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0001 FN ISI Export Format 0002 VR 1.0 0003 PT J 0004 AU Wuchty, S 0005 Barabasi, AL 0006 Ferdig, MT 0007 TI Stable evolutionary signal in a Yeast protein interaction network 0008 SO BMC EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY 0009 LA English 0010 DT Article 0011 ID SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; FUNCTIONAL MODULES; INTERACTION MAP; CELLULAR 0012 NETWORKS; COMPLEX NETWORKS; IDENTIFICATION; ORGANIZATION; ORTHOLOGS; 0013 PATTERNS; DATABASE 0014 AB Background: The recently emerged protein interaction network paradigm 0015 can provide novel and important insights into the innerworkings of a 0016 cell. Yet, the heavy burden of both false positive and false negative 0017 protein-protein interaction data casts doubt on the broader usefulness 0018 of these interaction sets. Approaches focusing on one-protein-at-a-time 0019 have been powerfully employed to demonstrate the high degree of 0020 conservation of proteins participating in numerous interactions; here, 0021 we expand his 'node' focused paradigm to investigate the relative 0022 persistence of 'link' based evolutionary signals in a protein 0023 interaction network of S. cerevisiae and point out the value of this 0024 relatively untapped source of information. 0025 Results: The trend for highly connected proteins to be preferably 0026 conserved in evolution is stable, even in the context of tremendous 0027 noise in the underlying protein interactions as well as in the 0028 assignment of orthology among five higher eukaryotes. We find that 0029 local clustering around interactions correlates with preferred 0030 evolutionary conservation of the participating proteins; furthermore 0031 the correlation between high local clustering and evolutionary 0032 conservation is accompanied by a stable elevated degree of coexpression 0033 of the interacting proteins. We use this conserved interaction data, 0034 combined with P. falciparum /Yeast orthologs, as proof-of-principle 0035 that high-order network topology can be used comparatively to deduce 0036 local network structure in non-model organisms. 0037 Conclusion: High local clustering is a criterion for the reliability of 0038 an interaction and coincides with preferred evolutionary conservation 0039 and significant coexpression. These strong and stable correlations 0040 indicate that evolutionary units go beyond a single protein to include 0041 the interactions among them. In particular, the stability of these 0042 signals in the face of extreme noise suggests that empirical protein 0043 interaction data can be integrated with orthologous clustering around 0044 these protein interactions to reliably infer local network structures 0045 in non-model organisms. 0046 C1 Northwestern Univ, NW Inst Complex, Evanston, IL 60202 USA. 0047 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 0048 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Biol, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 0049 RP Wuchty, S, Northwestern Univ, NW Inst Complex, Chambers Hall,600 Foster 0050 St, Evanston, IL 60202 USA. 0051 EM s-wuchty@northwestern.edu 0052 alb@nd.edu 0053 mferdig@nd.edu 0054 CR ALBERT R, 2000, NATURE, V406, P378 0055 ALBERT R, 2002, REV MOD PHYS, V74, P47 0056 BABU MM, 2004, CURR OPIN STRUC BIOL, V14, P283 0057 BARABAI A, 2004, NATURE REV GEN, P101 0058 BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509 0059 BORK P, 2004, CURR OPIN STRUC BIOL, V14, P292 0060 BOZDECH Z, 2003, PLOS BIOL, V1, P1 0061 BUTLAND G, 2005, NATURE, V433, P531 0062 EISEN MB, 1998, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V95, P14863 0063 FRASER HB, 2002, SCIENCE, V296, P750 0064 FRASER HB, 2003, BMC EVOL BIOL, V3 0065 GAVIN AC, 2002, NATURE, V415, P141 0066 GE H, 2001, NAT GENET, V29, P482 0067 GIOT L, 2003, SCIENCE, V302, P1727 0068 GOLDBERG DS, 2003, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V100, P4372 0069 GOLDSTEIN M, 2004, FITTING POWER LAW DI 0070 HAN JDJ, 2004, NATURE, V430, P88 0071 HO Y, 2002, NATURE, V415, P180 0072 ITO T, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P1143 0073 JEONG H, 2001, NATURE, V411, P41 0074 JORDAN I, 2003, BMC EVOL BIOL, V3 0075 OBRIEN KP, 2005, NUCLEIC ACIDS RES, V33, D476 0076 RAIN JC, 2001, NATURE, V409, P211 0077 REMM M, 2001, J MOL BIOL, V314, P1041 0078 RIVES AW, 2003, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V100, P1128 0079 SCHWIKOWSKI B, 2000, NAT BIOTECHNOL, V18, P1257 0080 SHARAN R, 2005, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V102, P1974 