microorganismes Pathogenes, CNRS URA 2171, 28 Rue Dr Roux, F-757724
    Paris, France.
 EM massimo@pasteur.fr
 CR ALBERTS B, 1998, CELL, V92, P291
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    BLOOM JD, 2003, BMC EVOL BIOL, V3
    DUJON B, 2004, NATURE, V430, P35
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    FRASER HB, 2003, BMC EVOL BIOL, V3
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 NR 23
 TC 2
 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH
 PI WEINHEIM
 PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY
 SN 1615-9853
 J9 PROTEOMICS
 JI Proteomics
 PD AUG
 PY 2005
 VL 5
 IS 12
 BP 3116
 EP 3119
 PG 4
 SC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
 GA 956QW
 UT ISI:000231315900015
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Barrat, A
    Barthelemy, M
    Vespignani, A
 TI The effects of spatial constraints on the evolution of weighted complex
    networks
 SO JOURNAL OF STATISTICAL MECHANICS-THEORY AND EXPERIMENT
 LA English
 DT Article
 DE network dynamics; random graphs; networks
 ID SMALL-WORLD NETWORKS; SCALE-FREE; RANDOM GRAPHS; TOPOLOGY
 AB Motivated by the empirical analysis of the air transportation system,
    we de. ne a network model that includes geographical attributes along
    with topological and weight (traffic) properties. The introduction of
    geographical attributes is made by constraining the network in real
    space. Interestingly, the inclusion of geometrical features induces
    non-trivial correlations between the weights, the connectivity pattern
    and the actual spatial distances of vertices. The model also recovers
    the emergence of anomalous fluctuations in the betweenness-degree
    correlation function as first observed by Guimera a and Amaral (2004
    Eur. Phys. J. B 38 381). The presented results suggest that the
    interplay between weight dynamics and spatial constraints is a key
    ingredient in order to understand the formation of real-world weighted
    networks.
 C1 Univ Paris 11, Phys Theor Lab, CNRS, UMR 8627, F-91405 Orsay, France.
    Indiana Univ, Sch Informat, Bloomington, IN 47406 USA.
    Indiana Univ, Biocomplex Ctr, Bloomington, IN 47406 USA.
 RP Barrat, A, Univ Paris 11, Phys Theor Lab, CNRS, UMR 8627, Batiment 210,
    F-91405 Orsay, France.
 EM Alain.Barrat@th.u-psud.fr
    mbarthel@indiana.edu
    alexv@indiana.edu
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 NR 52
 TC 3
 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD
 PI BRISTOL
 PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND
 SN 1742-5468
 J9 J STAT MECH-THEORY EXP
 JI J. Stat. Mech.-Theory Exp.
 PD MAY
 PY 2005
 AR P05003
 DI ARTN P05003
 PG 20
 SC Mechanics; Physics, Mathematical
 GA 932WW
 UT ISI:000229586200013
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Dall'Asta, L
    Alvarez-Hamelin, I
    Barrat, A
    Vazquez, A
    Vespignani, A
 TI Statistical theory of Internet exploration
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID COMPLEX NETWORKS; BETWEENNESS; CENTRALITY
 AB The general methodology used to construct Internet maps consists in
    merging all the discovered paths obtained by sending data packets from
    a set of active computers to a set of destination hosts, obtaining a
    graphlike representation of the network. This technique, sometimes
    referred to as Internet tomography, spurs the issue concerning the
    statistical reliability of such empirical maps. We tackle this problem
    by modeling the network sampling process on synthetic graphs and by
    using a mean-field approximation to obtain expressions for the
    probability of edge and vertex detection in the sampled graph. This
    allows a general understanding of the origin of possible sampling
    biases. In particular, we find a direct dependence of the map
    statistical accuracy upon the topological properties (in particular,
    the betweenness centrality property) of the underlying network. In this
    framework, it appears that statistically heterogeneous network
    topologies are captured better than the homogeneous ones during the
    mapping process. Finally, the analytical discussion is complemented
    with a thorough numerical investigation of simulated mapping strategies
    in network models with varying topological properties.
 C1 Univ Paris 11, Phys Theor Lab, F-91405 Orsay, France.
    Univ Buenos Aires, Fac Ingn, RA-1063 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina.
    Univ Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
    Indiana Univ, Sch Informat, Bloomington, IN 47408 USA.
    Indiana Univ, Dept Phys, Bloomington, IN 47408 USA.
 RP Dall'Asta, L, Univ Paris 11, Phys Theor Lab, Batiment 210, F-91405
    Orsay, France.
 CR ALBERT R, 2002, REV MOD PHYS, V74, P47
    BALDI P, 2003, MODELING INTERNET WE
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    BROIDO A, 2001, SAN DIEG P SPIE INT
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    CLAUSET A, 2005, PHYS REV LETT, V94
    DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2001, PHYS REV E 1, V63
    DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2003, EVOLUTION NETWORKS B
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 NR 29
 TC 6
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 1063-651X
 J9 PHYS REV E
 JI Phys. Rev. E
 PD MAR
 PY 2005
 VL 71
 IS 3
 PN Part 2
 AR 036135
 DI ARTN 036135
 PG 9
 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical
 GA 922EC
 UT ISI:000228818200045
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Colizza, V
    Flammini, A
    Maritan, A
    Vespignani, A
 TI Characterization and modeling of protein-protein interaction networks
 SO PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS
 LA English
 DT Article
 DE protein interaction networks; complex networks; evolution modeling
 ID GROWING RANDOM NETWORKS; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; COMPLEX NETWORKS;
    YEAST GENOME; FUNCTIONAL-ORGANIZATION; STATISTICAL-MECHANICS; METABOLIC
    NETWORKS; EVOLVING NETWORKS; SIMPLE DEPENDENCE; EVOLUTIONARY RATE
 AB The recent availability of high-throughput gene expression and
    proteomics techniques has created an unprecedented opportunity for a
    comprehensive study of the structure and dynamics of many biological
    networks. Global proteomic interaction data, in particular, are
    synthetically represented as undirected networks exhibiting features
    far from the random paradigm which has dominated past effort in network
    theory. This evidence, along with the advances in the theory of complex
    networks, has triggered an intense research activity aimed at
    exploiting the evolutionary and biological significance of the
    resulting network's topology. Here we present a review of the results
    obtained in the characterization and modeling of the yeast
    Saccharomyces Cerevisiae protein interaction networks obtained with
    different experimental techniques. We provide a comparative assessment
    of the topological properties and discuss possible biases in
    interaction networks obtained with different techniques. We report on
    dynamical models based on duplication mechanisms that cast the protein
    interaction networks in the family of dynamically growing complex
    networks. Finally, we discuss various results and analysis correlating
    the networks' topology with the biological function of proteins. (c)
    2005 Published by Elsevier B.V.
 C1 Indiana Univ, Sch Informat & Biocomplex Ctr, Bloomington, IN 47408 USA.
    Univ Padua, INFM, I-35131 Padua, Italy.
    Univ Padua, Dept Phys, I-35131 Padua, Italy.
 RP Vespignani, A, Indiana Univ, Sch Informat & Biocomplex Ctr,
    Bloomington, IN 47408 USA.
 EM alessandro.vespignani@th.u-psud.fr
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 NR 98
 TC 7
 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
 PI AMSTERDAM
 PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS
 SN 0378-4371
 J9 PHYSICA A
 JI Physica A
 PD JUL 1
 PY 2005
 VL 352
 IS 1
 BP 1
 EP 27
 PG 27
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA 927KR
 UT ISI:000229193300002
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Barthelemy, M
    Barrat, A
    Pastor-Satorras, R
    Vespignani, A
 TI Dynamical patterns of epidemic outbreaks in complex heterogeneous
    networks
 SO JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL BIOLOGY
 LA English
 DT Article
 DE complex networks; disease spreading; epidemic modeling
 ID SCALE-FREE NETWORKS; SEXUAL CONTACTS; TRANSMISSION
 AB We present a thorough inspection of the dynamical behavior of epidemic
    phenomena in populations with complex and heterogeneous connectivity
    patterns. We show that the growth of the epidemic prevalence is
    virtually instantaneous in all networks characterized by diverging
    degree fluctuations, independently of the structure of the connectivity
    correlation functions characterizing the population network. By means
    of analytical and numerical results, we show that the outbreak time
    evolution follows a precise hierarchical dynamics. Once reached the
    most highly connected hubs, the infection pervades the network in a
    progressive cascade across smaller degree classes. Finally, we show the
    influence of the initial conditions and the relevance of statistical
    results in single case studies concerning heterogeneous networks. The
    emerging theoretical framework appears of general interest in view of
    the recently observed abundance of natural networks with complex
    topological features and might provide useful insights for the
    development of adaptive strategies aimed at epidemic containment. (c)
    2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
 C1 Ctr Etud Bruyeres Le Chatel, CEA, Dept Phys Theor & Appl, F-91680 Bruyeres Le Chatel, France.
    Univ Paris 11, UMR 8627, CNRS, Phys Theor Lab, F-91405 Orsay, France.
    Univ Politecn Catalunya, Dept Fis & Engn Nucl, ES-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
    Indiana Univ, Sch Informat, Bloomington, IN 47408 USA.
    Indiana Univ, Biocomplex Ctr, Bloomington, IN 47408 USA.
 RP Barthelemy, M, Ctr Etud Bruyeres Le Chatel, CEA, Dept Phys Theor &
    Appl, BP 12, F-91680 Bruyeres Le Chatel, France.
 EM marc.barthelemy@th.u-psud.fr
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    BOGUNA M, 2002, PHYS REV E 2, V66
    BOGUNA M, 2003, LECT NOTES PHYS, V625
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 NR 39
 TC 33
 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
 PI LONDON
 PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND
 SN 0022-5193
 J9 J THEOR BIOL
 JI J. Theor. Biol.
 PD JUL 21
 PY 2005
 VL 235
 IS 2
 BP 275
 EP 288
 PG 14
 SC Biology; Mathematical & Computational Biology
 GA 928BQ
 UT ISI:000229246500011
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Borner, K
    Dall'Asta, L
    Ke, WM
    Vespignani, A
 TI Studying the emerging global brain: Analyzing and visualizing the
    impact of co-authorship teams
 SO COMPLEXITY
 LA English
 DT Article
 DE weighted network analysis; co-author networks; citation analysis;
    information visualization
 ID NETWORKS
 AB This article introduces a suite of approaches and measures to study the
    impact of co-authorship teams based on the number of publications and
    their citations on a local and global scale. In particular, we present
    a novel weighted graph representation that encodes coupled author-paper
    networks as a weighted co-authorship graph. This weighted graph
    representation is applied to a dataset that captures the emergence of a
    new field of science and comprises 614 articles published by 1036
    unique authors between 1974 and 2004. To characterize the properties
    and evolution of this field, we first use four different measures of
    centrality to identify the impact of authors. A global statistical
    analysis is performed to characterize the distribution of paper
    production and paper citations and its correlation with the
    co-authorship team size. The size of co-authorship clusters over time
    is examined. Finally, a novel local, author-centered measure based on
    entropy is applied to determine the global evolution of the field and
    the identification of the contribution of a single author's impact
    across all of its co-authorship relations. A visualization of the
    growth of the weighted co-author network, and the results obtained from
    the statistical analysis indicate a drift toward a more cooperative,
    global collaboration process as the main drive in the production of
    scientific knowledge. (c) 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
 C1 Indiana Univ, SLIS, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA.
    Univ Paris 11, Phys Theor Lab, F-91405 Orsay, France.
    Indiana Univ, Sch Informat, Bloomington, IN 47406 USA.
    Indiana Univ, Biocomplex Ctr, Bloomington, IN 47406 USA.
 RP Borner, K, Indiana Univ, SLIS, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA.
 EM katy@indiana.edu
 CR ALMAAS E, 2004, NATURE, P427
    AMARAL LAN, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P11149
    BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509
    BARABASI AL, 2002, LINKED
    BARRAT A, 2004, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V101, P3747
    BATAGELJ V, 1998, CONNECTIONS, V21, P47
    BEAVER DD, 1978, SCIENTOMETRICS, V1, P65
    BLOOM H, 2000, GLOBAL BRAIN EVOLUTI
    BORNER K, 2003, VISUALIZING KNOWLEDG, P179
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    CRANE D, 1972, INVISIBLE COLL DIFFU
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    NEWMAN MEJ, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64
    NEWMAN MEJ, 2004, P NATL ACAD SCI U S1, V101, P5200
    NEWMAN MEJ, 2004, PHYS REV E 2, V70
    PASTORSATORRAS R, 2004, EVOLUTION STRUCTURE
    RAMASCO JJ, 2004, PHYS REV E 2, V70
    WASSERMAN S, 1994, METHODS APPL STRUCTU, V8
    WHITE HD, 2001, SCIENTOMETRICS, V51, P607
 NR 24
 TC 2
 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC
 PI HOBOKEN
 PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA
 SN 1076-2787
 J9 COMPLEXITY
 JI Complexity
 PD MAR-APR
 PY 2005
 VL 10
 IS 4
 BP 57
 EP 67
 PG 11
 SC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Multidisciplinary Sciences
 GA 917NJ
 UT ISI:000228469000006
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Barrat, A
    Barthelemy, M
    Vespignani, A
 TI Modeling the evolution of weighted networks
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID SMALL-WORLD NETWORKS; SCALE-FREE NETWORKS; EVOLVING NETWORKS; COMPLEX
    NETWORKS
 AB We present a general model for the growth of weighted networks in which
    the structural growth is coupled with the edges' weight dynamical
    evolution. The model is based on a simple weight-driven dynamics and a
    weights' reinforcement mechanism coupled to the local network growth.
    That coupling can be generalized in order to include the effect of
    additional randomness and nonlinearities which can be present in
    real-world networks. The model generates weighted graphs exhibiting the
    statistical properties observed in several real-world systems. In
    particular, the model yields a nontrivial time evolution of vertices'
    properties and scale-free behavior with exponents depending on the
    microscopic parameters characterizing the coupling rules. Very
    interestingly, the generated graphs spontaneously achieve a complex
    hierarchical architecture characterized by clustering and connectivity
    correlations varying as a function of the vertices' degree.
 C1 Univ Paris 11, Phys Theor Lab, CNRS, UMR 8627, F-91405 Orsay, France.
    Ctr Etud Bruyeres Le Chatel, CEA, Dept Phys Theor & Appl, F-91680 Bruyeres Le Chatel, France.
    Indiana Univ, Sch Informat, Bloomington, IN 47408 USA.
 RP Barrat, A, Univ Paris 11, Phys Theor Lab, CNRS, UMR 8627, Batiment 210,
    F-91405 Orsay, France.
 CR ALBERT R, 2000, NATURE, V406, P378
    ALBERT R, 2002, REV MOD PHYS, V74, P47
    ALMAAS E, 2004, NATURE, V427, P839
    AMARAL LAN, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P11149
    BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509
    BARABASI AL, 2002, PHYSICA A, V311, P590
    BARRAT A, UNPUB
    BARRAT A, 2004, LECT NOTES COMPUT SC, V3243, P56
    BARRAT A, 2004, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V101, P3747
    BARRAT A, 2004, PHYS REV LETT, V92
    BARTHELEMY M, UNPUB
    BIANCONI G, 2001, EUROPHYS LETT, V54, P436
    CALDARELLI G, 2002, PHYS REV LETT, V89
    CALLAWAY DS, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P5468
    COHEN R, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P4626
    DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2002, ADV PHYS, V51, P1079
    DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2003, EVOLUTION NETWORKS B
    GARLASCHELLI D, CONDMAT0310503
    GRANOVET.MS, 1973, AM J SOCIOL, V78, P1360
    GUIMERA R, CONDMAT0312535
    KRAUSE AE, 2003, NATURE, V426, P282
    LI C, CONDMAT0311333
    LI W, 2004, PHYS REV E 2, V69
    MASLOV S, 2002, SCIENCE, V296, P910
    NEWMAN MEJ, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64
    NEWMAN MEJ, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64
    NEWMAN MEJ, 2002, PHYS REV LETT, V89
    PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P3200
    PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V87
    PASTORSATORRAS R, 2004, EVOLUTION STRUCTURE
    PIMM SL, 2002, FOOD WEBS
    RAVASZ E, 2003, PHYS REV E 2, V67
    VAZQUEZ A, 2002, PHYS REV E 2, V65
    WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440
    YOOK SH, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P5835
    ZHENG DF, 2003, PHYS REV E 1, V67
 NR 36
 TC 42
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 1063-651X
 J9 PHYS REV E
 JI Phys. Rev. E
 PD DEC
 PY 2004
 VL 70
 IS 6
 PN Part 2
 AR 066149
 DI ARTN 066149
 PG 12
 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical
 GA 887IM
 UT ISI:000226299200056
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Barthelemy, M
    Barrat, A
    Pastor-Satorras, R
    Vespignani, A
 TI Characterization and modeling of weighted networks
 SO PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS
 LA English
 DT Article
 DE disordered system; networks
 ID SMALL-WORLD NETWORKS
 AB We review the main tools which allow for the statistical
    characterization of weighted networks. We then present two case
    studies, the airline connection network and the scientific
    collaboration network which are representatives of critical
    infrastructure and social system, respectively. The main empirical
    results are (i) the broad distributions of various quantities and (ii)
    the existence of weight-topology correlations. These measurements show
    that weights are relevant and that in general the modeling of complex
    networks must go beyond topology. We review a model which provides an
    explanation for the features observed in several real-world networks.
    This model of weighted network formation relies on the dynamical
    coupling between topology and weights, considering the rearrangement of
    new links are introduced in the system. (C) 2004 Published by Elsevier
    B.V.
 C1 Ctr Etud Bruyeres Le Chatel, Dept Phys Theor & Appl, CEA, F-91680 Bruyeres Le Chatel, France.
    Univ Paris 11, CNRS, UMR 8627, Phys Theor Lab, F-91405 Orsay, France.
    Univ Politecn Catalunya, Dept Fis & Engn Nucl, ES-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
 RP Barthelemy, M, Ctr Etud Bruyeres Le Chatel, Dept Phys Theor & Appl,
    CEA, BP 12, F-91680 Bruyeres Le Chatel, France.
 EM Marc.Barthelemy@th.u-psud.fr
 CR ALBERT R, 2002, REV MOD PHYS, V74, P47
    ALMAAS E, 2004, NATURE, V427, P839
    AMARAL LAN, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P11149
    ANTAL T, CONDMAT0408285
    BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509
    BARABASI AL, 2002, PHYSICA A, V311, P590
    BARRAT A, 2004, CONDMAT0406238
    BARRAT A, 2004, CSNI0405070
    BARRAT A, 2004, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V101, P3747
    BARRAT A, 2004, PHYS REV LETT, V92
    BARTHELEMY M, 2003, PHYSICA A, V319, P633
    BARTHELEMY M, 2004, UNPUB
    DERRIDA B, 1987, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V20, P5273
    DOROGOVTSEV SN, CONDMAT0408343
    DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2003, EVOLUTION NETWORKS B
    GARLASCHELLI D, 2003, CONDMAT0310503
    GRANOVET.MS, 1973, AM J SOCIOL, V78, P1360
    GUIMERA R, 2004, EUR PHYS J B, V38, P381
    HU B, 2004, CONDMAT0408125
    KRAUSE AE, 2003, NATURE, V426, P282
    LI C, 2003, CONDMAT0311333
    LI W, 2004, PHYS REV E 2, V69
    NEWMAN MEJ, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64
    NEWMAN MEJ, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64
    NEWMAN MEJ, 2002, PHYS REV LETT, V89
    ONNELA JP, 2003, PHYS REV E 2, V68
    PANDYA RVR, 2004, CONDMAT0406644
    PASTORSATORRAS R, 2004, EVOLUTION STRUCTURE
    WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440
    YOOK SH, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P5835
    ZHENG DF, 2003, PHYS REV E 1, V67
    ZHOU S, 2003, CSNI0303028
 NR 32
 TC 15
 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
 PI AMSTERDAM
 PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS
 SN 0378-4371
 J9 PHYSICA A
 JI Physica A
 PD FEB 1
 PY 2005
 VL 346
 IS 1-2
 BP 34
 EP 43
 PG 10
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA 878YA
 UT ISI:000225682200006
 ER
 
 PT S
 AU Barrat, A
    Barthelemy, M
    Vespignani, A
 TI Traffic-driven model of the World Wide Web graph
 SO ALGORITHMS AND MODELS FOR THE WEB-GRAPHS, PROCEEDINGS
 SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID EVOLVING NETWORKS; DYNAMICS
 AB We propose a model for the World Wide Web graph that couples the
    topological growth with the traffic's dynamical evolution. The model is
    based on a simple traffic-driven dynamics and generates weighted
    directed graphs exhibiting the statistical properties observed in the
    Web. In particular, the model yields a non-trivial time evolution of
    vertices and heavy-tail distributions for the topological and traffic
    properties. The generated graphs exhibit a complex architecture with a
    hierarchy of cohesiveness levels similar to those observed in the
    analysis of real data.
 C1 Univ Paris 11, CNRS, Phys Theor Lab, UMR 8627, F-91405 Orsay, France.
    CEA, Ctr Etud Bruyeres Le Chatel, Dept Phys Theor & Appl, F-91680 Bruyeres Le Chatel, France.
    Indiana Univ, Sch Informat, Bloomington, IN 47408 USA.
 RP Barrat, A, Univ Paris 11, CNRS, Phys Theor Lab, UMR 8627, Batiment 210,
    F-91405 Orsay, France.
 CR ADAMIC IA, 2001, COMMUN ACM, V44, P55
    ALBERT R, 2002, REV MOD PHYS, V74, P47
    AMARAL LAN, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P11149
    BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509
    BARABASI AL, 2000, PHYSICA A, V281, P69
    BARABASI AL, 2002, PHYSICA A, V311, P590
    BARRAT A, CONDMAT0406238
    BARRAT A, 2004, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V101, P3747
    BARRAT A, 2004, PHSY REV LETT, V92
    BIANCONI G, 2001, EUROPHYS LETT, V54, P436
    BRODER A, 2000, P 9 WWW C
    COOPER C, 2001, LECT NOTES COMPUTER, V2161, P500
    DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2000, EUROPHYS LETT, V52, P33
    DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2003, EVOLUTION NETWORKS B
    ECKMANN JP, 2002, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V99, P5825
    GARLASCHELLI D, 2003, CONDMAT0310503
    GRANOVET.MS, 1973, AM J SOCIOL, V78, P1360
    GUIMERA R, 2003, UNPUB
    HUBERMAN BA, 1997, SCIENCE, V277, P535
    HUBERMAN BA, 1998, SCIENCE, V280, P95
    KRAPIVSKY PL, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P5401
    KUMAR R, 2000, P 41 IEEE S FDN COMP, P57
    LAURA L, 2002, P 2 INT WORKSH WEB D
    LAURA L, 2003, EUR S ALG
    MENCZER F, 2002, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V99, P14014
    MOSSA S, 2002, PHYS REV LETT, V88
    NEWMAN MEJ, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64
    NEWMAN MEJ, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64
    NEWMAN MEJ, 2002, PHYS REV LETT, V89
    PANDURANGAN G, 2002, LECT NOTES COMPUTER, V2387, P330
    PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V87
    PASTORSATORRAS R, 2004, EVOLUTION STRUCTURE
    QUINCE C, 2004, ARXIVQBIOPE0402014
    RAVASZ E, 2003, PHYS REV E 2, V67
    TADIC B, 2001, PHYSICA A, V293, P273
    VAZQUEZ A, 2002, PHYS REV E 2, V65
    WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440
    YOOK SH, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P5835
 NR 38
 TC 4
 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN
 PI BERLIN
 PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY
 SN 0302-9743
 J9 LECT NOTE COMPUT SCI
 PY 2004
 VL 3243
 BP 56
 EP 67
 PG 12
 SC Computer Science, Theory & Methods
 GA BBB69
 UT ISI:000224583300005
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Barrat, A
    Barthelemy, M
    Vespignani, A
 TI Weighted evolving networks: Coupling topology and weight dynamics
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID SMALL-WORLD NETWORKS
 AB We propose a model for the growth of weighted networks that couples the
    establishment of new edges and vertices and the weights' dynamical
    evolution. The model is based on a simple weight-driven dynamics and
    generates networks exhibiting the statistical properties observed in
    several real-world systems. In particular, the model yields a
    nontrivial time evolution of vertices' properties and scale-free
    behavior for the weight, strength, and degree distributions.
 C1 Univ Paris 11, Phys Theor Lab, CNRS, UMR 8627, F-91405 Orsay, France.
    Ctr Etud Bruyeres le Chatel, CEA, Dept Phys Theor & Appl, F-91680 Bruyeres Le Chatel, France.
 RP Barrat, A, Univ Paris 11, Phys Theor Lab, CNRS, UMR 8627, Batiment 210,
    F-91405 Orsay, France.
 CR ALBERT R, 2002, REV MOD PHYS, V74, P47
    ALMAAS E, 2004, NATURE, V427, P839
    AMARAL LAN, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P11149
    BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509
    BARABASI AL, 2002, PHYSICA A, V311, P590
    BARRAT A, IN PRESS
    BARRAT A, 2004, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V101, P3747
    DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2003, EVOLUTION NETWORKS B
    GARLASCHELLI D, CONDMAT0310503
    GRANOVET.MS, 1973, AM J SOCIOL, V78, P1360
    GUIMERA R, CONDMAT0312535
    KRAUSE AE, 2003, NATURE, V426, P282
    LI C, CONDMAT0309236
    LI C, CONDMAT0311333
    NEWMAN MEJ, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64
    PASTORSATORRAS R, 2004, EVOLUTION STRUCTURE
    PIMM SL, 2002, FOOD WEBS
    WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440
    YOOK SH, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P5835
    ZHENG DF, 2003, PHYS REV E 1, V67
 NR 20
 TC 91
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 0031-9007
 J9 PHYS REV LETT
 JI Phys. Rev. Lett.
 PD JUN 4
 PY 2004
 VL 92
 IS 22
 AR 228701
 DI ARTN 228701
 PG 4
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA 826QU
 UT ISI:000221844400064
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Moreno, Y
    Nekovee, M
    Vespignani, A
 TI Efficiency and reliability of epidemic data dissemination in complex
    networks
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E
 LA English
 DT Article
 AB We study the dynamics of epidemic spreading processes aimed at
    spontaneous dissemination of information updates in populations with
    complex connectivity patterns. The influence of the topological
    structure of the network in these processes is studied by analyzing the
    behavior of several global parameters, such as reliability, efficiency,
    and load. Large-scale numerical simulations of update-spreading
    processes show that while networks with homogeneous connectivity
    patterns permit a higher reliability, scale-free topologies allow for a
    better efficiency.
 C1 Univ Zaragoza, Dept Fis Teor, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
    Univ Zaragoza, Inst Biocomputac & Fis Sistemas Complejos, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
    BT Exact, Complex Res Grp, Martlesham IP5 3RE, Suffolk, England.
    Univ Paris 11, CNRS, UMR 8627, Phys Theor Lab, F-91405 Orsay, France.
 RP Moreno, Y, Univ Zaragoza, Dept Fis Teor, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
 CR ALBERT R, 2000, NATURE, V406, P378
    BARABASI AL, 1999, PHYSICA A, V272, P173
    BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509
    CALLAWAY DS, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P5468
    COHEN R, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P4626
    DALEY DJ, 2000, EPIDEMIC MODELING
    DEERING SE, 1990, ACM T COMPUT SYST, V8, P85
    DEMERS AJ, 1987, UNPUB P 6 ANN ACM S
    FOSTER I, 1999, GRID BLUEPRINT FUTUR
    KERMARREC AM, 2003, IEEE T PARALL DISTR, V14, P248
    KOSIUR D, 1998, IP MULTICASTING COMP
    LIU ZH, 2003, PHYS REV E 1, V67
    ORAM A, 2001, PEER TO PEER HARNESS
    PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P3200
    VOGELS W, 2002, UNPUB P HOTNETS I PR
    WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440
    ZANETTE DH, 2001, PHYS REV E, V64
 NR 17
 TC 9
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 1063-651X
 J9 PHYS REV E
 JI Phys. Rev. E
 PD MAY
 PY 2004
 VL 69
 IS 5
 PN Part 2
 AR 055101
 DI ARTN 055101
 PG 4
 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical
 GA 826EZ
 UT ISI:000221813400001
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Caldarelli, G
    Erzan, A
    Vespignani, A
 TI Preface on "Applications of Networks"
 SO EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL B
 LA English
 DT Editorial Material
 NR 0
 TC 0
 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG
 PI NEW YORK
 PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA
 SN 1434-6028
 J9 EUR PHYS J B
 JI Eur. Phys. J. B
 PD MAR
 PY 2004
 VL 38
 IS 2
 BP 141
 EP 141
 PG 1
 SC Physics, Condensed Matter
 GA 821GB
 UT ISI:000221447300001
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Amaral, LAN
    Barrat, A
    Barabasi, AL
    Caldarelli, G
    De los Rios, P
    Erzan, A
    Kahng, B
    Mantegna, R
    Mendes, JFF
    Pastor-Satorras, R
    Vespignani, A
 TI Virtual Round Table on ten leading questions for network research
 SO EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL B
 LA English
 DT Editorial Material
 AB The following discussion is an edited summary of the public debate
    started during the conference "Growing Networks and Graphs in
    Statistical Physics, Finance, Biology and Social Systems" held in Rome
    in September 2003. Drafts documents were circulated electronically
    among experts in the field and additions and follow-up to the original
    discussion have been included. Among the scientists participating to
    the discussion L. A. N. Amaral, A. Barrat, A. L. Barabasi, G.
    Caldarelli, P. De Los Rios, A. Erzan, B. Kahng, R. Mantegna, J. F. F.
    Mendes, R. Pastor-Satorras, A. Vespignani are acknowledged for their
    contributions and editing.
 NR 0
 TC 12
 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG
 PI NEW YORK
 PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA
 SN 1434-6028
 J9 EUR PHYS J B
 JI Eur. Phys. J. B
 PD MAR
 PY 2004
 VL 38
 IS 2
 BP 143
 EP 145
 PG 3
 SC Physics, Condensed Matter
 GA 821GB
 UT ISI:000221447300002
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Caldarelli, G
    Pastor-Satorras, R
    Vespignani, A
 TI Structure of cycles and local ordering in complex networks
 SO EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL B
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID WORLD-WIDE-WEB; INTERNET; EVOLUTION; DYNAMICS; TOPOLOGY
 AB We study the properties of quantities aimed at the characterization of
    grid-like ordering in complex networks. These quantities are based on
    the global and local behavior of cycles of order four, which are the
    minimal structures able to identify rectangular clustering. The
    analysis of data from real networks reveals the ubiquitous presence of
    a statistically high level of grid-like ordering that is non-trivially
    correlated with the local degree properties. These observations provide
    new insights on the hierarchical structure of complex networks.
 C1 Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Fis, INFM, UdR Roma 1, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
    Univ Politecn Catalunya, Dept Fis & Engn Nucl, ES-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
    Univ Paris 11, CNRS, UMR 8627, Phys Theor Lab, F-91405 Orsay, France.
 RP Caldarelli, G, Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Fis, INFM, UdR Roma
    1, Ple A Moro 2, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
 EM romualdo.pastor@upc.es
 CR ALBERT R, 1999, NATURE, V401, P130
    ALBERT R, 2002, REV MOD PHYS, V74, P47
    BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509
    BARABASI AL, 2000, PHYSICA A, V281, P69
    BARABASI AL, 2002, PHYSICA A, V311, P590
    BIANCONI G, 2003, PHYS REV LETT, V90
    BOLLOBAS B, 1998, MODERN GRAPH THEORY
    DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2002, ADV PHYS, V51, P1079
    ERDOS P, 1959, PUBL MATH-DEBRECEN, V6, P290
    FALOUTSOS M, 1999, COMP COMM R, V29, P251
    HOLME P, CONDMAT0210514
    HUBERMAN BA, 1999, NATURE, V401, P131
    JEONG H, 2001, NATURE, V411, P41
    MOLLOY M, 1995, RANDOM STRUCT ALGOR, V6, P161
    NEWMAN MEJ, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64
    NEWMAN MEJ, 2002, PHYS REV LETT, V89
    NEWMAN MEJ, 2003, HDB GRAPHS NETWORKS, P35
    NEWMAN MEJ, 2003, PHYS REV E 2, V68
    PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V87
    RAVASZ E, 2003, PHYS REV E 2, V67
    VAZQUEZ A, 2002, CONDMAT0206084
    VAZQUEZ A, 2002, PHYS REV E 2, V65
    VAZQUEZ A, 2003, COMPLEXUS, V1, P38
    WAGNER A, 2001, MOL BIOL EVOL, V18, P1283
    WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440
 NR 25
 TC 17
 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG
 PI NEW YORK
 PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA
 SN 1434-6028
 J9 EUR PHYS J B
 JI Eur. Phys. J. B
 PD MAR
 PY 2004
 VL 38
 IS 2
 BP 183
 EP 186
 PG 4
 SC Physics, Condensed Matter
 GA 821GB
 UT ISI:000221447300007
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Boguna, M
    Pastor-Satorras, R
    Vespignani, A
 TI Cut-offs and finite size effects in scale-free networks
 SO EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL B
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID COMPLEX NETWORKS; DEGREE SEQUENCE; RANDOM GRAPHS; INTERNET
 AB We analyze the degree distribution's cut-off in finite size scale-free
    networks. We show that the cut-off behavior with the number of vertices
    N is ruled by the topological constraints induced by the connectivity
    structure of the network. Even in the simple case of uncorrelated
    networks, we obtain an expression of the structural cut-off that is
    smaller than the natural cut-off obtained by means of extremal theory
    arguments. The obtained results are explicitly applied in the case of
    the configuration model to recover the size scaling of tadpoles and
    multiple edges.
 C1 Univ Barcelona, Dept Fis Fonamental, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
    Univ Politecn Cataluna, Dept Fis & Engn Nucl, ES-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
    Univ Paris 11, CNRS, UMR 8627, Phys Theor Lab, F-91405 Orsay, France.
 RP Boguna, M, Univ Barcelona, Dept Fis Fonamental, Diagonal 647, E-08028
    Barcelona, Spain.
 EM mbogunya@ffn.ub.es
 CR AIELLO W, 2001, EXP MATH, V10, P53
    ALBERT R, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P5234
    ALBERT R, 2002, REV MOD PHYS, V74, P47
    AMARAL LAN, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P11149
    BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509
    BOGUNA M, 2003, LECT NOTES PHYS, V625
    BOGUNA M, 2003, PHYS REV E 2, V68
    BOGUNA M, 2003, PHYS REV LETT, V90
    BURDA Z, 2003, PHYS REV E 2, V67
    CALLAWAY DS, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P5468
    CHUNG F, 2002, ANN COMB, V6, P125
    COHEN R, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P4626
    DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2002, ADV PHYS, V51, P1079
    DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2002, PHYS REV E 2, V66
    DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2003, EVOLUTION NETWORKS B
    KRAPIVSKY PL, 2002, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V35, P9517
    LEONE M, 2002, EUR PHYS J B, V28, P191
    MASLOV S, 2004, PHYSICA A, V333, P529
    MAY RM, 2001, PHYS REV E, V64
    MOLLOY M, 1995, RANDOM STRUCT ALGOR, V6, P161
    MOLLOY M, 1998, COMB PROBAB COMPUT, V7, P295
    MOREIRA AA, 2002, PHYS REV LETT, V89
    MORENO Y, 2002, EUR PHYS J B, V26, P521
    MOSSA S, 2002, PHYS REV LETT, V88
    NEWMAN MEJ, 2002, PHYS REV E, V64
    NEWMAN MEJ, 2002, PHYS REV LETT, V89
    NEWMAN MEJ, 2003, PHYS REV E 2, V67
    PARK J, 2003, PHYS REV E, V66
    PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P3200
    PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V87
    PASTORSATORRAS R, 2002, PHYS REV E 2A, V65
    VAZQUEZ A, 2003, PHYS REV E, V67
 NR 32
 TC 42
 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG
 PI NEW YORK
 PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA
 SN 1434-6028
 J9 EUR PHYS J B
 JI Eur. Phys. J. B
 PD MAR
 PY 2004
 VL 38
 IS 2
 BP 205
 EP 209
 PG 5
 SC Physics, Condensed Matter
 GA 821GB
 UT ISI:000221447300011
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Barthelemy, M
    Barrat, A
    Pastor-Satorras, R
    Vespignani, A
 TI Velocity and hierarchical spread of epidemic outbreaks in scale-free
    networks
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID SMALL-WORLD NETWORKS; COMPLEX NETWORKS
 AB We study the effect of the connectivity pattern of complex networks on
    the propagation dynamics of epidemics. The growth time scale of
    outbreaks is inversely proportional to the network degree fluctuations,
    signaling that epidemics spread almost instantaneously in networks with
    scale-free degree distributions. This feature is associated with an
    epidemic propagation that follows a precise hierarchical dynamics. Once
    the highly connected hubs are reached, the infection pervades the
    network in a progressive cascade across smaller degree classes. The
    present results are relevant for the development of adaptive
    containment strategies.
 C1 CEA, Ctr Etud Bruyeres le Chatel, Dept Phys Theor & Appl, F-91680 Bruyeres Le Chatel, France.
    Univ Paris 11, CNRS, UMR 8627, Phys Theor Lab, F-91405 Orsay, France.
    Univ Politecn Catalunya, Dept Fis & Engn Nucl, ES-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
 RP Barthelemy, M, CEA, Ctr Etud Bruyeres le Chatel, Dept Phys Theor &
    Appl, BP12, F-91680 Bruyeres Le Chatel, France.
 CR ALBERT R, 2002, REV MOD PHYS, V74, P47
    AMARAL LAN, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P11149
    ANDERSON RM, 1992, INFECT DIS HUMANS
    BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509
    BOGUNA M, 2003, LECT NOTES PHYS, V625, P127
    COHEN R, 2003, PHYS REV LETT, V91
    DERRIDA B, 1987, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V20, P5273
    DEZSO Z, 2002, PHYS REV E 2, V65
    DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2003, EVOLUTION NETWORKS B
    HETHCOTE HW, 1984, LECT NOTES BIOMATHS, V56, P1
    KUPERMAN M, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P2909
    LILJEROS F, 2001, NATURE, V411, P907
    LLOYD AL, 2001, SCIENCE, V292, P1316
    MAY RM, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64
    MOORE C, 2000, PHYS REV E B, V61, P5678
    MORENO Y, 2002, EUR PHYS J B, V26, P521
    MURRAY JD, 1993, MATH BIOL
    NEWMAN MEJ, 2002, PHYS REV E, V64
    PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V63
    PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P3200
    PASTORSATORRAS R, 2002, PHYS REV E 2A, V65
    PASTORSATORRAS R, 2003, EVOLUTION STRUCTURE
 NR 22
 TC 52
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 0031-9007
 J9 PHYS REV LETT
 JI Phys. Rev. Lett.
 PD APR 30
 PY 2004
 VL 92
 IS 17
 AR 178701
 DI ARTN 178701
 PG 4
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA 817LO
 UT ISI:000221179200069
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Barrat, A
    Barthelemy, M
    Pastor-Satorras, R
    Vespignani, A
 TI The architecture of complex weighted networks
 SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF
    AMERICA
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID SMALL-WORLD NETWORKS; BETWEENNESS
 AB Networked structures arise in a wide array of different contexts such
    as technological and transportation infrastructures, social phenomena,
    and biological systems. These highly interconnected systems have
    recently been the focus of a great deal of attention that has uncovered
    and characterized their topological complexity. Along with a complex
    topological structure, real networks display a large heterogeneity in
    the capacity and intensity of the connections. These features, however,
    have mainly not been considered in past studies where links are usually
    represented as binary states, i.e., either present or absent. Here, we
    study the scientific collaboration network and the world-wide
    air-transportation network, which are representative examples of social
    and large infrastructure systems, respectively. In both cases it is
    possible to assign to each edge of the graph a weight proportional to
    the intensity or capacity of the connections among the various elements
    of the network. We define appropriate metrics combining weighted and
    topological observables that enable us to characterize the complex
    statistical properties and heterogeneity of the actual strength of
    edges and vertices. This information allows us to investigate the
    correlations among weighted quantities and the underlying topological
    structure of the network. These results provide a better description of
    the hierarchies and organizational principles at the basis of the
    architecture of weighted networks.
 C1 Univ Paris 11, UMR CNRS 8627, Phys Theor Lab, F-91405 Orsay, France.
    CEA, Dept Phys Theor & Appl, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France.
    Univ Politecn Catalunya, Dept Fis & Engn Nucl, ES-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
 RP Vespignani, A, Univ Paris 11, UMR CNRS 8627, Phys Theor Lab, Batiment
    210, F-91405 Orsay, France.
 EM alexv@th.u-psud.fr
 CR ALBERT R, 2000, NATURE, V406, P378
    ALBERT R, 2002, REV MOD PHYS, V74, P47
    AMARAL LAN, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P11149
    BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509
    BARABASI AL, 2002, PHYSICA A, V311, P590
    BRANDES U, 2001, J MATH SOCIOL, V25, P163
    CALLAWAY DS, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P5468
    CLARK J, 1998, 1 LOOK GRAPH THEORY
    COHEN R, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P4626
    DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2003, EVOLUTION NETWORKS B
    FREEMAN LC, 1977, SOCIOMETRY, V40, P35
    GOH KI, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V87
    GUIMERA R, 2003, E PRINT ARCH
    LI W, 2003, E PRINT ARCH
    MASLOV S, 2002, SCIENCE, V296, P910
    NEWMAN MEJ, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64
    NEWMAN MEJ, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64
    NEWMAN MEJ, 2002, PHYS REV LETT, V89
    PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P3200
    PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V87
    RAVASZ E, 2003, PHYS REV E 2, V67
    VAZQUEZ A, 2002, PHYS REV E 2, V65
    WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440
    YOOK SH, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P5835
    ZHOU S, 2003, E PRINT ARCH
 NR 25
 TC 190
 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES
 PI WASHINGTON
 PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA
 SN 0027-8424
 J9 PROC NAT ACAD SCI USA
 JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.
 PD MAR 16
 PY 2004
 VL 101
 IS 11
 BP 3747
 EP 3752
 PG 6
 SC Multidisciplinary Sciences
 GA 804QZ
 UT ISI:000220314500008
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Vespignani, A
 TI Evolution thinks modular
 SO NATURE GENETICS
 LA English
 DT Editorial Material
 ID PROTEIN-INTERACTION NETWORKS; PREDICTION
 AB Groups of interacting proteins define functional modules that govern a
    cell's activity. A new study suggests that specific interaction motifs
    and their constituents are highly conserved across species, identifying
    potential functional modules used in the evolutionary process.
 C1 Univ Paris 11, Phys Theor Lab, F-91405 Orsay, France.
 RP Vespignani, A, Univ Paris 11, Phys Theor Lab, Batiment 210, F-91405
    Orsay, France.
 CR BARABASI AL, 2002, LINKED
    DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2003, EVOLUTION NETWORKS
    HARTWELL LH, 1999, NATURE, V402, P47
    HISHIGAKI H, 2001, YEAST, V18, P523
    HODGMAN TC, 2000, BIOINFORMATICS, V16, P10
    MILO R, 2002, SCIENCE, V298, P824
    OLTVAI ZN, 2002, SCIENCE, V298, P763
    PASTORSATORRAS R, 2003, J THEOR BIOL, V222, P199
    RAVASZ E, 2002, SCIENCE, V297, P1551
    VAZQUEZ A, 2003, COMPLEXUS, V1, P38
    VAZQUEZ A, 2003, NAT BIOTECHNOL, V21, P697
    WUCHTY S, 2003, NAT GENET, V35, P176
 NR 12
 TC 12
 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
 PI NEW YORK
 PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA
 SN 1061-4036
 J9 NAT GENET
 JI Nature Genet.
 PD OCT
 PY 2003
 VL 35
 IS 2
 BP 118
 EP 119
 PG 2
 SC Genetics & Heredity
 GA 726WV
 UT ISI:000185625300005
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Bagnoli, F
    Cecconi, F
    Flammini, A
    Vespignani, A
 TI Short-period attractors and non-ergodic behavior in the deterministic
    fixed-energy sandpile model
 SO EUROPHYSICS LETTERS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY; ABSORBING PHASE-TRANSITIONS; CHARGE-DENSITY
    WAVES; ABELIAN SANDPILE; CONSERVED FIELD; AVALANCHES; LOCKING; EVENTS
 AB We study the asymptotic behaviour of the Bak, Tang, Wiesenfeld sandpile
    automata as a closed system with fixed energy. We explore the full
    range of energies characterizing the active phase. The model exhibits
    strong non-ergodic features by settling into limit-cycles whose period
    depends on the energy and initial conditions. The asymptotic activity
    rho(a) (topplings density) shows, as a function of energy density zeta,
    a devil's staircase behaviour de. ning a symmetric energy interval-set
    over which also the period lengths remain constant. The properties of
    the zeta-rho(a) phase diagram can be traced back to the basic
    symmetries underlying the model's dynamics.
 C1 Dipartimento Energet S Stecco, I-50139 Florence, Italy.
    Univ Roma La Sapienza, INFM, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
    Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Fis, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
    INFM, I-34014 Trieste, Italy.
    Int Sch Adv Studies SISSA ISAS, I-34014 Trieste, Italy.
    Univ Paris 11, Phys Theor Lab, UMR 8627, CNRS, F-91405 Orsay, France.
 RP Bagnoli, F, Dipartimento Energet S Stecco, Via S Marta 3, I-50139
    Florence, Italy.
 CR ALAVA M, 2002, J PHYS-CONDENS MAT, V14, P2353
    BAK P, 1986, PHYS TODAY, V39, P38
    BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381
    CECCONI F, 1998, PHYS REV E A, V57, P2703
    CHESSA A, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V80, P4217
    DEMENECH M, 1998, PHYS REV E A, V58, R2677
    DHAR D, CONDMAT990909
    DHAR D, 1999, PHYSICA A, V263, P4
    DICKMAN R, 1998, PHYS REV E A, V57, P5095
    ERZAN A, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V66, P2750
    GRINSTEIN G, 1999, NATO ASI B, V344
    HIGGINS MJ, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P3784
    HWA T, 1992, PHYS REV A, V45, P7002
    JENSEN HJ, 1999, SELF ORG CRITICALITY
    KTITAREV DV, 2000, PHYS REV E, V61, P81
    LORETO V, 1996, PHYS REV E, V53, P2087
    LUBECK S, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64
    LUBECK S, 2002, PHYS REV E 2A, V65
    MANNA SS, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, L363
    MARRO J, 1999, NONEQUILIBRIUM PHASE
    MIDDLETON AA, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V68, P1586
    MONTAKHAB A, 1998, PHYS REV E A, V58, P5608
    NARAYAN O, 1994, PHYS REV B, V49, P244
    PASTORSATORRAS R, 2000, PHYS REV E A, V62, R5875
    ROSSI M, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P1803
    SHUSTER HG, 1988, DETERMINISTIC CHAOS
    TANG C, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V60, P2347
    VESPIGNANI A, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V78, P4793
    VESPIGNANI A, 1998, PHYS REV E, V57, P6345
    VESPIGNANI A, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V81, P5676
    VESPIGNANI A, 2000, PHYS REV E A, V62, P4564
 NR 31
 TC 7
 PU E D P SCIENCES
 PI LES ULIS CEDEXA
 PA 7, AVE DU HOGGAR, PARC D ACTIVITES COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES
    ULIS CEDEXA, FRANCE
 SN 0295-5075
 J9 EUROPHYS LETT
 JI Europhys. Lett.
 PD AUG
 PY 2003
 VL 63
 IS 4
 BP 512
 EP 518
 PG 7
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA 709GU
 UT ISI:000184618100006
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Castellano, C
    Vilone, D
    Vespignani, A
 TI Incomplete ordering of the voter model on small-world networks
 SO EUROPHYSICS LETTERS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID COMPLEX NETWORKS
 AB We investigate how the topology of small-world networks affects the
    dynamics of the voter model for opinion formation. We show that,
    contrary to what occurs on regular topologies with local interactions,
    the voter model on small-world networks does not display the emergence
    of complete order in the thermodynamic limit. The system settles in a
    stationary state with coexisting opinions whose lifetime diverges with
    the system size. Hence the nontrivial connectivity pattern leads to the
    counterintuitive conclusion that long-range connections inhibit the
    ordering process. However, for networks of finite size, for which full
    uniformity is reached, the ordering process takes a time shorter than
    on a regular lattice of the same size.
 C1 Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Fis, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
    INFM, Unita Roma 1, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
    Univ Paris 11, Phys Theor Lab, UMR 8627, CNRS, F-91405 Orsay, France.
 RP Castellano, C, Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Fis, P A Moro 2,
    I-00185 Rome, Italy.
 CR ALBERT R, 2002, REV MOD PHYS, V74, P47
    AXELROD R, 1997, COMPLEXITY COOPERATI
    AXELROD R, 1997, J CONFLICT RESOLUT, V41, P203
    AXTELL R, 1996, COMPUTATIONAL MATH O, V1, P123
    BARRAT A, 2000, EUR PHYS J B, V13, P547
    BARTHELEMY M, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V82, P3180
    BOYER D, 2003, PHYS REV E 2, V67
    BRAY AJ, 1994, ADV PHYS, V43, P357
    CALLAWAY DS, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P5468
    CASTELLANO C, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P3536
    COHEN R, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P4626
    DORNIC I, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V87
    FRACHEBOURG L, 1996, PHYS REV E, V53, P3009
    HOLYST JA, 2001, ANN REV COMPUTATIONA, V9
    LIGGETT TM, 1985, INTERACTING PARTICLE
    LILJEROS F, 2001, NATURE, V411, P907
    MARRO J, 1999, NONEQUILIBRIUM PHASE
    NEWMAN MEJ, 2000, J STAT PHYS, V101, P819
    PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P3200
    REDNER S, 1998, EUR PHYS J B, V4, P131
    REDNER S, 2001, GUIDE 1ST PASSAGE PR
    SANCHEZ AD, 2002, PHYS REV LETT, V88
    STAUFFER D, 2002, JASSS, V5, P1
    STROGATZ SH, 2001, NATURE, V410, P268
    VAZQUEZ F, 2002, CONDMAT0209445
    WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440
    WATTS DJ, 1999, SMALL WORLDS DYNAMIC
 NR 27
 TC 22
 PU E D P SCIENCES
 PI LES ULIS CEDEXA
 PA 7, AVE DU HOGGAR, PARC D ACTIVITES COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES
    ULIS CEDEXA, FRANCE
 SN 0295-5075
 J9 EUROPHYS LETT
 JI Europhys. Lett.
 PD JUL
 PY 2003
 VL 63
 IS 1
 BP 153
 EP 158
 PG 6
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA 696HC
 UT ISI:000183880700023
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Vazquez, A
    Flammini, A
    Maritan, A
    Vespignani, A
 TI Global protein function prediction from protein-protein interaction
    networks
 SO NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; YEAST; COMPLEXES; GENOME
 AB Determining protein function is one of the most challenging problems of
    the post-genomic era. The availability of entire genome sequences and
    of high-throughput capabilities to determine gene coexpression patterns
    has shifted the research focus from the study of single proteins or
    small complexes to that of the entire proteome(1). In this context, the
    search for reliable methods for assigning protein function is of
    primary importance. There are various approaches available for deducing
    the function of proteins of unknown function using information derived
    from sequence similarity or clustering patterns of coregulated
    genes(2,3), phylogenetic profiles(4), protein-protein interactions
    (refs. 5-8 and Samanta, M. P. and Liang, S., unpublished data), and
    protein complexes(9,10). Here we propose the assignment of proteins to
    functional classes on the basis of their network of physical
    interactions as determined by minimizing the number of protein
    interactions among different functional categories. Function assignment
    is proteome-wide and is determined by the global connectivity pattern
    of the protein network. The approach results in multiple functional
    assignments, a consequence of the existence of multiple equivalent
    solutions. We apply the method to analyze the yeast Saccharomyces
    cerevisiae protein-protein interaction network(5). The robustness of
    the approach is tested in a system containing a high percentage of
    unclassified proteins and also in cases of deletion and insertion of
    specific protein interactions.
 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
    SISSA, I-34014 Trieste, Italy.
    INFM, I-34014 Trieste, Italy.
    Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34100 Trieste, Italy.
    Univ Paris 11, Phys Theor Lab, UMR CNRS 8627, F-91405 Orsay, France.
 RP Vazquez, A, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
 CR *MIPS, MIPS COMPR YEAST GEN
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    HARRINGTON CA, 2000, CURR OPIN MICROBIOL, V3, P285
    HISHIGAKI H, 2001, YEAST, V18, P523
    HO Y, 2002, NATURE, V415, P180
    HODGMAN TC, 2000, BIOINFORMATICS, V16, P10
    ITO T, 2001, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V98, P4569
    JEONG H, 2001, NATURE, V411, P41
    KIRKPATRICK S, 1983, SCIENCE, V220, P621
    MEYER ML, 2000, NAT BIOTECHNOL, V18, P1242
    PELLEGRINI M, 1999, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V96, P4285
    SCHWIKOWSKI B, 2000, NAT BIOTECHNOL, V18, P1257
    UETZ P, 2000, NATURE, V403, P623
    WAGNER A, 2000, NAT GENET, V24, P355
    WU FY, 1982, REV MOD PHYS, V54, P235
    ZHANG MQ, 1999, COMPUT CHEM, V23, P233
 NR 16
 TC 96
 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
 PI NEW YORK
 PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA
 SN 1087-0156
 J9 NAT BIOTECHNOL
 JI Nat. Biotechnol.
 PD JUN
 PY 2003
 VL 21
 IS 6
 BP 697
 EP 700
 PG 4
 SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
 GA 684RR
 UT ISI:000183220800030
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Percacci, R
    Vespignani, A
 TI Scale-free behavior of the Internet global performance
 SO EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL B
 LA English
 DT Article
 AB Measurements and data analysis have proved very effective in the study
    of the Internet's physical fabric and have shown heterogeneities and
    statistical fluctuations extending over several orders of magnitude.
    Here we focus on the relationship between the, Round-Trip-Time (RTT)
    and the geographical distance. We define dimensionless variables that
    contain information on the quality of Internet connections finding that
    their probability distributions are characterized by a slow power-law
    decay signalling the presence of scale-free features. These results
    point out the extreme heterogeneity of Internet delay since the
    transmission speed between different points of the network exhibits
    very large fluctuations' The associated scaling exponents appear to
    have fairly stable values in different data sets and thus define an
    invariant characteristic of the Internet that might be used in the
    future as a benchmark of the overall state of "health" of the Internet.
 C1 SISSA, Int Sch Adv Studies, ISAS, I-34014 Trieste, Italy.
    Univ Paris 11, Phys Theor Lab, F-91405 Orsay, France.
 RP Percacci, R, SISSA, Int Sch Adv Studies, ISAS, Via Beirut 4, I-34014
    Trieste, Italy.
 CR ALBERT R, 2002, REV MOD PHYS, V74, P47
    BARABASI AL, 2002, AREV MOD PHYS, V74, P47
    BOVY C, 2002, P PAM 2002 C FORT CO
    BROIDO A, 2001, SPIE INT S CONV IT C
    CROVELLA M, 2000, PERFORM EVALUATION, V42, P91
    FALOUTSOS M, 1999, COMP COMM R, V29, P251
    FLOYD S, 2001, IEEE ACM T NETWORK, V9, P392
    GOVINDAN R, 2000, P IEEE INFOCOM 2000
    HUFFAKER B, 2001, P PAM 2001 C AMST 23
    LEE C, 2001, 10 IEEE HET COMP WOR
    PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V87
    PAXSON V, 1997, IEEE ACM T NETWORK, V5, P601
    VESPIGNANI A, 2002, PHYS REV E, V65
    WILLINGER W, 1996, STOCHASTIC NETWORKS, P339
    WILLINGER W, 2002, P NATL ACAD SCI U S1, V99, P2573
    WILLINGER W, 2002, P NATL ACAD SCI U S1, V99, P2573
 NR 16
 TC 3
 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG
 PI NEW YORK
 PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA
 SN 1434-6028
 J9 EUR PHYS J B
 JI Eur. Phys. J. B
 PD APR
 PY 2003
 VL 32
 IS 4
 BP 411
 EP 414
 PG 4
 SC Physics, Condensed Matter
 GA 686NF
 UT ISI:000183327300001
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Vazquez, A
    Boguna, M
    Moreno, Y
    Pastor-Satorras, R
    Vespignani, A
 TI Topology and correlations in structured scale-free networks
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID COMPLEX NETWORKS; INTERNET; DYNAMICS; ATTACK
 AB We study a recently introduced class of scale-free networks showing a
    high clustering coefficient and nontrivial connectivity correlations.
    We find that the connectivity probability distribution strongly depends
    on the fine details of the model. We solve exactly the case of low
    average connectivity, providing also exact expressions for the
    clustering and degree correlation functions. The model also exhibits a
    lack of small-world properties in the whole parameter range. We discuss
    the physical properties of these networks in the light of the present
    detailed analysis.
 C1 Scuola Int Super Studi Avanzati, I-34014 Trieste, Italy.
    INFM, I-34014 Trieste, Italy.
    Univ Barcelona, Dept Fis Fonamental, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
    Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34014 Trieste, Italy.
    Univ Politecn Catalunya, Dept Fis & Engn Nucl, ES-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
    Univ Paris 11, Phys Theor Lab, UMR CNRS 8627, F-91405 Orsay, France.
 RP Vazquez, A, Scuola Int Super Studi Avanzati, Via Beirut 4, I-34014
    Trieste, Italy.
 CR ABRAMOWITZ M, 1972, HDB MATH FUNCTIONS
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    BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509
    BOGUNA M, 2002, PHYS REV E 2, V66
    BOGUNA M, 2003, PHYS REV LETT, V90
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    CHARTRAND G, 1986, GRAPHS DIGRAPHS
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    WARREN CP, 2002, PHYS REV E, V66
    WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440
 NR 38
 TC 30
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 1063-651X
 J9 PHYS REV E
 JI Phys. Rev. E
 PD APR
 PY 2003
 VL 67
 IS 4
 PN Part 2
 AR 046111
 DI ARTN 046111
 PG 10
 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical
 GA 677UD
 UT ISI:000182825400024
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Moreno, Y
    Pastor-Satorras, R
    Vazquez, A
    Vespignani, A
 TI Critical load and congestion instabilities in scale-free networks
 SO EUROPHYSICS LETTERS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID COMPLEX NETWORKS; OVERLOAD BREAKDOWN; EVOLVING NETWORKS;
    PHASE-TRANSITION; INTERNET; MODEL; WEB
 AB We study the tolerance to congestion failures in communication networks
    with scale-free topology. The traffic load carried by each damaged
    element in the network must be partly or totally redistributed among
    the remaining elements. Overloaded elements might fail on their turn,
    triggering the occurrence of failure cascades able to isolate large
    parts of the network. We find a critical traffic load above which the
    probability of massive traffic congestions destroying the network
    communication capabilities is finite.
 C1 Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34100 Trieste, Italy.
    Univ Zaragoza, Dept Fis Teor, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
    Univ Politecn Catalunya, Dept Fis & Engn Nucl, ES-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
    Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.
    Univ Paris 11, Phys Theor Lab, CNRS, UMR 8627, F-91405 Orsay, France.
 RP Moreno, Y, Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, POB 586, I-34100 Trieste,
    Italy.
 CR ALBERT R, 2000, NATURE, V406, P378
    ALBERT R, 2002, REV MOD PHYS, V74, P47
    BARABASI AL, 1999, PHYSICA A, V272, P173
    BARABASI AL, 2000, PHYSICA A, V281, P69
    BRODER A, 2000, COMPUT NETW, V33, P309
    BROIDO A, 2001, SPIE INT S CONV IT C
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    CALLAWAY DS, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P5468
    CHEN Q, 2002, P INFOCOM 2002 21 AN, V2
    COHEN R, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P4626
    DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2002, ADV PHYS, V51, P1079
    FALOUTSOS M, 1999, COMP COMM R, V29, P251
    GOH KI, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V87
    GOVINDAN R, 2000, P IEEE INFOCOM 2000
    HOLME P, 2002, PHYS REV E 2, V65
    HOLME P, 2002, PHYS REV E 2A, V66
    JENSEN HJ, 1998, SELF ORG CRITICALITY
    LABOVITZ C, 1999, 29 ANN INT S FAULT T, V278
    LABOVITZ C, 1999, P INFOCOM 99 18 ANN, V1
    MAGNASCO MO, 2000, NLINAO0010051
    MARRO J, 1999, NONEQUILIBRIUM PHASE
    MORENO Y, 2002, EUROPHYS LETT, V58, P630
    NEWMAN MEJ, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64
    OHIRA T, 1998, PHYS REV E, V58, P193
    PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P3200
    PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V87
    PASTORSATORRAS R, 2002, HDB GRAPHS NETWORKS
    STROGATZ SH, 2001, NATURE, V410, P268
    TADIC B, 2002, CONDMAT02072287
    TAKAYASU M, 1996, PHYSICA A, V233, P924
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 NR 34
 TC 37
 PU E D P SCIENCES
 PI LES ULIS CEDEXA
 PA 7, AVE DU HOGGAR, PARC D ACTIVITES COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES
    ULIS CEDEXA, FRANCE
 SN 0295-5075
 J9 EUROPHYS LETT
 JI Europhys. Lett.
 PD APR
 PY 2003
 VL 62
 IS 2
 BP 292
 EP 298
 PG 7
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA 665NK
 UT ISI:000182127200022
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Vilone, D
    Vespignani, A
    Castellano, C
 TI Ordering phase transition in the one-dimensional Axelrod model
 SO EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL B
 LA English
 DT Article
 AB We study the one-dimensional behavior of a cellular automaton aimed at
    the description of the formation and evolution of cultural domains. The
    model exhibits a non-equilibrium transition between a phase with all
    the system sharing the same culture and a disordered phase of
    coexisting regions with different cultural features. Depending on the
    initial distribution of the disorder the transition occurs at different
    values of the model parameters. This phenomenology is qualitatively
    captured by a mean-field approach, which maps the dynamics into a
    multi-species reaction-diffusion problem.
 C1 Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Fis, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
    Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34100 Trieste, Italy.
    INFM, Unita Roma 1, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
 RP Vilone, D, Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Fis, P A Moro 2, I-00185
    Rome, Italy.
 CR AXELROD R, 1997, COMPLEXITY COOPERATI
    AXELROD R, 1997, J CONFLICT RESOLUT, V41, P207
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    JENSEN HJ, 1998, SELF ORG CRITICALITY
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    LEE BP, 1995, J STAT PHYS, V80, P971
    LIGGETT TM, 1985, INTERACTING PARTICLE
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    REDNER S, 1997, NONEQUILIBRIUM STAT
    STROGATZ SH, 2001, NATURE, V410, P268
    WATTS DJ, 1999, SMALL WORLDS DYNAMIC
 NR 14
 TC 13
 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG
 PI NEW YORK
 PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA
 SN 1434-6028
 J9 EUR PHYS J B
 JI Eur. Phys. J. B
 PD DEC
 PY 2002
 VL 30
 IS 3
 BP 399
 EP 406
 PG 8
 SC Physics, Condensed Matter
 GA 643EZ
 UT ISI:000180850100016
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Boguna, M
    Pastor-Satorras, R
    Vespignani, A
 TI Absence of epidemic threshold in scale-free networks with degree
    correlations
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID COMPLEX NETWORKS; DYNAMICS
 AB Random scale-free networks have the peculiar property of being prone to
    the spreading of infections. Here we provide for the
    susceptible-infected-susceptible model an exact result showing that a
    scale-free degree distribution with diverging second moment is a
    sufficient condition to have null epidemic threshold in unstructured
    networks with either assortative or disassortative mixing. Degree
    correlations result therefore irrelevant for the epidemic spreading
    picture in these scale-free networks. The present result is related to
    the divergence of the average nearest neighbor's degree, enforced by
    the degree detailed balance condition.
 C1 Univ Barcelona, Dept Fis Fonamental, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
    Univ Politecn Catalunya, Dept Fis & Engn Nucl, ES-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
    Univ Paris 11, CNRS, UMR 8627, Phys Theor Lab, F-91405 Orsay, France.
 RP Boguna, M, Univ Barcelona, Dept Fis Fonamental, Ave Diagonal 647,
    E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
 CR ALBERT R, 2000, NATURE, V406, P378
    ALBERT R, 2002, REV MOD PHYS, V74, P47
    ANDERSON RM, 1992, INFECT DIS HUMANS
    BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509
    BOGUNA M, 2002, PHYS REV E 2, V66
    CALLAWAY DS, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P5468
    COHEN R, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P4626
    DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2002, ADV PHYS, V51, P1079
    EGUILUZ VM, 2002, PHYS REV LETT, V89
    GANTMACHER FR, 1974, THEORY MATRICES, V2
    KLEMM K, 2002, PHYS REV E 2A, V65
    MASLOV S, 2002, SCIENCE, V296, P910
    MAY RM, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64
    MORENO Y, CONDMAT0201362
    NEWMAN MEJ, 2002, PHYS REV LETT, V89
    PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V63
    PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P3200
    PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V87
    PASTORSATORRAS R, 2002, HDB GRAPHS NETWORKS, P113
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 NR 24
 TC 52
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 0031-9007
 J9 PHYS REV LETT
 JI Phys. Rev. Lett.
 PD JAN 17
 PY 2003
 VL 90
 IS 2
 AR 028701
 DI ARTN 028701
 PG 4
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA 636FP
 UT ISI:000180444200058
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Miguel, MC
    Vespignani, A
    Zaiser, M
    Zapperi, S
 TI Dislocation jamming and Andrade creep
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID CRITICAL-DYNAMICS; SINGLE-CRYSTALS; DEFORMATION; SIMULATION; SLIP; FLOW
 AB We simulate the glide motion of an assembly of interacting dislocations
    under the action of an external shear stress and show that the
    associated plastic creep relaxation follows Andrade's law. Our results
    indicate that Andrade creep in plastically deforming crystals involves
    the correlated motion of dislocation structures near a dynamic
    transition separating a flowing from a jammed phase. Simulations in the
    presence of dislocation multiplication and noise confirm the robustness
    of this finding and highlight the importance of metastable structure
    formation for the relaxation process.
 C1 Univ Barcelona, Dipartimento Fis Fonamental, Fac Fis, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
    Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34100 Trieste, Italy.
    Univ Edinburgh, Ctr Mat Sci & Engn, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, Midlothian, Scotland.
    Univ Roma La Sapienza, INFM, Unita Rome 1, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
    Univ Roma La Sapienza, Ctr Stat Mech & Complex, Dipartimento Fis, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
 RP Miguel, MC, Univ Barcelona, Dipartimento Fis Fonamental, Fac Fis, Ave
    Diagonal 647, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
 CR AMODEO RJ, 1990, PHYS REV B B, V41, P6958
    AMODEO RJ, 1990, PHYS REV B, V41, P6968
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 NR 28
 TC 17
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 0031-9007
 J9 PHYS REV LETT
 JI Phys. Rev. Lett.
 PD OCT 14
 PY 2002
 VL 89
 IS 16
 AR 165501
 DI ARTN 165501
 PG 4
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA 600HJ
 UT ISI:000178384300025
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Leone, M
    Vazquez, A
    Vespignani, A
    Zecchina, R
 TI Ferromagnetic ordering in graphs with arbitrary degree distribution
 SO EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL B
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID REPLICA SYMMETRY-BREAKING; MEAN-FIELD THEORY; K-SATISFIABILITY PROBLEM;
    LATTICE SPIN-GLASS; FINITE CONNECTIVITY; BETHE LATTICE; COMPLEX
    NETWORKS; DEGREE SEQUENCE; SYSTEMS; SIZE
 AB We present a detailed study of the phase diagram of the Ising model in
    random graphs with arbitrary degree distribution. By using the replica
    method we compute exactly the value of the critical temperature and the
    associated critical exponents as a function of the moments of the
    degree distribution. Two regimes of the degree distribution are of
    particular interest. In the case of a divergent second moment, the
    system is ferromagnetic at all temperatures. In the case of a finite
    second moment and a divergent fourth moment, there is a ferromagnetic
    transition characterized by non-trivial critical exponents. Finally, if
    the fourth moment is finite we recover the mean field exponents. These
    results are analyzed in detail for power-law distributed random graphs.
 C1 Scuola Int Super Studi Avanzati, I-34014 Trieste, Italy.
    INFM, I-34014 Trieste, Italy.
    Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34014 Trieste, Italy.
 RP Leone, M, Scuola Int Super Studi Avanzati, Via Beirut 4, I-34014
    Trieste, Italy.
 CR AIELLO W, 2000, P 32 ANN ACM S THEOR, P171
    ALBERT R, 2002, REV MOD PHYS, V74, P47
    ALEKSIEJUK A, CONDMAT0112312
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    BARABASI AL, 1999, PHYSICA A, V272, P173
    BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509
    CALLAWAY DS, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P5468
    CARLSON JM, 1988, EUROPHYS LETT, V5, P355
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 NR 34
 TC 53
 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG
 PI NEW YORK
 PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA
 SN 1434-6028
 J9 EUR PHYS J B
 JI Eur. Phys. J. B
 PD JUL
 PY 2002
 VL 28
 IS 2
 BP 191
 EP 197
 PG 7
 SC Physics, Condensed Matter
 GA 588BB
 UT ISI:000177679600010
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Vazquez, A
    Pastor-Satorras, R
    Vespignani, A
 TI Large-scale topological and dynamical properties of the Internet
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID GROWING RANDOM NETWORKS; SMALL-WORLD NETWORKS; RANDOM GRAPHS; EVOLVING
    NETWORKS; COMPLEX NETWORKS; DEGREE SEQUENCE; WIDE-WEB; ATTACK; GROWTH
 AB We study the large-scale topological and dynamical properties of real
    Internet maps at the autonomous system level, collected in a 3-yr time
    interval. We find that the connectivity structure of the Internet
    presents statistical distributions settled in a well-defined stationary
    state. The large-scale properties are characterized by a scale-free
    topology consistent with previous observations. Correlation functions
    and clustering coefficients exhibit a remarkable structure due to the
    underlying hierarchical organization of the Internet. The study of the
    Internet time evolution shows a growth dynamics with aging features
    typical of recently proposed growing network models. We compare the
    properties of growing network models with the present real Internet
    data analysis.
 C1 SISSA, Int Sch Adv Studies, I-34014 Trieste, Italy.
    Univ Politecn Catalunya, Dept Fis & Engn Nucl, ES-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
    Int Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34100 Trieste, Italy.
 RP Vazquez, A, SISSA, Int Sch Adv Studies, Via Beirut 4, I-34014 Trieste,
    Italy.
 CR ADAMIC LA, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64
    ALBERT R, 2000, NATURE, V406, P378
    ALBERT R, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P5234
    ALBERT R, 2002, REV MOD PHYS, V74, P47
    AMARAL LAN, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P11149
    BARABASI AL, 1999, PHYSICA A, V272, P173
    BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509
    BIANCONI G, 2001, EUROPHYS LETT, V54, P436
    BOLLOBAS B, 1985, RANDOM GRAPHS
    BORNHOLDT S, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64
    CALDARELLI G, 2000, EUROPHYS LETT, V52, P386
    CALLAWAY DS, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P5468
    CHESWICK B, INTERNET MAPPING PRO
    COHEN R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P3682
    DOAR M, 1993, P IEEE INFOCOM 93 LO, P83
    DOROGOVTSEV SN, CONDMAT0009090
    DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2000, EUROPHYS LETT, V52, P33
    DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P4633
    DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V63
    DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2002, ADV PHYS, V51, P1079
    ERDOS P, 1960, PUBL MATH I HUNG, V5, P17
    FALOUTSOS M, 1999, COMP COMM R, V29, P251
    FLOYD S, 2001, IEEE ACM T NETWORK, V9, P392
    GOH KI, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V87
    GOH KI, 2002, PHYS REV LETT, V88
    GOVINDAN R, 1997, P IEEE INFOCOM, P850
    GOVINDAN R, 2000, P IEEE INFOCOM, V3, P1371
    HUBERMAN BA, 1999, NATURE, V401, P131
    JEONG H, CONDMAT0104131
    KRAPIVSKY PL, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P4629
    KRAPIVSKY PL, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V63
    MEDINA A, 2000, COMPUT COMMUN REV, V30, P18
    MOLLOY M, 1995, RANDOM STRUCT ALGOR, V6, P161
    MOLLOY M, 1998, COMB PROBAB COMPUT, V7, P295
    NEWMAN MEJ, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64
    NEWMAN MEJ, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64
    PANSIOT JJ, 1998, ACM COMPUTER COMMUNI, V28, P41
    PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P3200
    PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V87
    PUNIYANI AR, CONDMAT0107212
    SIMON HA, 1955, BIOMETRIKA, V42, P425
    STROGATZ SH, 2001, NATURE, V410, P268
    VUKADINOVIC D, 2002, LECT NOTES COMPUTER
    WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440
    WATTS DJ, 1999, SMALL WORLDS DYNAMIC
    YOOK SH, CONDMAT0107417
    ZEGURA EW, 1997, IEEE ACM T NETWORK, V5, P770
 NR 47
 TC 123
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 1063-651X
 J9 PHYS REV E
 JI Phys. Rev. E
 PD JUN
 PY 2002
 VL 65
 IS 6
 PN Part 2
 AR 066130
 DI ARTN 066130
 PG 12
 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical
 GA 572FM
 UT ISI:000176762900037
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Moreno, Y
    Pastor-Satorras, R
    Vespignani, A
 TI Epidemic outbreaks in complex heterogeneous networks
 SO EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL B
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID SMALL-WORLD NETWORKS; WIDE-WEB; TRANSMISSION DYNAMICS; INTERNET;
    PERCOLATION; TOPOLOGY; GRAPHS; MODEL; HIV
 AB We present a detailed analytical and numerical study for the spreading
    of infections with acquired immunity in complex population networks. We
    show that the large connectivity fluctuations usually found in these
    networks strengthen considerably the incidence of epidemic outbreaks.
    Scale-free networks, which are characterized by diverging connectivity
    fluctuations in the limit of a very large number of nodes, exhibit the
    lack of an epidemic threshold and always show a finite fraction of
    infected individuals. This particular weakness, observed also in models
    without immunity, defines a new epidemiological framework characterized
    by a highly heterogeneous response of the system to the introduction of
    infected individuals with different connectivity. The understanding of
    epidemics in complex networks might deliver new insights in the spread
    of information and diseases in biological and technological networks
    that often appear to be characterized by complex heterogeneous
    architectures.
 C1 Abdus Salam Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34100 Trieste, Italy.
    Univ Politecn Catalunya, Dept Fis & Engn Nucl, ES-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
 RP Moreno, Y, Abdus Salam Ctr Theoret Phys, POB 586, I-34100 Trieste,
    Italy.
 CR ABRAMOWITZ M, 1972, HDB MATH FUNCTIONS
    ALBERT R, 1999, NATURE, V401, P130
    ALBERT R, 2000, NATURE, V409, P542
    ALBERT R, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P5234
    AMARAL LAN, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P11149
    ANDERSON RM, 1992, INFECT DIS HUMANS
    BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509
    BARRAT A, 2000, EUR PHYS J B, V13, P547
    BARTHELEMY M, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V82, P3180
    BORNHOLDT S, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64
    CALDARELLI G, 2000, EUROPHYS LETT, V52, P386
    CALLAWAY DS, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P5468
    COHEN R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P3682
    DEMENEZES MA, 2000, EUROPHYS LETT, V50, P574
    DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P4633
    DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2001, CONDMAT0106144
    ERDOS P, 1960, PUBL MATH I HUNG, V5, P17
    FALOUTSOS M, 1999, COMP COMM R, V29, P251
    HETHCOTE HW, 1978, THEORETICAL POPULATI, V14, P338
    HETHCOTE HW, 1984, LECT NOTES BIOMATHS, V56, P1
    KRAPIVSKY PL, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P4629
    KUPERMAN M, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P2909
    LILJEROS F, 2001, NATURE, V411, P907
    LLOYD AL, 2001, SCIENCE, V292, P1316
    MARRO J, 1999, NONEQUILIBRIUM PHASE
    MAY RM, 1984, MATH BIOSCI, V72, P83
    MAY RM, 1987, NATURE, V326, P137
    MAY RM, 1988, PHIL T R SOC LOND B, V321, P565
    MAY RM, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64
    MOORE C, 2000, PHYS REV E B, V61, P5678
    MURRAY JD, 1993, MATH BIOL
    NEWMAN MEJ, 1999, PHYS REV E, V60, P5678
    PASTORSATORRAS FR, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V8725, P8701
    PASTORSATORRAS FR, 2002, PHYS REV E, V6503, P5108
    PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V63
    PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P3200
    PASTORSATORRAS R, 2002, PHYS REV E 2A, V65
    SIMON HA, 1955, BIOMETRIKA, V42, P425
    STROGATZ SH, 2001, NATURE, V410, P268
    TADIC B, 2001, PHYSICA A, V293, P273
    WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440
    WATTS DJ, 1999, SMALL WORLDS DYNAMIC
 NR 42
 TC 69
 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG
 PI NEW YORK
 PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA
 SN 1434-6028
 J9 EUR PHYS J B
 JI Eur. Phys. J. B
 PD APR
 PY 2002
 VL 26
 IS 4
 BP 521
 EP 529
 PG 9
 SC Physics, Condensed Matter
 GA 556QC
 UT ISI:000175859600017
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Pastor-Satorras, R
    Vespignani, A
 TI Epidemic dynamics in finite size scale-free networks
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID SMALL-WORLD NETWORKS; INTERNET
 AB Many real networks present a bounded scale-free behavior with a
    connectivity cutoff due to physical constraints or a finite network
    size. We study epidemic dynamics in bounded scale-free networks with
    soft and hard connectivity cutoffs. The finite size effects introduced
    by the cutoff induce an epidemic threshold that approaches zero at
    increasing sizes. The induced epidemic threshold is very small even at
    a relatively small cutoff, showing that the neglection of connectivity
    fluctuations in bounded scale-free networks leads to a strong
    overestimation of the epidemic threshold. We provide the expression for
    the infection prevalence and discuss its finite size corrections. The
    present paper shows that the highly heterogeneous nature of scale-free
    networks does not allow the use of homogeneous approximations even for
    systems of a relatively small number of nodes.
 C1 Univ Politecn Catalunya, Dept Fis & Engn Nucl, ES-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
 RP Pastor-Satorras, R, Univ Politecn Catalunya, Dept Fis & Engn Nucl,
    Campus Nord B4, ES-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
 CR ABRAMOWITZ M, 1972, HDB MATH FUNCTIONS
    ALBERT R, 1999, NATURE, V401, P130
    ALBERT R, 2002, REV MOD PHYS, V74, P47
    AMARAL LAN, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P11149
    ANDERSON RM, 1992, INFECT DIS HUMANS
    BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509
    CALDARELLI G, 2000, EUROPHYS LETT, V52, P386
    DEZSO Z, CONDMAT0107420
    DIEKMANN O, 2000, MATH EPIDEMIOLOGY IN
    DOROGOVTSEV SN, CONDMAT0106144
    FALOUTSOS M, 1999, COMP COMM R, V29, P251
    HETHCOTE HW, 1984, LECT NOTES BIOMATHS, V56, P1
    LILJEROS F, 2001, NATURE, V411, P907
    MARRO J, 1999, NONEQULIBRIUM PHASE
    MAY RM, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64
    MORENO Y, CONDMAT0107267
    PASTORSATORRAS R, CONDMAT0107066
    PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V63
    PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P3200
    PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V87
    STROGATZ SH, 2001, NATURE, V410, P268
    WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440
 NR 22
 TC 44
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 1063-651X
 J9 PHYS REV E
 JI Phys. Rev. E
 PD MAR
 PY 2002
 VL 65
 IS 3
 PN Part 2A
 AR 035108
 DI ARTN 035108
 PG 4
 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical
 GA 533UN
 UT ISI:000174548900008
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Pastor-Satorras, R
    Vespignani, A
 TI Immunization of complex networks
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID SMALL-WORLD NETWORKS; INTERNET; DYNAMICS
 AB Complex networks such as the sexual partnership web or the Internet
    often show a high degree of redundancy and heterogeneity in their
    connectivity properties. This peculiar connectivity provides an ideal
    environment for the spreading of infective agents. Here we show that
    the random uniform immunization of individuals does not lead to the
    eradication of infections in all complex networks. Namely, networks
    with scale-free properties do not acquire global immunity from major
    epidemic outbreaks even in the presence of unrealistically high
    densities of randomly immunized individuals. The absence of any
    critical immunization threshold is due to the unbounded connectivity
    fluctuations of scale-free networks. Successful immunization strategies
    can be developed only by taking into account the inhomogeneous
    connectivity properties of scale-free networks. In particular, targeted
    immunization schemes, based on the nodes' connectivity hierarchy,
    sharply lower the network's vulnerability to epidemic attacks.
 C1 Univ Politecn Catalunya, Dept Fis & Engn Nucl, ES-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
    Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34100 Trieste, Italy.
 RP Pastor-Satorras, R, Univ Politecn Catalunya, Dept Fis & Engn Nucl,
    Campus Nord,Modul B4, ES-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
 CR ALBERT R, 1999, NATURE, V401, P130
    ALBERT R, 2000, NATURE, V406, P378
    AMARAL LAN, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P11149
    ANDERSON RM, 1992, INFECT DIS HUMANS
    BARABASI AL, 1999, PHYSICA A, V272, P173
    BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509
    BARRAT A, 2000, EUR PHYS J B, V13, P547
    BELLOVIN SM, 1993, COMPUT COMMUN, V23, P26
    CALDARELLI G, 2000, EUROPHYS LETT, V52, P386
    CALLAWAY DS, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P5468
    COHEN R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P3682
    DEZSO Z, CONDMAT0107420
    DIEKMANN O, 2000, MATH EPIDEMIOLOGY IN
    DOROGOVTSEV SN, CONDMAT0106144
    DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P4633
    ERDOS P, 1960, PUBL MATH I HUNG, V5, P17
    FALOUTSOS M, 1999, COMP COMM R, V29, P251
    HETHCOTE HW, 1984, LECT NOTES BIOMATHS, V56, P1
    KEPHART JO, 1993, IEEE SPECTRUM, V30, P20
    LILJEROS F, 2001, NATURE, V411, P907
    LLOYD AL, 2001, SCIENCE, V292, P1316
    MARRO J, 1999, NONEQUILIBRIUM PHASE
    MAY RM, 1987, NATURE, V326, P137
    MAY RM, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64
    PASTORSATORRAS R, UNPUB
    PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V63
    PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P3200
    PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V87
    STROGATZ SH, 2001, NATURE, V410, P268
    WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440
 NR 30
 TC 76
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 1063-651X
 J9 PHYS REV E
 JI Phys. Rev. E
 PD MAR
 PY 2002
 VL 65
 IS 3
 PN Part 2A
 AR 036104
 DI ARTN 036104
 PG 8
 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical
 GA 533UN
 UT ISI:000174548900027
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Pastor-Satorras, R
    Vazquez, A
    Vespignani, A
 TI Dynamical and correlation properties of the Internet
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID SMALL-WORLD NETWORKS; TOPOLOGY
 AB The description of the Internet topology is an important open problem,
    recently tackled with the introduction of scale-free networks. We focus
    on the topological and dynamical properties of real Internet maps in a
    three-year time interval. We study higher order correlation functions
    as well as the dynamics of several quantities. We find that the
    Internet is characterized by nontrivial correlations among nodes and
    different dynamical regimes. We point out the importance of node
    hierarchy and aging in the Internet structure and growth. Our results
    provide hints towards the realistic modeling of the Internet evolution.
 C1 Univ Politecn Catalunya, Dept Fis & Engn Nucl, ES-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
    Scuola Int Super Studi Avanzati, SISSA, I-34014 Trieste, Italy.
    Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34100 Trieste, Italy.
 RP Pastor-Satorras, R, Univ Politecn Catalunya, Dept Fis & Engn Nucl,
    Campus Nord,Modul B4, ES-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
 CR ALBERT R, 2000, NATURE, V406, P378
    ALBERT R, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P5234
    AMARAL LAN, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P11149
    BARABASI AL, 1999, PHYSICA A, V272, P173
    BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509
    BIANCONI G, 2001, EUROPHYS LETT, V54, P436
    CALDARELLI G, 2000, EUROPHYS LETT, V52, P386
    CALLAWAY DS, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P5468
    CHESWICK B, INTENET MAPPING PROJ
    COHEN R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P3682
    DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2000, EUROPHYS LETT, V52, P33
    DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P4633
    DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2001, PHYS REV E, V63, P2510
    FALOUTSOS M, 1999, COMP COMM R, V29, P251
    JEONG H, CONDMAT0104131
    KRAPIVSKY PL, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P4629
    KRAPIVSKY PL, 2001, PHYS REV E, V63, P6612
    MEDINA A, 2000, COMPUT COMMUN REV, V30, P18
    PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P3200
    STROGATZ SH, 2001, NATURE, V410, P268
    WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440
    ZEGURA EW, 1997, IEEE ACM T NETWORK, V5, P770
 NR 22
 TC 224
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 0031-9007
 J9 PHYS REV LETT
 JI Phys. Rev. Lett.