0081 SNEL B, 2002, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V99, P5890 0082 SPIRIN V, 2003, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V100, P12123 0083 UETZ P, 2000, NATURE, V403, P623 0084 VAZQUEZ A, 2003, COMPLEXUS, V1, P38 0085 VESPIGNANI A, 2003, NAT GENET, V35, P118 0086 VIDAL M, 2005, FEBS LETT, V579, P1834 0087 VONMERING C, 2002, NATURE, V417, P399 0088 VONMERING C, 2003, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V100, P15428 0089 WALHOUT AJM, 2000, SCIENCE, V287, P116 0090 WILLIAMS EJB, 2000, NATURE, V407, P900 0091 WUCHTY S, 2002, PROTEOMICS, V2, P1715 0092 WUCHTY S, 2003, NAT GENET, V35, P176 0093 WUCHTY S, 2004, GENOME RES, V14, P1310 0094 WUCHTY S, 2005, PROTEOMICS, V5, P444 0095 XENARIOS I, 2002, NUCLEIC ACIDS RES, V30, P303 0096 NR 42 0097 TC 7 0098 PU BIOMED CENTRAL LTD 0099 PI LONDON 0100 PA MIDDLESEX HOUSE, 34-42 CLEVELAND ST, LONDON W1T 4LB, ENGLAND 0101 SN 1471-2148 0102 J9 BMC EVOL BIOL 0103 JI BMC Evol. Biol. 0104 PD JAN 30 0105 PY 2006 0106 VL 6 0107 AR 8 0108 DI ARTN 8 0109 PG 10 0110 SC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity 0111 GA 019ZP 0112 UT ISI:000235877800001 0113 ER 0114 0115 PT J 0116 AU Balazsi, G 0117 Barabasi, AL 0118 Oltvai, ZN 0119 TI Functional organization of transcriptional-regulatory networks 0120 SO FEBS JOURNAL 0121 LA English 0122 DT Meeting Abstract 0123 C1 Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Pathol, Pittsburgh, PA USA. 0124 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 0125 EM oltvai@pitt.edu 0126 NR 0 0127 TC 0 0128 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING 0129 PI OXFORD 0130 PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND 0131 SN 1742-464X 0132 J9 FEBS J 0133 JI FEBS J. 0134 PD JUL 0135 PY 2005 0136 VL 272 0137 SU Suppl. 1 0138 BP 103 0139 EP 103 0140 PG 1 0141 SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology 0142 GA 005MG 0143 UT ISI:000234826100349 0144 ER 0145 0146 PT J 0147 AU Barabasi, AL 0148 TI Network biology: from the metabolism to protein interactions 0149 SO FEBS JOURNAL 0150 LA English 0151 DT Meeting Abstract 0152 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 0153 EM alb@nd.edu 0154 NR 0 0155 TC 0 0156 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING 0157 PI OXFORD 0158 PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND 0159 SN 1742-464X 0160 J9 FEBS J 0161 JI FEBS J. 0162 PD JUL 0163 PY 2005 0164 VL 272 0165 SU Suppl. 1 0166 BP 433 0167 EP 433 0168 PG 1 0169 SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology 0170 GA 005MG 0171 UT ISI:000234826102297 0172 ER 0173 0174 0175 PT J 0176 AU Barabasi, AL 0177 TI Taming complexity 0178 SO NATURE PHYSICS 0179 LA English 0180 DT Editorial Material 0181 ID SMALL-WORLD NETWORKS; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; METABOLIC NETWORKS; INTERNET 0182 C1 Harvard Univ, Dana Farber Canc Inst, Ctr Canc Syst Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA. 0183 Univ Notre Dame, Ctr Complex Network Res, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 0184 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 0185 RP Barabasi, AL, Harvard Univ, Dana Farber Canc Inst, Ctr Canc Syst Biol, 0186 Boston, MA 02115 USA. 0187 EM alb@nd.edu 0188 CR *NAT RES COUNC, 2005, NETW SCI 0189 ALBERT R, 1999, NATURE, V401, P130 0190 ALBERT R, 2000, NATURE, V406, P378 0191 AMARAL LAN, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P11149 0192 BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509 0193 BIANCONI G, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P5632 0194 BOLLOBAS B, 2001, RANDOM GRAPHS 0195 CALDARELLI G, 2002, PHYS REV LETT, V89 0196 COHEN R, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P4626 0197 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2002, ADV PHYS, V51, P1079 0198 EBEL H, 2002, PHYS REV E 2A, V66 0199 ERDOS P, 1959, PUBL MATH-DEBRECEN, V6, P290 0200 EUBANK S, 2004, NATURE, V429, P180 0201 FALOUTSOS M, 1999, COMP COMM R, V29, P251 0202 GIRVAN M, 2002, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V99, P7821 0203 JEONG H, 2000, NATURE, V407, P651 0204 KRAPIVSKY PL, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P4629 0205 MILO R, 2002, SCIENCE, V298, P824 0206 PALLA G, 2005, NATURE, V435, P814 0207 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P3200 0208 WAGNER A, 2001, P ROY SOC LOND B BIO, V268, P1803 0209 WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440 0210 NR 22 0211 TC 2 0212 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP 0213 PI LONDON 