 PD DEC 17
 PY 2001
 VL 87
 IS 25
 AR 258701
 DI ARTN 258701
 PG 4
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA 504PZ
 UT ISI:000172866200061
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Dickman, R
    Alava, M
    Munoz, MA
    Peltola, J
    Vespignani, A
    Zapperi, S
 TI Critical behavior of a one-dimensional fixed-energy stochastic sandpile
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY; ABELIAN SANDPILE; CRITICAL EXPONENTS;
    PHASE-TRANSITIONS; ABSORBING STATES; FIELD-THEORY; MODEL; UNIVERSALITY;
    AVALANCHES; EVENTS
 AB We study a one-dimensional fixed-energy version (that is, with no input
    or loss of particles) of Manna's stochastic sandpile model, The system
    has a continuous transition to an absorbing state at a critical value
    of the particle density, and exhibits the hallmarks of an
    absorbing-state phase transition, including finite-size scaling.
    Critical exponents are obtained from extensive simulations, which treat
    stationary and transient properties, and an associated interface
    representation. These exponents characterize the universality class of
    an absorbing-state phase transition with a static conserved density in
    one dimension; they differ from those expected at a linear-interface
    depinning transition in a medium with point disorder, and from those of
    directed percolation.
 C1 Univ Fed Minas Gerais, ICEx, Dept Fis, BR-30161970 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
    Helsinki Univ Technol, Phys Lab, HUT-02105 Helsinki, Finland.
    Inst Carlos I Theoret & Computat Phys, Granada 18071, Spain.
    Dept Electromagnetismo & Fis Mat, Granada 18071, Spain.
    Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34100 Trieste, Italy.
    Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Fis Enrico Fermi, INFM, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
 RP Dickman, R, Univ Fed Minas Gerais, ICEx, Dept Fis, Caixa Postal 702,
    BR-30161970 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
 CR ALAVA M, CONDMAT0002406
    ALAVA M, 2001, EUROPHYS LETT, V53, P569
    BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381
    BAK P, 1988, PHYS REV A, V38, P364
    BARABASI AL, 1995, FRACTAL CONCEPTS SUR
    CHESSA A, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V80, P4217
    DEMENECH M, 1998, PHYS REV E A, V58, R2677
    DHAR D, 1999, PHYSICA A, V263, P4
    DICKMAN R, CONDMAT9910454
    DICKMAN R, UNPUB
    DICKMAN R, 1998, PHYS REV E A, V57, P5095
    DICKMAN R, 2000, BRAZ J PHYS, V30, P27
    DICKMAN R, 2000, PHYS REV E A, V62, P7632
    DROSSEL B, 2000, PHYS REV E, V61, R2168
    FISHER ME, 1971, FENOMINI CRITICI
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    FISHER ME, 1988, FINITE SIZE SCALING
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    JANSSEN HK, 1981, Z PHYS, V42, P141
    JANSSEN HK, 1985, Z PHYS B CON MAT, V58, P311
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    LESCHHORN H, 1993, PHYSICA A, V195, P324
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    LOPEZ JM, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V83, P4594
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    MUNOZ MA, 2001, P 6 GRAN SEM COMP PH
    PACZUSKI M, 1994, EUROPHYS LETT, V27, P97
    PACZUSKI M, 1994, EUROPHYS LETT, V28, P295
    PARISI G, 1991, EUROPHYS LETT, V16, P321
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    VESPIGNANI A, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V81, P5676
    VESPIGNANI A, 2000, PHYS REV E A, V62, P4564
 NR 48
 TC 26
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 1063-651X
 J9 PHYS REV E
 JI Phys. Rev. E
 PD NOV
 PY 2001
 VL 64
 IS 5
 PN Part 2
 AR 056104
 DI ARTN 056104
 PG 7
 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical
 GA 496QH
 UT ISI:000172407100015
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Pastor-Satorras, R
    Vespignani, A
 TI Epidemic dynamics and endemic states in complex networks
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID SMALL-WORLD NETWORKS; WIDE-WEB; INTERNET; TOPOLOGY
 AB We study by analytical methods and large scale simulations a dynamical
    model for the spreading of epidemics in complex networks. in networks
    with exponentially bounded connectivity we recover the usual epidemic
    behavior with a threshold defining a critical point below that the
    infection prevalence is null. On the contrary, on a wide range of
    scale-free networks we observe the absence of an epidemic threshold and
    its associated critical behavior. This implies that scale-free networks
    are prone to the spreading and the persistence of infections whatever
    spreading rate the epidemic agents might possess. These results can
    help understanding. computer virus epidemics and other spreading
    phenomena on communication and social networks.
 C1 Univ Politecn Catalunya, Dept Fis & Engn Nucl, ES-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
    Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34100 Trieste, Italy.
 RP Pastor-Satorras, R, Univ Politecn Catalunya, Dept Fis & Engn Nucl,
    Campus Nord,Modul B4, ES-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
 CR ABRAMOWITZ M, 1972, HDB MATH FUNCTIONS
    ABRAMSON G, NLNAO0010012
    ALBERT R, 1999, NATURE, V401, P130
    ALBERT R, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P5234
    AMARAL LAN, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P11149
    BAILEY NTJ, 1975, MATH THEORY INFECT D
    BARABASI AL, 1999, PHYSICA A, V272, P173
    BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509
    BARRAT A, CONDMAT9903323
    BARRAT A, 2000, EUR PHYS J B, V13, P547
    BARTHELEMY M, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V82, P3180
    BOLLOBAS B, 1985, RANDOM GRAPHS
    BORNHOLDT S, CONDMAT0008465
    CALDARELLI G, 2000, EUROPHYS LETT, V52, P386
    CALLAWAY DS, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P5468
    COHEN R, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P4626
    DEMENEZES MA, 2000, EUROPHYS LETT, V50, P574
    DOROGOVTSEV SN, CONDMAT0011115
    ERDOS P, 1960, PUBL MATH I HUNG, V5, P17
    FALOUTSOS M, 1999, COMP COMM R, V29, P251
    HILL MK, 1997, UNDERSTANDING ENV PO
    HUBERMAN BA, 1999, NATURE, V401, P131
    JEONG H, 2000, NATURE, V407, P651
    KEPHART JO, 1993, IEEE SPECTRUM, V30, P20
    KEPHART JO, 1997, SCI AM, V277, P56
    KRAPIVSKY PL, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P4629
    MARRO J, 1999, NONEQUILIBRIUM PHASE
    MEDINA A, 2000, COMPUT COMMUN REV, V30, P18
    MONTOYA JM, CONDMAT0011195
    MOORE C, 2000, PHYS REV E B, V61, P5678
    MURRAY JD, 1993, MATH BIOL
    NEWMAN MEJ, 1999, PHYS REV E, V60, P5678
    PASTORSATORRAS R, IN PRESS PHYS REV LE
    PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P3200
    SIMON HA, 1955, BIOMETRIKA, V42, P425
    TADIC B, 2001, PHYSICA A, V293, P273
    WASSERMAN S, 1994, SOCIAL NETWORK ANAL
    WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440
    WATTS DJ, 1999, SMALL WORLDS DYNAMIC
    WENG GZ, 1999, SCIENCE, V284, P92
 NR 40
 TC 164
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 1063-651X
 J9 PHYS REV E
 JI Phys. Rev. E
 PD JUN
 PY 2001
 VL 6306
 IS 6
 PN Part 2
 AR 066117
 DI ARTN 066117
 PG 8
 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical
 GA 442KU
 UT ISI:000169285300028
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Miguel, MC
    Vespignani, A
    Zapperi, S
    Weiss, J
    Grasso, JR
 TI Complexity in dislocation dynamics: model
 SO MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES
    MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING
 LA English
 DT Article
 DE dislocations; statistical modelling; fluctuations; ice single crystal
 ID SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY; ACOUSTIC-EMISSION; DEFORMATION
 AB We propose a numerical model to study the viscoplastic deformation of
    ice single crystals. We consider long-range elastic interactions among
    dislocations, the possibility of mutual annihilation, and a
    multiplication mechanism representing the activation of Frank-Read
    sources due to dislocation pinning. The overdamped equations of motion
    for a collection of dislocations are integrated numerically using
    different externally applied stresses. Using this approach we analyze
    the avalanche-like rearrangements of dislocations during the dynamic
    evolution. We observe a power law distribution of avalanche sizes which
    we compare with acoustic emission experiments in ice single crystals
    under creep deformation. We emphasize the connections of our model with
    nonequilibrium phase transitions and critical phenomena. (C) 2001
    Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
 C1 Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34100 Trieste, Italy.
    Univ La Sapienza, INFM, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
    Lab Glaciol & Geophys Environm, CNRS, F-38402 St Martin Dheres, France.
    LGIT, F-38041 Grenoble 9, France.
 RP Miguel, MC, Univ Barcelona, Dept Fis Fonamental, Fac Fis, Diagonal 647,
    E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
 CR AMODEO RJ, 1990, PHYS REV B B, V41, P6958
    BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381
    BAKO B, 1999, PHYS REV B, V60, P122
    BERTOTTI G, 1994, J APPL PHYS, V75, P5490
    DICKMAN R, 2000, BRAZ J PHYS, V30, P27
    DOMB C, 1972, PHASE TRANSITION CRI, V1
    FIELD S, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V74, P1206
    FOURNET R, 1996, PHYS REV B, V53, P6283
    GARCIMARTIN A, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V79, P3202
    HAHNER P, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V81, P2470
    HIRTH JP, 1992, THEORY DISLOCATIONS
    MIGUEL MC, UNPUB
    NABARRO FRN, 1992, THEORY CRYSTAL DISLO
    PETRI A, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V73, P3423
    VESPIGNANI A, 1998, PHYS REV E, V57, P6345
    WEISS J, 1997, J PHYS CHEM B, V101, P6113
    WEISS J, 2000, J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA, V105, P433
    WEISS J, 2001, MAT SCI ENG A-STRUCT, V309, P360
 NR 18
 TC 9
 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA
 PI LAUSANNE
 PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND
 SN 0921-5093
 J9 MATER SCI ENG A-STRUCT MATER
 JI Mater. Sci. Eng. A-Struct. Mater. Prop. Microstruct. Process.
 PD JUL 15
 PY 2001
 VL 309
 SI Sp. Iss. SI
 BP 324
 EP 327
 PG 4
 SC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
 GA 438GE
 UT ISI:000169044600066
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Weiss, J
    Grasso, JR
    Miguel, MC
    Vespignani, A
    Zapperi, S
 TI Complexity in dislocation dynamics: experiments
 SO MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES
    MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING
 LA English
 DT Article
 DE dislocation; acoustic emission; avalanches; critical phenomena; ice
 ID ACOUSTIC-EMISSION; SINGLE-CRYSTALS; DEFORMATION; ICE
 AB We present a statistical analysis of the acoustic emissions induced by
    dislocation motion during the creep of ice single crystals. The
    recorded acoustic waves provide an indirect measure of the inelastic
    energy dissipated during dislocation motion. Compression and torsion
    creep experiments indicate that viscoplastic deformation, even in the
    steady-state (secondary creep), is a complex and inhomogeneous process
    characterized by avalanches in the motion of dislocations. The
    distribution of avalanche sizes, identified with the acoustic wave
    amplitude (or the acoustic wave energy), is found to follow a power law
    with a cutoff at large amplitudes which depends on the creep stage
    (primary, secondary, tertiary). These results suggest that viscoplastic
    deformation in ice and possibly in other materials could be described
    in the framework of non-equilibrium critical phenomena. (C) 2001
    Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
 C1 Lab Glaciol & Geophys Environm, CNRS, F-38402 St Martin Dheres, France.
    LGIT, F-38041 Grenoble 9, France.
    Univ Barcelona, Fac Fis, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
    Abdus Salam ICTP, I-34100 Trieste, Italy.
    Univ La Sapienza, INFM, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
 RP Weiss, J, Lab Glaciol & Geophys Environm, CNRS, BP 96,54 Rue Moliere,
    F-38402 St Martin Dheres, France.
 CR ANANTHAKRISHNA G, 1999, PHYS REV E A, V60, P5455
    ASHBY MF, 1972, ACTA METALL, V20, P887
    ESHELBY JD, 1962, P ROY SOC LOND A MAT, V266, P222
    FRIEDEL J, 1964, DISLOCATIONS
    GROMA I, 1999, MODEL SIMUL MATER SC, V7, P795
    KIESEWETTER N, 1976, PHYS STATUS SOLIDI, V38, P569
    LEPINOUX J, 1987, SCRIPTA METALL, V21, P833
    MALEN K, 1974, PHYS STATUS SOLIDI B, V61, P637
    NEUHAUSER H, 1983, DISLOCATIONS SOLIDS, V6, P319
    ROUBY D, 1983, PHILOS MAG A, V47, P671
    THIBERT E, 1997, J PHYS CHEM B, V101, P3554
    WEISS J, 1997, J PHYS CHEM B, V101, P6113
    WEISS J, 2000, J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA, V105, P433
 NR 13
 TC 12
 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA
 PI LAUSANNE
 PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND
 SN 0921-5093
 J9 MATER SCI ENG A-STRUCT MATER
 JI Mater. Sci. Eng. A-Struct. Mater. Prop. Microstruct. Process.
 PD JUL 15
 PY 2001
 VL 309
 SI Sp. Iss. SI
 BP 360
 EP 364
 PG 5
 SC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
 GA 438GE
 UT ISI:000169044600075
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Pastor-Satorras, R
    Vespignani, A
 TI Reaction-diffusion system with self-organized critical behavior
 SO EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL B
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID ABSORBING PHASE-TRANSITIONS; ABELIAN SANDPILE; CONSERVED FIELD; MODELS;
    EVENTS
 AB We describe the construction of a conserved reaction-diffusion system
    that exhibits self-organized critical (avalanche-like) behavior under
    the action of a slow addition of particles. The model provides an
    illustration of the general mechanism to generate self-organized
    criticality in conserving systems. Extensive simulations in d = 2 and 3
    reveal critical exponents compatible with the universality class of the
    stochastic Manna sandpile model.
 C1 Univ Politecn Catalunya, Dept Fis & Engn Nucl, ES-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
    Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34100 Trieste, Italy.
 RP Pastor-Satorras, R, Univ Politecn Catalunya, Dept Fis & Engn Nucl,
    Campus Nord,Modul B4, ES-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
 CR BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381
    BAK P, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P4083
    CARDY JL, 1988, CURRENT PHYSICS SOUR, V2
    CHESSA A, 1999, COMPUT PHYS COMMUN, V121, P299
    DEMENECH M, 1998, PHYS REV E A, V58, R2677
    DHAR D, 1999, PHYSICA A, V263, P4
    DICKMAN R, 1998, PHYS REV E A, V57, P5095
    DICKMAN R, 2000, BRAZ J PHYS, V30, P27
    DROSSEL B, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V69, P1629
    GRINSTEIN G, 1995, NATO ADV STUDY I B, V344
    JENSEN HJ, 1998, SELFORGANIZED CRITIC
    LUBECK S, 2000, PHYS REV E, V61, P204
    MANNA SS, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, L363
    MILSHTEIN E, 1998, PHYS REV E, V58, P303
    NAKANISHI K, 1997, PHYS REV E, V55, P4012
    PASTORSATORRAS R, 2000, PHYS REV E A, V62, R5875
    ROSSI M, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P1803
    TEBALDI C, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V83, P3952
    VANWIJLAND F, 1998, PHYSICA A, V251, P179
    VESPIGNANI A, 2000, PHYS REV E A, V62, P4564
    ZHANG YC, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V63, P470
 NR 21
 TC 6
 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG
 PI NEW YORK
 PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA
 SN 1434-6028
 J9 EUR PHYS J B
 JI Eur. Phys. J. B
 PD FEB
 PY 2001
 VL 19
 IS 4
 BP 583
 EP 587
 PG 5
 SC Physics, Condensed Matter
 GA 421MY
 UT ISI:000168069200011
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Pastor-Satorras, R
    Vespignani, A
 TI Epidemic spreading in scale-free networks
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID SMALL-WORLD NETWORKS; INTERNET
 AB The Internet has a very complex connectivity recently modeled by the
    class of scale-free networks. This feature, which appears to be very
    efficient for a communications network, favors at the same time the
    spreading of computer viruses. We analyze real data from computer virus
    infections and find the average lifetime and persistence of viral
    strains on the Internet. We define a dynamical model for the spreading
    of infections on scale-free networks. finding the absence of an
    epidemic threshold and its associated critical behavior. This new
    epidemiological framework rationalizes data of computer viruses and
    could help in the understanding of other spreading phenomena on
    communication and social networks.
 C1 Univ Politecn Catalunya, Dept Fis & Engn Nucl, ES-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
    Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34100 Trieste, Italy.
 RP Pastor-Satorras, R, Univ Politecn Catalunya, Dept Fis & Engn Nucl,
    Campus Nord,Modul B4, ES-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
 CR ALBERT R, 1999, NATURE, V401, P130
    AMARAL LAN, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P11149
    BAILEY NTJ, 1975, MATH THEORY INFECT D
    BARABASI AL, 1999, PHYSICA A, V272, P173
    BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509
    BARRAT A, 2000, EUR PHYS J B, V13, P57
    CALDARELLI G, 2000, EUROPHYS LETT, V52, P386
    COHEN FB, 1994, SHORT COURSE COMPUTE
    ERDOS P, 1960, PUBL MATH I HUNG, V5, P17
    FALOUTSOS M, 1999, COMP COMM R, V29, P251
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    KEPHART JO, 1991, P 1991 IEEE COMP SOC, P343
    KEPHART JO, 1993, IEEE SPECTRUM, V30, P20
    KEPHART JO, 1997, SCI AM, V277, P56
    MARRO J, 1999, NONEQUILIBRIUM PHASE
    MEDINA A, 2000, COMPUT COMMUN REV, V30, P18
    MOORE C, 2000, PHYS REV E B, V61, P5678
    MURRAY JD, 1993, MATH BIOL
    MURRAY WH, 1988, COMPUT SECUR, V7, P130
    PASTORSATORRAS R, UNPUB
    SZABO G, 2000, PHYS REV E B, V62, P7474
    WASSERMAN S, 1994, SOCIAL NETWORK ANAL
    WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440
    WHITE SR, 1998, P VIR B C MUN 1998
 NR 24
 TC 451
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 0031-9007
 J9 PHYS REV LETT
 JI Phys. Rev. Lett.
 PD APR 2
 PY 2001
 VL 86
 IS 14
 BP 3200
 EP 3203
 PG 4
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA 417ZX
 UT ISI:000167866300072
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Miguel, MC
    Vespignani, A
    Zapperi, S
    Weiss, J
    Grasso, JR
 TI Intermittent dislocation flow in viscoplastic deformation
 SO NATURE
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID ACOUSTIC-EMISSION; SINGLE-CRYSTALS; DYNAMICS; SIMULATION; PATTERNS;
    LINES; ICE
 AB The viscoplastic deformation (creep) of crystalline materials under
    constant stress involves the motion of a large number of interacting
    dislocations(1). Analytical methods and sophisticated 'dislocation
    dynamics' simulations have proved very effective in the study of
    dislocation patterning, and have led to macroscopic constitutive laws
    of plastic deformation(2-9). Yet, a statistical analysis of the
    dynamics of an assembly of interacting dislocations has not hitherto
    been performed. Here we report acoustic emission measurements on
    stressed ice single crystals, the results of which indicate that
    dislocations move in a scale-free intermittent fashion. This result is
    confirmed by numerical simulations of a model of interacting
    dislocations that successfully reproduces the main features of the
    experiment. We rnd that dislocations generate a slowly evolving
    configuration landscape which coexists with rapid collective
    rearrangements. These rearrangements involve a comparatively small
    fraction of the dislocations and lead to an intermittent behaviour of
    the net plastic response. This basic dynamical picture appears to be a
    generic feature in the deformation of many other materials(10-12).
    Moreover, it should provide a framework for discussing fundamental
    aspects of plasticity that goes beyond standard mean-field approaches
    that see plastic deformation as a smooth laminar flow.
 C1 Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34100 Trieste, Italy.
    Univ Barcelona, Fac Fis, Dept Fis Fonamental, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
    Univ La Sapienza, INFM, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
    CNRS, LGGE, F-38402 St Martin Dheres, France.
    LGIT, F-38041 Grenoble 9, France.
 RP Miguel, MC, Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, POB 586, I-34100 Trieste,
    Italy.
 CR AMODEO RJ, 1990, PHYS REV B B, V41, P6958
    ANANTHAKRISHNA G, 1999, PHYS REV E A, V60, P5455
    BECKER R, 1932, Z PHYS, V79, P566
    BENGUS VZ, 1966, PHYS STATUS SOLIDI, V14, P215
    DUVAL P, 1983, J PHYS CHEM-US, V87, P4066
    FOURNET R, 1996, PHYS REV B, V53, P6283
    GROMA I, 1993, PHILOS MAG A, V67, P1459
    HAHNER P, 1996, APPL PHYS A-MATER, V62, P473
    HAHNER P, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V81, P2470
    HIRTH JP, 1992, THEORY DISLOCATIONS
    JENSEN HJ, 1998, SELF ORG CRITICALITY
    KARDAR M, 1998, PHYS REP, V301, P85
    LEPINOUX J, 1987, SCRIPTA METALL, V21, P833
    NEUHAUSER H, 1983, DISLOCATIONS SOLIDS, V6, P319
    PETRENKO VF, 1994, 9412 US ARM COLD REG
    ROUBY D, 1983, PHILOS MAG A, V47, P671
    SEVILLANO JG, 1991, SCRIPTA METALL MATER, V25, P355
    THOMSON R, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V81, P3884
    WEISS J, 1997, J PHYS CHEM B, V101, P6113
    WEISS J, 2000, J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA, V105, P433
    ZAISER M, 1999, ACTA MATER, V47, P2463
 NR 21
 TC 78
 PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD
 PI LONDON
 PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND
 SN 0028-0836
 J9 NATURE
 JI Nature
 PD APR 5
 PY 2001
 VL 410
 IS 6829
 BP 667
 EP 671
 PG 6
 SC Multidisciplinary Sciences
 GA 418DJ
 UT ISI:000167875400040
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Pietronero, L
    Tosatti, E
    Tosatti, V
    Vespignani, A
 TI Explaining the uneven distribution of numbers in nature: the laws of
    Benford and Zipf
 SO PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS
 LA English
 DT Article
 AB The distribution of first digits in numbers series obtained from very
    different origins shows a marked asymmetry in favor of small digits
    that goes under the name of Benford's law. We analyze in detail this
    property for different data sets and give a general explanation for the
    origin of the Benford's law in terms of multiplicative processes. We
    show that this law can be also generalized to series of numbers
    generated from more complex systems like the catalogs of seismic
    activity. Finally, we derive a relation between the generalized
    Benford's law and the popular Zipf's law which characterize the rank
    order statistics and has been extensively applied to many problems
    ranging from city population to linguistics. (C) 2001 Published by
    Elsevier Science B.V.
 C1 Univ Rome La Sapienza, Dipartimento Fis, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
    Univ Rome La Sapienza, Unita INFM, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
    SISSA, ISAS, I-34014 Trieste, Italy.
    SISSA, Unita INFM Trieste, I-34014 Trieste, Italy.
    Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, ICTP, I-34100 Trieste, Italy.
 RP Pietronero, L, Univ Rome La Sapienza, Dipartimento Fis, P A Moro 2,
    I-00185 Rome, Italy.
 CR BAK P, 1996, NATURE WORKS SCI SEL
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    GELLMANN M, 1994, QUARK JAGUAR ADVENTU
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    LEY E, 1996, AM STAT, V50, P311
    MANDELBROT BB, 1982, FRACTAL GEOMETRY NAT
    NEWCOMB S, 1881, AM J MATH, V4, P39
    NIGRINI M, 1996, J AM TAXATION ASS, V18, P72
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    RAIMI RA, 1976, AM MATH MONTHLY, V83, P521
    RICHARDS SP, 1982, NUMBER YOUR THOUGHTS
    SCHATTE P, 1988, J INF PROCESS CYBERN, V24, P443
    VICSEK T, 1992, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO
    ZIPF GK, 1949, HUMAN BEHAV PRINCIPL
 NR 15
 TC 18
 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
 PI AMSTERDAM
 PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS
 SN 0378-4371
 J9 PHYSICA A
 JI Physica A
 PD APR 1
 PY 2001
 VL 293
 IS 1-2
 BP 297
 EP 304
 PG 8
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA 413TP
 UT ISI:000167628300023
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Pastor-Satorras, R
    Vespignani, A
 TI Anomalous scaling in the Zhang model
 SO EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL B
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY; ABELIAN SANDPILE; UNIVERSALITY; EVENTS
 AB We apply the moment analysis technique to analyze large scale
    simulations of the Zhang sandpile model. We find that this model shows
    different scaling behavior depending on the update mechanism used. With
    the standard parallel updating, the Zhang model violates the
    finite-size scaling hypothesis, and it also appears to be incompatible
    with the more general multifractal scaling form. This makes impossible
    its affiliation to any one of the known universality classes of
    sandpile models. With sequential updating, it shows scaling for the
    size and area distribution. The introduction of stochasticity into the
    toppling rules of the parallel Zhang model leads to a scaling behavior
    compatible with the Manna universality class.
 C1 Univ Barcelona, Fac Fis, Dept Fis Fonamental, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
    Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34100 Trieste, Italy.
 RP Pastor-Satorras, R, Univ Barcelona, Fac Fis, Dept Fis Fonamental, Av
    Diagonal 647, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
 CR BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381
    CARDY JL, 1988, CURRENT PHYSICS SOUR, V2
    CHESSA A, 1999, COMPUT PHYS COMMUN, V121, P299
    DEMENECH M, 1998, PHYS REV E A, V58, R2677
    DHAR D, 1999, PHYSICA A, V263, P4
    GIACOMETTI A, 1998, PHYS REV E, V58, P247
    GRINSTEIN G, 1995, NATO ADV STUDY I B, V344
    JENSEN HJ, 1998, SELF ORG CRITICALITY
    KADANOFF LP, 1989, PHYS REV A, V39, P6524
    LUBECK S, CONDMAT0008304
    LUBECK S, 1997, PHYS REV E, V56, P1590
    LUBECK S, 2000, PHYS REV E, V61, P204
    MANNA SS, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, L363
    MILSHTEIN E, 1998, PHYS REV E, V58, P303
    TEBALDI C, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V83, P3952
    VAZQUEZ A, CONDMAT0003420
    VESPIGNANI A, 1998, PHYS REV E, V57, P6345
    VESPIGNANI A, 2000, PHYS REV E A, V62, P4564
    ZHANG YC, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V63, P470
 NR 19
 TC 8
 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG
 PI NEW YORK
 PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA
 SN 1434-6028
 J9 EUR PHYS J B
 JI Eur. Phys. J. B
 PD NOV
 PY 2000
 VL 18
 IS 2
 BP 197
 EP 200
 PG 4
 SC Physics, Condensed Matter
 GA 381QH
 UT ISI:000165774100003
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Pastor-Satorras, R
    Vespignani, A
 TI Field theory of absorbing phase transitions with a nondiffusive
    conserved field
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY; ABELIAN SANDPILE; CRITICAL-BEHAVIOR; MODEL;
    RENORMALIZATION; SYSTEMS; EVENTS; STATES
 AB We investigate the critical behavior of a reaction-diffusion system
    exhibiting a continuous absorbing-state phase transition. The
    reaction-diffusion system strictly conserves the total density of
    particles, represented as a nondiffusive conserved field, and allows an
    infinite number of absorbing configurations. Numerical results show
    that it belongs to a wide universality class that also includes
    stochastic sandpile models. We derive microscopically the field theory
    representing this universality class.
 C1 Univ Barcelona, Fac Fis, Dept Fis Fonamental, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
    Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34100 Trieste, Italy.
 RP Pastor-Satorras, R, Univ Barcelona, Fac Fis, Dept Fis Fonamental, Ave
    Diagonal 647, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
 CR ALBANO EV, 1992, J PHYS A, V25, P2557
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    CARDY J, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V77, P4780
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    DICKMAN R, 1998, PHYS REV E A, V57, P5095
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    VANWIJLAND F, 1998, PHYSICA A, V251, P179
    VESPIGNANI A, CONDMAT0003285
    VESPIGNANI A, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V81, P5676
 NR 31
 TC 10
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 1063-651X
 J9 PHYS REV E
 JI Phys. Rev. E
 PD NOV
 PY 2000
 VL 62
 IS 5
 PN Part A
 BP R5875
 EP R5878
 PG 4
 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical
 GA 374JH
 UT ISI:000165341700001
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Pastor-Satorras, R
    Vespignani, A
 TI Critical behavior and conservation in directed sandpiles
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY; UPPER CRITICAL DIMENSION; ABELIAN SANDPILE;
    MODELS; UNIVERSALITY; EVENTS
 AB We perform large-scale simulations of directed sandpile models with
    both deterministic and stochastic toppling rules. Our results show the
    existence of two distinct universality classes. We also provide
    numerical simulations of directed models in the presence of bulk
    dissipation. The numerical results indicate that the way in which
    dissipation is implemented is irrelevant for the determination of the
    critical behavior. The analysis of the self-affine properties of
    avalanches shows the existence of a subset of superuniversal exponents,
    whose value is independent of the universality class. This feature is
    accounted for by means of a phenomenological description of the energy
    balance condition in these models.
 C1 Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34100 Trieste, Italy.
 RP Pastor-Satorras, R, Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, POB 586, I-34100
    Trieste, Italy.
 CR ALAVA M, CONDMAT0002406
    BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381
    BAK P, 1988, PHYS REV A, V38, P364
    CARDY JL, 1988, CURRENT PHYSICS SOUR, V2
    CHESSA A, 1998, PHYS REV E, V57, R6241
    CHESSA A, 1999, COMPUT PHYS COMMUN, V121, P299
    CHRISTENSEN K, 1993, PHYS REV E, V48, P3361
    DEMENECH M, 1998, PHYS REV E A, V58, R2677
    DHAR D, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V63, P1659
    DHAR D, 1999, PHYSICA A, V263, P4
    DICKMAN R, 1998, PHYS REV E A, V57, P5095
    DROSSEL B, 2000, PHYS REV E, V61, R2168
    GRADSHTEYN IS, 1979, TABLE INTEGRALS SERI
    GRASSBERGER P, 1995, PHYS LETT A, V200, P277
    HASTY J, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V81, P1722
    JENSEN HJ, 1998, SEFL ORG CRITICALITY
    KADANOFF LP, 1989, PHYS REV A, V39, P6524
    KINZEL W, 1983, PERCOLATION STRUCTUR, V5, CH18
    KLOSTER MN, CONDMAT0005528
    LAURITSEN KB, CONDMAT9903346
    LUBECK S, 1998, PHYS REV E A, V58, P2957
    LUBECK S, 2000, PHYS REV E, V61, P204
    MANNA SS, 1990, J STAT PHYS, V61, P923
    MANNA SS, 1990, PHYS REV E, V60, R5005
    MANNA SS, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, L363
    MARRO J, 1999, NONEQUILIBRIUM PHASE
    MILSHTEIN E, 1998, PHYS REV E, V58, P303
    PACZUSKI M, CONDMAT0005340
    PACZUSKI M, 1994, EUROPHYS LETT, V27, P97
    PACZUSKI M, 1994, EUROPHYS LETT, V28, P295
    PACZUSKI M, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V77, P111
    PASTORSATORRAS R, 2000, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V33, L33
    TADIC B, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V79, P1519
    TANG C, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V60, P2347
    TEBALDI C, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V83, P3952
    TSUCHIYA T, 1999, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V32, P1629
    VAZQUEZ A, CONDMAT0003420
    VESPIGNANI A, 1998, PHYS REV E, V57, P6345
    VESPIGNANI A, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V81, P5676
    VESPIGNANI A, 2000, PHYS REV E A, V62, P4564
 NR 40
 TC 11
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 1063-651X
 J9 PHYS REV E
 JI Phys. Rev. E
 PD NOV
 PY 2000
 VL 62
 IS 5
 PN Part A
 BP 6195
 EP 6205
 PG 11
 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical
 GA 374JH
 UT ISI:000165341700047
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Castellano, C
    Marsili, M
    Vespignani, A
 TI Nonequilibrium phase transition in a model for social influence
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
 LA English
 DT Article
 AB We present extensive numerical simulations of the Axelrod's model for
    social influence, aimed at understanding the formation of cultural
    domains. This is a nonequilibrium model with short range interactions
    and a remarkably rich dynamical behavior. We study the phase diagram of
    the model and uncover a nonequilibrium phase transition separating an
    ordered (culturally polarized) phase from a disordered (culturally
    fragmented) one. The nature of the phase transition can be continuous
    or discontinuous depending on the model parameters. At the transition,
    the size of cultural regions is power-law distributed.
 C1 Univ Essen Gesamthsch, Fachbereich Phys, D-45117 Essen, Germany.
    INFM, Trieste SISSA Unit, I-34014 Trieste, Italy.
    Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34014 Trieste, Italy.
 RP Castellano, C, Univ Essen Gesamthsch, Fachbereich Phys, D-45117 Essen,
    Germany.
 CR ANDERSON PW, 1998, EC EVOLVING COMPLEX
    AXELROD R, 1997, COMPLEXITY COOPERATI
    AXELROD R, 1997, J CONFLICT RESOLUT, V41, P203
    AXTELL R, 1996, COMPUTATIONAL MATH O, V1, P123
    BIALAS P, 1997, NUCL PHYS B, V493, P505
    BRAY AJ, 1994, ADV PHYS, V43, P357
    FRACHEBOURG L, 1996, PHYS REV E, V53, P3009
    LIGGETT TM, 1985, INTERACTING PARTICLE
    MARSILI M, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V80, P2741
    SCHEUCHER M, 1988, J STAT PHYS, V53, P279
    STAUFFER D, 1985, INTRO PERCOLATION TH
 NR 11
 TC 56
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 0031-9007
 J9 PHYS REV LETT
 JI Phys. Rev. Lett.
 PD OCT 16
 PY 2000
 VL 85
 IS 16
 BP 3536
 EP 3539
 PG 4
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA 363YU
 UT ISI:000089865900051
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Vespignani, A
    Dickman, R
    Munoz, MA
    Zapperi, S
 TI Absorbing-state phase transitions in fixed-energy sandpiles
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E
 LA English
 DT Review
 ID SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY; CHARGE-DENSITY WAVES; ANNIHILATING
    RANDOM-WALKS; TANG-WIESENFELD SANDPILE; ABELIAN SANDPILE;
    RENORMALIZATION-GROUP; DIRECTED PERCOLATION; CRITICAL EXPONENTS;
    QUENCHED DISORDER; CRITICAL-BEHAVIOR
 AB We study sandpile models as closed systems, with the conserved energy
    density zeta playing the role of an external parameter. The critical
    energy density zeta (c) marks a nonequilibrium phase transition between
    active and absorbing states. Several fixed-energy sandpiles are studied
    in extensive simulations of stationary and transient properties, as
    well as the dynamics of roughening in an interface-height
    representation. Our primary goal is to identify the universality
    classes of such models, in hopes of assessing the validity of two
    recently proposed approaches to sandpiles: a phenomenological continuum
    Langevin description with absorbing states, and a mapping to driven
    interface dynamics in random media.
 C1 Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, ICTP, I-34100 Trieste, Italy.
    Univ Fed Minas Gerais, ICEx, Dept Fis, BR-30161970 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
    Univ Granada, Inst Carlos Theoret & Computat Phys 1, E-18071 Granada, Spain.
    Univ Granada, Dept Electromagnet & Fis Mat, E-18071 Granada, Spain.
    Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Fis, Sez Roma 1, INFM, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
 RP Vespignani, A, Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, ICTP, POB 586, I-34100
    Trieste, Italy.
 CR ALAVA M, CONDMAT0002406
    ALON U, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V76, P2746
    BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381
    BAK P, 1988, PHYS REV A, V38, P364
    BAKSNEPPEN SOC, 1994, EUROPHYS LETT, V27, P97
    BARBASI AL, 1995, FRACTAL CONCEPTS SUR
    BARRAT A, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V83, P1962
    BENHUR A, 1996, PHYS REV E, V53, P1317
    BISWAS P, 1998, PHYS REV E A, V58, P1266
    BRAY AJ, 1994, ADV PHYS, V43, P357
    CALFIERO R, 1998, PHYS REV E, V57, P5060
    CARDY J, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V77, P4780
    CARDY JL, 1980, J PHYS A, V13, L423
    CHESSA A, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V80, P4217
    CHESSA A, 1999, COMPUT PHYS COMMUN, V121, P299
    CHESSA A, 1999, PHYS REV E A, V59, R12
    DEMENECH M, 1998, PHYS REV E A, V58, R2677
    DHAR D, CONDMAT9909009
    DHAR D, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V63, P1659
    DHAR D, 1990, PHYS REV LETT, V64, P1613
    DHAR D, 1999, PHYSICA A, V270, P69
    DIAZGUILERA A, 1994, EUROPHYS LETT, V26, P177
    DICKMAN R, CONDMAT9909347
    DICKMAN R, UNPUB
    DICKMAN R, 1996, NONEQUILIBRIUM STAT
    DICKMAN R, 1998, PHYS REV E A, V57, P1263
    DICKMAN R, 1998, PHYS REV E A, V57, P5095
    DOI M, 1976, J PHYS A, V9, P1465
    FAMILY F, 1985, J PHYS A, V18, L75
    FISHER ME, 1971, P INT SUMM SCH E FER
    FISHER ME, 1972, PHYS REV LETT, V28, P1516
    GRASSBERGER P, COMMUNICATION
    GRASSBERGER P, 1982, Z PHYS B CON MAT, V47, P365
    GRASSBERGER P, 1984, J PHYS A, V17, L105
    GRASSBERGER P, 1989, J PHYS A, V22, L1103
    GRASSBERGER P, 1990, J PHYS-PARIS, V51, P1077
    GRASSBERGER P, 1995, PHYS LETT A, V200, P277
    GRINSTEIN G, 1995, NATO ADV STUDY I B, V344
    GRINSTEIN G, 1997, LECT NOTES PHYS, V493, P223
    HASTY J, 1997, J STAT PHYS, V86, P1179
    HINRICHSEN H, 1997, PHYS REV E A, V55, P219
    HWA T, 1992, PHYS REV A, V45, P7002
    HWANG W, 1998, PHYS REV E, V57, P6438
    IVASHKEVICH EV, 1994, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V27, P3643
    IVASHKEVICH EV, 1994, PHYSICA A, V209, P347
    JANSSEN HK, 1981, Z PHYS B CON MAT, V42, P151
    JANSSEN HK, 1989, Z PHYS B CON MAT, V73, P539
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    JENSEN I, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P1465
    JENSEN I, 1994, PHYS REV E, V50, P3623
    KERTESZ J, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V62, P2571
    KINZEL W, 1985, Z PHYS B CON MAT, V58, P229
    KOBAYASHI H, 1997, J PHYS SOC JPN, V66, P2367
    KTITAREV DV, 2000, PHYS REV E, V61, P81
    LAURITSEN KB, CONDMAT9903346
    LEE BP, 1995, J STAT PHYS, V80, P971
    LESCHHORN H, 1997, ANN PHYS-LEIPZIG, V6, P1
    LIGGET TM, 1985, INTERACTING PARTICLE
    LOPEZ JM, 1997, J PHYS I, V7, P1191
    LOPEZ JM, 1997, PHYS REV E, V56, P3993
    LOPEZ JM, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V83, P4594
    LUBECK S, 1997, PHYS REV E A, V56, P5138
    LUBECK S, 1997, PHYS REV E, V55, P4095
    LUBECK S, 2000, PHYS REV E, V61, P204
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    MANNA SS, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, L363
    MARRO J, 1999, NONEQUILIBRIUM PHASE
    MARSILI M, 1994, J STAT PHYS, V77, P733
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    MENYHARD N, 1996, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V29, P7739
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    MUNOZ MA, UNPUB
    MUNOZ MA, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V76, P451
    MUNOZ MA, 1998, J STAT PHYS, V91, P541
    MUNOZ MA, 1999, PHYS REV E B, V59, P6175
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    PANG NN, 1999, PHYS REV E A, V59, P234
    PARISI G, 1991, EUROPHYS LETT, V16, P321
    PARISI G, 1991, PHYSICA A, V179, P16
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    PELITI L, 1985, J PHYS-PARIS, V46, P1469
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    PRIEZZHEV VB, CONDMAT9904054
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    SARMA D, 1996, PHYS REV E, V53, P359
    SORNETTE D, 1995, J PHYS I, V5, P325
    TADIC B, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V79, P1519
    TAKAYASU H, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V68, P3060
    TANG C, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V60, P2347
    TEBALDI C, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V83, P3952
    VESPIGNANI A, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V78, P4793
    VESPIGNANI A, 1998, PHYS REV E, V57, P6345
    VESPIGNANI A, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V81, P5676
    ZAPPERI S, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V75, P4071
    ZHANG SD, 1999, PHYS REV E, V60, P259
    ZHANG YC, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V63, P470
 NR 107
 TC 66
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 1063-651X
 J9 PHYS REV E
 JI Phys. Rev. E
 PD OCT
 PY 2000
 VL 62
 IS 4
 PN Part A
 BP 4564
 EP 4582
 PG 19
 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical
 GA 365XY
 UT ISI:000089976800018
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Rossi, M
    Pastor-Satorras, R
    Vespignani, A
 TI Universality class of absorbing phase transitions with a conserved field
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY; CRITICAL-BEHAVIOR; ABELIAN SANDPILE; 1/F
    NOISE; MODEL; SYSTEMS; STATES; PERCOLATION; LATTICE; EVENTS
 AB We investigate the critical behavior of systems exhibiting a continuous
    absorbing phase transition in the presence of a conserved field coupled
    to the order parameter. The results obtained point out the existence of
    a new universality class of nonequilibrium phase transitions that
    characterizes a vast set of systems including conserved threshold
    transfer processes and stochastic sandpile models.
 C1 SISSA, Int Sch Adv Studies, I-34014 Trieste, Italy.
    Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34100 Trieste, Italy.