0214 PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND 0215 SN 1745-2473 0216 J9 NAT PHYS 0217 JI Nat. Phys. 0218 PD NOV 0219 PY 2005 0220 VL 1 0221 IS 2 0222 BP 68 0223 EP 70 0224 PG 3 0225 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 0226 GA 006HJ 0227 UT ISI:000234888300002 0228 ER 0229 0230 0231 PT J 0232 AU Macdonald, PJ 0233 Almaas, E 0234 Barabasi, AL 0235 TI Minimum spanning trees of weighted scale-free networks 0236 SO EUROPHYSICS LETTERS 0237 LA English 0238 DT Article 0239 ID COMPLEX NETWORKS; PERCOLATION; OPTIMIZATION; INTERNET 0240 AB A complete characterization of real networks requires us to understand 0241 the consequences of the uneven interaction strengths between a system's 0242 components. Here we use minimum spanning trees (MSTs) to explore the 0243 effect of correlations between link weights and network topology on 0244 scale-free networks. Solely by changing the nature of the correlations 0245 between weights and network topology, the structure of the MSTs can 0246 change from scale-free to exponential. Additionally, for some choices 0247 of weight correlations, the efficiency of the MSTs increases with 0248 increasing network size, a result with potential implications for the 0249 design and scalability of communication networks. 0250 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Ctr Network Res, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 0251 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 0252 RP Macdonald, PJ, Univ Notre Dame, Ctr Network Res, Notre Dame, IN 46556 0253 USA. 0254 EM alb@nd.edu 0255 CR ABDELWAHAB H, 1997, INFORM SCIENCES, V101, P47 0256 ALBERT R, 2000, NATURE, V406, P378 0257 ALBERT R, 2002, REV MOD PHYS, V74, P47 0258 ALMAAS E, 2004, NATURE, V427, P839 0259 AMARAL LAN, 2004, EUR PHYS J B, V38, P143 0260 BARABASI AL, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V76, P3750 0261 BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509 0262 BARRAT A, 2004, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V101, P3747 0263 BARRAT A, 2004, PHYS REV E 2, V70 0264 BERLOW EL, 1999, NATURE, V398, P330 0265 BRAUNSTEIN LA, 2003, PHYS REV LETT, V91 0266 CALLAWAY DS, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P5468 0267 CLAUSET A, 2005, PHYS REV LETT, V94 0268 COHEN R, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P4626 0269 DOBRIN R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P5076 0270 GOH KI, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V87 0271 GRANOVET.MS, 1973, AM J SOCIOL, V78, P1360 0272 HOGG RV, 1995, INTRO MATH STAT 0273 KILPATRICK AM, 2003, NATURE, V422, P65 0274 KIM DH, 2004, PHYS REV E 2, V70 0275 KRAPIVSKY PL, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V63 0276 NEWMAN MEJ, 2003, SIAM REV, V45, P167 0277 NEWMAN MEJ, 2005, STRUCTURE GROWTH NET 0278 OLIVEIRA CAS, 2005, COMPUT OPER RES, V32, P1953 0279 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P3200 0280 PRIM RC, 1957, BELL SYST TECH J, V36, P1389 0281 SCHMITTBUHL J, 1993, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V26, P6115 0282 SREENIVASAN S, 2004, PHYS REV E 2, V70 0283 STAUFFER D, 1994, INTRO PERCOLATION TH 0284 STROGATZ SH, 2001, NATURE, V410, P268 0285 SZABO GJ, 2003, PHYSICA A, V330, P31 0286 TOROCZKAI Z, 2004, NATURE, V428, P716 0287 VICSEK T, 1992, GROWTH PHENOMENA 0288 WAN PJ, 2002, WIREL NETW, V8, P607 0289 YOOK SH, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P5835 0290 NR 35 0291 TC 14 0292 PU EDP SCIENCES S A 0293 PI LES ULIS CEDEX A 0294 PA 17, AVE DU HOGGAR, PA COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEX A, 0295 FRANCE 0296 SN 0295-5075 0297 J9 EUROPHYS LETT 0298 JI Europhys. Lett. 0299 PD OCT 0300 PY 2005 0301 VL 72 0302 IS 2 0303 BP 308 0304 EP 314 0305 PG 7 0306 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 0307 GA 983NF 0308 UT ISI:000233238500024 0309 ER 0310 0311 0312 PT J 0313 AU Oliveira, JG 0314 Barabasi, AL 0315 TI Human dynamics: Darwin and Einstein correspondence patterns 0316 SO NATURE 0317 LA English 0318 DT Editorial Material 0319 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Ctr Complex Network Res, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 0320 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 0321 Univ Aveiro, Dept Fis, P-3810193 Aveiro, Portugal. 