 RP Rossi, M, SISSA, Int Sch Adv Studies, Via Beirut 2-4, I-34014 Trieste,
    Italy.
 CR ALBANO EV, 1992, J PHYS A, V25, P2557
    BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381
    CARDY J, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V77, P4780
    CARDY JL, 1980, J PHYS A, V13, L423
    CHESSA A, 1999, COMPUT PHYS COMMUN, V121, P299
    CHRISTENSEN K, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V77, P107
    DEMENECH M, 1998, PHYS REV E A, V58, R2677
    DHAR D, 1999, PHYSICA A, V263, P4
    DICKMAN R, 1998, PHYS REV E A, V57, P5095
    DICKMAN R, 2000, BRAZ J PHYS, V30, P27
    GRASSBERGER P, 1979, ANN PHYS-NEW YORK, V122, P373
    GRASSBERGER P, 1982, Z PHYS B CON MAT, V47, P365
    GRASSBERGER P, 1983, MATH BIOSCI, V63, P157
    JANSSEN HK, 1981, Z PHYS B CON MAT, V42, P151
    JANSSEN HK, 1985, Z PHYS B CON MAT, V58, P311
    JENSEN HJ, 1990, PHYS REV LETT, V64, P3103
    JENSEN HJ, 1998, SELF ORGANIZED CRITI
    JENSEN I, 1993, PHYS REV E, V48, P1710
    JENSEN I, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P1465
    LUBECK S, 2000, PHYS REV E, V61, P204
    MANNA SS, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, L363
    MARRO J, 1999, NONEQUILIBRIUM PHASE
    MENDES JFF, 1994, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V27, P3019
    MUNOZ MA, 1999, PHYS REV E B, V59, P6175
    TEBALDI C, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V83, P3952
    VANWIJLAND F, 1998, PHYSICA A, V251, P179
    VESPIGNANI A, CONDMAT0003285
    VESPIGNANI A, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V81, P5676
 NR 28
 TC 76
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 0031-9007
 J9 PHYS REV LETT
 JI Phys. Rev. Lett.
 PD AUG 28
 PY 2000
 VL 85
 IS 9
 BP 1803
 EP 1806
 PG 4
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA 348BW
 UT ISI:000088965300006
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Pastor-Satorras, R
    Vespignani, A
 TI Corrections to scaling in the forest-fire model
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY; SANDPILE; EVENTS
 AB We present a systematic study of corrections to scaling in the
    self-organized critical forest-fire model. The analysis of the
    steady-state condition for the density of trees allows us to pinpoint
    the presence of these corrections, which take the form of subdominant
    exponents modifying the standard finite-size scaling form. Applying an
    extended version of the moment analysis technique, we find the scaling
    region of the model and compute nontrivial corrections to scaling.
 C1 Int Ctr Theoret Phys, Condensed Matter Sect, I-34100 Trieste, Italy.
 RP Pastor-Satorras, R, Int Ctr Theoret Phys, Condensed Matter Sect, POB
    586, I-34100 Trieste, Italy.
 CR BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381
    BAK P, 1990, PHYS LETT A, V147, P297
    CARDY J, 1996, SCALING RENORMALIZAT
    CARDY JL, 1988, FINITE SIZE SCALING, V2
    CHESSA A, 1999, COMPUT PHYS COMMUN, V121, P299
    CHESSA A, 1999, PHYS REV E A, V59, R12
    CHRISTENSEN K, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P2737
    CLAR S, 1996, J PHYS-CONDENS MAT, V8, P6803
    DEMENECH M, 1998, PHYS REV E A, V58, R2677
    DROSSEL B, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V69, P1629
    DROSSEL B, 1994, PHYS REV E, V50, P1009
    GRASSBERGER P, 1993, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V26, P2081
    JENSEN HJ, 1998, SELF ORGANIZED CRITI
    JOHANSEN A, 1994, PHYSICA D, V78, P186
    LUBECK S, 2000, PHYS REV E, V61, P204
    PASTORSATORRAS R, 2000, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V33, L33
    PRESS WH, 1992, NUMERICAL RECIPES C
    SCHENK K, CONDMAT9904356
    TEBALDI C, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V83, P3952
 NR 19
 TC 11
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 1063-651X
 J9 PHYS REV E
 JI Phys. Rev. E
 PD MAY
 PY 2000
 VL 61
 IS 5
 PN Part A
 BP 4854
 EP 4859
 PG 6
 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical
 GA 314RH
 UT ISI:000087071000028
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Dickman, R
    Munoz, MA
    Vespignani, A
    Zapperi, S
 TI Paths to self-organized criticality
 SO BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICS
 LA English
 DT Review
 ID SUPERCONDUCTING VORTEX AVALANCHES; KINETIC CRITICAL PHENOMENON;
    ANNIHILATING RANDOM-WALKS; UPPER CRITICAL DIMENSION; ABELIAN SANDPILE
    MODEL; CHARGE-DENSITY WAVES; FOREST-FIRE MODEL; ABSORBING STATES;
    ACOUSTIC-EMISSION; CRITICAL-BEHAVIOR
 AB We present a pedagogical introduction to self-organized criticality
    (SOC), unraveling its connections with nonequilibrium phase
    transitions. There are several paths from a conventional critical point
    to SOC. They begin with an absorbing-state phase transition (directed
    percolation is a familiar example), and impose supervision or driving
    on the system; two commonly used methods are extremal dynamics, and
    driving at a rate approaching zero. We illustrate this in sandpiles,
    where SOC is a consequence of slow driving in a system exhibiting an
    absorbing-state phase transition with a conserved density. Other paths
    to SOC, in driven interfaces, the Bak-Sneppen model, and self-organized
    directed percolation, are also examined. We review the status of
    experimental realizations of SOC in Light of these observations.
 C1 Univ Fed Minas Gerais, ICEx, Dept Fis, BR-30161970 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
    Inst Carlos I Theoret & Computat Phys, Granada 18071, Spain.
    Dept Electromagnetismo & Fis Mat, Granada 18071, Spain.
    Int Ctr Theoret Phys, Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34100 Trieste, Italy.
    Ecole Phys & Chim Ind, PMMH, F-75231 Paris 05, France.
 RP Dickman, R, Univ Fed Minas Gerais, ICEx, Dept Fis, Caixa Postal 702,
    BR-30161970 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
 CR ALI AA, 1995, PHYS REV E A, V51, R2705
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    BAK P, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P4083
    BAK P, 1996, NATURE WORKS
    BARABASI AL, 1995, FRACTAL CONCEPTS SUR
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    BASSLER KE, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V81, P3761
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    DICKMAN R, 1996, NONEQUILIBRIUM STAT
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 NR 128
 TC 84
 PU SOCIEDADE BRASILEIRA FISICA
 PI SAO PAULO
 PA CAIXA POSTAL 66328, 05315-970 SAO PAULO, BRAZIL
 SN 0103-9733
 J9 BRAZ J PHYS
 JI Braz. J. Phys.
 PD MAR
 PY 2000
 VL 30
 IS 1
 BP 27
 EP 41
 PG 15
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA 301TB
 UT ISI:000086325400004
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Pastor-Satorras, R
    Vespignani, A
 TI Universality classes in directed sandpile models
 SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS A-MATHEMATICAL AND GENERAL
 LA English
 DT Letter
 ID SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY; NOISE
 AB We perform large-scale numerical simulations of a directed version of
    the two-state stochastic sandpile model. Numerical results show that
    this stochastic model defines a new universality class with respect to
    the Abelian directed sandpile. The physical origin of the different
    critical behaviour has to be ascribed to the presence of multiple
    topplings in the stochastic model. These results provide new insight
    into the long-debated question of universality in Abelian and
    stochastic sandpiles.
 C1 Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34100 Trieste, Italy.
 RP Pastor-Satorras, R, Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, POB 586, I-34100
    Trieste, Italy.
 CR BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381
    CHESSA A, 1998, CONDMAT9811365
    CHESSA A, 1998, PHYS REV E, V57, R6421
    CHESSA A, 1999, COMPUT PHYS COMMUN, V121, P299
    CHESSA A, 1999, PHYS REV E A, V59, R12
    DEMENECH M, 1998, PHYS REV E A, V58, R2677
    DHAR D, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V63, P1659
    DHAR D, 1999, PHYSICA A, V263, P4
    DIAZGUILERA A, 1992, PHYS REV A, V45, P8551
    DICKMAN R, 1998, PHYS REV E A, V57, P5095
    GRASSBERGER P, 1990, J PHYS-PARIS, V51, P1077
    GRASSBERGER P, 1995, PHYS LETT A, V200, P277
    HASTY J, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V81, P1722
    JENSEN HJ, 1998, SELF ORG CRITICALITY
    KADANOFF LP, 1989, PHYS REV A, V39, P6524
    LAURITSEN KB, 1996, PHYS REV E, V54, P2483
    LAURITSEN KB, 1999, CONDMAT9903346
    LUBECK S, 1998, PHYS REV E A, V58, P2957
    MANNA SS, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, L363
    MILSHTEIN E, 1998, PHYS REV E, V58, P303
    PACZUSKI M, 1994, EUROPHYS LETT, V27, P97
    PACZUSKI M, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V77, P111
    PASTORSATORRAS R, UNPUB
    TADIC B, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V79, P1519
    TEBALDI C, 1999, CONDMAT9903270
    TEBALDI C, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V83, P3952
    TSUCHIYA T, 1999, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V32, P1629
    VESPIGNANI A, 1995, PHYS REV E, V51, P1711
    VESPIGNANI A, 1998, PHYS REV E, V57, P6345
    VESPIGNANI A, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V81, P5676
 NR 30
 TC 16
 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD
 PI BRISTOL
 PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND
 SN 0305-4470
 J9 J PHYS-A-MATH GEN
 JI J. Phys. A-Math. Gen.
 PD JAN 28
 PY 2000
 VL 33
 IS 3
 BP L33
 EP L39
 PG 7
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Mathematical
 GA 283AW
 UT ISI:000085254800001
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Chessa, A
    Vespignani, A
    Zapperi, S
 TI Critical exponents in stochastic sandpile models
 SO COMPUTER PHYSICS COMMUNICATIONS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY; UPPER CRITICAL DIMENSION; UNIVERSALITY;
    BEHAVIOR
 AB We present large scale simulations of a stochastic sandpile model in
    two dimensions. We use momentum analysis to evaluate critical exponents
    and finite size scaling method to consistently test the obtained
    results. The general picture resulting from our analysis allows us to
    characterize the large scale behavior of the present model with great
    accuracy. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
 C1 Univ Cagliari, Dipartimento Fis, I-09124 Cagliari, Italy.
    Univ Cagliari, Unita INFM, I-09124 Cagliari, Italy.
    ICTP, Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theorect Phys, I-34100 Trieste, Italy.
    ESPCI, PMMH, F-75234 Paris 05, France.
 RP Chessa, A, Univ Cagliari, Dipartimento Fis, Via Osped 72, I-09124
    Cagliari, Italy.
 CR BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381
    BENHUR A, 1996, PHYS REV E, V53, P1317
    CHESSA A, 1998, PHYS REV E, V57, R6241
    CORRAL A, 1997, PHYS REV E A, V55, P2434
    DEMENECH M, 1998, PHYS REV E A, V58, R2677
    DHAR D, CONDMAT9808047
    DIAZGUILERA A, 1994, EUROPHYS LETT, V26, P177
    DICKMAN R, 1998, PHYS REV E A, V57, P5095
    GRASSBERGER P, 1990, J PHYS-PARIS, V51, P1077
    LUBECK S, 1997, PHYS REV E A, V56, P5138
    LUBECK S, 1997, PHYS REV E, V55, P4095
    LUBECK S, 1997, PHYS REV E, V56, P1590
    MANNA SS, 1990, J STAT PHYS, V59, P509
    MANNA SS, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, L363
    MANNA SS, 1991, PHYSICA A, V179, P249
    MILSHTEIN E, 1998, PHYS REV E, V58, P303
    PIETRONERO L, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P1690
    PRIEZZHEV VB, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V76, P2093
    VESPIGNANI A, CONDMAT9806249
    VESPIGNANI A, 1995, PHYS REV E, V51, P1711
    VESPIGNANI A, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V78, P4793
 NR 21
 TC 16
 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
 PI AMSTERDAM
 PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS
 SN 0010-4655
 J9 COMPUT PHYS COMMUN
 JI Comput. Phys. Commun.
 PD SEP-OCT
 PY 1999
 VL 122
 SI Sp. Iss. SI
 BP 299
 EP 302
 PG 4
 SC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Mathematical
 GA 263LP
 UT ISI:000084126400071
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Barrat, A
    Vespignani, A
    Zapperi, S
 TI Fluctuations and correlations in sandpile models
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY; NON-BOLTZMANN FLUCTUATIONS; LATTICE
    THRESHOLD SYSTEMS; UPPER CRITICAL DIMENSION; NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS;
    AVALANCHES; EXPONENTS; DYNAMICS; EVENTS; NOISE
 AB We perform numerical simulations of the sandpile model for nonvanishing
    driving fields it and dissipation rates epsilon. Unlike simulations
    performed in the slow driving limit, the unique time scale present in
    our system allows us to measure unambiguously the response and
    correlation functions. We discuss the dynamic scaling of the model and
    show that fluctuation-dissipation relations are not obeyed in this
    system.
 C1 Univ Paris 11, Phys Theor Lab, UMR 8627, F-91405 Orsay, France.
    Int Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34100 Trieste, Italy.
    Ecole Super Phys & Chim Ind Ville Paris, PMMH, F-75231 Paris, France.
 RP Barrat, A, Univ Paris 11, Phys Theor Lab, UMR 8627, Batiment 210,
    F-91405 Orsay, France.
 CR BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381
    BAK P, 1988, PHYS REV A, V38, P364
    BARRAT A, IN PRESS
    CHESSA A, 1998, PHYS REV E, V57, R6241
    CHESSA A, 1999, PHYS REV E A, V59, R12
    CUGLIANDOLO LF, 1997, PHYS REV E, V55, P3898
    DEMENECH M, 1998, PHYS REV E A, V58, R2677
    DHAR D, 1990, PHYS REV LETT, V64, P1613
    DIAZGUILERA A, 1992, PHYS REV A, V45, P8551
    DICKMAN R, 1998, PHYS REV E A, V57, P5095
    GIACOMETTI A, 1998, PHYS REV E, V58, P247
    GRASSBERGER P, 1990, J PHYS-PARIS, V51, P1077
    HWA T, 1992, PHYS REV A, V45, P7002
    KUTNJAKURBANC B, 1996, PHYS REV E, V54, P6109
    LAURITSEN KB, IN PRESS
    LUBECK S, 1997, PHYS REV E A, V56, P5138
    LUBECK S, 1997, PHYS REV E, V55, P4095
    LUBECK S, 1997, PHYS REV E, V56, P1590
    MANNA SS, 1990, J STAT PHYS, V59, P509
    MANNA SS, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, L363
    MANNA SS, 1991, PHYSICA A, V179, P249
    MONTAKHAB A, 1998, PHYS REV E A, V58, P5608
    NARAYAN O, 1994, PHYS REV B, V49, P244
    PACZUSKI M, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V77, P111
    PIETRONERO L, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P1690
    PRIEZZHEV VB, 1994, J STAT PHYS, V74, P955
    RUNDLE JB, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V75, P1658
    RUNDLE JB, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V78, P3798
    VESPIGNANI A, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V78, P4793
    VESPIGNANI A, 1998, PHYS REV E, V57, P6345
    VESPIGNANI A, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V81, P5676
    XU HJ, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V78, P3797
    ZAPPERI S, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V75, P4071
 NR 33
 TC 6
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 0031-9007
 J9 PHYS REV LETT
 JI Phys. Rev. Lett.
 PD SEP 6
 PY 1999
 VL 83
 IS 10
 BP 1962
 EP 1965
 PG 4
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA 232WK
 UT ISI:000082392800016
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Zapperi, S
    Ray, P
    Stanley, HE
    Vespignani, A
 TI Analysis of damage clusters in fracture processes
 SO PHYSICA A
 LA English
 DT Article
 DE fracture and cracks; phase transitions; avalanches
 ID SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY; ACOUSTIC-EMISSION; ELECTRICAL BREAKDOWN;
    BURST AVALANCHES; NUCLEATION; MODELS; MEDIA; PRECURSORS; TRANSITION;
    BEHAVIOR
 AB We present numerical simulations of two-dimensional models of electric
    breakdown and fracture in disordered systems subject to an increasing
    external stress. We provide a geometrical characterization of the
    damage by studying the scaling behavior of connected bonds clusters,
    The average cluster size and the lattice conductivity show features
    characteristic of a first order phase transition. The obtained results
    are discussed within the spinodal nucleation scenario recently proposed
    for fractures. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights
    reserved.
 C1 Int Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34100 Trieste, Italy.
    Ecole Super Phys & Chim Ind, PMMH, F-75231 Paris 05, France.
    Boston Univ, Ctr Polymer Studies, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
    Boston Univ, Dept Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
 RP Vespignani, A, Int Ctr Theoret Phys, POB 586, I-34100 Trieste, Italy.
 CR BARDHAN KK, 1994, NONLINEARITY BREAKDO
    CANNELLI G, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P3923
    CHAKRABARTI BK, 1997, STAT PHYSICS FRACTUR
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    DEARCANGELIS L, 1989, PHYS REV B, V39, P2678
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    DUXBURY PM, 1986, PHYS REV LETT, V57, P1052
    ENGLMAN R, 1990, PHYSICA A, V168, P665
    GARCIMARTIN A, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V79, P3202
    GOLUBOVIC L, 1991, PHYS REV A, V43, P5223
    GOLUBOVIC L, 1995, PHYS REV E A, V51, P2799
    GRIFFITH AA, 1920, PHILOS T R SOC A, V221, P163
    GUARINO A, 1998, EUR PHYS J B, V6, P13
    HANSEN A, 1994, PHYS LETT A, V184, P394
    HEERMANN DW, 1982, PHYS REV LETT, V49, P1262
    HEMMER PC, 1992, J APPL MECH-T ASME, V59, P909
    KAHNG B, 1988, PHYS REV B, V37, P7625
    KLOSTER M, 1997, PHYS REV E A, V56, P2615
    LEUNG KT, 1997, EUROPHYS LETT, V38, P589
    LEUNG KT, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V80, P1916
    MAES C, 1998, PHYS REV B, V57, P4987
    MONETTE L, 1994, INT J MOD PHYS B, V8, P1417
    PETRI A, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V73, P3423
    RAY P, 1996, PHYSICA A, V229, P26
    RAY TS, 1990, J STAT PHYS, V61, P891
    ROUX S, 1988, J STAT PHYS, V52, P237
    SELINGER RLB, 1991, J CHEM PHYS, V95, P9128
    UNGER C, 1985, PHYS REV B, V31, P6127
    WEISS J, 1997, J PHYS CHEM B, V101, P6113
    ZAPPERI S, 1997, NATURE, V388, P658
    ZAPPERI S, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V78, P1408
    ZAPPERI S, 1999, PHYS REV E A, V59, P5049
 NR 32
 TC 5
 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
 PI AMSTERDAM
 PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS
 SN 0378-4371
 J9 PHYSICA A
 JI Physica A
 PD AUG 1
 PY 1999
 VL 270
 IS 1-2
 BP 57
 EP 62
 PG 6
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA 231PQ
 UT ISI:000082319300010
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Ivashkevich, EV
    Povolotsky, AM
    Vespignani, A
    Zapperi, S
 TI Dynamical real space renormalization group applied to sandpile models
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY; FOREST-FIRE MODEL; 2-DIMENSIONAL ABELIAN
    SANDPILE; HEIGHT CORRELATIONS; CRITICAL EXPONENTS; CRITICAL-BEHAVIOR;
    ABSORBING-STATE; UNIVERSALITY; AVALANCHES; AUTOMATON
 AB A general framework for the renormalization group analysis of
    self-organized critical sandpile models is formulated. The usual real
    space renormalization scheme for lattice models when applied to
    nonequilibrium dynamical models must be supplemented by feedback
    relations coming from the stationarity conditions. On the basis of
    these ideas the dynamically driven renormalization group is applied to
    describe the boundary and bulk critical behavior of sandpile models. A
    detailed description of the branching nature of sandpile avalanches is
    given in terms of the generating functions of the underlying branching
    process. [S1063-651X(99)06006-7].
 C1 Joint Inst Nucl Res, Bogoliubov Lab Theoret Phys, Dubna 141980, Russia.
    Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34100 Trieste, Italy.
    ESPCI, PMMH, F-75234 Paris, France.
 RP Ivashkevich, EV, Joint Inst Nucl Res, Bogoliubov Lab Theoret Phys,
    Dubna 141980, Russia.
 CR BAK P, 1988, PHYS REV A, V38, P364
    BAK P, 1990, PHYS LETT A, V147, P297
    BAK P, 1993, FRACTALS DISORDERED, V2
    BENHUR A, 1996, PHYS REV E, V53, P1317
    BENHUR A, 1996, PHYS REV E, V54, P1426
    CARDY JL, 1972, PHASE TRANSITION CRI, V11
    DEOLIVEIRA MJ, 1997, PHYS REV E A, V55, P6377
    DHAR D, 1990, PHYS REV LETT, V64, P1613
    DICKMAN R, 1988, PHYS REV A, V38, P2588
    DICKMAN R, 1998, PHYS REV E A, V57, P5095
    DOMB C, 1972, PHASE TRANSITION CRI, V1
    DOMB C, 1983, PHASE TRANSITION CRI, V7
    DROSSEL B, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V69, P1629
    GRASSBERGER P, 1990, J PHYS-PARIS, V51, P1077
    GRINSTEIN G, 1995, NATO ADV STUDY I B, V344
    HASTY J, 1997, J STAT PHYS, V86, P1179
    HASTY J, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V81, P1722
    IVASHKEVICH EV, 1994, J PHYS A, V27, L585
    IVASHKEVICH EV, 1994, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V27, P3643
    IVASHKEVICH EV, 1994, PHYSICA A, V209, P347
    IVASHKEVICH EV, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V76, P3368
    KATZ S, 1983, PHYS REV B, V28, P1655
    LORETO V, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V75, P465
    LUBECK S, 1997, PHYS REV E, V55, P4095
    LUBECK S, 1997, PHYS REV E, V56, P1590
    MAJUMDAR SN, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, L357
    MANDELBROT BB, 1983, FRACTAL GEOMETRY NAT
    MANNA SS, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, L363
    MILSHTEIN E, 1998, PHYS REV E, V58, P303
    NIEMEIJER T, 1972, PHASE TRANSITION CRI, V6
    PIETRONERO L, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P1690
    PRIEZZHEV VB, 1994, J STAT PHYS, V74, P955
    PRIEZZHEV VB, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V76, P2093
    SCHMITTMANN B, 1972, PHASE TRANSITION CRI, V17
    STELLA AL, 1995, PHYS REV E A, V52, P72
    TOME T, 1997, PHYS REV E, V55, P4000
    VESPIGNANI A, 1995, PHYS REV E, V51, P1711
    VESPIGNANI A, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V77, P4560
    VESPIGNANI A, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V78, P4793
    VESPIGNANI A, 1998, PHYS REV E, V57, P6345
    VICSEK T, 1992, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO
    ZHANG YC, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V63, P470
 NR 42
 TC 4
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 1063-651X
 J9 PHYS REV E
 JI Phys. Rev. E
 PD AUG
 PY 1999
 VL 60
 IS 2
 PN Part A
 BP 1239
 EP 1251
 PG 13
 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical
 GA 230CU
 UT ISI:000082234900023
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Zapperi, S
    Ray, P
    Stanley, HE
    Vespignani, A
 TI Comment on "first-order transition in the breakdown of disordered
    media" - Zapperi et al. reply
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID FRACTURE PRECURSORS
 C1 ESPCI, PMMH, F-75231 Paris 05, France.
    Inst Math Sci, Chennai 600113, India.
    Boston Univ, Ctr Polymer Studies, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
    Boston Univ, Dept Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
    Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34100 Trieste, Italy.
 RP Zapperi, S, ESPCI, PMMH, 10 Rue Vauquelin, F-75231 Paris 05, France.
 CR CALDARELLI G, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V83, P1483
    DUXBURY PM, 1986, PHYS REV LETT, V57, P1052
    GARCIMARTIN A, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V79, P3202
    GUARINO A, 1998, EUR PHYS J B, V6, P13
    RAISANEN VI, 1998, PHYS REV B, V58, P14288
    ZAPPERI S, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V78, P1408
    ZAPPERI S, 1999, PHYS REV E A, V59, P5049
 NR 7
 TC 0
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 0031-9007
 J9 PHYS REV LETT
 JI Phys. Rev. Lett.
 PD AUG 16
 PY 1999
 VL 83
 IS 7
 BP 1484
 EP 1484
 PG 1
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA 227EY
 UT ISI:000082066600054
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Zapperi, S
    Ray, P
    Stanley, HE
    Vespignani, A
 TI Avalanches in breakdown and fracture processes
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY; ACOUSTIC-EMISSION; DIELECTRIC-BREAKDOWN;
    ELECTRICAL BREAKDOWN; BURST AVALANCHES; PHASE-TRANSITION; FUSE
    NETWORKS; NUCLEATION; DISORDER; DYNAMICS
 AB We investigate the breakdown of disordered networks under the action of
    an increasing external-mechanical or electrical-force. We perform a
    mean-field analysis and estimate scaling exponents for the approach to
    the instability. By simulating two-dimensional models of electric
    breakdown and fracture we observe that the breakdown is preceded by
    avalanche events. The avalanches can be described by scaling laws, and
    the estimated values of the exponents are consistent with those found
    in mean-field theory. The breakdown point is characterized by a
    discontinuity in the macroscopic properties of the material, such as
    conductivity or elasticity, indicative of a first-order transition. The
    scaling laws suggest an analogy with the behavior expected in spinodal
    nucleation. [S1063-651X(99)09205-3].
 C1 Ecole Super Phys & Chim Ind, PMMH, F-75231 Paris 05, France.
    Inst Math Sci, Madras 600113, Tamil Nadu, India.
    Boston Univ, Ctr Polymer Studies, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
    Boston Univ, Dept Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
    Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, ICTP, I-34100 Trieste, Italy.
 RP Zapperi, S, Ecole Super Phys & Chim Ind, PMMH, 10 Rue Vauquelin,
    F-75231 Paris 05, France.
 CR ACHARYYA M, 1996, PHYS REV E A, V53, P140
    ACHARYYA M, 1996, PHYSICA A, V224, P287
    BARDHAN KK, 1994, NONLINEARITY BREAKDO
    BUCHEL A, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V77, P1520
    CALDARELLI G, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V77, P2503
    CANNELLI G, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P3923
    CHAKRABARTI BK, 1997, STAT PHYSICS FRACTUR
    CILIBERTO S, 1994, J PHYS I, V4, P223
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    DEARCANGELIS L, 1989, PHYS REV B, V39, P2678
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    DUXBURY PM, 1986, PHYS REV LETT, V57, P1052
    ENGLMAN R, 1990, PHYSICA A, V168, P665
    FIELD S, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V74, P1206
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    ZAPPERI S, 1998, PHYS REV B, V58, P6353
 NR 61
 TC 47
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 1063-651X
 J9 PHYS REV E
 JI Phys. Rev. E
 PD MAY
 PY 1999
 VL 59
 IS 5
 PN Part A
 BP 5049
 EP 5057
 PG 9
 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical
 GA 197TX
 UT ISI:000080382700050
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Munoz, MA
    Dickman, R
    Vespignani, A
    Zapperi, S
 TI Avalanche and spreading exponents in systems with absorbing states
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY; SURFACE-REACTION MODEL; ANNIHILATING
    RANDOM-WALKS; BAK-SNEPPEN MODEL; DIRECTED PERCOLATION;
    CRITICAL-BEHAVIOR; FIELD-THEORY; PHASE-TRANSITIONS; PUNCTUATED
    EQUILIBRIUM; INFINITE NUMBERS
 AB We present generic scaling laws relating spreading critical exponents
    and avalanche exponents (in the sense of self-organized criticality) in
    general systems with absorbing states. Using these scaling laws we
    present a collection of the state-of-the-art exponents for directed
    percolation, dynamical percolation, and other universality classes.
    This collection of results should help to elucidate the connections of
    self-organized criticality and systems with absorbing states. In
    particular, some nonuniversality in avalanche exponents is predicted
    for systems with many absorbing states. [S1063-651X(99)06205-4].
 C1 Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34100 Trieste, Italy.
    Univ La Sapienza, Dipartimento Fis, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
    Univ La Sapienza, Unita INFM, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
    Univ Fed Santa Catarina, Dept Fis, BR-88040900 Florianopolis, SC, Brazil.
    Ecole Super Phys & Chim Ind, PMMH, F-75231 Paris 05, France.
 RP Munoz, MA, Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, POB 586, I-34100 Trieste,
    Italy.
 CR ADLER J, 1987, PHYS REV B, V35, P7046
    ADLER J, 1988, PHYS REV B, V37, P7529
    BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381
    BAK P, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P4083
    BARABASI AL, 1995, FRACTAL CONCEPTS SUR
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 NR 54
 TC 50
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 1063-651X
 J9 PHYS REV E
 JI Phys. Rev. E
 PD MAY
 PY 1999
 VL 59
 IS 5
 PN Part B
 BP 6175
 EP 6179
 PG 5
 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical
 GA 197TZ
 UT ISI:000080382900084
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Chessa, A
    Stanley, HE
    Vespignani, A
    Zapperi, S
 TI Universality in sandpiles
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY; MODEL; NOISE
 AB We perform extensive numerical simulations of different versions of the
    sandpile model. We find that previous claims about universality classes
    are unfounded, since the method previously employed to analyze the data
    suffered from a systematic bias. We identify the correct scaling
    behavior and provide evidences suggesting that sandpiles with
    stochastic and deterministic toppling rules belong to the same
    universality class. [S1063-651X(99)50701-0].
 C1 Univ Cagliari, Dipartimento Fis, I-09124 Cagliari, Italy.
    Univ Cagliari, Unita INFM, I-09124 Cagliari, Italy.
    Boston Univ, Ctr Polymer Studies, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
    Boston Univ, Dept Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
    Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34100 Trieste, Italy.
    Ecole Super Phys & Chim Ind Ville Paris, PMMH, F-75231 Paris 05, France.
 RP Chessa, A, Univ Cagliari, Dipartimento Fis, Via Osped 72, I-09124
    Cagliari, Italy.
 CR AMARAL LAN, 1997, PHYS REV E A, V56, P231
    BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381
    BENHUR A, 1996, PHYS REV E, V53, P1317
    CHESSA A, 1998, PHYS REV E, V57, R6241
    CHRISTENSEN K, 1991, J STAT PHYS, V63, P653
    CILIBERTO S, 1994, J PHYS I, V4, P223
    DEMENECH M, 1998, PHYS REV E A, V58, R2677
    DHAR D, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V63, P1659
    DIAZGUILERA A, 1994, EUROPHYS LETT, V26, P177
    DICKMAN R, 1998, PHYS REV E A, V57, P5095
    DURIN G, 1995, FRACTALS, V3, P351
    FIELD S, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V74, P1206
    GARCIMARTIN A, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V79, P3202
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    MANNA SS, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, L363
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    VESPIGNANI A, CONDMAT9806249
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    VESPIGNANI A, 1998, PHYS REV E, V57, P6345
    ZHANG YC, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V63, P470
 NR 27
 TC 31
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 1063-651X
 J9 PHYS REV E
 JI Phys. Rev. E
 PD JAN
 PY 1999
 VL 59
 IS 1
 PN Part A
 BP R12
 EP R15
 PG 4
 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical
 GA 158JH
 UT ISI:000078111900004
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Vespignani, A
    Dickman, R
    Munoz, MA
    Zapperi, S
 TI Driving, conservation, and absorbing states in sandpiles
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY; CRITICAL-BEHAVIOR; PHASE-TRANSITIONS;
    MODEL; EXPONENTS; LATTICE
 AB We use a phenomenological field theory, reflecting the symmetries and
    conservation laws of sandpiles, to compare the driven dissipative
    sandpile, widely studied in the context of self-organized criticality,
    with the corresponding fixed-energy model. The latter displays an
    absorbing-state phase transition with upper critical dimension d(c) =
    4. We show that the driven model exhibits a fundamentally different
    approach to the critical point, and compute a subset of critical
    exponents. We present numerical simulations in support of our
    theoretical predictions.
 C1 Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34100 Trieste, Italy.
    Univ Fed Santa Catarina, Dept Fis, BR-88040900 Florianopolis, SC, Brazil.
    Univ Rome La Sapienza, Dipartimento Fis, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
    Univ Rome La Sapienza, Unita INFM, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
    ESPCI, PMMH, F-75231 Paris 05, France.
 RP Vespignani, A, Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, POB 586, I-34100
    Trieste, Italy.
 CR BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381
    BARABASI AL, 1995, FRACTAL CONCEPTS SUR
    CARDY J, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V77, P4780
    CHESSA A, CONDMAT9808263
    CHESSA A, 1998, PHYS REV E, V57, R6241
    DHAR D, CONDMAT9808047
    DHAR D, 1990, PHYS REV LETT, V64, P1613
    DIAZGUILERA A, 1994, EUROPHYS LETT, V26, P177
    DICKMAN R, 1996, NONEQUILIBRIUM STAT
    DICKMAN R, 1998, PHYS REV E A, V57, P5095
    GRASSBERGER P, COMMUNICATION
    GRASSBERGER P, 1979, ANN PHYS-NEW YORK, V122, P373
    GRASSBERGER P, 1982, Z PHYS B CON MAT, V47, P365
    GRASSBERGER P, 1995, PHYS LETT A, V200, P277
    GRINSTEIN G, 1995, NATO ASI B, V344
    HARRIS TE, 1974, ANN PROBAB, V2, P969
    HARRIS TE, 1989, THEORY BRANCHING PRO
    JENSEN I, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P1465
    KINZEL W, 1985, Z PHYS B CON MAT, V58, P229
    LAURITSEN KB, COMMUNICATION
    LUBECK S, 1997, PHYS REV E, V55, P4095
    LUBECK S, 1998, PHYS REV E A, V58, P2957
    MANNA SS, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, L363
    MARRO J, 1998, NONEQUILIBRIUM PHASE
    MILSHTEIN E, 1998, PHYS REV E, V58, P303
    MUNOZ MA, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V76, P451
    MUNOZ MA, 1998, J STAT PHYS, V91, P541
    PACZUSKI M, 1994, EUROPHYS LETT, V27, P97
    SORNETTE D, 1995, J PHYS I, V5, P325
    TANG C, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V60, P2347
    VESPIGNANI A, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V78, P4793
 NR 31
 TC 63
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 0031-9007
 J9 PHYS REV LETT
 JI Phys. Rev. Lett.
 PD DEC 21
 PY 1998
 VL 81
 IS 25
 BP 5676
 EP 5679
 PG 4
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA 150HT
 UT ISI:000077659500050
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Chessa, A
    Marinari, E
    Vespignani, A
    Zapperi, S
 TI Mean-field behavior of the sandpile model below the upper critical
    dimension
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY
 AB We present results of large scale numerical simulations of the Bak,
    Tang, and Wiesenfeld [Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 381 (1987); Phys. Rev. A 38,
    364 (1988)] sandpile model. We analyze the critical behavior of the
    model in Euclidean dimensions 2 less than or equal to d less than or
    equal to 6. We consider a dissipative generalization of the model and
    study the avalanche size and duration distributions for different
    values of the lattice size and dissipation. We find that the scaling
    exponents in d=4 significantly differ from mean-field predictions, thus
    Suggesting an upper critical dimension d(c)greater than or equal to 5.
    Using the relations among the dissipation rate epsilon and the finite
    lattice size L, we find that a subset of the exponents displays
    mean-field values below the upper critical dimensions. This behavior is
    explained in terms of conservation laws.
 C1 Univ Cagliari, Dipartimento Fis, I-09124 Cagliari, Italy.
    INFM, Sez Cagliari, I-09124 Cagliari, Italy.
    INFN, Sez Cagliari, I-09124 Cagliari, Italy.
    Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34100 Trieste, Italy.
    Boston Univ, Ctr Polymer Studies, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
    Boston Univ, Dept Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
 RP Chessa, A, Univ Cagliari, Dipartimento Fis, Via Osped 72, I-09124
    Cagliari, Italy.
 CR BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381
    BENHUR A, 1996, PHYS REV E, V53, P1317
    CHESSA A, UNPUB
    CHRISTENSEN K, 1993, PHYS REV E, V48, P3361
    DHAR D, 1990, PHYS REV LETT, V64, P1613
    DIAZGUILERA A, 1994, EUROPHYS LETT, V26, P177
    DICKMAN R, IN PRESS PHYS REV E
    DICKMAN R, 1996, NONEQUILIBRIUM STAT
    GRINSTEIN G, 1995, NATO ADV STUDY I B, V344
    LUBECK S, 1997, PHYS REV E A, V56, P5138
    LUBECK S, 1997, PHYS REV E, V55, P4095
    LUBECK S, 1997, PHYS REV E, V56, P1590
    MANNA SS, 1990, J STAT PHYS, V59, P509
    MANNA SS, 1990, J STAT PHYS, V61, P923
    PRIEZZHEV VB, 1994, J STAT PHYS, V74, P955
    SORNETTE D, 1995, J PHYS I, V5, P325
    VESPIGNANI A, IN PRESS PHYS REV E
    VESPIGNANI A, 1995, PHYS REV E, V51, P1711
    VESPIGNANI A, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V78, P4793
    ZAPPERI S, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V75, P4071
    ZHANG YC, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V63, P470
 NR 21
 TC 10
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 1063-651X
 J9 PHYS REV E
 JI Phys. Rev. E
 PD JUN
 PY 1998
 VL 57
 IS 6
 BP R6241
 EP R6244
 PG 4
 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical
 GA ZU947
 UT ISI:000074252400004
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Vespignani, A
    Zapperi, S
 TI How self-organized criticality works: A unified mean-field picture
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID FOREST-FIRE MODEL; CRITICAL-BEHAVIOR; SANDPILE MODELS;
    BRANCHING-PROCESSES; NONEQUILIBRIUM SYSTEMS; PHASE-TRANSITIONS; ABELIAN
    SANDPILE; AVALANCHES; RENORMALIZATION; PERCOLATION
 AB We present a unified dynamical mean-field theory, based on the single
    site approximation to the master-equation, for stochastic
    self-organized critical models. In particular, we analyze in detail the
    properties of sandpile and forest-fire (FF) models. In analogy with
    other nonequilibrium critical phenomena, we identify an order parameter
    with the density of ''active'' sites, and control parameters with the
    driving rates. Depending on the values of the control parameters, the
    system is shown to reach a subcritical (absorbing) or supercritical
    (active) stationary state. Criticality is analyzed in terms of the
    singularities of the zero-field susceptibility. In the limit of
    vanishing control parameters, the stationary state displays scaling
    characteristics of self-organized criticality (SOC). We show that this
    limit corresponds to the breakdown of space-time locality in the
    dynamical rules of the models. We define a complete set of critical
    exponents, describing the scaling of order parameter, response
    functions, susceptibility and correlation length in the subcritical and
    supercritical states. In the subcritical state, the response of the
    system to small perturbations takes place in avalanches. We analyze
    their scaling behavior in relation with branching processes. In
    sandpile models, because of conservation laws, a critical exponents
    subset displays mean-field values (nu=1/2 and gamma=1) in any
    dimensions. We treat bull; and boundary dissipation and introduce a
    critical exponent relating dissipation and finite size effects. We
    present numerical simulations that confirm our results. In the case of
    the forest-fire model, our approach can distinguish between different
    regimes (SOC-FF and deterministic FF) studied in the literature, and
    determine the full spectrum of critical exponents.
 C1 Int Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34100 Trieste, Italy.
    Boston Univ, Ctr Polymer Studies, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
    Boston Univ, Dept Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
 RP Vespignani, A, Int Ctr Theoret Phys, POB 586, I-34100 Trieste, Italy.
 CR BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381
    BAK P, 1988, PHYS REV A, V38, P364
    BAK P, 1990, PHYS LETT A, V147, P297
    BAK P, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P4083
    BENHUR A, 1996, PHYS REV E, V53, P1317
    BROKER HM, 1997, PHYS REV E A, V56, R4918
    BROKER HM, 1997, PHYS REV E, V56, P3944
    CALDARELLI G, UNPUB
    CHABANOL ML, 1997, PHYS REV E A, V56, R2343
    CHESSA A, UNPUB
    CHRISTENSEN K, 1993, PHYS REV E, V48, P3361
    CHRISTENSEN K, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P2737
    CLAR S, 1994, PHYS REV E A, V50, P1009
    CLAR S, 1996, J PHYS-CONDENS MAT, V8, P6803
    DHAR D, 1990, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V23, P4333
    DHAR D, 1990, PHYS REV LETT, V64, P1613
    DIAZGUILERA A, 1992, PHYS REV A, V45, P8551
    DICKMAN R, 1986, PHYS REV A, V34, P4246
    DROSSEL B, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P3739
    DURIN G, 1995, FRACTALS, V3, P351
    ESSAM JW, 1972, PHASE TRANSITIONS CR, V2
    FIELD S, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V74, P1206
    FLYVBJERG H, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P4087
    FRETTE V, 1996, NATURE, V379, P49
    GARCIAPELAYO R, 1994, PHYS REV E A, V49, P4903
    GIL L, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V76, P3991
    GRASSBERGER P, 1979, ANN PHYS-NEW YORK, V122, P373
    GRASSBERGER P, 1990, J PHYS-PARIS, V51, P1077
    GRASSBERGER P, 1993, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V26, P2081
    GRASSBERGER P, 1994, PHYS REV E, V49, P2436
    GRASSBERGER P, 1996, PHYSICA A, V224, P169
    GRINSTEIN G, 1990, PHYS REV LETT, V64, P1927
    GRINSTEIN G, 1995, NATO ADV STUDY I B, V344
    GUTENBERG B, 1956, ANN GEOFIS, V9, P1
    HARRIS TE, 1989, THEORY BRANCHING PRO
    HASTY J, 1997, J STAT PHYS, V86, P1179
    HENLEY CL, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P2741
    HWA T, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V62, P1813
    IVASHKEVICH EV, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V76, P3368
    JAEGER HM, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V62, P40
    JANOWSKY SA, 1993, J PHYS A, V26, L973
    KADANOFF LP, 1989, PHYS REV A, V39, P6524
    KATORI M, 1996, PHYSICA A, V229, P461
    LAURITSEN KB, 1996, PHYS REV E, V54, P2483
    LILLY MP, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P4186
    LORETO V, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V75, P465
    LUBECK S, 1997, PHYS REV E, V55, P4095
    LUBECK S, 1997, PHYS REV E, V56, P1590
    MANNA SS, 1990, J STAT PHYS, V59, P509
    MANNA SS, 1990, J STAT PHYS, V61, P923
    MANNA SS, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, L363
    MENDES JFF, 1994, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V27, P3019
    MIDDLETON AA, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V74, P742
    MUNOZ MA, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V76, P451
    OLAMI Z, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V68, P1244
    PACZUSKI M, 1996, PHYS REV E A, V53, P414
    PATZLAFF H, 1994, PHYS LETT A, V189, P187
    PETRI A, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V73, P3423
    PIETRONERO L, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P1690
    PRIEZZHEV VB, 1994, J STAT PHYS, V74, P955
    SCHMITTMANN B, 1995, PHASE TRANSITIONS CR, V17
    SORNETTE D, 1992, J PHYS I, V2, P2065
    SORNETTE D, 1995, J PHYS I, V5, P325
    STELLA AL, 1995, PHYS REV E A, V52, P72
    SUKI B, 1994, NATURE, V368, P615
    TANG C, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V60, P2347
    VERGELES M, 1997, PHYS REV E, V55, P1998
    VESPIGNANI A, UNPUB
    VESPIGNANI A, 1995, PHYS REV E, V51, P1711
    VESPIGNANI A, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V77, P4560
    VESPIGNANI A, 1997, J STAT PHYS, V88, P47
    VESPIGNANI A, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V78, P4793
    WILKINSON D, 1983, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V16, P3365
    ZAPPERI S, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V75, P4071
    ZHANG YC, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V63, P470
 NR 75
 TC 111
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 1063-651X
 J9 PHYS REV E
 JI Phys. Rev. E
 PD JUN
 PY 1998
 VL 57
 IS 6
 BP 6345
 EP 6362
 PG 18
 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical
 GA ZU947
 UT ISI:000074252400020
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Vespignani, A
    Zapperi, S
    Loreto, V
 TI Dynamically driven renormalization group applied to self-organized
    critical systems
 SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS B
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID FOREST-FIRE MODEL; CRITICAL-BEHAVIOR; SANDPILE MODELS; SIMULATION;
    DIMENSIONS; STATES
 AB The Dynamically Driven Renormalization Group is a general framework
    developed to study the critical properties of nonequilibrium systems
    with stationary states. In particular this renormalization scheme
    allows the systematic analysis of several models showing self-organised
    criticality in terms of usual concepts of phase transitions and
    critical phenomena.