0322 Harvard Univ, Dana Farber Canc Inst, Ctr Canc Syst Biol, Boston, MA 02115 USA. 0323 RP Oliveira, JG, Univ Notre Dame, Ctr Complex Network Res, Notre Dame, IN 0324 46556 USA. 0325 EM alb@nd.edu 0326 CR 1984, CORRES C DARWIN, V1 0327 1993, COLLECTED PAPERS A E, V1 0328 1993, COLLECTED PAPERS A E, V5 0329 1993, COLLECTED PAPERS A E, V8 0330 1993, COLLECTED PAPERS A E, V9 0331 ABATE J, 1997, QUEUEING SYST, V25, P173 0332 BARABASI AL, 2005, NATURE, V435, P207 0333 BUNDE A, 2004, PHYSICA A, V342, P308 0334 COBHAM A, 1954, OPER RES, V2, P70 0335 KALUZA T, 1921, SITZUNGSBERICHTE PRE, V54, P966 0336 NR 10 0337 TC 15 0338 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP 0339 PI LONDON 0340 PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND 0341 SN 0028-0836 0342 J9 NATURE 0343 JI Nature 0344 PD OCT 27 0345 PY 2005 0346 VL 437 0347 IS 7063 0348 BP 1251 0349 EP 1251 0350 PG 1 0351 SC Multidisciplinary Sciences 0352 GA 977UQ 0353 UT ISI:000232829100032 0354 ER 0355 0356 0357 PT J 0358 AU Balazsi, G 0359 Barabasi, AL 0360 Oltvai, ZN 0361 TI Topological units of environmental signal processing in the 0362 transcriptional regulatory network of Escherichia coli 0363 SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF 0364 AMERICA 0365 LA English 0366 DT Article 0367 DE cellular networks; regulation; transcription 0368 ID SINGULAR-VALUE DECOMPOSITION; COMPLEX NETWORKS; GENOME; BINDING; 0369 MOTIFS; OPERON; DYNAMICS; PATTERNS; MODEL; FNR 0370 AB Recent evidence indicates that potential interactions within metabolic, 0371 protein-protein interaction, and transcriptional regulatory networks 0372 are used differentially according to the environmental conditions in 0373 which a cell exists. However, the topological units underlying such 0374 differential utilization are not understood. Here we use the 0375 transcriptional regulatory network of Escherichia coli to identify such 0376 units, called origons, representing regulatory sub-networks that 0377 originate at a distinct class of sensor transcription factors. Using 0378 microarray data, we find that specific environmental signals affect 0379 mRNA expression levels significantly only within the origons 0380 responsible for their detection and processing. We also show that small 0381 regulatory interaction patterns, called subgraphs and motifs, occupy 0382 distinct positions in and between origons, offering insights into their 0383 dynamical role in information processing. The identified features are 0384 likely to represent a general framework for environmental signal 0385 processing in prokaryotes. 0386 C1 Northwestern Univ, Dept Pathol, Chicago, IL 60611 USA. 0387 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 0388 Univ Notre Dame, Ctr Complex Networks Res, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 0389 Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Pathol, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA. 0390 RP Oltvai, ZN, Northwestern Univ, Dept Pathol, Chicago, IL 60611 USA. 0391 EM oltvai@pitt.edu 0392 CR ALLEN TE, 2003, J BACTERIOL, V185, P6392 0393 ALTER O, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P10101 0394 BOLOURI H, 2002, BIOESSAYS, V24, P1118 0395 BUCHLER NE, 2003, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V100, P5136 0396 CHANG DE, 2002, MOL MICROBIOL, V45, P289 0397 CONANT GC, 2004, NAT GENET, V34, P264 0398 CRACK J, 2004, J BIOL CHEM, V279, P9278 0399 DOBRIN R, 2004, BMC BIOINFORMATICS, V5 0400 GUELZIM N, 2002, NAT GENET, V31, P60 0401 HARBISON CT, 2004, NATURE, V431, P99 0402 HOLTER NS, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P8409 0403 KALIR S, 2004, CELL, V117, P713 0404 KILEY PJ, 1998, FEMS MICROBIOL REV, V22, P341 0405 LIAO JC, 2003, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V100, P15522 0406 LIEB JD, 2001, NAT GENET, V28, P327 0407 LUSCOMBE NM, 2004, NATURE, V431, P308 0408 MA HW, 2004, BMC BIOINFORMATICS, V5 0409 MANGAN S, 2003, J MOL BIOL, V334, P197 0410 MANGAN S, 2003, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V100, P11980 0411 MARTINEZANTONIO A, 2003, CURR OPIN MICROBIOL, V6, P482 0412 MIDDENDORF M, 2005, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V102, P3192 0413 MILO R, 2002, SCIENCE, V298, P824 0414 MUKHERJEE S, 2004, NAT GENET, V36, P1331 0415 NEIDHARDT FC, 1990, PHYSL BACTERIAL CELL 0416 NEIDHARDT FC, 1996, ESCHERICHIA COLI SAL 0417 PRITSKER M, 2004, GENOME RES, V14, P99 0418 REN B, 2000, SCIENCE, V290, P2306 0419 SALGADO H, 2004, NUCLEIC ACIDS RES, V32, D303 0420 SANTILLAN M, 2001, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V98, P1364 0421 SANTILLAN M, 2004, BIOPHYS J, V86, P1282 0422 SETTY Y, 2003, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V100, P7702 0423 SHENORR SS, 2002, NAT GENET, V31, P64 0424 SIMPSON ML, 2004, J THEOR BIOL, V229, P383 0425 THIEFFRY