 C1 Leiden Univ, Inst Lorentz, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands.
    Boston Univ, Ctr Polymer Studies, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
    Boston Univ, Dept Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
    ENEA, Res Ctr, I-80055 Napoli, Italy.
 RP Vespignani, A, Leiden Univ, Inst Lorentz, POB 9506, NL-2300 RA Leiden,
    Netherlands.
 CR BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381
    BAK P, 1988, PHYS REV A, V38, P364
    BAK P, 1990, PHYS LETT A, V147, P297
    BAK P, 1993, FRACTALS DISORDERED, V2
    BENHUR A, 1996, PHYS REV E, V54, P1426
    CHRISTENSEN K, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P2737
    CLAR S, 1994, PHYS REV E A, V50, P1009
    CRESWICK RJ, 1992, INTRO RENORMALIZATIO
    DOMB C, 1972, PHASE TRANSITION CRI, V1
    DOMB C, 1983, PHASE TRANSITION CRI, V7
    DROSSEL B, COMMUNICATION
    DROSSEL B, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V69, P1629
    DROSSEL B, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P3739
    ERZAN A, 1995, REV MOD PHYS, V67, P545
    GRASSBERGER P, 1990, J PHYS-PARIS, V51, P1077
    GRASSBERGER P, 1991, J STAT PHYS, V63, P685
    GRINSTEIN G, 1995, NATO ADV STUDY I B, V344
    IVASHKEVICH EV, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V76, P3368
    KATZ S, 1983, PHYS REV B, V28, P1655
    KATZ S, 1984, J STAT PHYS, V34, P497
    LORETO V, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V75, P465
    MANDELBROT BB, 1983, FRACTAL GEOMETRY NAT
    MANNA SS, 1990, J STAT PHYS, V59, P509
    MANNA SS, 1991, PHYSICA A, V179, P249
    MOSSNER WK, 1992, PHYSICA A, V190, P205
    PIETRONERO L, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P1690
    STELLA AL, 1995, PHYS REV E A, V52, P72
    VESPIGNANI A, 1995, PHYS REV E, V51, P1711
    VESPIGNANI A, 1997, J STAT PHYS, V88, P47
    VICSEK T, 1992, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO
    ZHANG YC, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V63, P470
 NR 31
 TC 0
 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD
 PI SINGAPORE
 PA JOURNAL DEPT PO BOX 128 FARRER ROAD, SINGAPORE 9128, SINGAPORE
 SN 0217-9792
 J9 INT J MOD PHYS B
 JI Int. J. Mod. Phys. B
 PD MAY 30
 PY 1998
 VL 12
 IS 12-13
 BP 1407
 EP 1417
 PG 11
 SC Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter; Physics, Mathematical
 GA ZT481
 UT ISI:000074092200015
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Dickman, R
    Vespignani, A
    Zapperi, S
 TI Self-organized criticality as an absorbing-state phase transition
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID REGGEON FIELD-THEORY; CRITICAL-BEHAVIOR; CELLULAR-AUTOMATA; 2
    DIMENSIONS; AVALANCHES; SYSTEMS; DYNAMICS; LATTICE; MODELS; NOISE
 AB We explore the connection between self-organized criticality and phase
    transitions in models with absorbing states. sandpile models are found
    to exhibit criticality only when a pair of relevant parameters -
    dissipation epsilon and driving field h - are set to their critical
    values. The critical values of epsilon and h are both equal to zero.
    The first result is due to the absence of saturation (no bound on
    energy) in the sandpile model, while the second result is common to
    other absorbing-state transitions. The original definition of the
    sandpile model places it at the point (epsilon = 0,h = 0(+)): it is
    critical by definition. We argue power-law avalanche distributions are
    a general feature of models with infinitely many absorbing
    configurations, when they are subject to slow driving at the critical
    point. Our assertions are supported by simulations of the sandpile at
    epsilon=h=0 and fixed energy density zeta (no drive, periodic
    boundaries), and of the slowly driven pair contact process. We
    formulate a held theory for the sandpile model, in which the order
    parameter is coupled to a conserved energy density, which plays the
    role of an effective creation rate.
 C1 CUNY Herbert H Lehman Coll, Dept Phys & Astron, Bronx, NY 10468 USA.
    Int Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34100 Trieste, Italy.
    Boston Univ, Ctr Polymer Studies, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
    Boston Univ, Dept Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
 RP Dickman, R, Univ Fed Santa Catarina, Dept Fis, Campus Univ, BR-88040900
    Florianopolis, SC, Brazil.
 CR BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381
    BAK P, 1988, PHYS REV A, V38, P364
    BAK P, 1996, NATURE WORKS
    CARDY JL, 1980, J PHYS A, V13, L423
    CLAR S, 1996, J PHYS-CONDENS MAT, V8, P6803
    DIAZGUILERA A, 1992, PHYS REV A, V45, P8551
    DIAZGUILERA A, 1994, EUROPHYS LETT, V26, P177
    DICKMAN R, UNPUB
    DICKMAN R, 1996, NONEQUILIBRIUM STAT
    DICKMAN R, 1996, PHYS REV E, V53, P2223
    DURIN G, 1995, FRACTALS, V3, P351
    FIELD S, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V74, P1206
    GRASSBERGER P, 1979, ANN PHYS-NEW YORK, V122, P373
    GRASSBERGER P, 1990, J PHYS-PARIS, V51, P1077
    GRINSTEIN G, 1995, NATO ADV STUDY I B, V344
    GUTENBERG B, 1956, ANN GEOFIS, V9, P1
    HARRIS TE, 1974, ANN PROBAB, V2, P969
    JANSSEN HK, 1981, Z PHYS B CON MAT, V42, P151
    JENSEN I, 1993, PHYS REV E, V48, P1710
    JENSEN I, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P1465
    KADANOFF LP, 1989, PHYS REV A, V39, P6524
    KATORI M, 1996, PHYSICA A, V229, P461
    KINZEL W, 1985, Z PHYS B CON MAT, V58, P229
    LILLY MP, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P4186
    LUBECK S, 1997, CONDMAT9708055
    LUBECK S, 1997, PHYS REV E, V55, P4095
    LUBECK S, 1997, PHYS REV E, V56, P1590
    MANNA SS, 1990, J STAT PHYS, V59, P509
    MANNA SS, 1990, J STAT PHYS, V61, P923
    MANNA SS, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, L363
    MANNA SS, 1991, PHYSICA A, V179, P249
    MARRO J, 1997, NONEQUILIBRIUM PHASE
    MENDES JFF, 1994, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V27, P3019
    MUNOZ MA, IN PRESS J STAT PHYS
    MUNOZ MA, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V76, P451
    MUNOZ MA, 1997, PHYSICA D, V103, P485
    PACZUSKI M, 1996, PHYS REV E A, V53, P414
    PELITI L, 1985, J PHYS-PARIS, V46, P1469
    PETRI A, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V73, P3423
    PRIEZZHEV VB, 1994, J STAT PHYS, V74, P955
    SAHIMI M, 1993, REV MOD PHYS, V65, P1393
    SORNETTE D, 1995, J PHYS I, V5, P325
    SPASOJEVIC D, 1996, PHYS REV E, V54, P2531
    SUKI B, 1994, NATURE, V368, P615
    VESPIGNANI A, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V77, P4560
    VESPIGNANI A, 1997, J STAT PHYS, V88, P47
    VESPIGNANI A, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V78, P4793
    ZAPPERI S, UNPUB
    ZAPPERI S, 1997, NATURE, V388, P658
 NR 49
 TC 78
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 1063-651X
 J9 PHYS REV E
 JI Phys. Rev. E
 PD MAY
 PY 1998
 VL 57
 IS 5
 PN Part A
 BP 5095
 EP 5105
 PG 11
 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical
 GA ZP582
 UT ISI:000073767900034
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Chessa, A
    Marinari, E
    Vespignani, A
 TI Energy constrained sandpile models
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY; NOISE
 AB We study two driven dynamical systems with conserved energy. The two
    automata contain the basic dynamical rules of the Bak, Tang, and
    Wiesenfeld sandpile model. In addition a global constraint on the
    energy contained in the lattice is imposed. In the limit of an
    infinitely slow driving of the system, the conserved energy E becomes
    the only parameter governing the dynamical behavior of the system. Both
    models show scale-fret behavior at a critical value E-c of the fixed
    energy. The scaling with respect to the relevant scaling field points
    out that the developing of critical correlations is in a different
    universality class than self-organized critical sandpiles. Despite this
    difference, the activity (avalanche) probability distributions appear
    to coincide with the one of the standard self-organized critical
    sandpile.
 C1 Univ Cagliari, Dipartimento Fis, I-09124 Cagliari, Italy.
    INFM, Cagliari, Italy.
    Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Cagliari, Italy.
    Int Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34100 Trieste, Italy.
 RP Chessa, A, Univ Cagliari, Dipartimento Fis, Via Osped 72, I-09124
    Cagliari, Italy.
 CR BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381
    BAK P, 1988, PHYS REV A, V38, P364
    BENHUR A, 1996, PHYS REV E, V53, P1317
    CHESSA A, IN PRESS
    CHESSA A, 1998, CONDMAT9802123
    DICKMAN R, IN PRESS
    DICKMAN R, 1996, NONEQUILIBRIUM STAT
    DURIN G, 1995, FRACTALS, V3, P351
    GRASSBERGER P, 1990, J PHYS-PARIS, V51, P1077
    GRINSTEIN G, 1995, SCALE INVARIANCE I B, V344
    GUTENBERG B, 1956, ANN GEOFIS, V9, P1
    LUBECK S, 1997, PHYS REV E, V55, P4095
    LUBECK S, 1997, PHYS REV E, V56, P1590
    MANNA SS, 1990, J STAT PHYS, V59, P509
    MANNA SS, 1991, PHYSICA A, V179, P249
    PETRI A, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V73, P3423
    SORNETTE D, 1995, J PHYS I, V5, P325
    SPASOJEVIC D, 1996, PHYS REV E, V54, P2531
    VESPIGNANI A, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V78, P4793
    ZAPPERI S, 1997, NATURE, V388, P658
 NR 20
 TC 18
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 0031-9007
 J9 PHYS REV LETT
 JI Phys. Rev. Lett.
 PD MAY 11
 PY 1998
 VL 80
 IS 19
 BP 4217
 EP 4220
 PG 4
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA ZM538
 UT ISI:000073550200027
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Cafiero, R
    Vespignani, A
    Zapperi, S
    Pietronero, L
 TI Universality and scale invariant dynamics in laplacian fractal growth
 SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS B
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID DIFFUSION-LIMITED AGGREGATION; RENORMALIZATION-GROUP APPROACH; INVASION
    PERCOLATION; DIELECTRIC-BREAKDOWN; BRANCHED GROWTH; CLUSTERS; MODELS;
    MEDIA
 AB The individuation of the scale invariant dynamics in Laplacian fractal
    growth processes, like diffusion-limited aggregation (DLA), is an
    important problem whose solution would clarify some crucial issues
    concerning the origin of fractal properties and the identification of
    universality classes for such models. Here, we develop a real space
    renormalization group scheme to study the dynamic evolution of DLA in a
    restricted space of relevant parameters. In particular, we investigate
    the effect of a sticking probability P-s and an effective noise
    reduction parameter S. The renormalization equations flow towards an
    attractive fixed point corresponding to the scale invariant DLA
    dynamics (P-s* = 1, S* similar or equal to 2.0). The existence of a
    non-trivial fixed point value for S, shows that noise is spontaneously
    generated by the DLA growth process, and that screening, which is at
    the origin of fractal properties, persists at all scales.
 C1 Max Planck Inst Phys Complex Syst, D-01187 Dresden, Germany.
    Int Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34100 Trieste, Italy.
    Boston Univ, Ctr Polymer Studies, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
    Boston Univ, Dept Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
    Univ Rome La Sapienza, Dipartimento Fis, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
    Univ Rome La Sapienza, Unita INFM, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
 RP Cafiero, R, Max Planck Inst Phys Complex Syst, Thnitzer Str 38, D-01187
    Dresden, Germany.
 CR AMITRANO C, 1993, FRACTALS, V1, P840
    BARKER PW, 1990, PHYS REV A, V42, P6289
    CAFIERO R, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P3939
    CAFIERO R, 1996, PHYS REV E, V54, P1406
    CAFIERO R, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V79, P1503
    DEANGELIS R, 1991, EUROPHYS LETT, V16, P417
    DEARCANGELIS L, 1989, PHYS REV B, V40, P877
    ECKMANN JP, 1989, PHYS REV A, V39, P3185
    EDEN M, 1961, 4 BERK S MATH STAT P, P223
    ERZAN A, 1995, REV MOD PHYS, V67, P861
    EVERTSZ C, 1990, PHYS REV A, V41, P1830
    FAMILY F, 1986, J PHYS A, V19, L733
    HALSEY TC, 1992, PHYS REV A, V46, P7793
    HALSEY TC, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P1228
    HASTINGS MB, CONDMAT9607007
    HASTINGS MB, CONDMAT9607021
    JULLIEN R, 1984, J PHYS A, V17, L639
    KERTESZ J, 1986, J PHYS A, V19, L257
    MANDELBROT BB, 1995, EUROPHYS LETT, V32, P199
    MARSILI M, 1994, J STAT PHYS, V77, P733
    MEAKIN P, 1983, PHYS REV A, V27, P1495
    MEAKIN P, 1983, PHYS REV LETT, V51, P1119
    MEAKIN P, 1988, PHASE TRANSITIONS CR, V12, P335
    MOUKARZEL C, 1992, PHYSICA A, V188, P469
    NAGATANI T, 1987, J PHYS A, V20, L381
    NAGATANI T, 1987, PHYS REV A, V36, P5812
    NEIMEYER L, 1984, PHYS REV LETT, V52, P1033
    NITTMANN J, 1986, NATURE, V321, P663
    PIETRONERO L, 1990, PHYSICA A, V119, P249
    VESPIGNANI A, 1993, FRACTALS, V1, P1002
    VICSEK T, 1992, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO
    WANG XR, 1989, J PHYS A, V22, L507
    WANG XR, 1989, PHYS REV A, V39, P5974
    WILKINSON D, 1983, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V16, P3365
    WITTEN TA, 1981, PHYS REV LETT, V47, P1400
 NR 35
 TC 0
 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD
 PI SINGAPORE
 PA JOURNAL DEPT PO BOX 128 FARRER ROAD, SINGAPORE 9128, SINGAPORE
 SN 0217-9792
 J9 INT J MOD PHYS B
 JI Int. J. Mod. Phys. B
 PD DEC 10
 PY 1997
 VL 11
 IS 30
 BP 3595
 EP 3619
 PG 25
 SC Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter; Physics, Mathematical
 GA YP694
 UT ISI:000071304600006
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Vespignani, A
    Zapperi, S
    Loreto, V
 TI Dynamically driven renormalization group
 SO JOURNAL OF STATISTICAL PHYSICS
 LA English
 DT Article
 DE renormalization group; nonequilibrium steady states; driven dynamical
    systems; self-organized criticality
 ID FOREST-FIRE MODEL; SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY; MEAN-FIELD THEORY;
    CRITICAL-BEHAVIOR; SANDPILE MODELS; LATTICE GAS; DIMENSIONS; SYSTEMS;
    STATES; SCHEME
 AB We present a detailed discussion of a novel dynamical renormalization
    group scheme: the dynamically driven renormalization group (DDRG). This
    is a general renormalization method developed for dynamical systems
    with nonequilibrium critical steady state. The method is based on a
    real-space renormalization scheme driven by a dynamical steady-state
    condition which acts as a feedback on the transformation equations.
    This approach has been applied to open nonlinear systems such as
    self-organized critical phenomena, and it allows the analytical
    evaluation of scaling dimensions and critical exponents. Equilibrium
    models at the critical point can also be considered. The explicit
    application to some models and the corresponding results are discussed.
 C1 BOSTON UNIV,CTR POLYMER STUDIES,BOSTON,MA 02215.
    BOSTON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02215.
    UNIV ROMA LA SAPIENZA,DIPARTIMENTO FIS,I-00185 ROME,ITALY.
 RP Vespignani, A, LEIDEN UNIV,INST LORENTZ,POB 9506,NL-2300 RA
    LEIDEN,NETHERLANDS.
 CR ACHIAM Y, 1978, PHYS REV LETT, V41, P128
    AMIT DJ, 1984, FIELD THEORY RENORMA
    BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381
    BAK P, 1988, PHYS REV A, V38, P364
    BAK P, 1989, NETURE, V342, P7800
    BAK P, 1990, PHYS LETT A, V147, P297
    BAK P, 1993, FRACTALS DISORDERED, V2
    BENHUR A, 1996, PHYS REV E, V54, P1426
    BURKHARDT TW, 1982, REAL SPACE RENORMALI
    CHRISTENSEN K, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P2737
    CLAR S, 1994, PHYS REV E A, V50, P1009
    CRESWICK RJ, 1992, INTRO RENORMALIZATIO
    DHAR D, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V63, P1659
    DHAR D, 1990, PHYS REV LETT, V64, P1613
    DICKMAN R, 1988, PHYS REV A, V38, P2588
    DOMB C, 1972, PHASE TRANSITION CRI, V1
    DOMB C, 1983, PHASE TRANSITION CRI, V7
    DROSSEL B, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V69, P1629
    DROSSEL B, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P3739
    ERZAN A, 1995, REV MOD PHYS, V67, P545
    GLAUBER RJ, 1963, J MATH PHYS, V4, P294
    GRASSBERGER P, 1990, J PHYS-PARIS, V51, P1077
    GRASSBERGER P, 1991, J STAT PHYS, V63, P685
    GRASSBERGER P, 1993, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V26, P2081
    GRINSTEIN G, 1995, SCALE INVARIANCE I B, V344
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    ZHANG YC, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V63, P470
 NR 57
 TC 10
 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP
 PI NEW YORK
 PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013
 SN 0022-4715
 J9 J STATIST PHYS
 JI J. Stat. Phys.
 PD JUL
 PY 1997
 VL 88
 IS 1-2
 BP 47
 EP 79
 PG 33
 SC Physics, Mathematical
 GA XT833
 UT ISI:A1997XT83300003
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Zapperi, S
    Vespignani, A
    Stanley, HE
 TI Plasticity and avalanche behaviour in microfracturing phenomena
 SO NATURE
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY; ACOUSTIC-EMISSION; FUSE NETWORKS; POWER
    LAWS; DYNAMICS
 AB Inhomogeneous materials, such as plaster or concrete, subjected to an
    external elastic stress display sudden movements owing to the formation
    and propagation of microfractures. Studies of acoustic emission from
    these systems reveal power-law behaviour(1). Similar behaviour in
    damage propagation has also been seen in acoustic emission resulting
    from volcanic activity(2) and hydrogen precipitation in niobium(3). It
    has been suggested that the underlying fracture dynamics in these
    systems might display self-organized criticality(4), implying that
    long-ranged correlations between fracture events lead to a scale-free
    cascade of 'avalanches'. A hierarchy of avalanche events is also
    observed in a wide range of other systems, such as the dynamics of
    random magnets(5) and high-temperature superconductors(6) in magnetic
    fields, lung inflation(7) and seismic behaviour characterized by the
    Gutenberg-Richter law(8). The applicability of self-organized
    criticality to microfracturing has been questioned(9,10), however, as
    power laws alone are not unequivocal evidence for it. Here we present a
    scalar model of microfracturing which generates power-law behaviour in
    properties related to acoustic emission, and a scale-free hierarchy of
    avalanches characteristic of self-organized criticality. The geometric
    structure of the fracture surfaces agrees with that seen
    experimentally. We find that the critical steady state exhibits plastic
    macroscopic behaviour, which is commonly observed in real materials.
 C1 BOSTON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02215.
    LEIDEN UNIV,INST LORENTZ,NL-2300 RA LEIDEN,NETHERLANDS.
 RP Zapperi, S, BOSTON UNIV,CTR POLYMER STUDIES,BOSTON,MA 02215.
 CR BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381
    CALDARELLI G, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V77, P2503
    CANNELLI G, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P3923
    CANNELLI G, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P2307
    CHEN WF, 1982, PLASTICITY REINFORCE
    COTE PJ, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V67, P1334
    DEARCANGELIS L, 1985, J PHYS LETT, V46, L585
    DEARCANGELIS L, 1989, PHYS REV B, V39, P2678
    DIODATI P, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V67, P2239
    FIELD S, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V74, P1206
    GUTENBERG B, 1944, B SEISMOL SOC AM, V34, P185
    HERRMANN HJ, 1990, STAT MODELS FRACTURE
    HERRMANN HJ, 1991, EUROPHYS LETT, V10, P514
    LANDAU LD, 1960, THEORY ELASTICITY
    MILTENBERGER P, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P3604
    OKUZONO T, 1995, PHYS REV E, V51, P1246
    OMORI F, 1894, J COLL SCI IMP U TOK, V7, P111
    PETRI A, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V73, P3423
    PRESS WH, 1991, COMPUT PHYS, V5, P154
    SAHIMI M, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V77, P3689
    SORNETTE D, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V68, P612
    SORNETTE D, 1994, J PHYS I, V4, P209
    SORNETTE D, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P2306
    STROEVEN P, 1990, ENG FRACT MECH, V35, P775
    STROEVEN P, 1993, INTERFACES CEMENTOUS, P187
    SUKI B, 1994, NATURE, V368, P615
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    TZSCHICHHOLZ F, 1995, PHYS REV E, V51, P1961
    WILSHIRE B, 1983, ENG APPROACHES HIGH
 NR 29
 TC 64
 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD
 PI LONDON
 PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW
 SN 0028-0836
 J9 NATURE
 JI Nature
 PD AUG 14
 PY 1997
 VL 388
 IS 6643
 BP 658
 EP 660
 PG 3
 SC Multidisciplinary Sciences
 GA XQ863
 UT ISI:A1997XQ86300044
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Vespignani, A
    Zapperi, S
 TI Order parameter and scaling fields in self-organized criticality
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID CRITICAL EXPONENTS; CRITICAL-BEHAVIOR; SANDPILE MODELS; LATTICE;
    SIMULATION; DIMENSIONS; AUTOMATON
 AB We present a unified dynamical mean-held theory for stochastic
    self-organized critical models. We, use a single site approximation,
    and we include the details of different models by using effective
    parameters and constraints. We identify the order parameter and the
    relevant scaling fields in order to describe the critical behavior in
    terms of the usual concepts of nonequilibrium lattice models with
    steady states. We point out the inconsistencies of previous mean-field
    approaches, which lead to different predictions. Numerical simulations
    confirm the validity of our results beyond mean-field theory.
 C1 BOSTON UNIV,CTR POLYMER STUDIES,BOSTON,MA 02215.
    BOSTON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02215.
 RP Vespignani, A, LEIDEN UNIV,INST LORENTZ,POB 9506,NL-2300 RA
    LEIDEN,NETHERLANDS.
 CR BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381
    BAK P, 1988, PHYS REV A, V38, P364
    CALDARELLI G, UNPUB
    CALDARELLI G, 1996, EUROPHYS LETT, V35, P481
    CHRISTENSEN K, 1993, PHYS REV E, V48, P3361
    CHRISTENSEN K, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P2737
    CLAR S, 1996, J PHYS-CONDENS MAT, V8, P6803
    DHAR D, 1990, PHYS REV LETT, V64, P1613
    DICKMAN R, 1986, PHYS REV A, V34, P4246
    DICKMAN R, 1988, PHYS REV A, V38, P2588
    DICKMAN R, 1989, J STAT PHYS, V55, P997
    GRASSBERGER P, 1979, ANN PHYS-NEW YORK, V122, P373
    GRASSBERGER P, 1990, J PHYS-PARIS, V51, P1077
    GRINSTEIN G, 1995, NATO ADV STUDY I B, V344
    LAURITSEN KB, 1996, PHYS REV E, V54, P2483
    MANDELBROT BB, 1983, FRACTAL GEOMETRY NAT
    MANNA SS, 1990, J STAT PHYS, V59, P509
    MANNA SS, 1990, J STAT PHYS, V61, P923
    MANNA SS, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, L363
    MANNA SS, 1991, PHYSICA A, V179, P249
    MENDES JFF, 1994, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V27, P3019
    MUNOZ MA, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V76, P451
    PIETRONERO L, 1991, PHYSICA A, V173, P129
    SCHMITTMANN B, 1995, PHASE TRANSITION CRI, V17
    SORNETTE D, 1995, J PHYS I, V5, P325
    STELLA AL, 1995, PHYS REV E A, V52, P72
    TANG C, 1988, J STAT PHYS, V51, P797
    TANG C, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V60, P2347
    TOME T, 1994, PHYSICA A, V212, P99
    VERGELES M, 1997, PHYS REV E, V55, P1998
    VESPIGNANI A, UNPUB
    VESPIGNANI A, 1995, PHYS REV E, V51, P1711
    VESPIGNANI A, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V77, P4560
    ZHANG YC, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V63, P470
 NR 34
 TC 61
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 0031-9007
 J9 PHYS REV LETT
 JI Phys. Rev. Lett.
 PD JUN 23
 PY 1997
 VL 78
 IS 25
 BP 4793
 EP 4796
 PG 4
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA XJ269
 UT ISI:A1997XJ26900031
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Zapperi, S
    Ray, P
    Stanley, HE
    Vespignani, A
 TI First-order transition in the breakdown of disordered media
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY; ACOUSTIC-EMISSION; ELECTRICAL BREAKDOWN;
    NUCLEATION; EARTHQUAKES; FRACTURE; DYNAMICS; GROWTH; SOLIDS; MODEL
 AB We study the approach to global breakdown in disordered media driven by
    increasing external forces. We first analyze the problem by mean-field
    theory, showing that the failure process can be described as a
    first-order phase transition, similarly to the case of thermally
    activated fracture in homogeneous media. Then we quantitatively confirm
    the predictions of the mean-field theory using numerical simulations of
    discrete models. Widely distributed avalanches and the corresponding
    mean-field scaling are explained by the long-range nature of elastic
    interactions. We discuss the analogy of our results to driven
    disordered first-order transitions and spinodal nucleation in magnetic
    systems.
 C1 BOSTON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02215.
    INST MATH SCI,MADRAS 600113,TAMIL NADU,INDIA.
    LEIDEN UNIV,INST LORENTZ,NL-2300 RA LEIDEN,NETHERLANDS.
 RP Zapperi, S, BOSTON UNIV,CTR POLYMER STUDIES,BOSTON,MA 02215.
 CR ACHARYYA M, 1996, PHYS REV E A, V53, P140
    ACHARYYA M, 1996, PHYSICA A, V224, P287
    ANIFRANI JC, 1995, J PHYS I, V5, P631
    BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381
    BARDHAN KK, 1994, NONLINEARITY BREAKDO
    BUCHEL A, CONDMAT9610008
    BUCHEL A, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V77, P1520
    CALDARELLI G, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V77, P2503
    CANNELLI G, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P3923
    DAHMEN K, 1996, PHYS REV B, V53, P14872
    DANIELS HE, 1945, PROC R SOC LON SER-A, V183, P405
    DEARCANGELIS L, 1985, J PHYS LETT, V46, L585
    DEARCANGELIS L, 1989, PHYS REV B, V39, P2678
    DIODATI P, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V67, P2239
    DUXBURY PM, 1986, PHYS REV LETT, V57, P1052
    GOLUBOVIC L, 1991, PHYS REV A, V43, P5223
    GOLUBOVIC L, 1995, PHYS REV E A, V51, P2799
    GRIFFITH AA, 1920, PHILOS T R SOC A, V221, P163
    GUNTON JD, 1983, PHASE TRANSITIONS CR, V8
    HEERMANN DW, 1982, PHYS REV LETT, V49, P1262
    HEMMER PC, 1992, J APPL MECH-T ASME, V59, P909
    HERRMANN HJ, 1990, STAT MODELS FRACTURE
    KAHNG B, 1988, PHYS REV B, V37, P7625
    KIRKPATRICK S, 1973, REV MOD PHYS, V45, P574
    MONETTE L, 1994, INT J MOD PHYS B, V8, P1417
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    PHOENIX SL, 1973, ADV APPL PROBAB, V5, P200
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    SELINGER RLB, 1991, J CHEM PHYS, V95, P9128
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    SORNETTE D, 1992, J PHYS I, V2, P2089
    SORNETTE D, 1994, J PHYS I, V4, P209
    STRAUVEN H, IN PRESS
    TILLEMANS HJ, 1995, PHYSICA A, V217, P261
    TZSCHICHHOLZ F, 1995, PHYS REV E, V51, P1961
    UNGER C, 1984, PHYS REV B, V29, P2698
    UNGER C, 1985, PHYS REV B, V31, P6127
    VESPIGNANI A, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V77, P4560
    ZAPPERI S, IN PRESS
    ZAPPERI S, 1996, MATER RES SOC SYMP P, V409, P355
 NR 47
 TC 98
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 0031-9007
 J9 PHYS REV LETT
 JI Phys. Rev. Lett.
 PD FEB 24
 PY 1997
 VL 78
 IS 8
 BP 1408
 EP 1411
 PG 4
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA WK157
 UT ISI:A1997WK15700003
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Loreto, V
    Pietronero, L
    Vespignani, A
    Zapperi, S
 TI Renormalization group approach to the critical behavior of the
    forest-fire model - Reply
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
 LA English
 DT Article
 C1 LEIDEN UNIV,INST LORENTZ,NL-2300 RA LEIDEN,NETHERLANDS.
    BOSTON UNIV,CTR POLYMER STUDIES,BOSTON,MA 02215.
    BOSTON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02215.
 RP Loreto, V, UNIV ROMA LA SAPIENZA,DIPARTIMENTO FIS,P A MORO 2,I-00185
    ROME,ITALY.
 CR BURKHARDT TW, 1982, REAL SPACE RENORMALI
    DROSSEL B, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V76, P936
    DROSSEL B, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V78, P1392
    LORETO V, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V75, P465
    VESPIGNANI A, IN PRESS J STAT PHYS
    VESPIGNANI A, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V77, P4560
 NR 6
 TC 0
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 0031-9007
 J9 PHYS REV LETT
 JI Phys. Rev. Lett.
 PD FEB 17
 PY 1997
 VL 78
 IS 7
 BP 1393
 EP 1393
 PG 1
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA WH917
 UT ISI:A1997WH91700051
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Piccioni, M
    Cafiero, R
    Vespignani, A
 TI Monte Carlo fixed scale transformation for nonlocal fractal growth
    models
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID DIFFUSION-LIMITED AGGREGATION; DIELECTRIC-BREAKDOWN MODEL; PERCOLATION
 AB The fixed scale transformation (FST) is a theoretical framework
    developed for the evaluation of scaling dimensions in a vast class of
    complex systems showing fractal geometric correlations. For models with
    long range interactions, such as Laplacian growth models, the
    identification by analytical methods of the transformation's basic
    elements is a very difficult task. Here we present a Monte Carlo
    renormalization approach which allows the direct numerical evaluation
    of the FST transfer matrix, overcoming the usual problems of analytical
    and numerical treatments. The scheme is explicitly applied to the
    diffusion limited aggregation case where a scale invariant regime is
    identified and the fractal dimension is computed. The Monte Carlo FST
    represents an alternative tool which can be easily generalized to other
    fractal growth models with nonlocal interactions.
 C1 INFM,UNITA ROMA 1,ROME,ITALY.
    LEIDEN UNIV,INST LORENTZ,NL-2300 RA LEIDEN,NETHERLANDS.
 RP Piccioni, M, UNIV ROMA LA SAPIENZA,DIPARTIMENTO FIS,PIAZZALE ALDO MORO
    2,I-00185 ROME,ITALY.
 CR BINDER K, 1992, MONTE CARLO METHODS
    CAFIERO R, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P3939
    CALDARELLI G, 1988, PHYSICA A, V151, P207
    DEANGELIS R, 1991, EUROPHYS LETT, V16, P417
    ERZAN A, 1995, REV MOD PHYS, V67, P545
    EVERTSZ C, 1990, PHYS REV A, V41, P1830
    HANSEN A, 1990, EUROPHYS LETT, V13, P341
    HOSHEN J, 1976, PHYS REV B, V14, P3428
    PIETRONERO L, 1988, PHYSICA A, V151, P207
    STAUFFER D, 1985, INTRO PERCOLATION TH
    TREMBLAY RR, 1991, PHYS REV A, V44, P7985
    VICSEK T, 1992, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO
    WILKINSON D, 1983, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V16, P3365
    WITTEN TA, 1981, PHYS REV LETT, V47, P1400
 NR 14
 TC 2
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 1063-651X
 J9 PHYS REV E
 JI Phys. Rev. E
 PD JAN
 PY 1997
 VL 55
 IS 1
 PN Part B
 BP 1170
 EP 1173
 PG 4
 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical
 GA WD546
 UT ISI:A1997WD54600065
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Vespignani, A
    Zapperi, S
    Loreto, V
 TI Renormalization of nonequilibrium systems with critical stationary
    states
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID FOREST-FIRE MODEL; SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY; MEAN-FIELD THEORY;
    CRITICAL-BEHAVIOR; SANDPILE MODELS; LATTICE GAS
 AB We introduce the general formulation of a renormalization method
    suitable to study the critical properties of nonequilibrium systems
    with steady states: the dynamically driven renormalization group. We
    renormalize the time evolution operator by computing the rescaled time
    transition rate between coarse grained states. The obtained
    renormalization equations are coupled to a stationarity condition which
    provides the approximate nonequilibrium statistical weights of
    steady-state configurations to be used in the calculations. in this way
    we are able to write recursion relations for the parameter evolution
    under scale change, from which we can extract numerical values for the
    critical exponents. This general framework allows the systematic
    analysis of several models showing self-organized criticality in terms
    of usual concepts of phase transitions and critical phenomena.
 C1 BOSTON UNIV,CTR POLYMER STUDIES,BOSTON,MA 02215.
    BOSTON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02215.
    ENEA,RES CTR,I-80055 PORTICI,NAPOLI,ITALY.
 RP Vespignani, A, LEIDEN UNIV,INST LORENTZ,POB 9506,NL-2300 RA
    LEIDEN,NETHERLANDS.
 CR BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381
    BAK P, 1988, PHYS REV A, V38, P364
    BAK P, 1990, PHYS LETT A, V147, P297
    BAK P, 1993, FRACTALS DISORDERED, V2
    CHRISTENSEN K, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P2737
    CLAR S, 1994, PHYS REV E A, V50, P1009
    CRESWICK RJ, 1992, INTRO RENORMALIZATIO
    DICKMAN R, 1988, PHYS REV A, V38, P2588
    DOMB C, 1972, PHASE TRANSITION CRI, V1
    DOMB C, 1983, PHASE TRANSITION CRI, V7
    DROSSEL B, COMMUNICATION
    DROSSEL B, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V69, P1629
    DROSSEL B, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P3739
    ERZAN A, 1995, REV MOD PHYS, V67, P545
    GRASSBERGER P, 1991, J STAT PHYS, V63, P685
    GRINSTEIN G, 1995, NATO ADV STUDY I B, V344
    IVASHKEVICH EV, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V76, P3368
    KATZ S, 1983, PHYS REV B, V28, P1655
    KATZ S, 1984, J STAT PHYS, V34, P497
    KEIZER J, 1987, STAT THERMODYNAMICS
    LORETO V, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V75, P465
    MANDELBROT BB, 1983, FRACTAL GEOMETRY NAT
    MOSSNER WK, 1992, PHYSICA A, V190, P205
    NIEMEIJER T, 1972, PHASE TRANSITIONS CR, V6
    PATZLAFF H, 1994, PHYS LETT A, V189, P187
    PIETRONERO L, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P1690
    SCHMITTMANN B, 1983, PHASE TRANSITION CRI, V17
    VESPIGNANI A, IN PRESS
    VESPIGNANI A, 1995, PHYS REV E, V51, P1711
    VICSEK T, 1992, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO
 NR 30
 TC 16
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 0031-9007
 J9 PHYS REV LETT
 JI Phys. Rev. Lett.
 PD NOV 25
 PY 1996
 VL 77
 IS 22
 BP 4560
 EP 4563
 PG 4
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA VU502
 UT ISI:A1996VU50200020
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Caldarelli, G
    Vespignani, A
 TI Fixed scale transformation approach for born model of fractures
 SO FRACTALS-AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL ON THE COMPLEX GEOMETRY OF NATURE
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID DIFFUSION-LIMITED AGGREGATION; FRACTAL GROWTH
 AB We use the Fixed Scale Transformation theoretical approach to study the
    problem of fractal growth in fractures generated by using the Born
    Model. In this case the application of the method is more complex
    because of the vectorial nature of the model considered. In particular,
    one needs a careful choice of the lattice path integral for the
    fracture evolution and the identification of the appropriate way to
    take effectively into account screening effects. The good agreement of
    our results with computer simulations shows the validity and
    flexibility of the FST method in the study of fractal patterns
    evolution.
 C1 YALE UNIV,DEPT MATH,NEW HAVEN,CT 06520.
 RP Caldarelli, G, SCUOLA INT SUPER STUDI AVANZATI,ISAS,V BEIRUT
    2-4,I-34014 TRIESTE,ITALY.
 CR CAFIERO R, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P3939
    CALDARELLI G, 1994, PHYS REV E A, V49, P2673
    DEANGELIS R, 1991, EUROPHYS LETT, V16, P417
    ERZAN A, 1995, REV MOD PHYS
    LOUIS E, 1987, EUROPHYS LETT, V3, P871
    NIEMEYER L, 1984, PHYS REV LETT, V52, P1033
    PIETRONERO L, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V61, P861
    PIETRONERO L, 1988, PHYSICA A, V151, P207
    VESPIGNANI A, 1990, PHYSICA A, V168, P723
    WITTEN TA, 1981, PHYS REV LETT, V47, P1400
    YAN H, 1989, EUROPHYS LETT, V10, P7
 NR 11
 TC 0
 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD
 PI SINGAPORE
 PA JOURNAL DEPT PO BOX 128 FARRER ROAD, SINGAPORE 9128, SINGAPORE
 SN 0218-348X
 J9 FRACTALS
 JI Fractals-Interdiscip. J. Complex Geom. Nat.
 PD DEC
 PY 1995
 VL 3
 IS 4
 BP 829
 EP 837
 PG 9
 SC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Multidisciplinary Sciences
 GA VB886
 UT ISI:A1995VB88600019
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Vespignani, A
    Petri, A
    Alippi, A
    Paparo, G
    Costantini, M
 TI Long range correlation on properties of aftershock relaxation signals
 SO FRACTALS-AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL ON THE COMPLEX GEOMETRY OF NATURE
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY; ACOUSTIC-EMISSION; 1/F NOISE; MODELS
 AB Relaxation processes taking place after microfracturing of laboratory
    samples give rise to ultrasonic acoustic emission signals. Statistical
    analysis of the resulting time series has revealed many features which
    are characteristic of critical phenomena. In particular, the
    autocorrelation functions obey a power-law behavior, implying a power
    spectrum of the kind 1/f. Also the amplitude distribution N(V) of such
    signals follows a power law, and the obtained exponents are consistent
    with those found in other experiments: N(V) dV similar or equal to
    V--gamma dV, with gamma = 1.7 +/- 0.2. We also analyzed the
    distribution N(tau) of the delay time tau between two consecutive
    acoustic emission events. We found that a N(tau) distribution rather
    close to a power law constitutes a common feature of all the recorded
    signals. These experimental results can be considered as a striking
    evidence for a critical dynamics underlying the microfracturing
    processes.
 C1 YALE UNIV,DEPT MATH,NEW HAVEN,CT 06520.
    UNIV PERUGIA,DIPARTIMENTO FIS,IST NAZL FIS NUCL,SEZ PERUGIA,I-06100 PERUGIA,ITALY.
    CONSORZIO RIC GRAN SASSO,I-67010 ASSERGI,LAQUILA,ITALY.
    UNIV ROMA LA SAPIENZA,DIPARTIMENTO FIS,I-00185 ROME,ITALY.
    CNR,IST ACUST OM CORBINO,I-00189 ROME,ITALY.