D, 1998, BIOESSAYS, V20, P433 0426 VAZQUEZ A, 2004, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V101, P17940 0427 YEUNG MKS, 2002, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V99, P6163 0428 ZEITLINGER J, 2003, CELL, V113, P395 0429 NR 37 0430 TC 29 0431 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES 0432 PI WASHINGTON 0433 PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA 0434 SN 0027-8424 0435 J9 PROC NAT ACAD SCI USA 0436 JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 0437 PD MAY 31 0438 PY 2005 0439 VL 102 0440 IS 22 0441 BP 7841 0442 EP 7846 0443 PG 6 0444 SC Multidisciplinary Sciences 0445 GA 932CE 0446 UT ISI:000229531000013 0447 ER 0448 0449 0450 PT J 0451 AU Barabasi, AL 0452 TI The origin of bursts and heavy tails in human dynamics 0453 SO NATURE 0454 LA English 0455 DT Article 0456 ID MODEL 0457 AB The dynamics of many social, technological and economic phenomena are 0458 driven by individual human actions, turning the quantitative 0459 understanding of human behaviour into a central question of modern 0460 science. Current models of human dynamics, used from risk assessment to 0461 communications, assume that human actions are randomly distributed in 0462 time and thus well approximated by Poisson processes(1-3). In contrast, 0463 there is increasing evidence that the timing of many human activities, 0464 ranging from communication to entertainment and work patterns, follow 0465 non-Poisson statistics, characterized by bursts of rapidly occurring 0466 events separated by long periods of inactivity(4-8). Here I show that 0467 the bursty nature of human behaviour is a consequence of a 0468 decision-based queuing process(9,10): when individuals execute tasks 0469 based on some perceived priority, the timing of the tasks will be heavy 0470 tailed, with most tasks being rapidly executed, whereas a few 0471 experience very long waiting times. In contrast, random or priority 0472 blind execution is well approximated by uniform inter-event statistics. 0473 These finding have important implications, ranging from resource 0474 management to service allocation, in both communications and retail. 0475 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Ctr Complex Networks Res, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 0476 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 0477 RP Barabasi, AL, Univ Notre Dame, Ctr Complex Networks Res, Notre Dame, IN 0478 46556 USA. 0479 EM alb@nd.edu 0480 CR ANDERSON HR, 2003, FIXED BROADBAND WIRE 0481 BAK P, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P4083 0482 CALDARELLI G, 1997, EUROPHYS LETT, V40, P479 0483 COBHAM A, 1954, OPER RES, V2, P70 0484 COHEN JW, 1969, SINGLE SERVER QUEUE 0485 CROVELLA ME, 1997, IEEE ACM T NETWORK, V5, P835 0486 DEWES C, 2003, P 2003 ACM SIGCOMM C 0487 EBEL H, 2002, PHYS REV E, V66, P35103 0488 ECKMANN JP, 2004, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V101, P14333 0489 EUBANK S, 2004, NATURE, V429, P180 0490 GREENE JH, 1997, PRODUCTION INVENTORY 0491 HAIGHT FA, 1967, HDB POISSON DISTRIBU 0492 HARDER U, 2004, CORRELATED DYNAMICS 0493 HARRIS CM, 2000, INFORMS J COMPUT, V12, P261 0494 HELBING D, 2000, NATURE, V407, P487 0495 HENDERSON T, 2001, P ACM MULT 2001 OTT, P212 0496 JENSEN HJ, 1998, SELF ORG CRITICALITY 0497 KLEBAN SD, 2003, P SC2003 0498 KLEINBERG J, 2002, P 8 ACM SIGKDD INT C, P91 0499 LEIGHTON FT, 1994, COMBINATORICA, V14, P167 0500 MANRUBIA SC, 1999, FRACTALS, V7, P1 0501 MASOLIVER J, 2003, PHYS REV E 1, V67 0502 MILLER GA, 1956, PSYCHOL REV, V63, P8197 0503 MITZENMACHER M, 2004, INTERNET MATH, V1, P226 0504 PARK K, 2000, SELF SIMILAR NETWORK 0505 PAXSON V, 1995, IEEE ACM T NETWORK, V3, P226 0506 REYNOLDS P, 2003, CALL CTR STAFFING 0507 VISWANATHAN GM, 1999, NATURE, V401, P911 0508 NR 28 0509 TC 32 0510 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP 0511 PI LONDON 0512 PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND 0513 SN 0028-0836 0514 J9 NATURE 0515 JI Nature 0516 PD MAY 12 0517 PY 2005 0518 VL 435 0519 IS 7039 0520 BP 207 0521 EP 211 0522 PG 5 0523 SC Multidisciplinary Sciences 0524 GA 924ZO 0525 UT ISI:000229021100041 0526 ER 0527 0528 0529 PT J 0530 AU Barabasi, AL 0531 TI Network theory - The emergence of the creative enterprise 0532 SO SCIENCE 0533 LA English 0534 DT Editorial Material 0535 ID COMPLEX NETWORKS 0536 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Ctr Complex Network Res, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 0537 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 0538 