 CR BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381
    BAK P, 1988, PHYS REV A, V38, P364
    BAK P, 1989, NETURE, V342, P7800
    BAK P, 1993, FRACTALS DISORDERED, V2
    CAFIERO R, 1995, EUROPHYS LETT, V29, P111
    CANNELLI G, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P3923
    CHRISTENSEN K, 1991, J STAT PHYS, V63, P653
    CHRISTENSEN K, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V68, P2417
    DERUBEIS V, PREPRINT
    DIODATI P, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V67, P2239
    GUTENBERG B, 1956, ANN GEOFIS, V9, P1
    HIRATA T, 1987, J GEOPHYS RES-SOLID, V92, P6215
    HUANG J, 1988, EARTH PLANET SC LETT, V91, P223
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    KERTESZ J, 1990, J PHYS A, V23, L433
    LORD AE, 1981, PHYSICAL ACOUSTICS, V15
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    MCDONALD DKC, 1962, NOISE FLUCTUATIONS
    MOGI K, 1962, B EARTHQ RES I TOKIO, V40, P815
    MOGI K, 1962, B EARTHQ RES I TOKYO, V40, P125
    MOGI K, 1963, B EARTHQ RES I TOKYO, V41, P595
    OMORI F, 1894, REP EARTH INV COMM, V2, P103
    PACZUSKI M, 1994, EUROPHYS LETT, V27, P97
    PETRI A, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V73, P3423
    PIETRONERO L, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P1690
    SORNETTE D, 1994, J PHYS I, V4, P209
    TZSCHICHHOLZ F, 1994, PHYS REV B, V49, P15035
    UTSU T, 1969, J FS HOKKAIDO U    7, V3, P129
    VICSEK T, 1994, FRACTALS NATURAL SCI
 NR 29
 TC 8
 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD
 PI SINGAPORE
 PA JOURNAL DEPT PO BOX 128 FARRER ROAD, SINGAPORE 9128, SINGAPORE
 SN 0218-348X
 J9 FRACTALS
 JI Fractals-Interdiscip. J. Complex Geom. Nat.
 PD DEC
 PY 1995
 VL 3
 IS 4
 BP 839
 EP 847
 PG 9
 SC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Multidisciplinary Sciences
 GA VB886
 UT ISI:A1995VB88600020
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Loreto, V
    Pietronero, L
    Vespignani, A
    Zapperi, S
 TI Renormalization group approach for forest fire models
 SO FRACTALS-AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL ON THE COMPLEX GEOMETRY OF NATURE
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY; SANDPILE MODELS
 AB We introduce a Renormalization scheme for the one- and two-dimensional
    Forest-Fire models in order to characterize the nature of the critical
    state and its scale invariant dynamics. We show the existence of a
    relevant scaling field associated with a repulsive fixed point. These
    models are therefore critical in the usual sense because the fixed
    point value of the control parameter is crucial in order to get
    criticality and it is not just the expression of a time scale
    separation. This general scheme allows us to calculate analytically the
    critical exponents for the one- and two-dimensional cases. The results
    obtained are in good agreement with exact or numerical results.
 C1 YALE UNIV,DEPT MATH,NEW HAVEN,CT 06520.
    BOSTON UNIV,CTR POLYMER STUDIES,BOSTON,MA 02215.
    BOSTON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02215.
 RP Loreto, V, UNIV ROMA LA SAPIENZA,DIPARTIMENTO FIS,PIAZZALE ALDO MORO
    2,I-00185 ROME,ITALY.
 CR BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381
    BAK P, 1988, PHYS REV A, V38, P364
    BAK P, 1990, PHYS LETT A, V147, P297
    CAFIERO R, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P3939
    CAFIERO R, 1995, EUROPHYS LETT, V29, P111
    CHRISTENSEN K, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P2737
    CLAR S, 1994, PHYS REV E A, V50, P1009
    DROSSEL B, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V69, P1629
    DROSSEL B, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P3739
    ERZAN A, UNPUB REV MOD PHYS
    GRASSBERGER P, 1991, J STAT PHYS, V63, P685
    GRASSBERGER P, 1993, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V26, P2081
    LORETO V, UNPUB J PHYS
    MOSSNER WK, 1992, PHYSICA A, V190, P205
    PIETRONERO L, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P1690
    VESPIGNANI A, 1995, PHYS REV E, V51, P1711
 NR 16
 TC 1
 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD
 PI SINGAPORE
 PA JOURNAL DEPT PO BOX 128 FARRER ROAD, SINGAPORE 9128, SINGAPORE
 SN 0218-348X
 J9 FRACTALS
 JI Fractals-Interdiscip. J. Complex Geom. Nat.
 PD SEP
 PY 1995
 VL 3
 IS 3
 BP 445
 EP 452
 PG 8
 SC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Multidisciplinary Sciences
 GA VB883
 UT ISI:A1995VB88300005
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Loreto, V
    Vespignani, A
    Zapperi, S
 TI Renormalization scheme for forest-fire models
 SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS A-MATHEMATICAL AND GENERAL
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY; DIFFUSION-LIMITED AGGREGATION; PERCOLATION
 AB We introduce a renormalization scheme for forest-fire models in order
    to characterize the nature of the critical state and its
    scale-invariant dynamics. We study one- and two-dimensional models
    defining a characterization of the phase space that allows us to
    describe the evolution of the dynamics under a scale transformation. We
    show the existence of a relevant critical parameter associated with a
    repulsive fixed point in the phase space, From the
    renormalization-group point of view these models are therefore critical
    in the usual sense, because the fixed-point value of the control
    parameter is crucial in order to get criticality. This general scheme
    allows us to calculate analytically the critical exponent nu which
    describes the approach to the critical point along the repulsive
    direction and the exponent tau that characterizes the distribution of
    forest clusters at the critical point. We obtain nu = 1.0, tau = 1.0
    and nu = 0.65, tau = 1.16, respectively, for the one- and
    two-dimensional cases, in very good agreement with exact and numerical
    results.
 C1 LEIDEN UNIV,INST LORENTZ,2300 RA LEIDEN,NETHERLANDS.
    BOSTON UNIV,CTR POLYMER STUDIES,BOSTON,MA 02215.
    BOSTON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02215.
 RP Loreto, V, UNIV ROMA LA SAPIENZA,DIPARTIMENTO FIS,PIAZZALE A MORO
    2,I-00185 ROME,ITALY.
 CR BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381
    BAK P, 1988, PHYS REV A, V38, P364
    BAK P, 1989, J GEOPHYS RES-SOLID, V94, P15635
    BAK P, 1990, PHYS LETT A, V147, P297
    BAK P, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P4083
    BAK P, 1993, RICERCHE ECONOMICHE, V47, P3
    BENHUR A, 1996, UNPUB PHYS REV E
    CAFIERO R, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P3939
    CHRISTENSEN K, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P2737
    CLAR S, 1994, PHYS REV E A, V50, P1009
    DROSSEL B, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V69, P1629
    DROSSEL B, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P3739
    DROSSEL B, 1994, PHYSICA A, V204, P212
    ERZAN A, 1995, REV MOD PHYS, V67, P545
    GRASSBERGER P, 1991, J STAT PHYS, V63, P685
    GRASSBERGER P, 1993, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V26, P2081
    HENLEY CL, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P2741
    LORETO V, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V75, P465
    MOSSNER WK, 1992, PHYSICA A, V190, P205
    NIEMEYER L, 1984, PHYS REV LETT, V52, P1033
    PIETRONERO L, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V61, P861
    PIETRONERO L, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P1690
    VESPIGNANI A, UNPUB J STAT PHYS
    VESPIGNANI A, 1995, PHYS REV E, V51, P1711
    WILKINSON D, 1983, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V16, P3365
    WITTEN TA, 1981, PHYS REV LETT, V47, P1400
 NR 26
 TC 9
 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD
 PI BRISTOL
 PA TECHNO HOUSE, REDCLIFFE WAY, BRISTOL, ENGLAND BS1 6NX
 SN 0305-4470
 J9 J PHYS-A-MATH GEN
 JI J. Phys. A-Math. Gen.
 PD JUN 21
 PY 1996
 VL 29
 IS 12
 BP 2981
 EP 3004
 PG 24
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Mathematical
 GA UU803
 UT ISI:A1996UU80300008
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU KAUFMAN, H
    VESPIGNANI, A
    MANDELBROT, BB
    WOOG, L
 TI PARALLEL DIFFUSION-LIMITED AGGREGATION
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID OFF-LATTICE; CLUSTERS; DLA
 AB We present methods for simulating very large diffusion-limited
    aggregation (DLA) clusters using parallel processing (PDLA). With our
    techniques, we have been able to simulate clusters of up to 130 million
    particles. The time required for generating a 100 million particle PDLA
    is approximately 13 h. The fractal behavior of these ''parallel''
    clusters changes from a multiparticle aggregation dynamics to the usual
    DLA dynamics. The transition is described by simple scaling assumptions
    that define a characteristic cluster size separating the two dynamical
    regimes. We also use DLA clusters as seeds for parallel processing. In
    this case, the transient regime disappears and the dynamics converges
    from the early stage to that of DLA.
 C1 IBM CORP,THOMAS J WATSON RES CTR,YORKTOWN HTS,NY 10598.
 RP KAUFMAN, H, YALE UNIV,DEPT MATH,NEW HAVEN,CT 06520.
 CR AMITRANO C, 1993, FRACTALS, V1, P840
    CAFIERO R, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P3939
    EVERTSZ C, 1990, PHYS REV A, V41, P1830
    FOLEY J, 1990, COMPUTER GRAPHICS PR
    HALSEY TC, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P1228
    MANDELBROT BB, 1992, PHYSICA A, V191, P95
    MANDELBROT BB, 1995, EUROPHYS LETT, V29, P599
    MEAKIN P, 1988, PHASE TRANSITIONS CR, V12, P335
    OSSADNIK P, 1992, PHYS REV A, V45, P1058
    OSSADNIK P, 1993, PHYSICA A, V195, P319
    PIETRONERO L, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V61, P861
    TOLMAN S, 1989, PHYS REV A, V40, P428
    VICSEK T, 1992, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO
    VICSEK T, 1994, FRACTALS NATURAL SCI
    VOSS RF, 1984, PHYS REV B, V30, P334
    VOSS RF, 1993, FRACTALS, V1, P141
    WITTEN TA, 1981, PHYS REV LETT, V47, P1400
    YEKUTIELI I, 1994, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V27, P275
 NR 18
 TC 16
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 1063-651X
 J9 PHYS REV E
 JI Phys. Rev. E
 PD NOV
 PY 1995
 VL 52
 IS 5
 PN Part B
 BP 5602
 EP 5609
 PG 8
 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical
 GA TG337
 UT ISI:A1995TG33700057
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU PIETRONERO, L
    VESPIGNANI, A
 TI FRACTALS, SELF-ORGANIZED-CRITICALITY AND THE FIXED SCALE TRANSFORMATION
 SO CHAOS SOLITONS & FRACTALS
 LA English
 DT Article
 AB DLA Fractal growth models and the sand pile models are both
    characterized by a non linear irreversible dynamics that evolves
    spontaneously in a critical state. These phenomena pose questions of
    new type for which novel theoretical concepts are necessary. We argue
    that the approach of the Fixed Scale Transformation contains some of
    the essential theoretical elements to treat these problems and to
    compute their properties analytically. Its original application to
    DLA-like problems has been made more systematic by the analysis of the
    scale invariant growth dynamics. Recently these concepts have been also
    developed for an analytical study of the critical properties of
    sandpile models.
 RP PIETRONERO, L, UNIV ROMA LA SAPIENZA,DIPARTIMENTO FIS,PIAZZALE A MORO
    2,I-00185 ROME,ITALY.
 CR BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381
    CAFIERO R, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P3939
    CRESWICK RJ, 1992, RENORMALIZATION GROU
    MANNA SS, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, L363
    PIETRONERO L, PREPRINT
    PIETRONERO L, UNPUB REV MODERN PHY
    PIETRONERO L, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V61, P861
    PIETRONERO L, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V66, P2336
    VICSEK T, 1992, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO
 NR 9
 TC 2
 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
 PI OXFORD
 PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB
 SN 0960-0779
 J9 CHAOS SOLITON FRACTAL
 JI Chaos Solitons Fractals
 PY 1995
 VL 6
 BP 471
 EP 480
 PG 10
 SC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics,
    Multidisciplinary; Physics, Mathematical
 GA TF140
 UT ISI:A1995TF14000054
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU ZARATTI, F
    RUIZ, I
    PIETRONERO, L
    VESPIGNANI, A
 TI FIXED SCALE TRANSFORMATION APPLIED TO FRACTAL AGGREGATION WITH LEVY
    FLIGHT PARTICLE TRAJECTORIES
 SO CHAOS SOLITONS & FRACTALS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID DIFFUSION-LIMITED AGGREGATION
 AB We extend the Fixed Scale Transformation (FST) method, developed for
    Laplacian fractal growth, to the case of aggregation phenomena based on
    diffusing particles following Levy-flight walk. We compute analytically
    the clusters fractal dimension for different values of the exponent
    governing the Levy-flight trajectories. The results obtained are in
    very good agreement with the numerical simulations and show
    analytically how the different screening effects present in the
    Levy-flight diffusion change the aggregates fractal dimension.
 C1 UNIV TOMAS FRIAS,DEPT FIS,POTOSI,BOLIVIA.
    UNIV ROMA LA SAPIENZA,DIPARTIMENTO FIS,I-00185 ROME,ITALY.
 RP ZARATTI, F, UNIV MAYOR SAN ANDRES,INST INVEST FIS,LA PAZ,BOLIVIA.
 CR CAFIERO R, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P3939
    ERZAN A, 1994, REV MOD PHYS
    MEAKIN P, 1984, KINETICS AGGREGATION
    MEAKIN P, 1984, PHYS REV B, V29, P3722
    PIETRONERO L, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V61, P861
    PIETRONERO L, 1995, CHAOS SOLITON FRACT, V6, P471
    VICSEK T, 1991, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO
    WITTEN TA, 1981, PHYS REV LETT, V47, P1400
    WITTEN TA, 1981, PHYS REV LETT, V47, P1400
    ZARATTI F, 1993, PREPRINT
 NR 10
 TC 0
 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
 PI OXFORD
 PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB
 SN 0960-0779
 J9 CHAOS SOLITON FRACTAL
 JI Chaos Solitons Fractals
 PY 1995
 VL 6
 BP 585
 EP 591
 PG 7
 SC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics,
    Multidisciplinary; Physics, Mathematical
 GA TF140
 UT ISI:A1995TF14000066
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU MANDELBROT, BB
    VESPIGNANI, A
    KAUFMAN, H
 TI CROSSCUT ANALYSIS OF LARGE RADIAL DLA - DEPARTURES FROM SELF-SIMILARITY
    AND LACUNARITY EFFECTS
 SO EUROPHYSICS LETTERS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID DIFFUSION-LIMITED AGGREGATION; DIELECTRIC-BREAKDOWN; ACTIVE ZONE;
    CLUSTERS; MODEL
 AB In order to understand better the morphology and the asymptotic
    behavior in Diffusion-Limited Aggregation (DLA), we studied a large
    number of very large off-lattice circular clusters. We inspected both
    dynamical and geometric asymptotic properties via the scaling behavior
    of the transverse growth crosscuts, ie. the one-dimensional cuts by
    circles. The emerging picture corresponds qualitatively and
    quantitatively to the scenario of infinite drift that starts from the
    familiar five-armed shape for small sizes and proceeds through
    increasingly tight multi-armed shapes. The transverse crosscuts show
    quantitatively how the lacunarity of circular clusters becomes
    increasingly compact with size. Finally, we find the transverse-cut
    dimensions to be in agreement for clusters grown in circular and
    cylindrical geometry, suggesting that the question of universality is
    best addressed on the crosscut.
 C1 IBM CORP,THOMAS J WATSON RES CTR,YORKTOWN HTS,NY 10598.
 RP MANDELBROT, BB, YALE UNIV,DEPT MATH,NEW HAVEN,CT 06520.
 CR AMITRANO C, 1993, FRACTALS, V1, P840
    ARNEODO A, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V68, P3456
    ERZAN A, 1995, REV MOD PHYS, V67, P545
    EVERTSZ C, 1990, PHYS REV A, V41, P1830
    HALSEY TC, 1992, PHYS REV A, V46, P7793
    MANDELBROT BB, 1982, FRACTAL GEOMETRY NAT
    MANDELBROT BB, 1992, PHYSICA A, V191, P95
    MANDELBROT BB, 1994, J PHYS A, V27, L237
    MANDELBROT BB, 1995, EUROPHYS LETT, V29, P599
    MANDELBROT BB, 1995, FRACTAL GEOMETRY STO
    MEAKIN P, 1988, PHASE TRANSITIONS CR, V12, P335
    NIEMEYER L, 1984, PHYS REV LETT, V52, P1033
    OSSADNIK P, 1993, PHYSICA A, V195, P319
    PICCIONI M, UNPUB
    PLISCHKE M, 1984, PHYS REV LETT, V53, P415
    VICSEK T, 1989, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO
    VOSS RF, 1993, FRACTALS, V1, P141
    WITTEN TA, 1981, PHYS REV LETT, V47, P1400
    YEKUTIELI L, 1994, J PHYS A, V27, P275
 NR 19
 TC 18
 PU EDITIONS PHYSIQUE
 PI LES ULIS CEDEX
 PA Z I DE COURTABOEUF AVE 7 AV DU HOGGAR, BP 112, 91944 LES ULIS CEDEX,
    FRANCE
 SN 0295-5075
 J9 EUROPHYS LETT
 JI Europhys. Lett.
 PD OCT 20
 PY 1995
 VL 32
 IS 3
 BP 199
 EP 204
 PG 6
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA TC610
 UT ISI:A1995TC61000002
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU ERZAN, A
    PIETRONERO, L
    VESPIGNANI, A
 TI THE FIXED-SCALE TRANSFORMATION APPROACH TO FRACTAL GROWTH
 SO REVIEWS OF MODERN PHYSICS
 LA English
 DT Review
 ID DIFFUSION-LIMITED-AGGREGATION; RENORMALIZATION-GROUP-APPROACH;
    SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY; DIELECTRIC-BREAKDOWN MODEL; CLUSTER-CLUSTER
    AGGREGATION; REGGEON FIELD-THEORY; STATE POTTS-MODEL; DIRECTED
    PERCOLATION; INVASION PERCOLATION; CRITICAL EXPONENTS
 AB Irreversible fractal-growth models like diffusion-limited aggregation
    (DLA) and the dielectric breakdown model (DBM) have confronted us with
    theoretical problems of a new type for which standard concepts like
    field theory and renormalization group do not seem to be suitable. The
    fixed-scale transformation (FST) is a theoretical scheme of a novel
    type that can deal with such problems in a reasonably systematic way.
    The main idea is to focus on the irreversible dynamics at a given scale
    and to compute accurately the nearest-neighbor correlations at this
    scale by suitable lattice path integrals. The next basic step is to
    identify the scale-invariant dynamics that refers to coarse-grained
    variables of arbitrary scale. The use of scale-invariant growth rules
    allows us to generalize these correlations to coarse-grained cells of
    any size and therefore to compute the fractal dimension. The basic
    point is to split the long-time limit (t-->infinity) for the dynamical
    process at a given scale that produces the asymptotically frozen
    structure, from the large-scale limit (r-->infinity) which defines the
    scale-invariant dynamics. In addition, by working at a fixed scale with
    respect to dynamical evolution, it is possible to include the
    fluctuations of boundary conditions and to reach;a remarkable level of
    accuracy for a real-space method. This new framework is able to explain
    the self-organized critical nature and the origin of fractal structures
    in irreversible-fractal-growth models, it also provides a rather
    systematic procedure for the analytical calculation of the fractal
    dimension and other critical exponents. The FST method can be naturally
    extended to a variety of equilibrium and nonequilibrium models that
    generate fractal structures.
 C1 UNIV ROMA LA SAPIENZA,DIPARTIMENTO FIS,I-00185 ROME,ITALY.
    LEIDEN UNIV,INST LORENTZ,2300 RA LEIDEN,NETHERLANDS.
 RP ERZAN, A, ISTANBUL TECH UNIV,FAC SCI & LETTERS,DEPT PHYS,ISTANBUL
    80626,TURKEY.
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    CAFIERO R, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P3939
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 NR 167
 TC 85
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 0034-6861
 J9 REV MOD PHYS
 JI Rev. Mod. Phys.
 PD JUL
 PY 1995
 VL 67
 IS 3
 BP 545
 EP 604
 PG 60
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA RW066
 UT ISI:A1995RW06600001
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU LORETO, V
    PIETRONERO, L
    VESPIGNANI, A
    ZAPPERI, S
 TI RENORMALIZATION-GROUP APPROACH TO THE CRITICAL-BEHAVIOR OF THE
    FOREST-FIRE MODEL
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY
 AB We introduce a renormalization scheme for the one- and two-dimensional
    forest-fire model in order to characterize the nature of the critical
    state and its scale invariant dynamics. We show the existence of a
    relevant scaling field associated with a repulsive fixed point. This
    model is therefore critical in the usual sense because the control
    parameter has to be tuned to its critical value in order to get
    criticality. It turns out that this is not just the condition for a
    time scale separation. The critical exponents are computed analytically
    and we obtain nu = 1.0, tau = 1.0 and nu = 0.65, tau = 1.16,
    respectively, for the one- and two-dimensional cases, in very good
    agreement with numerical simulations.
 C1 LEIDEN UNIV,INST LORENTZ,2300 RA LEIDEN,NETHERLANDS.
    BOSTON UNIV,CTR POLYMER STUDIES,BOSTON,MA 02215.
    BOSTON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02215.
 RP LORETO, V, UNIV ROMA LA SAPIENZA,DIPARTIMENTO FIS,PIAZZALE ALDO MORO
    2,I-00185 ROME,ITALY.
 CR BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381
    BAK P, 1988, PHYS REV A, V38, P364
    BAK P, 1990, PHYS LETT A, V147, P297
    CAFIERO R, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P3939
    CAFIERO R, 1995, EUROPHYS LETT, V29, P111
    CHRISTENSEN K, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P2737
    CLAR S, 1994, PHYS REV E A, V50, P1009
    DROSSEL B, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V69, P1629
    DROSSEL B, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P3739
    DROSSEL B, 1994, PHYSICA A, V204, P212
    ERZAN A, IN PRESS FIXED SCALE
    GRASSBERGER P, 1991, J STAT PHYS, V63, P685
    GRASSBERGER P, 1993, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V26, P2081
    LORETO V, IN PRESS RENORMALIZE
    MOSSNER WK, 1992, PHYSICA A, V190, P205
    PIETRONERO L, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V61, P861
    PIETRONERO L, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P1690
    VESPIGNANI A, 1995, PHYS REV E, V51, P1711
 NR 18
 TC 33
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 0031-9007
 J9 PHYS REV LETT
 JI Phys. Rev. Lett.
 PD JUL 17
 PY 1995
 VL 75
 IS 3
 BP 465
 EP 468
 PG 4
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA RK330
 UT ISI:A1995RK33000028
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU CALDARELLI, G
    VESPIGNANI, A
    PIETRONERO, L
 TI FIXED SCALE TRANSFORMATION FOR FRACTURE GROWTH-PROCESSES GOVERNED BY
    VECTORIAL FIELDS
 SO PHYSICA A
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID DIFFUSION-LIMITED AGGREGATION
 AB We use the Fixed Scale Transformation (FST) approach to study the
    problem of fractal growth in fracture patterns generated by using the
    Born Model, The application of the method to this model is very complex
    because of the vectorial nature of the system considered. In
    particular, the implementation of this scheme requires a careful choice
    of the fracture path and the identification of the appropriate way to
    take into account screening effects, The good agreements of our results
    with computer simulations shows the validity and flexibility of the FST
    method which represents a general theoretical approach for the study of
    fractal patterns evolution.
 C1 YALE UNIV,DEPT MATH,NEW HAVEN,CT 06520.
    UNIV ROMA LA SAPIENZA,DIPARTIMENTO FIS,I-00185 ROME,ITALY.
 RP CALDARELLI, G, ISAS,SISSA,V BEIRUT 2-4,I-34014 GRIGNANO TRIESTE,ITALY.
 CR CAFIERO R, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P3939
    CALDARELLI G, 1994, PHYS REV E A, V49, P2673
    DEANGELIS R, 1991, EUROPHYS LETT, V16, P417
    ERZAN A, 1995, REV MOD PHYS
    HERRING RD, 1990, SCH COUNSELOR, V38, P13
    LOUIS E, 1987, EUROPHYS LETT, V3, P871
    NIEMEYER L, 1984, PHYS REV LETT, V52, P1033
    PIETRONERO L, 1987, PHYSICA A, V151, P207
    PIETRONERO L, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V61, P861
    VESPIGNANI A, 1990, PHYSICA A, V168, P723
    WITTEN TA, 1981, PHYS REV LETT, V47, P1400
    YAN H, 1989, EUROPHYS LETT, V10, P7
 NR 12
 TC 1
 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
 PI AMSTERDAM
 PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS
 SN 0378-4371
 J9 PHYSICA A
 JI Physica A
 PD MAY 1
 PY 1995
 VL 215
 IS 3
 BP 223
 EP 232
 PG 10
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA QX194
 UT ISI:A1995QX19400001
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU MANDELBROT, BB
    KAUFMAN, H
    VESPIGNANI, A
    YEKUTIELI, I
    LAM, CH
 TI DEVIATIONS FROM SELF-SIMILARITY IN PLANE DLA AND THE INFINITE DRIFT
    SCENARIO
 SO EUROPHYSICS LETTERS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID DIFFUSION-LIMITED AGGREGATION; ACTIVE ZONE; GROWING CLUSTERS; EDEN MODEL
 AB The behavior of very large clusters of diffusion-limited aggregation
    (DLA) was investigated to help discriminate between the two geometric
    scenarios recently described by Mandelbrot: finite transient and
    infinite drift. Using 50 DLA clusters of I million particles, we follow
    the increase during growth of the maximum radius of the clusters and of
    various relative moments. One can distinguish two regions: an inactive
    completely grown core and an active growing region. In the growing
    region, scale factors were defined the moments of the atoms distances
    from the original ''seed''. They do not cross-over to the behavior
    characteristic of self-similarity for finite sizes and support the
    novel ''drift'', scenario that postulate an infinite continuing
    ''transient''. The moment's ''misbehavior'' may help understand the
    disagreement between previous estimates of the clusters' fractal
    dimension.
 C1 IBM CORP,THOMAS J WATSON RES CTR,YORKTOWN HTS,NY 10598.
    UNIV PITTSBURGH,DEPT PHYS & ASTRON,PITTSBURGH,PA 15260.
    HONG KONG POLYTECH,DEPT APPL PHYS,KOWLOON,HONG KONG.
 RP MANDELBROT, BB, YALE UNIV,DEPT MATH,BOX 208283,NEW HAVEN,CT 06520.
 CR LAM CH, IN PRESS
    MANDELBROT BB, 1982, FRACTAL GEOMETRY NAT
    MANDELBROT BB, 1992, PHYSICA A, V191, P95
    MEAKIN P, 1985, PHYS REV LETT, V54, P2053
    MEAKIN P, 1988, PHASE TRANSITIONS CR, V12, P335
    OSSADNIK P, 1993, PHYSICA A, V195, P319
    PIETRONERO L, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V61, P861
    PLISCHKE M, 1984, PHYS REV LETT, V53, P415
    VICSEK T, 1989, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO
    VOSS RF, 1993, FRACTALS, V1, P141
    WITTEN TA, 1981, PHYS REV LETT, V47, P1400
    YEKUTIELI I, 1994, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V27, P275
 NR 12
 TC 20
 PU EDITIONS PHYSIQUE
 PI LES ULIS CEDEX
 PA Z I DE COURTABOEUF AVE 7 AV DU HOGGAR, BP 112, 91944 LES ULIS CEDEX,
    FRANCE
 SN 0295-5075
 J9 EUROPHYS LETT
 JI Europhys. Lett.
 PD MAR 10
 PY 1995
 VL 29
 IS 8
 BP 599
 EP 604
 PG 6
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA QN883
 UT ISI:A1995QN88300002
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU VESPIGNANI, A
    ZAPPERI, S
    PIETRONERO, L
 TI RENORMALIZATION APPROACH TO THE SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICAL-BEHAVIOR OF
    SANDPILE MODELS
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID DIFFUSION-LIMITED AGGREGATION; CRITICAL EXPONENTS; PHASE-TRANSITIONS;
    UNIVERSALITY; DYNAMICS; SYSTEMS; NOISE
 C1 YALE UNIV,DEPT MATH,NEW HAVEN,CT 06520.
    BOSTON UNIV,CTR POLYMER STUDIES,BOSTON,MA 02215.
    BOSTON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02215.
 RP VESPIGNANI, A, UNIV ROMA LA SAPIENZA,DIPARTIMENTO FIS,PIAZZALE ALDO
    MORO 2,I-00185 ROME,ITALY.
 CR BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381
    BAK P, 1988, PHYS REV A, V38, P364
    BAK P, 1989, NATURE, V342, P780
    BAK P, 1993, FRACTALS DISORDERED, V2
    BAK P, 1993, RICERCHE ECONOMICHE, V47, P3
    BURKHARDT TW, 1982, REAL SPACE RENORMALI
    CAFIERO R, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P3939
    CAFIERO R, 1995, EUROPHYS LETT, V29, P111
    CALDARELLI G, COMMUNICATION
    CHRISTENSEN K, 1991, J STAT PHYS, V61, P653
    CHRISTENSEN K, 1992, PHYS REV A, V46, P1829
    CRESWICK RJ, 1992, INTRO RENORMALIZATIO
    DHAR D, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V63, P1659
    DHAR D, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V64, P1613
    DIAZGUILERA A, 1992, PHYS REV A, V45, P8551
    DIAZGUILERA A, 1994, EUROPHYS LETT, V26, P177
    ERZAN A, UNPUB
    GRASSBERGER P, 1990, J PHYS-PARIS, V51, P1077
    HWA T, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V62, P1813
    KADANOFF LP, 1989, PHYS REV A, V39, P6524
    KADANOFF LP, 1990, PHYSICA A, V163, P1
    KADANOFF LP, 1991, PHYS TODAY, V44, P9
    LORETO V, UNPUB
    MAJUMDAR SN, 1992, PHYSICA A, V185, P129
    MANNA SS, 1990, J STAT PHYS, V59, P509
    MANNA SS, 1990, J STAT PHYS, V61, P923
    MANNA SS, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, L363
    MANNA SS, 1991, PHYSICA A, V179, P249
    OLAMI Z, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V68, P1244
    PACZUSKI M, 1994, EUROPHYS LETT, V27, P97
    PIETRONERO L, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V61, P861
    PIETRONERO L, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V66, P2336
    PIETRONERO L, 1991, PHYSICA A, V173, P129
    PIETRONERO L, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P1690
    SORNETTE D, 1992, J PHYS I, V2, P2065
    TANG C, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V60, P2347
    VICSEK T, 1992, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO
    WITTEN TA, 1981, PHYS REV LETT, V47, P1400
    ZHANG YC, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V63, P470
 NR 39
 TC 71
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 1063-651X
 J9 PHYS REV E
 JI Phys. Rev. E
 PD MAR
 PY 1995
 VL 51
 IS 3
 PN Part A
 BP 1711
 EP 1724
 PG 14
 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical
 GA QP252
 UT ISI:A1995QP25200016
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU CAFIERO, R
    LORETO, V
    PIETRONERO, L
    VESPIGNANI, A
    ZAPPERI, S
 TI LOCAL RIGIDITY AND SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY FOR AVALANCHES
 SO EUROPHYSICS LETTERS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID FOREST-FIRE MODEL; FRACTAL GROWTH; RELAXATION
 AB The general conditions for a sandpile system to evolve spontaneously
    into a critical state characterized by a power law distribution of
    avalanches or bursts are identified as:  a) the existence of a
    stationary state with a global conservation law; b) long-range
    correlations in the continuum limit (i.e. Laplacian diffusive field);
    c) the existence of a local rigidity for the microscopic dynamics. 
    These conditions permit a classification of the models that have been
    considered up to now and the identification of the local rigidity as a
    new basic parameter that can lead to various possible scenarios ranging
    continuously from SOC behaviour to standard diffusion.
 RP CAFIERO, R, UNIV ROMA I LA SAPIENZA,DIPARTIMENTO FIS,P A MORO 2,I-00185
    ROME,ITALY.
 CR BAK P, COMMUNICATION
    BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381
    BAK P, 1988, PHYS REV A, V38, P364
    BAK P, 1990, PHYS LETT A, V147, P297
    BAK P, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P4083
    DIAZGUILERA A, 1994, EUROPHYS LETT, V26, P177
    DROSSEL B, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V69, P1629
    ERZAN A, IN PRESS REV MOD PHY
    LORETO V, UNPUB PHYS REV LETT
    MA SK, 1976, MODERN THEORY CRITIC
    OLAMI Z, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V68, P1244
    PARISI G, 1991, PHYSICA A, V179, P16
    PIETRONERO L, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V61, P861
    PIETRONERO L, 1990, PHYSICA A, V170, P81
    PIETRONERO L, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V66, P2336
    PIETRONERO L, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P1690
    VICKSEK T, 1989, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO
    ZHANG YC, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V63, P470
 NR 18
 TC 18
 PU EDITIONS PHYSIQUE
 PI LES ULIS CEDEX
 PA Z I DE COURTABOEUF AVE 7 AV DU HOGGAR, BP 112, 91944 LES ULIS CEDEX,
    FRANCE
 SN 0295-5075
 J9 EUROPHYS LETT
 JI Europhys. Lett.
 PD JAN 10
 PY 1995
 VL 29
 IS 2
 BP 111
 EP 116
 PG 6
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA QC369
 UT ISI:A1995QC36900001
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU PETRI, A
    PAPARO, G
    VESPIGNANI, A
    ALIPPI, A
    COSTANTINI, M
 TI EXPERIMENTAL-EVIDENCE FOR CRITICAL-DYNAMICS IN MICROFRACTURING PROCESSES
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY; ACOUSTIC-EMISSION; 1/F NOISE
 C1 UNIV ROMA LA SAPIENZA,DIPARTIMENTO FIS,I-00185 ROME,ITALY.
    UNIV ROMA LA SAPIENZA,DIPARTIMENTO ENERGET,I-00161 ROME,ITALY.
 RP PETRI, A, CNR,IST ACUST OM CORBINO,VIA CASSIA 1216,I-00189 ROME,ITALY.
 CR BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381
    BAK P, 1988, PHYS REV A, V38, P364
    BAK P, 1989, NETURE, V342, P7800
    BAK P, 1993, FRACTALS DISORDERED, V2
    CANNELLI G, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P3923
    CHRISTENSEN K, 1991, J STAT PHYS, V63, P653
    CHRISTENSEN K, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V68, P2417
    DIODATI P, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V67, P2239
    GUTENBERG B, 1956, ANN GEOFIS, V9, P1
    HIRATA T, 1987, J GEOPHYS RES-SOLID, V92, P6215
    HUANG J, 1988, EARTH PLANET SC LETT, V91, P223
    ISHIMOTO M, 1939, B EARTHQ RES I TOKYO, V17, P443
    KERTESZ J, 1990, J PHYS A, V23, L433
    LORD AE, 1981, PHYSICAL ACOUSTICS, V15
    MCDONALD DKC, 1962, NOISE FLUCTUATIONS
    MOGI K, 1962, B EARTHQ RES I TOKIO, V40, P815
    MOGI K, 1962, B EARTHQ RES I TOKYO, V40, P125
    MOGI K, 1962, B EARTHQ RES I TOKYO, V40, P831
    MOGI K, 1963, B EARTHQ RES I TOKYO, V41, P595
    MOGI K, 1967, TECTONOPHYSICS, V5, P35
    OMORI F, 1894, REP EARTH INV COMM, V2, P103
    OMORI F, 1969, TOKUJI UTSU, V3, P129
    PACZUSKI M, IN PRESS
    PIETRONERO L, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P1690
    SORNETTE A, 1989, EUROPHYS LETT, V9, P197
 NR 25
 TC 99
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 0031-9007
 J9 PHYS REV LETT
 JI Phys. Rev. Lett.
 PD DEC 19
 PY 1994
 VL 73
 IS 25
 BP 3423
 EP 3426
 PG 4
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA PX387
 UT ISI:A1994PX38700024
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU CALDARELLI, G
    CASTELLANO, C
    VESPIGNANI, A
 TI FRACTAL AND TOPOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF DIRECTED FRACTURES
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID DIFFUSION-LIMITED AGGREGATION; DIELECTRIC-BREAKDOWN; ELASTIC NETWORKS;
    MODEL; GROWTH
 AB We use the Born model for the energy of elastic networks to simulate
    ''directed'' fracture growth. We define directed fractures as crack
    patterns showing a preferential evolution direction imposed by the type
    of stress and boundary conditions applied. This type of fracture allows
    a more realistic description of some kinds of experimental cracks and
    presents several advantages in order to distinguish between the various
    growth regimes. By choosing this growth geometry it is also possible to
    use without ambiguity the box-counting method to obtain the fractal
    dimension for different subsets of the patterns and for a wide range of
    the internal parameters of the model. We find a continuous dependence
    of the fractal dimension of the whole patterns and of their backbones
    on the ratio between the central- and noncentral-force contributions.
    For the chemical distance we find a one-dimensional behavior
    independent of the relevant parameters, which seems to be a common
    feature for fractal growth processes.
 C1 UNIV ROMA LA SAPIENZA,DIPARTIMENTO FIS,I-00185 ROME,ITALY.
    UNIV NAPLES,DIPARTIMENTO SCI FIS,I-80125 NAPLES,ITALY.
 RP CALDARELLI, G, SCUOLA INT SUPER STUDI AVANZATI,VIA BEIRUT 2-4,I-34014
    GRIGNANO,ITALY.
 CR EVERTSZ C, 1990, PHYS REV A, V41, P1830
    FENG S, 1984, PHYS REV LETT, V52, P216
    HERRMANN HJ, 1990, STATISTICAL MODELS F
    HERRMANN HJ, 1991, PHYS SCR T, V38, P13
    HORVATH VK, 1991, CHAOS SOLITON FRACT, V1, P395
    LANDAU LD, 1960, ELASTICITY
    LOUIS E, 1987, EUROPHYS LETT, V3, P871
    MEAKIN P, 1984, J PHYS A, V17, L975
    MEAKIN P, 1989, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V22, P1393
    NIEMEYER L, 1984, PHYS REV LETT, V52, P1033
    OSSADNIK P, 1993, HLRZ10L9I REP
    PIETRONERO L, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V61, P861
    PIETRONERO L, 1988, PHYSICA A, V151, P207
    SEN PN, 1977, PHYS REV B, V15, P4030
    VICSEK T, 1992, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO
    WITTEN TA, 1981, PHYS REV LETT, V47, P1400
    YAN H, 1989, EUROPHYS LETT, V10, P7
 NR 17
 TC 20
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 1063-651X
 J9 PHYS REV E
 JI Phys. Rev. E
 PD APR
 PY 1994
 VL 49
 IS 4
 PN Part A
 BP 2673
 EP 2679
 PG 7
 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical
 GA NJ379
 UT ISI:A1994NJ37900027
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU PIETRONERO, L
    VESPIGNANI, A
    ZAPPERI, S
 TI RENORMALIZATION SCHEME FOR SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY IN SANDPILE MODELS
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID UNIVERSALITY
 AB We introduce a renormalization scheme of novel type that allows us to
    characterize the critical state and the scale invariant dynamics in
    sandpile models. The attractive fixed point clarifies the nature of
    self-organization in these systems. Universality classes can be
    identified and the critical exponents can be computed analytically. We
    obtain tau = 1.253 for the avalanche exponent and z = 1.234 for the
    dynamical exponent. These results are in good agreement with computer
    simulations. The method can be naturally extended to other problems
    with nonequilibrium stationary states.
 RP PIETRONERO, L, UNIV ROMA LA SAPIENZA,DIPARTIMENTO FIS,PIAZZALE A MORO
    2,I-00185 ROME,ITALY.
 CR BAK P, BNL49030 REP
    BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381
    BAK P, 1988, PHYS REV A, V38, P364
    BAK P, 1993, FRACTALS DISORDERED, V2
    CAFIERO R, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P3939
    CHRISTENSEN K, 1992, PHYS REV A, V46, P1829
    DHAR D, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V63, P1659
    DHAR D, 1990, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V23, P4333
    DHAR D, 1990, PHYS REV LETT, V64, P161
    ERZAN A, IN PRESS FIXED SCALE
    GRASSBERGER P, 1990, J PHYS-PARIS, V51, P1077
    KADANOFF LP, 1989, PHYS REV A, V39, P6524
    KADANOFF LP, 1990, PHYSICA A, V163, P1
    KADANOFF LP, 1991, PHYS TODAY, V44, P9
    MANNA SS, 1990, J STAT PHYS, V59, P509
    MANNA SS, 1990, J STAT PHYS, V61, P923
    MANNA SS, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, L363
    MANNA SS, 1991, PHYSICA A, V179, P249
    OLAMI Z, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V68, P1244
    PACZUSKI M, IN PRESS
    PIETRONERO L, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V61, P861
    PIETRONERO L, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V66, P2336
    PIETRONERO L, 1991, PHYSICA A, V173, P22
    SORNETTE D, 1992, J PHYS I, V2, P2065
    VESPIGNANI A, IN PRESS
    VICSEK T, 1992, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO
    ZHANG YC, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V63, P470
 NR 27
 TC 103
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 0031-9007
 J9 PHYS REV LETT
 JI Phys. Rev. Lett.
 PD MAR 14
 PY 1994
 VL 72
 IS 11
 BP 1690
 EP 1693
 PG 4
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA NA492
 UT ISI:A1994NA49200030
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU DISTASIO, M
    PIETRONERO, L
    STELLA, A
    VESPIGNANI, A
 TI FIXED-SCALE TRANSFORMATION APPROACH TO LINEAR AND BRANCHED POLYMERS
 SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS A-MATHEMATICAL AND GENERAL
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID DIFFUSION-LIMITED AGGREGATION; FRACTAL GROWTH; PERCOLATION;
    RENORMALIZATION; LATTICE
 AB The radius exponent of two- and three-dimensional self-avoiding walks
    and branched polymers are computed in the fixed-scale transformation
    framework. The method requires the knowledge of the critical fugacity
    k(c), but from this non-universal parameter it is possible to compute
    the universal critical exponent. The results obtained are within 1% of
    exact or numerical values. This confirms the versatility and
    quantitative power of this new theoretical approach and gives the
    opportunity to provide a discussion of the analogies and differences
    between the real space renormalization group and the fixed-scale
    transformation method.