RP Barabasi, AL, Univ Notre Dame, Ctr Complex Network Res, Notre Dame, IN 0539 46556 USA. 0540 EM alb@nd.edu 0541 CR ALBERT R, 2002, REV MOD PHYS, V74, P47 0542 ASIMOV I, 1991, FDN EMPIRE 0543 BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509 0544 BARABASI AL, 2002, PHYSICA A, V311, P590 0545 BARABASI AL, 2004, NAT REV GENET, V5, P101 0546 BENNAIM E, 2004, COMPLEX NETWORKS 0547 BOLLOBAS B, 2001, RANDOM GRAPHS 0548 BORNHOLDT S, 2003, HDB GRAPHS NETWORKS 0549 COLLINS R, 1998, SOCIOLOGY PHILOS 0550 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2003, EVOLUTION NETWORKS B 0551 GUIMERA R, 2005, SCIENCE, V308, P697 0552 NEWMAN MEJ, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64 0553 PASTORSATORRAS A, 2004, EVOLUTION STRUCTURE 0554 STROGATZ SH, 2001, NATURE, V410, P268 0555 NR 14 0556 TC 7 0557 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE 0558 PI WASHINGTON 0559 PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA 0560 SN 0036-8075 0561 J9 SCIENCE 0562 JI Science 0563 PD APR 29 0564 PY 2005 0565 VL 308 0566 IS 5722 0567 BP 639 0568 EP 641 0569 PG 3 0570 SC Multidisciplinary Sciences 0571 GA 922BO 0572 UT ISI:000228810900032 0573 ER 0574 0575 PT J 0576 AU Vazquez, A 0577 Oliveira, JG 0578 Barabasi, AL 0579 TI Inhomogeneous evolution of subgraphs and cycles in complex networks 0580 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E 0581 LA English 0582 DT Article 0583 ID MOTIFS 0584 AB Subgraphs and cycles are often used to characterize the local 0585 properties of complex networks. Here we show that the subgraph 0586 structure of real networks is highly time dependent: as the network 0587 grows, the density of some subgraphs remains unchanged, while the 0588 density of others increase at a rate that is determined by the 0589 network's degree distribution and clustering properties. This 0590 inhomogeneous evolution process, supported by direct measurements on 0591 several real networks, leads to systematic shifts in the overall 0592 subgraph spectrum and to an inevitable overrepresentation of some 0593 subgraphs and cycles. 0594 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 0595 Univ Notre Dame, Ctr Complex Network Res, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 0596 Univ Aveiro, Dept Fis, P-3810193 Aveiro, Portugal. 0597 RP Vazquez, A, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 0598 CR ALBERT R, 2002, REV MOD PHYS, V74, P47 0599 BARABASI AL, 2002, PHYSICA A, V311, P590 0600 BEARMAN P, 1997, AM J SOCIOL, V102, P1383 0601 BERNSTEIN M, 1999, ACM COMPUT SURV, V31, P19 0602 BIANCONI G, CONDMAT0310339 0603 BIANCONI G, CONDMAT0408349 0604 BIANCONI G, 2003, PHYS REV LETT, V90 0605 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2002, PHYS REV E 2, V65 0606 MARINARI E, CONDMAT0407253 0607 MILO R, 2002, SCIENCE, V298, P824 0608 PASTORSATORRAS P, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V87 0609 PETERMANN T, 2004, PHYS REV E 2, V69 0610 ROZENFELD HD, CONDMAT0403536 0611 SERGI D, CONDMAT0412472 0612 SHENORR SS, 2002, NAT GENET, V31, P64 0613 TOROCZKAI Z, 2004, NATURE, V428, P716 0614 ULANOWICZ RE, 1983, MATH BIOSCI, V65, P219 0615 VAZQUEZ A, 2002, PHYS REV E 2, V65 0616 VAZQUEZ A, 2004, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V101, P17940 0617 WUCHTY S, 2003, NAT GENET, V35, P118 0618 YOOK SH, UNPUB 0619 NR 21 0620 TC 5 0621 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 0622 PI COLLEGE PK 0623 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 0624 SN 1063-651X 0625 J9 PHYS REV E 0626 JI Phys. Rev. E 0627 PD FEB 0628 PY 2005 0629 VL 71 0630 IS 2 0631 PN Part 2 0632 AR 025103 0633 DI ARTN 025103 0634 PG 4 0635 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical 0636 GA 914RV 0637 UT ISI:000228246200003 0638 ER 0639 0640 PT J 0641 AU Makeev, MA 0642 Derenyi, I 0643 Barabasi, AL 0644 TI Emergence of large-scale vorticity during diffusion in a random 0645 potential under an alternating bias 0646 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E 0647 LA English 0648 DT Article 0649 ID DISORDERED MEDIA; MOLECULAR MOTORS; FIELD; RATCHETS; SYSTEMS; DRIVEN; 0650 MOTION 0651 AB Conventional wisdom indicates that the presence of an alternating 0652 driving force will not change the long-term behavior of a Brownian 0653 particle moving in a random potential. Although this is true in one 0654 dimension, here we offer direct evidence that the inevitable local 0655 symmetry breaking present in a two-dimensional random potential leads 0656 to the emergence of a local ratchet effect that generates large-scale 0657 vorticity patterns consisting of steady-state net diffusive currents. 