 C1 UNIV ROMA LA SAPIENZA,DIPARTIMENTO FIS,I-00185 ROME,ITALY.
    UNIV BOLOGNA,DIPARTIMENTO FIS,BOLOGNA,ITALY.
 RP DISTASIO, M, ISAS,SISSA,VIA BEIRUT 2,I-34100 MIRAMARE,ITALY.
 CR BURKHARDT TW, 1982, REAL SPACE RENORMALI
    DEGENNES PG, 1979, SCALING CONCEPTS POL
    DERRIDA B, 1985, J PHYS-PARIS, V46, P1623
    FAMILY F, 1980, J PHYS A, V13, L325
    FAMILY F, 1980, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V13, L403
    FLORY PJ, 1971, PRINCIPLES POLYM CHE
    GUTTMANN AJ, 1978, J PHYS             A, V11, P949
    HERRMANN HJ, 1986, GROWTH FORM
    LEGUILLOU JC, 1980, PHYS REV B, V21, P3976
    NENHUIS B, 1982, PHYS REV LETT, V49, P1062
    NIEMEYER L, 1984, PHYS REV LETT, V52, P1038
    PIETRONERO L, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V61, P861
    PIETRONERO L, 1988, PHYSICA A, V151, P207
    PIETRONERO L, 1990, PHYSICA A, V170, P64
    PIETRONERO L, 1991, NONLINEAR PHENOMENA
    SYKES MF, 1972, J PHYS A, V5, P653
    VESPIGNANI A, 1991, PHYSICA A, V173, P21
    VICSEK T, 1989, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO
    WATTS MG, 1975, J PHYS A, V8, P61
    WITTEN TA, 1981, PHYS REV LETT, V47, P1400
 NR 20
 TC 2
 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD
 PI BRISTOL
 PA TECHNO HOUSE, REDCLIFFE WAY, BRISTOL, ENGLAND BS1 6NX
 SN 0305-4470
 J9 J PHYS-A-MATH GEN
 JI J. Phys. A-Math. Gen.
 PD JAN 21
 PY 1994
 VL 27
 IS 2
 BP 317
 EP 326
 PG 10
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Mathematical
 GA MV126
 UT ISI:A1994MV12600016
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU CAFIERO, R
    PIETRONERO, L
    VESPIGNANI, A
 TI PERSISTENCE OF SCREENING AND SELF-CRITICALITY IN THE SCALE-INVARIANT
    DYNAMICS OF DIFFUSION-LIMITED AGGREGATION
 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID RENORMALIZATION-GROUP APPROACH; FRACTAL GROWTH; ANISOTROPY; PATTERNS
 AB The origin of fractal properties in diffusion limited aggregation is
    related to the persistence of screening in the scale invariant growth
    regime. This effect is described by the effective noise reduction
    parameter S spontaneously generated by the scale invariant dynamics.
    The renormalization of this parameter under scale transformation shows
    the following: (i) The fixed point is attractive, implying the
    self-critical nature of the process. (ii) The fixed point value S* is
    of the order of unity, showing that the small scale growth rules are
    already close to the scale invariant ones and that screening effects
    persist in the asymptotic regime.
 RP CAFIERO, R, UNIV ROMA LA SAPIENZA,DIPARTIMENTO FIS,PIAZZALE A MORO
    2,I-00185 ROME,ITALY.
 CR AMAR MB, 1991, NATO ASI SER B, V276, P345
    BARKER PW, 1990, PHYS REV A, V42, P6289
    CAFIERO R, IN PRESS
    DEANGELIS R, 1991, EUROPHYS LETT, V16, P417
    ECKMANN JP, 1989, PHYS REV A, V39, P3185
    ECKMANN JP, 1990, PHYS REV LETT, V65, P52
    KERTESZ J, 1986, J PHYS A, V19, L257
    MOUKARZEL C, 1992, PHYSICA A, V188, P469
    NAGATANI T, 1987, J PHYS A, V20, L381
    NAGATANI T, 1987, PHYS REV A, V36, P5812
    NITTMANN J, 1986, NATURE, V321, P663
    PIETRONERO L, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V61, P861
    PIETRONERO L, 1988, PHYSICA A, V151, P207
    PIETRONERO L, 1990, PHYSICA A, V170, P64
    PIETRONERO L, 1992, PHYSICA A, V191, P85
    VICSEK T, 1992, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO
    WANG XR, 1989, J PHYS A, V22, L507
    WANG XR, 1989, PHYS REV A, V39, P5974
    WANG XZ, 1992, PHYS REV A, V46, P5038
 NR 19
 TC 31
 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC
 PI COLLEGE PK
 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA
 SN 0031-9007
 J9 PHYS REV LETT
 JI Phys. Rev. Lett.
 PD JUN 21
 PY 1993
 VL 70
 IS 25
 BP 3939
 EP 3942
 PG 4
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA LH554
 UT ISI:A1993LH55400026
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU VESPIGNANI, A
    CAFIERO, R
    PIETRONERO, L
 TI ASYMPTOTIC SCREENING IN THE SCALE INVARIANT GROWTH RULES FOR LAPLACIAN
    FRACTALS
 SO PHYSICA A
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID DIFFUSION-LIMITED AGGREGATION; ANISOTROPY; PATTERNS
 AB A key element in the fixed scale transformation approach to fractal
    growth is the use of the asymptotic scale invariant dynamics of the
    growth process. This is a non-universal element, analogous to the
    critical probability or temperature in percolation or Ising problems.
    The essential property to generate fractal structure is the persistence
    of screening effects in the asymptotic regime. To investigate this
    problem we use a renormalization procedure in which the noise reduction
    parameter is the critical one. The approach is based on the growth
    process itself and shows a non-trivial fixed point where the screening
    properties are preserved. This result guarantees the existence of the
    asymptotic fractal structure and clearly defines the basic elements of
    the growth rules used in the fixed scale transformation method.
 RP VESPIGNANI, A, UNIV ROME LA SAPIENZA,DIPARTIMENTO FIS,P A MORO
    2,I-00185 ROME,ITALY.
 CR BARKER PW, 1990, PHYS REV A, V42, P6289
    CAFIERO R, 1992, PREPRINT
    DEANGELIS R, 1991, EUROPHYS LETT, V16, P417
    DISTASIO M, 1992, PREPRINT
    ECKMANN JP, 1989, PHYS REV A, V39, P3185
    ERZAN A, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, P1875
    KERTESZ J, 1986, J PHYS A, V19, L257
    MEAKIN P, 1989, PHASE TRANSITIONS CR, V11
    MOUKARZEL C, 1992, HLRZ1692 PREPR
    NIEMEYER L, 1984, PHYS REV LETT, V52, P1038
    NITTMANN J, 1986, NATURE, V321, P663
    PIETRONERO L, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V61, P861
    PIETRONERO L, 1988, PHYSICA A, V151, P207
    PIETRONERO L, 1990, PHYSICA A, V170, P64
    SELINGER RLB, 1989, PREPRINT
    WITTEN TA, 1981, PHYS REV LETT, V47, P1400
 NR 16
 TC 0
 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
 PI AMSTERDAM
 PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS
 SN 0378-4371
 J9 PHYSICA A
 JI Physica A
 PD DEC 15
 PY 1992
 VL 191
 IS 1-4
 BP 128
 EP 133
 PG 6
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA KF666
 UT ISI:A1992KF66600021
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU SIDORETTI, S
    VESPIGNANI, A
 TI FIXED SCALE TRANSFORMATION APPLIED TO CLUSTER CLUSTER AGGREGATION IN
    2-DIMENSIONS AND 3-DIMENSIONS
 SO PHYSICA A
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID DIFFUSION-LIMITED AGGREGATION
 AB Recently it has been introduced a new theoretical framework named fixed
    scale transformation (FST), which appears particularly suitable to
    study the growth of fractal structures.  This method allows the first
    study of the process of cluster-cluster aggregation (CCA). The FST
    approach can in fact be generalized in a natural and relatively simple
    way to the case of CCA. Here we present detailed results for the
    analytical calculation of the fractal dimension of the aggregates. For
    CCA in two dimensions the computed value is D = 1.39 and in three
    dimensions is D = 1.9, to be compared with the simulation results that
    are respectively D = 1.45 and D = 1.8. Furthermore the approximation
    scheme of the FST can be implemented in a systematic way to estimate
    quantitatively higher Order corrections and to study variation of the
    original model. This application is of particular relevance because CCA
    has eluded all the standard theoretical approach and in particular it
    cannot even be formulated from the point of view of renormalization
    group methods.
 RP SIDORETTI, S, UNIV ROME LA SAPIENZA,DIPARTIMENTO FIS,P LE A MORO
    2,I-00185 ROME,ITALY.
 CR ERNST MH, 1986, FRACTALS PHYSICS, P289
    ERZAN A, 1992, PHYSICA A, V185, P66
    KOLB M, 1983, PHYS REV LETT, V51, P1123
    LEYVRAZ F, 1986, GROWTH FORM, P136
    MEAKIN P, 1983, PHYS REV LETT, V51, P1119
    NIEMEYER L, 1984, PHYS REV LETT, V52, P1038
    PIETRONERO L, IN PRESS NONLINEAR P
    PIETRONERO L, PREPRINT
    PIETRONERO L, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V61, P861
    PIETRONERO L, 1988, PHYSICA A, V40, P5377
    SMOLUCHOWSKI MV, 1916, PHYS Z, V17, P585
    VESPIGNANI A, 1991, PHYSICA A, V173, P1
    VICSEK T, 1984, PHYS REV LETT, V52, P1669
    VICSEK T, 1985, PHYS REV A, V32, P1122
    VICSEK T, 1989, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO
    WITTEN TA, 1981, PHYS REV LETT, V47, P1400
 NR 16
 TC 1
 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
 PI AMSTERDAM
 PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS
 SN 0378-4371
 J9 PHYSICA A
 JI Physica A
 PD JUN 15
 PY 1992
 VL 185
 IS 1-4
 BP 202
 EP 210
 PG 9
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA JC914
 UT ISI:A1992JC91400028
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU DEANGELIS, R
    MARSILI, M
    PIETRONERO, L
    VESPIGNANI, A
    WIESMANN, HJ
 TI UNIVERSALITY OF GROWTH RULES IN FRACTAL GROWTH
 SO EUROPHYSICS LETTERS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID DIFFUSION-LIMITED AGGREGATION; DIELECTRIC-BREAKDOWN MODEL
 AB We consider the problem of the universality of growth rules in
    fractal-growth models and introduce a theoretical scheme that allows us
    to address this question.  In particular we show that growth defined
    per site and rules that include diagonal process renormalize
    asymptotically into effective growth rules of simple bond type. 
    Therefore, we identify the general nature of the asymptotic,
    scale-invariant growth dynamics for coarse-grained variables.
 C1 ASEA BROWN BOVERI CORP RES,CH-5405 BADEN,SWITZERLAND.
 RP DEANGELIS, R, UNIV ROME LA SAPIENZA,DIPARTMENTO FIS,PIAZZALE A MORO
    2,I-00185 ROME,ITALY.
 CR DEANGELIS R, PREPRINT
    ERZAN A, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, P1875
    EVERTSZ C, 1990, PHYS REV A, V41, P1830
    MEAKIN P, 1989, FRACTALS PHYSICAL OR, P137
    NAGATANI T, 1987, PHYS REV A, V36, P5812
    NIEMEYER L, 1984, PHYS REV LETT, V52, P1033
    PIETRONERO L, PREPRINT
    PIETRONERO L, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V61, P861
    PIETRONERO L, 1988, PHYSICA A, V151, P207
    PIETRONERO L, 1990, PHYS REV A, V42, P7496
    WITTEN TA, 1981, PHYS REV LETT, V47, P1400
 NR 11
 TC 13
 PU EDITIONS PHYSIQUE
 PI LES ULIS CEDEX
 PA Z I DE COURTABOEUF AVE 7 AV DU HOGGAR, BP 112, 91944 LES ULIS CEDEX,
    FRANCE
 SN 0295-5075
 J9 EUROPHYS LETT
 JI Europhys. Lett.
 PD OCT 1
 PY 1991
 VL 16
 IS 5
 BP 417
 EP 422
 PG 6
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA GJ340
 UT ISI:A1991GJ34000001
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU VERGASSOLA, M
    VESPIGNANI, A
 TI NONCONSERVATIVE CHARACTER OF THE INTERSECTION OF SELF-SIMILAR CASCADES
 SO PHYSICA A
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID FULLY-DEVELOPED TURBULENCE; MODEL
 AB When a self-similar cascade is interested, the resulting cascade
    process generating the intersection set is in general non-conservative,
    i.e. in the fragmentation process the related measure is not conserved.
     It is shown that the non-conservative character of a cascade
    invalidates the experimental analysis of the process.  In particular it
    is possible to have self-similar cascades which do not show any fractal
    or multifractal behaviour when the box-counting analysis is performed. 
    In the case of fractals the most relevant example is provided by
    processes having negative dimensions.  With respect to multifractals,
    our results show that a strict interpretation of dissipation in a fully
    developed turbulent fluid as a result of a self-similar cascade is
    untenable.
 C1 OBSERV NICE,CNRS,F-06003 NICE,FRANCE.
 RP VERGASSOLA, M, UNIV ROME LA SAPIENZA,DIPARTMENTO FIS,P MORO 2,I-00185
    ROME,ITALY.
 CR BENZI R, 1984, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V17, P3521
    EVERSTSZ C, 1989, THESIS U GRONINGEN
    FRISCH U, 1978, J FLUID MECH, V87, P719
    JENSEN MH, 1991, PHYS REV A, V43, P798
    MANDELBROT B, 1976, LECT NOTES MATH, V565, P127
    MANDELBROT B, 1989, FRACTALS PHYSICAL OR
    MANDELBROT BB, 1974, J FLUID MECH, V62, P331
    MANDELBROT BB, 1982, FRACTAL GEOMETRY NAT
    MENEVEAU C, 1987, NUCL PHYS B        S, V2, P49
    PALADIN G, 1987, PHYS REP, V156, P147
    PARISI G, 1985, TURBULENCE PREDICTAB
    PIETRONERO L, 1987, PHYSICA A, V144, P257
    PIETRONERO L, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V61, P861
    PIETRONERO L, 1988, PHYSICA A, V151, P207
    SCHERTZER D, 1990, FRACTALS PHYSICAL OR
    SIEBESMA AP, 1989, THESIS U GRONINGEN
 NR 16
 TC 1
 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
 PI AMSTERDAM
 PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS
 SN 0378-4371
 J9 PHYSICA A
 JI Physica A
 PD JUN 1
 PY 1991
 VL 174
 IS 2-3
 BP 425
 EP 437
 PG 13
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA FU466
 UT ISI:A1991FU46600013
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU VESPIGNANI, A
    PIETRONERO, L
 TI FIXED SCALE TRANSFORMATION APPLIED TO DIFFUSION LIMITED AGGREGATION AND
    DIELECTRIC-BREAKDOWN MODEL IN 3-DIMENSIONS
 SO PHYSICA A
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID FRACTAL GROWTH
 AB We extend the method of the fixed scale transformation (FST) to the
    case of fractal growth in three dimensions and apply it to diffusion
    limited aggregation and to the dielectric breakdown model for different
    values of the parameter eta.  The scheme is formally similar to the
    two-dimensional case with the following technical complications:  (i)
    The basis configurations for the fine graining process are five
    (instead of two) and consist of 2 x 2 cells.  (ii) The treatment of the
    fluctuations of boundary conditions is far more complex and requires
    new schemes of approximations.  In order to test the convergency of the
    theoretical results we consider three different schemes of increasing
    complexity.  For DBM in three dimensions the computed values of the
    fractal dimension for eta = 1, 2 and 3 result to be in very good
    agreement with corresponding values obtained by computer simulations. 
    These results provide an important test for the FST method as a new
    theoretical tool to study irreversible fractal growth.
 RP VESPIGNANI, A, UNIV ROME LA SAPIENZA,DIPARTMENTO FIS,PIAZZALE A MORO
    2,I-00185 ROME,ITALY.
 CR DEANGELIS R, IN PRESS
    ERZAN A, 1991, IN PRESS J PHYS A
    EVERTSZ C, 1990, PHYS REV A, V41, P1830
    MEAKIN P, 1989, FRACTALS PHYSICAL OR
    PIETRONERO L, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V61, P861
    PIETRONERO L, 1988, PHYSICA A, V151, P207
    PIETRONERO L, 1990, PHYSICA A, V170, P64
    PIETRONERO L, 1990, PHYSICA A, V170, P81
    TOLMAN S, 1989, PHYSICA A, V158, P801
    TREMBLAY RR, 1989, PHYS REV A, V40, P5377
    VESPIGNANI A, 1990, PHYSICA A, V168, P723
 NR 11
 TC 11
 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
 PI AMSTERDAM
 PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS
 SN 0378-4371
 J9 PHYSICA A
 JI Physica A
 PD APR 15
 PY 1991
 VL 173
 IS 1-2
 BP 1
 EP 21
 PG 21
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA FL190
 UT ISI:A1991FL19000001
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU VESPIGNANI, A
    PIETRONERO, L
 TI EFFECT OF EMPTY CONFIGURATIONS IN THE FIXED SCALE TRANSFORMATION THEORY
    OF FRACTAL GROWTH
 SO PHYSICA A
 LA English
 DT Article
 RP VESPIGNANI, A, UNIV ROME LA SAPIENZA,DEPARTIMENTO FIS,PIAZZALE A MORO
    2,I-00185 ROME,ITALY.
 CR DEANGELIS R, PREPRINT
    MARSILI M, UNPUB PHYSICA A
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 NR 8
 TC 9
 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
 PI AMSTERDAM
 PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS
 SN 0378-4371
 J9 PHYSICA A
 JI Physica A
 PD OCT 1
 PY 1990
 VL 168
 IS 2
 BP 723
 EP 735
 PG 13
 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary
 GA EH667
 UT ISI:A1990EH66700005
 ER
 
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 FN ISI Export Format
 VR 1.0
 PT J
 AU Pattison, P
    Wasserman, S
    Robins, G
    Kanfer, AM
 TI Statistical evaluation of algebraic constraints for social networks
 SO JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICAL PSYCHOLOGY
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID STOCHASTIC BLOCKMODELS; SOCIOMETRIC RELATIONS; LOGISTIC REGRESSIONS;
    INFORMANT ACCURACY; MULTIPLE NETWORKS; DIRECTED-GRAPHS; LOGIT-MODELS;
    HOMOMORPHISMS; CONFORMITY; SEMIGROUPS
 AB A multirelational social network on a set of individuals may be
    represented as a collection of binary relations. Compound relations
    constructed from this collection represent various labeled paths
    linking individuals in the network. Since many models of interest for
    social networks can be formulated in terms of orderings among these
    labeled paths, we consider the problem of evaluating an hypothesized
    set of orderings, termed algebraic constraints. Each constraint takes
    the form of an hypothesized inclusion relation for a pair of labeled
    paths. In this paper, we establish conditions under which sets of such
    constraints may be regarded as partial algebras. We describe the
    structure of constraint sets and show that each corresponds to a subset
    of consistent relation bundles between pairs of individuals. We thereby
    construct measures of fit for;a given constraint set. Then, we show
    how, in combination with the assumption of various conditional uniform
    multigraph distributions, these measures lead to a flexible approach to
    the evaluation of fit of an hypothesized constraint set. Several
    applications are presented and some possible extensions of the approach
    are briefly discussed. (C) 2000 Academic Press.
 C1 Univ Melbourne, Dept Psychol, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia.
    Univ Illinois, Chicago, IL 60680 USA.
    Deakin Univ, Geelong, Vic 3217, Australia.
 RP Pattison, P, Univ Melbourne, Dept Psychol, Parkville, Vic 3052,
    Australia.
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 NR 60
 TC 4
 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC
 PI SAN DIEGO
 PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA
 SN 0022-2496
 J9 J MATH PSYCHOL
 JI J. Math. Psychol.
 PD DEC
 PY 2000
 VL 44
 IS 4
 BP 536
 EP 568
 PG 33
 SC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences,
    Mathematical Methods; Psychology, Mathematical
 GA 389JU
 UT ISI:000166235500002
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Pattison, P
    Wasserman, S
 TI Logit models and logistic regressions for social networks: II.
    Multivariate relations
 SO BRITISH JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICAL & STATISTICAL PSYCHOLOGY
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID STATISTICAL-ANALYSIS; MULTIPLE NETWORKS; BLOCKMODELS; EVOLUTION;
    GRAPHS; ROLES
 AB The research described here builds on our previous work by generalizing
    the univariate models described there to models for multivariate
    relations. This family, labelled p*, generalizes the Markov random
    graphs of Frank and Strauss, which were further developed by them and
    others, building on Besag's ideas on estimation. These models were
    first used to model random variables embedded in lattices by Ising, and
    have been quite common in the study of spatial data. Here, they are
    applied to the statistical analysis of multigraphs, in general, and the
    analysis of multivariate social networks, in particular. In this paper,
    we show how to formulate models for multivariate social networks by
    considering a range of theoretical claims about social structure. We
    illustrate the models by developing structural models for several
    multivariate networks.
 C1 Univ Melbourne, Dept Psychol, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia.
    Univ Illinois, Chicago, IL 60680 USA.
 RP Pattison, P, Univ Melbourne, Dept Psychol, Parkville, Vic 3052,
    Australia.
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    BESAG JE, 1997, B INT STAT ASS, V47, P77
    BOORMAN SA, 1976, AM J SOCIOL, V81, P1384
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 NR 74
 TC 30
 PU BRITISH PSYCHOLOGICAL SOC
 PI LEICESTER
 PA ST ANDREWS HOUSE, 48 PRINCESS RD EAST, LEICESTER LE1 7DR, LEICS, ENGLAND
 SN 0007-1102
 J9 BRIT J MATH STATIST PSYCHOL
 JI Br. J. Math. Stat. Psychol.
 PD NOV
 PY 1999
 VL 52
 PN Part 2
 BP 169
 EP 193
 PG 25
 SC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Psychology, Mathematical;
    Psychology, Experimental; Statistics & Probability
 GA 262VE
 UT ISI:000084087500002
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Robins, G
    Pattison, P
    Wasserman, S
 TI Logit models and logistic regressions for social networks: III. Valued
    relations
 SO PSYCHOMETRIKA
 LA English
 DT Article
 DE social networks; p(*) models; autologistic models; pseudo-likelihood
    estimation
 ID STATISTICAL-ANALYSIS
 AB This paper generalizes the p* model for dichotomous social network data
    (Wasserman & Pattison, 1996) to the polytomous case. The generalization
    is achieved by transforming valued social networks into three-way
    binary arrays. This data transformation requires a modification of the
    Hammersley-Clifford theorem that underpins the p* class of models. We
    demonstrate that, provided that certain (non-observed) data patterns
    are excluded from consideration, a suitable version of the theorem can
    be developed. We also show that the approach amounts to a model for
    multiple logits derived from a pseudo-likelihood function. Estimation
    within this model is analogous to the separate fitting of multinomial
    baseline logits, except that the Hammersley-Clifford theorem requires
    the equating of certain parameters across logits. The paper describes
    how to convert a valued network into a data array suitable for fitting
    the model and provides some illustrative empirical examples.
 C1 Deakin Univ, Sch Psychol, Fac Hlth & Behav Sci, Geelong, Vic 3217, Australia.
    Univ Melbourne, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia.
    Univ Illinois, Chicago, IL 60680 USA.
 RP Robins, G, Deakin Univ, Sch Psychol, Fac Hlth & Behav Sci, Geelong, Vic
    3217, Australia.
 CR AGRESTI A, 1990, CATEGORICAL DATA ANA
    ANDERSON CJ, IN PRESS SOCIAL NETW
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    BESAG JE, 1972, J ROY STAT SOC B MET, V34, P75
    BESAG JE, 1977, BIOMETRIKA, V64, P616
    CROUCH B, 1998, INT C SOC NETW BARC
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    VICKERS M, 1981, THESIS U MELBOURNE
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 NR 40
 TC 26
 PU PSYCHOMETRIC SOC
 PI WILLIAMSBURG
 PA COLLEGE OF WILLIAM AND MARY DEPT PSYCHOLOGY, WILLIAMSBURG, VA 23185 USA
 SN 0033-3123
 J9 PSYCHOMETRIKA
 JI Psychometrika
 PD SEP
 PY 1999
 VL 64
 IS 3
 BP 371
 EP 394
 PG 24
 SC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences,
    Mathematical Methods; Psychology, Mathematical
 GA 236TG
 UT ISI:000082614200007
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Anderson, CJ
    Wasserman, S
    Crouch, B
 TI A p* primer: logit models for social networks
 SO SOCIAL NETWORKS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID STATISTICAL-ANALYSIS; SOCIOMETRIC RELATIONS; MULTIPLE NETWORKS;
    LONELINESS; GRAPHS; BLOCKMODELS
 AB A major criticism of the statistical models for analyzing social
    networks developed by Holland, Leinhardt, and others [Holland, P.W.,
    Leinhardt, S., 1977. Notes on the statistical analysis of social
    network data; Holland, P.W., Leinhardt, S., 1981. An exponential family
    of probability distributions for directed graphs. Journal of the
    American Statistical Association. 76, pp. 33-65 (with discussion);
    Fienberg, S.E., Wasserman, S., 1981. Categorical data analysis of
    single sociometric relations. In: Leinhardt,S. (Ed.), Sociological
    Methodology 1981, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, pp. 156-192; Fienberg,
    S.E., Meyer, M.M., Wasserman, S., 1985. Statistical analysis of
    multiple sociometric relations. Journal of the American Statistical
    Association, 80, pp. 51-67; Wasserman, S., Weaver, S., 1985.
    Statistical analysis of binary relational data: Parameter estimation.
    Journal of Mathematical Psychology. 29, pp. 406-427; Wasserman, S.,
    1987. Conformity of two sociometric relations. Psychometrika. 52, pp.
    3-18] is the very strong independence assumption made on interacting
    individuals or units within a network or group. This limiting
    assumption is no longer necessary given recent developments on models
    for random graphs made by Frank and Strauss [Frank, O., Strauss, D.,
    1986. Markov graphs. Journal of the American Statistical Association.
    81, pp. 832-842] and Strauss and Ikeda [Strauss, D., Ikeda, M., 1990.
    Pseudolikelihood estimation for social networks. Journal of the
    American Statistical Association. 85, pp. 204-212]. The resulting
    models are extremely flexible and easy to fit to data. Although
    Wasserman and Pattison [Wasserman, S., Pattison, P., 1996. Logit models
    and logistic regressions for social networks: I. An introduction to
    Markov random graphs and p*. Psychometrika. 60, pp. 401-426] present a
    derivation and extension of these models, this paper is a primer on how
    to use these important breakthroughs to model the relationships between
    actors (individuals, units) within a single network and provides an
    extension of the models to multiple networks. The models for multiple
    networks permit researchers to study how groups are similar and/or how
    they are different. The models for single and multiple networks and the
    modeling process are illustrated using friendship data from elementary
    school children from a study by Parker and Asher [Parker, J.G., Asher,
    S.R., 1993. Friendship and friendship quality in middle childhood:
    Links with peer group acceptance and feelings of loneliness and social
    dissatisfaction. Developmental Psychology. 29, pp. 611-621].(C) 1999
    Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
 C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Educ Psychol, Champaign, IL 61820 USA.
    Univ Illinois, Dept Psychol, Champaign, IL 61820 USA.
    Univ Illinois, Dept Stat, Champaign, IL 61820 USA.
    Univ Illinois, Beckman Inst Adv Sci & Technol, Champaign, IL 61820 USA.
 RP Anderson, CJ, Univ Illinois, Dept Educ Psychol, 230 Educ Bldg,1310 S
    6th St, Champaign, IL 61820 USA.
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 NR 78
 TC 32
 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
 PI AMSTERDAM
 PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS
 SN 0378-8733
 J9 SOC NETWORKS
 JI Soc. Networks
 PD JAN
 PY 1999
 VL 21
 IS 1
 BP 37
 EP 66
 PG 30
 SC Anthropology; Sociology
 GA 204KK
 UT ISI:000080763300003
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU Wasserman, S
    Pattison, P
 TI Logit models and logistic regressions for social networks .1. An
    introduction to Markov graphs and p
 SO PSYCHOMETRIKA
 LA English
 DT Article
 DE categorical data analysis; social network analysis; random graphs
 ID STATISTICAL-ANALYSIS; DIRECTED-GRAPHS
 AB Spanning nearly sixty years of research, statistical network analysis
    has passed through (at least) two generations of researchers and
    models. Beginning in the late 1930's, the first generation of research
    dealt with the distribution of various network statistics, under a
    variety of null models. The second generation, beginning in the 1970's
    and continuing into the 1980's, concerned models, usually for
    probabilities of relational ties among very small subsets of actors, in
    which various simple substantive tendencies were parameterized. Much of
    this research, most of which utilized log linear models, first appeared
    in applied statistics publications.
    But recent developments in social network analysis promise to bring us
    into a third generation. The Markov random graphs of Frank and Strauss
    (1986) and especially the estimation strategy for these models
    developed by Strauss and Ikeda (1990; described in brief in Strauss,
    1992), are very recent and promising contributions to this field. Here
    we describe a large class of models that can be used to investigate
    structure in social networks. These models include several
    generalizations of stochastic blockmodels, as well as models
    parameterizing global tendencies towards clustering and centralization,
    and individual differences in such tendencies. Approximate model fits
    are obtained using Strauss and Ikeda's (1990) estimation strategy.
    In this paper we describe and extend these models and demonstrate how
    they can be used to address a variety of substantive questions about
    structure in social networks.
 C1 UNIV MELBOURNE,PARKVILLE,VIC 3052,AUSTRALIA.
 RP Wasserman, S, UNIV ILLINOIS,603 E DANIEL ST,CHAMPAIGN,IL 61820.
 CR AGRESTI A, 1990, CATEGROICAL DATA ANA
    ANDERSON CJ, 1995, SOCIOL METHOD RES, V24, P96
    BESAG J, 1974, J R STAT SOC B, V36, P192
    FAUST K, 1992, J QUANTITATIVE ANTHR, V4, P23
    FIENBERG SE, 1980, ANAL CROSS CLASSIFIE
    FIENBERG SE, 1981, SOCIOL METHODOL, P156
    FRANK O, 1986, J AM STAT ASSOC, V81, P832
    HOLLAND PW, 1973, J MATH SOCIOL, V3, P85
    HOLLAND PW, 1975, SOCIOL METHODOL, P1
    HOLLAND PW, 1977, UNPUB NOTES STAT ANA
    HOLLAND PW, 1978, SOCIOLOGICAL METHODS, V7, P227
    HOLLAND PW, 1979, PERSPECTIVES SOCIAL, P63
    HOLLAND PW, 1981, J AM STAT ASSOC, V76, P33
    IACOBUCCI D, 1990, PSYCHOMETRIKA, V55, P707
    ISING E, 1925, Z PHYS, V31, P253
    JOHNSEN EC, 1985, SOC NETWORKS, V7, P203
    JOHNSEN EC, 1986, SOC NETWORKS, V8, P257
    KINDERMANN RP, 1980, J MATH SOCIOL, V8, P1
    KOEHLY L, 1994, UNPUB CLASSIFICATION
    PATTISON P, IN PRESS J QUANTITAT
    REITZ KP, 1982, SOC NETWORKS, V4, P243
    RIPLEY BD, 1981, SPATIAL STATISTICS
    SAMPSON SF, 1968, THESIS CORNELL U ITH
    SNIJDERS TAB, 1991, PSYCHOMETRIKA, V56, P397
    SPEED TP, 1978, SUPPLEMENT ADV APPL, V10, P111
    STRAUSS D, 1986, SIAM REV, V28, P513
    STRAUSS D, 1990, J AM STAT ASSOC, V85, P204
    STRAUSS D, 1992, AM STAT, V46, P321
    STRAUSS DJ, 1977, J APPL PROBAB, V14, P135
    VICKERS M, 1981, REPRESENTING CLASSRO
    VICKERS M, 1981, THESIS U MELBOURNE A
    WALKER ME, 1995, THESIS U ILLINOIS
    WANG YJ, 1987, J AM STAT ASSOC, V82, P8
    WASSERMAN S, 1984, SOC NETWORKS, V6, P177
    WASSERMAN S, 1986, BRIT J MATH STAT PSY, V39, P41
    WASSERMAN S, 1987, PSYCHOMETRIKA, V52, P3
    WASSERMAN S, 1994, SOCIAL NETWORK ANAL
    WASSERMAN SS, 1978, ADV APPL PROBAB, V10, P803
 NR 38
 TC 99
 PU PSYCHOMETRIC SOC
 PI WILLIAMSBURG
 PA COLLEGE OF WILLIAM AND MARY DEPT PSYCHOLOGY, WILLIAMSBURG, VA 23185
 SN 0033-3123
 J9 PSYCHOMETRIKA
 JI Psychometrika
 PD SEP
 PY 1996
 VL 61
 IS 3
 BP 401
 EP 425
 PG 25
 SC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences,
    Mathematical Methods; Psychology, Mathematical
 GA VN080
 UT ISI:A1996VN08000001
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU ANDERSON, CJ
    WASSERMAN, S
 TI LOG-MULTIPLICATIVE MODELS FOR VALUED SOCIAL-RELATIONS
 SO SOCIOLOGICAL METHODS & RESEARCH
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID CROSS-CLASSIFIED DATA; CONTINGENCY-TABLES; ASSOCIATION MODELS;
    STATISTICAL-ANALYSIS; CATEGORIES
 AB The methodology described here is designed for social networks and is
    based on the research of Holland and Leinhardt, Wasserman and
    Iacobucci, and many others. Holland and Leinhardt termed the simplest
    model form their family of log-linear models pt. The models presented
    in this article are not log-linear-rather they are log-multiplicative,
    in the spirit of other models described in this special issue. Our
    models generalize the p(1) family of models for social networks by
    introducing multiplicative interaction parameters. These
    generalizations are applicable to a much wider range of data,
    particularly valued relations.
 RP ANDERSON, CJ, UNIV ILLINOIS,1310 S SIXTH ST,CHAMPAIGN,IL 61820.
 CR *SAS INC, 1994, SAS P243 TECHN REP
    AGRESTI A, 1990, CATEGORICAL DATA ANA
    ANDERSON CJ, PSYCHOMETRIKA
    BECKER MP, 1989, J AM STAT ASSOC, V84, P1014
    BECKER MP, 1989, J AM STAT ASSOC, V84, P142
    BECKER MP, 1990, 59TH INT WORKSH STAT
    BECKER MP, 1990, APPL STAT-J ROY ST C, V39, P152
    CHOULAKIAN V, 1988, PSYCHOMETRIKA, V53, P235
    CLOGG CC, 1982, AM J SOCIOL, V88, P114
    CLOGG CC, 1994, STATISTICAL MODELS O
    FAUST K, 1993, SOCIOL METHODOL, P177
    FIENBERG SE, 1980, ANAL CROSS CLASSIFIE
    FIENBERG SE, 1981, SOCIOL METHODOL, P156
    FIENBERG SE, 1985, J AM STAT ASSOC, V80, P51
    FRANCIS B, 1993, GLIM SYSTEM RELEASE
    FREEMAN LC, 1980, ELECTRONIC COMMUNICA, P77
    FREEMAN LC, 1986, SOC NETWORKS, V6, P201
    FREEMAN SC, 1979, NETWORKERS NETWORK S
    GOODMAN LA, 1979, J AM STAT ASSOC, V74, P537
    GOODMAN LA, 1985, ANN STAT, V13, P10
    GOODMAN LA, 1986, INT STAT REV, V54, P243
    GOODMAN LA, 1991, J AM STAT ASSOC, V86, P1085
    HOLLAND PW, 1977, ADV RES S STOCH PROC
    HOLLAND PW, 1981, J AM STAT ASSOC, V76, P33
    MCCULLAGH P, 1983, GENERALIZED LINEAR M
    WASSERMAN S, 1984, SOC NETWORKS, V6, P177
    WASSERMAN S, 1986, BRIT J MATH STAT PSY, V39, P41
    WASSERMAN S, 1994, SOCILA NETWORK ANAL
    XIE Y, 1992, AM SOCIOL REV, V57, P380
    XIE Y, 1992, J AM STAT ASSOC, V87, P977
 NR 30
 TC 4
 PU SAGE PUBL INC
 PI THOUSAND OAKS
 PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320
 SN 0049-1241
 J9 SOCIOL METHOD RES
 JI Sociol. Methods. Res.
 PD AUG
 PY 1995
 VL 24
 IS 1
 BP 96
 EP 127
 PG 32
 SC Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods; Sociology
 GA RN380
 UT ISI:A1995RN38000005
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU PATTISON, P
    WASSERMAN, S
 TI CONSTRUCTING ALGEBRAIC MODELS FOR LOCAL SOCIAL NETWORKS USING
    STATISTICAL-METHODS
 SO JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICAL PSYCHOLOGY
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID ROLES
 AB In this paper we discuss the construction and fitting of structural
    models for local, or ego-centered, social networks. We define partial
    algebraic structures from the collection of network paths having a
    focal individual as their source. Such structures are constrained in
    part by different methods of local network data collection. We present
    a statistical method for deriving algebraic representations from local
    network data. The method relies on a statistical strategy for
    evaluating algebraic relations and is sensitive to the various
    constraints associated with methods of data collection. The outcome of
    the method is a set of partial algebras constructed from network paths
    with a fixed, maximum length. (C) 1995 Academic Press, Inc.
 C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT PSYCHOL,CHAMPAIGN,IL 61820.
    UNIV MELBOURNE,MELBOURNE,VIC,AUSTRALIA.
 CR AGRESTI A, 1990, CATEGORICAL DATA ANA
    BIRKHOFF G, 1967, LATTICE THEORY
    BONACICH P, 1979, SOCIOLOGICAL METHODO
    BOORMAN SA, 1976, AM J SOCIOL, V81, P1384
    BOYD JP, 1989, RES METHODS SOCIAL N, P215
    BOYD JP, 1991, SOCIAL SEMIGROUPS UN
    BREIGER RL, 1978, SOCIOLOGICAL METHODS, V7, P213
    BREIGER RL, 1986, SOC NETWORKS, V8, P215
    BURT RS, 1984, SOC NETWORKS, V6, P293
    FISCHER CS, 1982, DWELL FRIENDS
    FLEISS JL, 1981, STATISTICAL METHODS
    HOLLAND PW, 1973, J MATH SOCIOL, V3, P85
    HUBERT LJ, 1987, ASSIGNMENT METHODS C
    IACOBUCCI D, 1990, PSYCHOMETRIKA, V55, P707
    KADUSHIN C, 1982, SOCIAL STRUCTURE NET, P147
    LAUMANN EO, 1989, RES METHODS SOCIAL N, P61
    MANDEL MJ, 1983, AM SOCIOL REV, V48, P376
    MCCONAGHY MJ, 1981, SOCIOLOGICAL METHODS, V9, P267
    PATTISON P, 1989, MATH THEORETICAL SYS, P139
    PATTISON PE, 1981, SOCIOLOGICAL METHODS, V9, P286
    PATTISON PE, 1982, J MATH PSYCHOL, V25, P51
    PATTISON PE, 1982, J MATH PSYCHOL, V25, P87
    PATTISON PE, 1993, ALGEBRAIC MODELS SOC
    ROETHLISBERGER FJ, 1961, MANAGEMENT WORKER
    SCHOFIELD P, 1993, 27TH AUSTR M SOC PSY
    SCHWARTZ JE, 1984, SOC NETWORKS, V6, P103
    SNIJDERS TAB, 1991, PSYCHOMETRIKA, V56, P397
    WALKER ME, 1993, SOCIOL METHOD RES, V22, P71
    WASSERMAN S, 1985, J MATH PSYCHOL, V29, P406
    WASSERMAN S, 1987, PSYCHOMETRIKA, V52, P3
    WASSERMAN S, 1988, PSYCHOMETRIKA, V53, P261
    WASSERMAN S, 1994, SOCIAL NETWORK ANAL
    WELLMAN B, 1979, AM J SOCIOL, V84, P1201
    WU LL, 1983, SOCIOL METHODOL, P272
 NR 34
 TC 4
 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS
 PI SAN DIEGO
 PA 525B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495
 SN 0022-2496
 J9 J MATH PSYCHOL
 JI J. Math. Psychol.
 PD MAR
 PY 1995
 VL 39
 IS 1
 BP 57
 EP 72
 PG 16
 SC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences,
    Mathematical Methods; Psychology, Mathematical
 GA QR781
 UT ISI:A1995QR78100004
 ER
 
 PT S
 AU FAUST, K
    WASSERMAN, S
 TI CORRELATION AND ASSOCIATION MODELS FOR STUDYING MEASUREMENTS ON ORDINAL
    RELATIONS
 SO SOCIOLOGICAL METHODOLOGY 1993, VOL 23
 SE SOCIOLOGICAL METHODOLOGY
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID CROSS-CLASSIFIED DATA; CONTINGENCY-TABLES; ORDERED CATEGORIES;
    CANONICAL-ANALYSIS; MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD; GRAPHICAL DISPLAYS; USEFUL
    EXTENSIONS; CLASSIFICATIONS; STRENGTH; TIE
 AB This paper describes and illustrates correlation models (correspondence
    analysis and canonical correlation analysis) and association models for
    studying the order and spacing of categories of ordinal relational
    variables. Both correlation models and association models study
    departures from independence in two-way contingency tables. One result
    of fitting these models is the possibility of assignment of scores to
    the categories of the row and/or the column variables to reflect the
    relative spacing of these categories. If the model fitting is done
    using statistical procedures, then restricted versions of these models
    allow one to test hypotheses about the spacing, linearity, or equality
    of the categories. Correlation and association models are especially
    useful for studying discrete ordinal variables, which arise quite
    frequently in the social and behavioral sciences. We illustrate
    correlation and association models using two empirical examples in
    which respondents wed ordered categories to rate the strength of their
    liking for, or acquaintance with, others in a social network. In this
    paper we describe how to use both correlation models and association
    models to test specific hypotheses about the spacing of these response
    categories.
 C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT PSYCHOL,CHICAGO,IL 60680.
    UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT SOCIOL,CHICAGO,IL.
    UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT STAT,CHICAGO,IL.
 RP FAUST, K, UNIV S CAROLINA,DEPT SOCIOL,COLUMBIA,SC 29208.