0658 For small fields the spatial correlation function of the current 0659 follows a logarithmic distance dependence, while for large external 0660 fields both the vorticity and the correlations gradually disappear. We 0661 uncover the scaling laws characterizing this unique pattern formation 0662 process, and discuss their potential relevance to real systems. 0663 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46566 USA. 0664 Lorand Eotvos Univ, Dept Biol Phys, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary. 0665 RP Makeev, MA, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46566 USA. 0666 EM makeev@usc.edu 0667 derenyi@elte.hu 0668 alb@nd.edu 0669 CR AJDARI A, 1992, CR ACAD SCI II-MEC P, V315, P1635 0670 ALEXANDER S, 1981, REV MOD PHYS, V53, P175 0671 ANDRADE JS, 2001, PHYS REV E 1, V63 0672 ASTUMIAN RD, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P1766 0673 ASTUMIAN RD, 1997, SCIENCE, V276, P917 0674 BOUCHAUD JP, 1990, PHYS REP, V195, P127 0675 CECCONI F, 2002, PHYS REV LETT, V89 0676 CILIBERTI S, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P4848 0677 HASTINGS MB, 2003, PHYS REV LETT, V90 0678 HAVLIN S, 1987, ADV PHYS, V36, P695 0679 HIRTH JP, 1968, THEORY DISLOCATIONS 0680 JULICHER F, 1997, REV MOD PHYS, V69, P1269 0681 KEHR KW, 1997, PHYS REV E A, V56, R2351 0682 LEE CS, 1999, NATURE, V400, P337 0683 LOPEZ E, 2003, PHYS REV E 2, V67 0684 MAGNASCO MO, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P1477 0685 MAKEEV MA, UNPUB 0686 NATTERMANN T, 1988, PHASE TRANSIT, V11, P5 0687 NITTMANN J, 1985, NATURE, V314, P141 0688 PRESS WH, 1992, NUMERICAL RECIPES 0689 RICHARDSON LF, 1926, P R SOC LOND A-CONTA, V110, P709 0690 ROBERTSON B, 1991, J CHEM PHYS, V94, P7414 0691 VILLEGAS JE, 2003, SCIENCE, V302, P1188 0692 ZHANG KQ, 2004, NATURE, V429, P739 0693 NR 24 0694 TC 2 0695 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 0696 PI COLLEGE PK 0697 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 0698 SN 1063-651X 0699 J9 PHYS REV E 0700 JI Phys. Rev. E 0701 PD FEB 0702 PY 2005 0703 VL 71 0704 IS 2 0705 PN Part 2 0706 AR 026112 0707 DI ARTN 026112 0708 PG 4 0709 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical 0710 GA 914RV 0711 UT ISI:000228246200021 0712 ER 0713 0714 PT J 0715 AU Eisler, Z 0716 Kertesz, J 0717 Yook, SH 0718 Barabasi, AL 0719 TI Multiscaling and non-universality in fluctuations of driven complex 0720 systems 0721 SO EUROPHYSICS LETTERS 0722 LA English 0723 DT Article 0724 ID STOCK-PRICES; MARKETS 0725 AB For many externally driven complex systems neither the noisy driving 0726 force, nor the internal dynamics are a priori known. Here we focus on 0727 systems for which the time-dependent activity of a large number of 0728 components can be monitored, allowing us to separate each signal into a 0729 component attributed to the external driving force and one to the 0730 internal dynamics. We propose a formalism to capture the potential 0731 multiscaling in the fluctuations and apply it to the high-frequency 0732 trading records of the New York Stock Exchange. We find that on the 0733 time scale of minutes the dynamics is governed by internal processes, 0734 while on a daily or longer scale the external factors dominate. This 0735 transition from internal to external dynamics induces systematic 0736 changes in the scaling exponents, offering direct evidence of 0737 non-universality in the system. 0738 C1 Budapest Univ Technol & Econ, Dept Theoret Phys, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary. 0739 Helsinki Univ Technol, Lab Computat Engn, FIN-02150 Espoo, Finland. 0740 Univ Notre Dame, Ctr Complex Network Res, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 0741 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 0742 RP Eisler, Z, Budapest Univ Technol & Econ, Dept Theoret Phys, H-1111 0743 Budapest, Hungary. 