 CR ANDERSON CJ, 1992, THESIS U ILLINOIS
    BECKER MP, 1989, J AM STAT ASSOC, V84, P142
    BECKER MP, 1990, APPL STAT-J ROY ST C, V39, P152
    BERNARD HR, 1979, SOC NETWORKS, V2, P191
    BERNARD HR, 1982, SOC SCI RES, V11, P30
    BOCKENHOLT U, 1990, PSYCHOMETRIKA, V55, P633
    BURT RS, 1986, SOC NETWORKS, V8, P387
    CARROLL DC, 1986, J MARKETING RES, V24, P271
    CLOGG CC, 1982, AM J SOCIOL, V88, P114
    CLOGG CC, 1982, J AM STAT ASSOC, V77, P803
    CLOGG CC, 1986, INT STAT REV, V54, P284
    CLOGG CC, 1991, J AM STAT ASSOC, V86, P1118
    ELIASON SR, 1990, CATEGORICAL DATA ANA
    FIENBERG SE, 1981, SOCIOL METHODOL, P156
    FREEMAN LC, 1980, AAAS S, V53, P77
    FREEMAN LC, 1986, SOC NETWORKS, V6, P201
    FREEMAN LC, 1992, AM J SOCIOL, V98, P55
    FREEMAN SC, 1979, 46 U CAL SOC SCI RES
    FRIEDKIN NE, 1990, SOC NETWORKS, V12, P239
    GIFI A, 1990, NONLINEAR MULTIVARIA
    GILULA Z, 1986, J AM STAT ASSOC, V81, P773
    GILULA Z, 1986, J AM STAT ASSOC, V81, P780
    GILULA Z, 1988, J AM STAT ASSOC, V83, P540
    GILULA Z, 1988, J AM STAT ASSOC, V83, P760
    GOODMAN LA, 1979, J AM STAT ASSOC, V74, P537
    GOODMAN LA, 1981, AM J SOCIOL, V87, P612
    GOODMAN LA, 1981, J AM STAT ASSOC, V76, P320
    GOODMAN LA, 1985, ANN STAT, V13, P10
    GOODMAN LA, 1986, INT STAT REV, V54, P243
    GOODMAN LA, 1987, AM J SOCIOL, P529
    GOODMAN LA, 1991, J AM STAT ASSOC, V86, P1085
    GRANOVET.MS, 1973, AM J SOCIOL, V78, P1360
    GREENACRE M, 1987, J AM STAT ASSOC, V82, P437
    GREENACRE MJ, 1984, THEORY APPLICATION C
    GREENACRE MJ, 1986, PSYCHOMETRIKA, V51, P172
    HABERMAN SJ, 1981, ANN STAT, V9, P1178
    HOLLAND PW, 1975, SOCIOL METHODOL, P1
    MARSDEN PV, 1984, SOC FORCES, V63, P482
    NISHISATO S, 1980, ANAL CATEGORICAL DAT
    TAKANE Y, 1991, PSYCHOMETRIKA, V56, P667
    VANDERHEIJDEN PGM, 1985, PSYCHOMETRIKA, V50, P429
    VANDERHEIJDEN PGM, 1989, SOCIOL METHODOL, P43
    VANDERKRUIT PC, 1989, MILKY WAY GALAXY, P185
    WASSERMAN S, 1990, J MATH SOCIOL, V15, P11
    WASSERMAN SS, 1989, SOCIOL METHODOL, P1
    WELLER SC, 1990, METRIC SCALING CORRE
    WINSHIP C, 1977, J MATH SOCIOL, V5, P21
 NR 47
 TC 2
 PU BLACKWELL PUBL
 PI CAMBRIDGE
 PA 238 MAIN ST, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02142
 SN 0081-1750
 J9 SOCIOL METHOD
 PY 1993
 VL 23
 BP 177
 EP 215
 PG 39
 SC Sociology
 GA BA15M
 UT ISI:A1993BA15M00006
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU GALASKIEWICZ, J
    WASSERMAN, S
 TI SOCIAL NETWORK ANALYSIS - CONCEPTS, METHODOLOGY, AND DIRECTIONS FOR THE
    1990S
 SO SOCIOLOGICAL METHODS & RESEARCH
 LA English
 DT Review
 ID MULTIPLE NETWORKS; POWER; POSITIONS; EXCHANGE; CLIQUE; DEPENDENCE;
    DYNAMICS
 AB Network analysis has been used extensively in sociology over the last
    twenty years. This special issue of Sociological Methods & Research
    reviews the substantive contributions that network analysis has made to
    five areas: political sociology, interorganizational relations, social
    support, social influence, and epidemiology. To introduce the novice to
    current developments in the field, this introductory article presents
    an overview of the key concepts and methods which are popular among
    sociologists and which have been used to advance knowledge in these
    substantive areas. Remaining articles are also discussed briefly, with
    speculations offered on some of the more promising avenues of inquiry
    recently under exploration.
 C1 UNIV ILLINOIS, DEPT PSYCHOL, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 USA.
    UNIV ILLINOIS, DEPT STAT, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 USA.
 RP GALASKIEWICZ, J, UNIV MINNESOTA, DEPT SOCIOL, MINNEAPOLIS, MN 55455 USA.
 CR ALBA RD, 1973, J MATH SOCIOL, V3, P113
    ALBA RD, 1974, SOCIOLOGICAL METHODS, V3, P489
    ALDRICH HE, 1976, ADMIN SOC, V7, P419
    BARNES JA, 1954, HUM RELAT, V7, P39
    BAVELAS A, 1948, APPLIED ANTHR, V7, P16
    BERNARD HR, 1977, HUMAN COMMUNICATION, V4, P3
    BLAU PM, 1955, DYNAMICS BUREAUCRACY
    BLAU PM, 1964, EXCHANGE POWER SOCIA
    BONACICH P, 1972, J MATH SOCIOL, V2, P113
    BOORMAN SA, 1976, AM J SOCIOL, V81, P1384
    BURT RS, 1976, SOC FORCES, V55, P93
    BURT RS, 1977, SOC FORCES, V56, P106
    BURT RS, 1977, SOC FORCES, V56, P551
    BURT RS, 1982, STRUCTURAL THEORY AC
    BURT RS, 1983, COROPORATE PROFITS C
    BURT RS, 1984, SOC NETWORKS, V6, P293
    BURT RS, 1985, CONNECTIONS, V8, P119
    BURT RS, 1987, AM J SOCIOL, V92, P1287
    CARTWRIGHT D, 1956, PSYCHOL REV, V63, P277
    CARTWRIGHT D, 1959, STUDIES SOCIAL POWER
    COLEMAN J, 1957, SOCIOMETRY, V20, P253
    COLEMAN JS, 1961, ADOLESCENT SOC
    COLEMAN JS, 1966, MED INNOVATION DIFFU
    COLEMAN JS, 1973, MATH COLLECTIVE ACTI
    COLEMAN JS, 1986, AM J SOCIOL, V91, P1309
    COLEMAN JS, 1988, AM J SOCIOLOGY S, V94, S95
    COOK KS, 1977, SOCIOLOGICAL Q, V18, P62
    DAVIS J, 1967, HUM RELAT, V20, P181
    DAVIS JA, 1963, AM J SOCIOL, V68, P444
    DAVIS JA, 1968, SOCIOMETRY, V31, P102
    DAVIS JA, 1979, PERSPECTIVES SOCIAL, P51
    EMERSON RM, 1962, AM SOCIOL REV, V27, P31
    FESTINGER L, 1954, HUM RELAT, V7, P117
    FIENBERG SE, 1981, SOCIOL METHODOL, P156
    FISCHER CS, 1982, DWELL FRIENDS
    FRANK O, 1971, STATISTICAL INFERENC
    FRANK O, 1978, SOC NETWORKS, V1, P91
    FRANK O, 1979, J STATISTICAL COMPUT, V9, P31
    FRANK O, 1981, SOCIOL METHODOL, P110
    FREEMAN LC, 1977, SOCIOMETRY, V40, P35
    GALASKIEWICZ J, 1979, EXCHANGE NETWORKS CO
    GALASKIEWICZ J, 1981, ADM SCI Q, V26, P434
    GALASKIEWICZ J, 1985, SOCIAL ORG URBAN GRA
    GRANOVETTER M, 1977, AM J SOCIOL, V81, P1287
    GRANOVETTER M, 1985, AM J SOCIOL, V91, P481
    GRANOVETTER MS, 1974, GETTING JOB STUDY CO
    HARARY F, 1965, STRUCTURAL MODELS IN
    HEIDER F, 1944, PSYCHOL REV, V51, P358
    HOLLAND PW, 1975, SOCIOL METHODOL, P1
    HOLLAND PW, 1977, J MATH SOCIOL, V5, P5
    HOLLAND PW, 1981, J AM STAT ASSOC, V76, P33
    HUBERT L, 1976, BRIT J MATH STAT PSY, V29, P190
    HUNTER F, 1953, COMMUNITY POWER STRU
    KILLWORTH PD, 1976, HUM ORGAN, V35, P269
    KILLWORTH PD, 1978, SOC NETWORKS, V1, P159
    KILLWORTH PD, 1979, SOC NETWORKS, V2, P10
    LAUMANN EO, 1966, PRESTIGE ASS URBAN C
    LAUMANN EO, 1969, SOCIOMETRY, V32, P54
    LAUMANN EO, 1976, NETWORKS COLLECTIVE
    LAUMANN EO, 1977, AM J SOCIOL, V83, P594
    LAWLER EL, 1973, NETWORKS, V3, P275
    LEVINE JH, 1972, AM SOCIOL REV, V37, P14
    LORRAIN F, 1971, J MATH SOCIOL, V1, P49
    MARIOLIS P, 1983, SOCIOLOGICAL SPECTRU, V3, P237
    MARSDEN PV, 1983, AM J SOCIOL, V88, P686
    MARSDEN PV, 1987, AM SOCIOL REV, V52, P122
    MARSDEN PV, 1988, SOC NETWORKS, V10, P57
    MARSDEN PV, 1990, ANNU REV SOCIOL, V16, P435
    MARWELL G, 1988, AM J SOCIOL, V94, P502
    MCPHERSON JM, 1992, AM SOCIOL REV, V57, P153
    MERTON RK, 1957, SOCIAL THEORY SOCIAL
    MILGRAM S, 1967, PSYCHOL TODAY, V1, P61
    MITCHELL JC, 1969, SOCIAL NETWORKS URBA
    MOKKEN RJ, 1979, QUAL QUANT, V13, P161
    MOLM LD, 1991, AM SOCIOL REV, V56, P475
    MORENO JL, 1934, WHO SHALL SURVIVE NE
    NADEL SF, 1957, THEORY SOCIAL STRUCT
    NEWCOMB TM, 1961, ACQUAINTANCE PROCESS
    PFEFFER J, 1977, SOC FORCES, V55, P775
    POWELL WW, 1990, RES ORGAN BEHAV, V12, P295
    RAUB W, 1990, AM J SOCIOL, V96, P626
    SEIDMAN SB, 1978, J MATH SOCIOL, V6, P139
    VANDEVEN AH, 1984, ADMIN SCI QUART, V29, P598
    WASSERMAN S, 1993, SOCIAL NETWORK ANAL
    WELLMAN B, 1979, AM J SOCIOL, V84, P1201
    WELLMAN B, 1988, SOCIAL STRUCTURES NE, P1
    WELLMAN B, 1988, SOCIAL STRUCTURES NE, P19
    WHITE HC, 1976, AM J SOCIOL, V81, P730
    YAMAGISHI T, 1988, AM J SOCIOL, V93, P833
 NR 89
 TC 15
 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC
 PI THOUSAND OAKS
 PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320
 SN 0049-1241
 J9 SOCIOL METHOD RES
 JI Sociol. Methods. Res.
 PD AUG
 PY 1993
 VL 22
 IS 1
 BP 3
 EP 22
 PG 20
 SC Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods; Sociology
 GA LN226
 UT ISI:A1993LN22600001
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU WALKER, ME
    WASSERMAN, S
    WELLMAN, B
 TI STATISTICAL-MODELS FOR SOCIAL SUPPORT NETWORKS
 SO SOCIOLOGICAL METHODS & RESEARCH
 LA English
 DT Review
 ID METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES; CONTINGENCY-TABLES; GENDER DIFFERENCES;
    HOST-RESISTANCE; LIFE STRESS; WOMEN; TIES; FRIENDSHIP; COMMUNITY; HEALTH
 AB In recent years, the conceptualization of social support in the
    literature has become increasingly sophisticated, facilitating the
    consideration of more complex theories. Researchers no longer consider
    the mere availability of social ties, but look instead at the flow of
    specific resources through a social network. This article discusses how
    the social network has been defined in the context of social support.
    Research is reviewed, indicating how characteristics of individual tie
    (eg., tie strength, proximity, frequency of contact, similarity) are
    related to the provision of support. Also examined are how
    characteristics of the personal network (e.g., size, density) relate to
    support and well-being. Statistical models for network analysis and how
    they should prove useful in studying social support are then discussed.
 C1 UNIV TORONTO,CTR URBAN & COMMUNITY STUDIES,TORONTO M5S 1A1,ONTARIO,CANADA.
 RP WALKER, ME, UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT PSYCHOL,60 E DANIEL ST,CHAMPAIGN,IL
    61820.
 CR ANTONUCCI TC, 1987, SEX ROLES, V17, P737
    ARGYLE M, 1984, J SOCIAL PERSONAL RE, V1, P209
    BALL RE, 1980, ETHNICITY, V7, P70
    BARRERA M, 1981, SOCIAL NETWORKS SOCI, P69
    BARRERA M, 1983, J COMMUNITY PSYCHOL, V11, P133
    BERKMAN LF, 1979, AM J EPIDEMIOL, V109, P186
    BERNARD HR, 1981, CONNECTIONS, V4, P11
    BERNARD HR, 1990, REPORT ANTHR MMDI PR
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 NR 130
 TC 16
 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC
 PI THOUSAND OAKS
 PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320
 SN 0049-1241
 J9 SOCIOL METHOD RES
 JI Sociol. Methods. Res.
 PD AUG
 PY 1993
 VL 22
 IS 1
 BP 71
 EP 98
 PG 28
 SC Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods; Sociology
 GA LN226
 UT ISI:A1993LN22600004
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU ANDERSON, CJ
    WASSERMAN, S
 TI CATEGORICAL-DATA ANALYSIS - AGRESTI,A
 SO JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICAL PSYCHOLOGY
 LA English
 DT Book Review
 C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,603 E DANIEL ST,CHAMPAIGN,IL 61820.
 CR AGRESTI A, 1990, CATEGORICAL DATA ANA
 NR 1
 TC 0
 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS
 PI SAN DIEGO
 PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495
 SN 0022-2496
 J9 J MATH PSYCHOL
 JI J. Math. Psychol.
 PD JUN
 PY 1993
 VL 37
 IS 2
 BP 299
 EP 310
 PG 12
 SC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences,
    Mathematical Methods; Psychology, Mathematical
 GA LE961
 UT ISI:A1993LE96100007
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU ANDERSON, CJ
    WASSERMAN, S
 TI MULTIWAY CONTINGENCY-TABLES ANALYSIS FOR THE SOCIAL-SCIENCES -
    WICKENS,TD
 SO JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICAL PSYCHOLOGY
 LA English
 DT Book Review
 RP WASSERMAN, S, UNIV ILLINOIS,603 E DANIEL ST,CHAMPAIGN,IL 61820.
 CR WICKENS TD, 1989, MULTIWAY CONTINGENCY
 NR 1
 TC 0
 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS
 PI SAN DIEGO
 PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495
 SN 0022-2496
 J9 J MATH PSYCHOL
 JI J. Math. Psychol.
 PD JUN
 PY 1993
 VL 37
 IS 2
 BP 299
 EP 310
 PG 12
 SC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences,
    Mathematical Methods; Psychology, Mathematical
 GA LE961
 UT ISI:A1993LE96100008
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU FAUST, K
    WASSERMAN, S
 TI BLOCKMODELS - INTERPRETATION AND EVALUATION
 SO SOCIAL NETWORKS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID STRUCTURAL EQUIVALENCE; STOCHASTIC BLOCKMODELS; DYAD DISTRIBUTIONS;
    MULTIPLE NETWORKS; SOCIAL-STRUCTURE; WORLD SYSTEM; ROLES; POSITIONS;
    ASSOCIATION; CONFORMITY
 AB Many methods for the description of social network structural
    properties are concerned with the dual notions of social position and
    social role. Common goals of these methods are to represent patterns in
    complex social network data in simplified form, to reveal sets of
    actors who are similarly embedded in networks of relations, and to
    describe the associations among relations in multirelational social
    networks. Often these representations take the form of a blockmodel. In
    a blockmodel actors are assigned to positions and network relations are
    presented among positions, rather than among actors.
    The literature on blockmodels is extensive and is overflowing with
    computation and applications of blockmodels. However, there is a
    surprising lack of attention to two very important aspects of
    block-model analyses: the interpretation and evaluation of the results.
    The purpose of this paper is to focus on these topics, primarily
    reviewing and synthesizing the approaches to interpretation and
    evaluation currently in use.
 C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT PSYCHOL,CHAMPAIGN,IL 61820.
 RP FAUST, K, UNIV S CAROLINA,DEPT SOCIOL,COLUMBIA,SC 29208.
 CR 1984, EUROPA YB
    *UN, 1984, STAT PAP COMM TRAD D, V34
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    *WORLD BANK, 1983, WORLD BANK WORLD TAB, V2
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    ARABIE P, 1978, J MATH PSYCHOL, V17, P21
    ARABIE P, 1982, CLASSIFYING SOCIAL D
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    ARABIE P, 1990, SOC NETWORKS, V12, P99
    BAKER FB, 1981, SOCIOL METHOD RES, V9, P339
    BATAGELJ V, 1992, SOC NETWORKS, V14, P121
    BATAGELJ V, 1992, SOC NETWORKS, V14, P63
    BOORMAN SA, 1976, AM J SOCIOL, V81, P1384
    BORGATTI SP, 1991, UNPUB UCINET 4 0
    BREEDLOVE WL, 1988, INT J CONT SOCIOLOGY, V25, P105
    BREIGER RL, 1975, J MATH PSYCHOL, V12, P328
    BREIGER RL, 1976, AM SOCIOL REV, V41, P117
    BREIGER RL, 1981, CONTINUITIES STRUCTU, P353
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    BREIGER RL, 1986, SOC NETWORKS, V8, P215
    BURT RS, 1976, SOC FORCES, V55, P93
    BURT RS, 1986, SOC NETWORKS, V8, P205
    CARRINGTON PJ, 1979, SOC NETWORKS, V2, P219
    CARRINGTON PJ, 1981, J MATH SOCIOL, V8, P103
    COXON APM, 1982, USERS GUIDE MULTIDIM
    CRONBACH LJ, 1953, PSYCHOL BULL, V50, P456
    DOREIAN P, 1985, J AM SOC INFORM SCI, V36, P28
    ENNIS JG, 1982, CLASSIFYING SOCIAL D, P199
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    FAUST K, 1985, BRIT J MATH STAT PSY, V38, P152
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    FAUST K, 1988, SOC NETWORKS, V10, P313
    FOX J, 1982, CLASSIFYING SOCIAL D
    FRANK O, 1985, J CLASSIF, V2, P219
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    GALASKIEWICZ J, 1984, SOCIOL QUART, V25, P527
    HARARY F, 1965, STRUCTURAL MODELS IN
    HEIL G, 1976, BEHAV SCI, V21, P26
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    HUBERT L, 1976, BRIT J MATH STAT PSY, V29, P190
    HUBERT LJ, 1978, PSYCHOMETRIKA, V43, P31
    HUBERT LJ, 1983, NUMERICAL TAXONOMY
    HUBERT LJ, 1985, PSYCHOMETRIKA, V50, P449
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    HUBERT LJ, 1989, APPLIED STOCHASTIC M, V5, P273
    KATZ L, 1953, PSYCHOMETRIKA, V18, P249
    KICK EL, UNPUB WORLD SYSTEM S
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    KRACKHARDT D, 1988, SOC NETWORKS, V10, P359
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    LAUMANN EO, 1977, AM J SOCIOL, V83, P594
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    RICHARDS WD, 1989, UNPUB NECOPY ANAL PR
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    SNEATH PHA, 1973, NUMERICAL TAXONOMY P
    SNYDER D, 1979, AM J SOCIOL, V84, P1096
    SOKAL RR, 1963, PRINCIPLES NUMERICAL
    WANG YJ, 1987, J AM STAT ASSOC, V82, P8
    WASSERMAN S, 1987, PSYCHOMETRIKA, V52, P3
    WASSERMAN S, 1987, SOC NETWORKS, V9, P1
    WASSERMAN S, 1992, SOCIAL NETWORK ANAL
    WHITE DR, 1989, RES METHODS SOCIAL N, P429
    WHITE HC, 1976, AM J SOCIOL, V81, P730
    WHITE HC, 1977, J MATH PSYCHOL, V16, P121
    WILKINSON L, 1987, SYSTAT SYSTEM STATIS
    WINSHIP C, 1983, SOCIOL METHODOL, P314
    WINSHIP C, 1988, SOC NETWORKS, V10, P209
    WU LL, 1983, SOCIOL METHODOL, P272
    ZEGERS FE, 1985, PSYCHOMETRIKA, V50, P17
 NR 88
 TC 8
 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
 PI AMSTERDAM
 PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS
 SN 0378-8733
 J9 SOC NETWORKS
 JI Soc. Networks
 PD MAR-JUN
 PY 1992
 VL 14
 IS 1-2
 BP 5
 EP 61
 PG 57
 SC Anthropology; Sociology
 GA HR571
 UT ISI:A1992HR57100002
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU ANDERSON, CJ
    WASSERMAN, S
    FAUST, K
 TI BUILDING STOCHASTIC BLOCKMODELS
 SO SOCIAL NETWORKS
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID STATISTICAL-ANALYSIS; CONTINGENCY-TABLES; MULTIPLE NETWORKS;
    SOCIAL-STRUCTURE; DIRECTED-GRAPHS; RELATIONAL DATA; MODELS
 AB The literature devoted to the construction of stochastic blockmodels is
    relatively rare compared to that of the deterministic variety. In this
    paper, a general definition of a stochastic blockmodel is given and a
    number of techniques for building such blockmodels are presented. In
    the statistical approach, the likelihood ratio statistic provides a
    natural index to evaluate the fit of the model to the data. The model
    itself consists of a set of actors partitioned into positions with
    respect to a definition of equivalence, and a representation based on
    estimated probabilities. The specific statistical model that is used to
    illustrate the techniques is p1, which was first introduced as a method
    for stochastic blockmodeling by Fienberg and Wasserman (1981), and
    developed by Holland et al. (1983) and Wasserman and Anderson (1987).
 C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT STAT,URBANA,IL 61801.
    UNIV S CAROLINA,DEPT SOCIOL,COLUMBIA,SC 29208.
 RP ANDERSON, CJ, UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT PSYCHOL,URBANA,IL 61801.
 CR *UN, 1984, STAT PAP COMM TRAD D, V34
    BOORMAN SA, 1976, AM J SOCIOL, V81, P1384
    BREIGER RL, 1981, J AM STAT ASSOC, V76, P51
    FAUST K, 1991, UNPUB CENTRALITY PRE
    FAUST K, 1992, SOC NETWORKS, V14, P5
    FIENBERG SE, 1981, SOCIOL METHODOL, P156
    FIENBERG SE, 1985, J AM STAT ASSOC, V80, P51
    GABRIEL KR, 1979, TECHNOMETRICS, V21, P489
    GABRIEL KR, 1982, ENCY STATISTICAL SCI, V1, P263
    GOODMAN LA, 1985, ANN STAT, V13, P10
    GOODMAN LA, 1986, INT STAT REV, V54, P243
    GREENACRE MJ, 1984, THEORY APPLICATION C
    HABERMAN SJ, 1981, J AM STAT ASSOC, V76, P60
    HARTIGAN JA, 1976, CLUSTERING ALGORITHM
    HEIL G, 1976, BEHAV SCI, V21, P26
    HOLLAND PW, 1981, J AM STAT ASSOC, V76, P33
    HOLLAND PW, 1983, SOC NETWORKS, V5, P109
    IACOBUCCI D, 1990, PSYCHOMETRIKA, V55, P707
    WANG YJ, 1987, J AM STAT ASSOC, V82, P8
    WASSERMAN S, SOCIAL NETWORK ANAL
    WASSERMAN S, 1984, SOC NETWORKS, V6, P177
    WASSERMAN S, 1986, BRIT J MATH STAT PSY, V39, P41
    WASSERMAN S, 1987, SOC NETWORKS, V9, P1
    WASSERMAN S, 1990, J MATH SOCIOL, V15, P11
    WASSERMAN SS, 1989, SOCIOL METHODOL, P1
    WHITE HC, 1976, AM J SOCIOL, V81, P730
    WONG GY, 1989, UNPUB COMPUTATION AS
 NR 27
 TC 9
 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
 PI AMSTERDAM
 PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS
 SN 0378-8733
 J9 SOC NETWORKS
 JI Soc. Networks
 PD MAR-JUN
 PY 1992
 VL 14
 IS 1-2
 BP 137
 EP 161
 PG 25
 SC Anthropology; Sociology
 GA HR571
 UT ISI:A1992HR57100006
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU WASSERMAN, S
    IACOBUCCI, D
 TI STATISTICAL MODELING OF ONE-MODE AND 2-MODE NETWORKS - SIMULTANEOUS
    ANALYSIS OF GRAPHS AND BIPARTITE GRAPHS
 SO BRITISH JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICAL & STATISTICAL PSYCHOLOGY
 LA English
 DT Article
 ID 3-MODE FACTOR-ANALYSIS; STOCHASTIC BLOCKMODELS; INDIVIDUAL-DIFFERENCES;
    SOCIOMETRIC RELATIONS; DYADIC INTERACTIONS; DIRECTED-GRAPHS; LINEAR
    MODELS; POWER; INFORMATION; ALGORITHM
 AB A bipartite graph, in which the nodes (or actors in a social network)
    are partitioned into two sets, can be studied using recent statistical
    models for dyadic interactions.  These models, which are longlinear for
    the probabilities of dyadic choices or interactions, allow not only
    arcs or relationships to exist between the sets but also within the
    sets.  Thus, the methods described here are applicable not only to
    bipartite graphs, consisting of arcs existing between nodes in
    different sets, but also to directed graphs that are defined within the
    two sets of nodes.  Data on both types of graphs can be analysed
    simultaneously.
    A bipartite graph has an adjacency matrix (or sociomatrix) with two
    'modes'.  The set of nodes in the row mode differs from the set of
    nodes in the column mode.  For example, in marketing, one could study
    the dyadic relations in a 'buyers-by-sellers' network.  Generally, the
    relations observed in a one-mode network, which has a square
    sociomatrix (row mode = column mode) are bidirectional-the actors
    indexing the columns may also 'relate to' the actors indexing the rows.
     The relations observed in a two-mode network are generally
    unidirectional-the row actors relate to or choose the column actors,
    but the column actors do not relate to the row actors.  Referring to
    our example, a buyer might pay a seller for some item, but a seller
    would not pay a buyer.
    Statistical models for the separate analysis of these one-mode and
    two-mode matrices are extended in this paper to the simultaneous
    analysis of both types of networks.  A superordinate one-mode
    sociomatrix is created in which the rows and columns consist of all
    actors (that is, all buyers and sellers).  This larger matrix contains
    both the one-mode matrices and the two-mode matrices.  Multivariate
    analysis of unidirectional and bidirectional relations in social
    networks and complex directed graphs becomes possible with this
    simultaneous consideration of both types of matrices.
 C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT CHIM FARMACEUT,CHAMPAIGN,IL 61820.
    NORTHWESTERN UNIV,KELLOGG GRAD SCH MANAGEMENT,DEPT MKT,EVANSTON,IL 60201.
 RP WASSERMAN, S, UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT PSYCHOL,603 E DANIEL ST,CHAMPAIGN,IL
    61820.
 CR ANDERSON E, 1987, J MARKETING RES, V22, P365
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    ARABIE P, 1987, 3 WAY SCALING CLUSTE
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    BEARDEN WO, 1982, J CONSUM RES, V9, P183
    BENTLER PM, 1978, PSYCHOMETRIKA, V43, P343
    BREEN R, 1984, SOCIOLOGICAL METHODS, V13, P77
    BREIGER RL, 1975, J MATH PSYCHOL, V12, P328
    CARROLL JD, 1970, PSYCHOMETRIKA, V35, P283
    CARROLL JD, 1983, PSYCHOMETRIKA, V48, P157
    COLLINS LM, 1987, MULTIDIMENSIONAL SCA, P179
    CONTRACTOR N, 1987, 1987 SUNB SOC NETW C
    DESARBO WS, 1987, APPLIED PSYCHOL MEAS, V11, P397
    DOREIAN P, 1987, SOC NETWORKS, V9, P89
    DWYER FR, 1987, J MARKETING, V51, P11
    FEICK LF, 1987, J MARKETING, V51, P83
    FIENBERG SE, 1980, ANAL CROSS CLASSIFIE
    FIENBERG SE, 1981, SOCIOLOGICAL METHODO
    FIENBERG SE, 1985, J AM STAT ASSOC, V80, P51
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    GALASKIEWICZ J, 1989, ADMIN SCI QUART, V34, P454
    GASKI JF, 1984, J MARKETING, V48, P9
    HOLLAND PW, 1981, J AM STAT ASSOC, V76, P33
    HOLLAND PW, 1983, SOC NETWORKS, V5, P109
    IACOBUCCI D, 1987, PSYCHOL BULL, V102, P293
    IACOBUCCI D, 1987, THESIS U ILLINOIS
    IACOBUCCI D, 1989, SOC NETWORKS, V11, P315
    IACOBUCCI D, 1990, PSYCHOL BULL, V107, P114
    KROONENBERG PM, 1983, 3 MODE PRINCIPAL COM
    LAW HG, 1983, RES METHODS MULTIMOD
    LAW HG, 1984, RES METHODS MULTIMOD
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 NR 52
 TC 3
 PU BRITISH PSYCHOLOGICAL SOC
 PI LEICESTER
 PA ST ANDREWS HOUSE, 48, PRINCESS RD, EAST, LEICESTER, LEICS, ENGLAND LE1
    7DR
 SN 0007-1102
 J9 BRIT J MATH STATIST PSYCHOL
 JI Br. J. Math. Stat. Psychol.
 PD MAY
 PY 1991
 VL 44
 PN Part 1
 BP 13
 EP 43
 PG 31
 SC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Psychology, Mathematical;
    Psychology, Experimental; Statistics & Probability
 GA FQ408
 UT ISI:A1991FQ40800002
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU IACOBUCCI, D
    WASSERMAN, S
 TI SOCIAL NETWORKS WITH 2 SETS OF ACTORS
 SO PSYCHOMETRIKA
 LA English
 DT Article
 DE RELATIONAL DATA; BIPARTITE GRAPHS; SOCIOMATRIX; CATEGORICAL DATA
    ANALYSIS
 ID STATISTICAL-ANALYSIS; SOCIOMETRIC RELATIONS; DYADIC INTERACTION;
    BLOCKMODELS; CONFORMITY; GRAPHS
 AB Traditional network research analyzes relational ties within a single
    group of actors; the models presented in this paper involve relational
    ties that exist between two distinct sets of actors.  Statistical
    models for traditional networks in which relations are measured within
    a group simplify when modeling unidirectional relations measured
    between groups.  The traditional paradigm results in a one-mode
    sociomatrix; the network paradigm considered in this paper results in a
    two-mode sociomatrix.  A statistical model is presented, illustrated on
    a sample data set, and compared to its traditional counterpart. 
    Extensions are discussed, including those that model multivariate
    relations simultaneously, and those that allow for the inclusion of
    attributes of the individuals in the group.
 C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT PSYCHOL,CHAMPAIGN,IL 61820.
    UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT STAT,CHAMPAIGN,IL 61820.
 RP IACOBUCCI, D, NORTHWESTERN UNIV,KELLOGG GRAD SCH MANAGEMENT,DEPT
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 NR 41
 TC 7
 PU PSYCHOMETRIC SOC
 PI WILLIAMSBURG
 PA COLLEGE OF WILLIAM AND MARY DEPT PSYCHOLOGY, WILLIAMSBURG, VA 23185
 SN 0033-3123
 J9 PSYCHOMETRIKA
 JI Psychometrika
 PD DEC
 PY 1990
 VL 55
 IS 4
 BP 707
 EP 720
 PG 14
 SC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences,
    Mathematical Methods; Psychology, Mathematical
 GA ET087
 UT ISI:A1990ET08700011
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU WASSERMAN, S
    FAUST, K
    GALASKIEWICZ, J
 TI CORRESPONDENCE AND CANONICAL-ANALYSIS OF RELATIONAL DATA
 SO JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICAL SOCIOLOGY
 LA English
 DT Review
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    UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT SOCIOL,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55455.
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 NR 119
 TC 5
 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD
 PI READING
 PA C/O STBS LTD PO BOX 90, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG1 8JL
 SN 0022-250X
 J9 J MATH SOCIOL
 JI J. Math. Sociol.
 PY 1990
 VL 15
 IS 1
 BP 11
 EP 64
 PG 54
 SC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences,
    Mathematical Methods; Sociology
 GA CU287
 UT ISI:A1990CU28700002
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU GALASKIEWICZ, J
    WASSERMAN, S
 TI MIMETIC PROCESSES WITHIN AN INTERORGANIZATIONAL FIELD - AN
    EMPIRICAL-TEST
 SO ADMINISTRATIVE SCIENCE QUARTERLY
 LA English
 DT Article
 C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT PSYCHOL,CHAMPAIGN,IL 61820.
 RP GALASKIEWICZ, J, UNIV MINNESOTA,SOCIOL & STRATEG MANAGEMENT,1114 SOCIAL
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 NR 46
 TC 122
 PU ADMINISTRATIVE, SCI QUARTERLY
 PI ITHACA
 PA CORNELL UNIV, JOHNSON SCHOOL, 20 THORNWOOD DR, STE 100, ITHACA, NY
    14850-1265
 SN 0001-8392
 J9 ADMIN SCI QUART
 JI Adm. Sci. Q.
 PD SEP
 PY 1989
 VL 34
 IS 3
 BP 454
 EP 479
 PG 26
 SC Business; Management
 GA AP816
 UT ISI:A1989AP81600006
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU WASSERMAN, S
    IACOBUCCI, D
 TI SEQUENTIAL SOCIAL NETWORK DATA
 SO PSYCHOMETRIKA
 LA English
 DT Article
 C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT STAT,CHAMPAIGN,IL 61820.
    NORTHWESTERN UNIV,JL KELLOGG GRAD SCH MANAGEMENT,DEPT MKT,EVANSTON,IL 60201.
 RP WASSERMAN, S, UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT PSYCHOL,603 E DANIEL ST,CHAMPAIGN,IL
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 NR 44
 TC 18
 PU PSYCHOMETRIC SOC
 PI WILLIAMSBURG
 PA COLLEGE OF WILLIAM AND MARY DEPT PSYCHOLOGY, WILLIAMSBURG, VA 23185
 SN 0033-3123
 J9 PSYCHOMETRIKA
 JI Psychometrika
 PD JUN
 PY 1988
 VL 53
 IS 2
 BP 261
 EP 282
 PG 22
 SC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences,
    Mathematical Methods; Psychology, Mathematical
 GA P5786
 UT ISI:A1988P578600010
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU IACOBUCCI, D
    WASSERMAN, S
 TI A GENERAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE STATISTICAL-ANALYSIS OF SEQUENTIAL DYADIC
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 SO PSYCHOLOGICAL BULLETIN
 LA English
 DT Article
 C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT PSYCHOL,CHICAGO,IL 60680.
    UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT STAT,CHICAGO,IL 60680.
 RP IACOBUCCI, D, NORTHWESTERN UNIV,JL KELLOGG GRAD SCH MANAGEMENT,DEPT
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 PI WASHINGTON
 PA 750 FIRST ST NE, WASHINGTON, DC 20002-4242
 SN 0033-2909
 J9 PSYCHOL BULL
 JI Psychol. Bull.
 PD MAY
 PY 1988
 VL 103
 IS 3
 BP 379
 EP 390
 PG 12
 SC Psychology; Psychology, Multidisciplinary
 GA N2861
 UT ISI:A1988N286100009
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    WASSERMAN, S
 TI DYADIC SOCIAL INTERACTIONS
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 C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT PSYCHOL,603 E DANIEL ST,CHAMPAIGN,IL 61820.
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 PU AMER PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOC
 PI WASHINGTON
 PA 750 FIRST ST NE, WASHINGTON, DC 20002-4242
 SN 0033-2909
 J9 PSYCHOL BULL
 JI Psychol. Bull.
 PD SEP
 PY 1987
 VL 102
 IS 2
 BP 293
 EP 306
 PG 14
 SC Psychology; Psychology, Multidisciplinary
 GA J9979
 UT ISI:A1987J997900008
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU WASSERMAN, S
    GALASKIEWICZ, J
 TI LEVINE ATLAS OF CORPORATE INTERLOCKS - VOL 1, VOL 2 - LEVINE,JH
 SO JOURNAL OF CLASSIFICATION
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 C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT STAT,CHAMPAIGN,IL 61820.
    UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT SOCIOL,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55455.
 RP WASSERMAN, S, UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT PSYCHOL,603 E DANIEL ST,CHAMPAIGN,IL
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 NR 5
 TC 0
 PU SPRINGER VERLAG
 PI NEW YORK
 PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010
 SN 0176-4268
 J9 J CLASSIF
 JI J. Classif.
 PY 1987
 VL 4
 IS 1
 BP 118
 EP 122
 PG 5
 SC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Psychology, Mathematical
 GA H2889
 UT ISI:A1987H288900010
 ER
 
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 AU WASSERMAN, S
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 TI STOCHASTIC A POSTERIORI BLOCKMODELS - CONSTRUCTION AND ASSESSMENT
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 C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT STAT,CHAMPAIGN,IL 61820.
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 PI AMSTERDAM
 PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS
 SN 0378-8733
 J9 SOC NETWORKS
 JI Soc. Networks
 PD MAR
 PY 1987
 VL 9
 IS 1
 BP 1
 EP 36
 PG 36
 SC Anthropology; Sociology
 GA H2473
 UT ISI:A1987H247300001
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU WASSERMAN, S
 TI CONFORMITY OF 2 SOCIOMETRIC RELATIONS
 SO PSYCHOMETRIKA
 LA English
 DT Article
 C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT STAT,CHAMPAIGN,IL 61820.
 RP WASSERMAN, S, UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT PSYCHOL,60 E DANIEL ST,CHAMPAIGN,IL
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 PI WILLIAMSBURG
 PA COLLEGE OF WILLIAM AND MARY DEPT PSYCHOLOGY, WILLIAMSBURG, VA 23185
 SN 0033-3123
 J9 PSYCHOMETRIKA
 JI Psychometrika
 PD MAR
 PY 1987
 VL 52
 IS 1
 BP 3
 EP 18
 PG 16
 SC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences,
    Mathematical Methods; Psychology, Mathematical
 GA G7220
 UT ISI:A1987G722000001
 ER
 
 PT J
 AU WASSERMAN, S
    IACOBUCCI, D
 TI STATISTICAL-ANALYSIS OF DISCRETE RELATIONAL DATA
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 LA English
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 C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT STAT,CHAMPAIGN,IL 61820.
 RP WASSERMAN, S, UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT PSYCHOL,CHAMPAIGN,IL 61820.
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 PA ST ANDREWS HOUSE, 48 PRINCESS RD EAST, LEICESTER, LEICS, ENGLAND LE1 7DR
 SN 0007-1102
 J9 BRIT J MATH STATIST PSYCHOL
 JI Br. J. Math. Stat. Psychol.
 PD MAY
 PY 1986
 VL 39
 PN Part 1
 BP 41
 EP 64
 PG 24
 SC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Psychology, Mathematical;
    Psychology, Experimental; Statistics & Probability
 GA E1821
 UT ISI:A1986E182100004
 ER
 
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 AU WASSERMAN, S
    WEAVER, SO
 TI STATISTICAL-ANALYSIS OF BINARY RELATIONAL DATA - PARAMETER-ESTIMATION
 SO JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICAL PSYCHOLOGY
 LA English
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 C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT STAT,CHAMPAIGN,IL 61820.
 RP WASSERMAN, S, UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT PSYCHOL,603 E DANIEL ST,CHAMPAIGN,IL
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 PI SAN DIEGO
 PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495
 SN 0022-2496
 J9 J MATH PSYCHOL
 JI J. Math. Psychol.
 PY 1985
 VL 29
 IS 4
 BP 406
 EP 427
 PG 22
 SC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences,
    Mathematical Methods; Psychology, Mathematical
 GA AWE82
 UT ISI:A1985AWE8200003
 ER
 
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 AU GALASKIEWICZ, J
    WASSERMAN, S
    RAUSCHENBACH, B
    BIELEFELD, W
    MULLANEY, P
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 C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT PSYCHOL,CHAMPAIGN,IL 61820.
    UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT STAT,CHAMPAIGN,IL 61820.
    UNIV MINNESOTA,TWIN CITIES,MN.
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 PU UNIV NORTH CAROLINA PRESS
 PI CHAPEL HILL
 PA BOX 2288, CHAPEL HILL, NC 27515-2288
 SN 0037-7732
 J9 SOC FORCES
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 PY 1985
 VL 64
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 BP 403
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    GALASKIEWICZ, J
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 C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,DIV STAT,URBANA,IL 61801.
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 NR 19
 TC 25
 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
 PI AMSTERDAM
 PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS
 SN 0378-8733
 J9 SOC NETWORKS
 JI Soc. Networks
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 VL 6
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 GA TL514
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    WASSERMAN, S
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 C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,SCH STAT,ST PAUL,MN 55108.
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 NR 28
 TC 16
 PU AMER SOCIOLOGICAL ASSOC
 PI WASHINGTON
 PA 1722 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2981
 SN 0003-1224
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 GA ME587
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 AU FIENBERG, SE
    WASSERMAN, S
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 NR 10
 TC 5
 PU AMER STATISTICAL ASSOC
 PI ALEXANDRIA
 PA 1429 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314
 SN 0162-1459
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 JI J. Am. Stat. Assoc.
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 NR 27
 TC 38
 PU AMER STATISTICAL ASSOC
 PI ALEXANDRIA
 PA 1429 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314
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 TC 4
 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
 PI AMSTERDAM
 PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS
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 NR 34
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 NR 10
 TC 27
 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD
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 J9 J MATH SOCIOL
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