0744 EM eisier@maxwell.phy.bme.hu 0745 CR 2003, TRADES QUOTES DATABA 0746 BARABASI AL, 2003, LINKED 0747 BARYAM Y, 2000, UNIFYING THEMES COMP 0748 BONANNO G, 2001, QUANTITATIVE FINANCE, V1, P96 0749 BONANNO G, 2004, EUR PHYS J B, V38, P363 0750 BOUCHAUD JP, 2000, THEORY FINANCIAL RIS 0751 COWAN G, 1999, COMPLEXITY METAPHORS 0752 CUTLER DM, 1989, J PORTFOLIO MANAGE, V15, P4 0753 DEMENEZES MA, UNPUB 0754 DEMENEZES MA, 2004, PHYS REV LETT, V92, P28701 0755 DEMENEZES MA, 2004, PHYS REV LETT, V93, P68701 0756 EILSER Z, IN PRESS 0757 EPPS TW, 1979, J AM STAT ASSOC, V74, P291 0758 GOPIKRISHNAN P, 2000, PHYS REV E, V62, P4493 0759 KADANOFF LP, 1991, CHINESE J PHYS, V29, P613 0760 KULLMANN L, 1999, PHYSICA A, V269, P98 0761 MANTEGNA RN, 1999, INTRO ECONOPHYSICS 0762 MATIA K, 2003, EUROPHYS LETT, V61, P422 0763 SORNETTE D, 2003, PHYSICA A, V318, P577 0764 STANLEY HE, 1971, INTRO PHASE TRANSITI 0765 VICSEK T, 1992, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO 0766 ZAWADOWSK AG, 2002, PHYSICA A, V316, P403 0767 NR 22 0768 TC 10 0769 PU E D P SCIENCES 0770 PI LES ULIS CEDEX A 0771 PA 17, AVE DU HOGGAR, PA COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEX A, 0772 FRANCE 0773 SN 0295-5075 0774 J9 EUROPHYS LETT 0775 JI Europhys. Lett. 0776 PD FEB 0777 PY 2005 0778 VL 69 0779 IS 4 0780 BP 664 0781 EP 670 0782 PG 7 0783 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 0784 GA 900LS 0785 UT ISI:000227217000027 0786 ER 0787 0788 PT J 0789 AU Vazquez, A 0790 Dobrin, R 0791 Sergi, D 0792 Eckmann, JP 0793 Oltvai, ZN 0794 Barabasi, AL 0795 TI The topological relationship between the large-scale attributes and 0796 local interaction patterns of complex networks 0797 SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF 0798 AMERICA 0799 LA English 0800 DT Article 0801 DE aggregation; subgraphs 0802 ID TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATORY NETWORK; METABOLIC NETWORKS; 0803 ESCHERICHIA-COLI; GENE-EXPRESSION; SMALL-WORLD; ORGANIZATION; MOTIFS; 0804 DUPLICATION; DYNAMICS; GROWTH 0805 AB Recent evidence indicates that the abundance of recurring elementary 0806 interaction patterns in complex networks, often called subgraphs or 0807 motifs, carry significant information about their function and overall 0808 organization. Yet, the underlying reasons for the variable quantity of 0809 different subgraph types, their propensity to form clusters, and their 0810 relationship with the networks' global organization remain poorly 0811 understood. Here we show that a network's large-scale topological 0812 organization and its local subgraph structure mutually define and 0813 predict each other, as confirmed by direct measurements in five well 0814 studied cellular networks. We also demonstrate the inherent existence 0815 of two distinct classes of subgraphs, and show that, in contrast to the 0816 low-density type II subgraphs, the highly abundant type I subgraphs 0817 cannot exist in isolation but must naturally aggregate into subgraph 0818 clusters. The identified topological framework may have important 0819 implications for our understanding of the origin and function of 0820 subgraphs in all complex networks. 0821 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 0822 Univ Notre Dame, Ctr Complex Network Res, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 0823 Northwestern Univ, Dept Pathol, Chicago, IL 60611 USA. 0824 Univ Geneva, Dept Phys Theor, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. 0825 Univ Geneva, Sect Math, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. 0826 RP Barabasi, AL, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 0827 EM alb@nd.edu 0828 CR ALBERT R, 2002, REV MOD PHYS, V74, P47 0829 BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509 0830 BARABASI AL, 2004, NAT REV GENET, V5, P101 0831 BASU S, 2004, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V101, P6355 0832 BHAN A, 2002, BIOINFORMATICS, V18, P1486 0833 BIANCONI G, 2003, PHYS REV LETT, V90 0834 COHEN R, 2004, ARXIVCONDMAT0305582 0835 DOBRIN R, 2004, BMC BIOINFORMATICS, V5 0836 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2002, PHYS REV E 2, V65 0837 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2003, EVOLUTION NETWORKS B 0838 ECHMANN JP, 2002, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V99, P5825 0839 FUKUDA K, 2003, EUROPHYS LETT, V62, P189 0840 GLEISS PM, 2001, ADV COMPLEX SYST, V1, P1 0841 GUELZIM N, 2002, NAT GENET, V31, P60 0842 HINMAN VF, 2003, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V100, P13356 0843 ITZKOVITZ S, 2003, PHYS REV E 2, V68 0844 JEONG H, 2000, NATURE, V407, P651 0845 JEONG H, 2001, NATURE, V411, P41 0846 LEE TI, 2002, SCIENCE, V298, P799 0847 MANGAN S, 2003, J MOL BIOL, V334, P197 0848 MANGAN S, 2003, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V100, P11980 0849 MILO R, 2002, SCIENCE, V298, P824 0850 MILO R, 2004, SCIENCE, V303, P1538 0851 NEWMAN MEJ, 2003, SIAM REV, V45, P167 0852 OVERBEEK R, 2003, NUCLEIC ACIDS RES, V31, P164 0853 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2004, EVOLUTION STRUCTURE 0854 PAUL G, 2004, EUR PHYS J B, V38, P187 0855 QIAN J, 2001, J MOL BIOL, V313, P673 0856 RAVASZ E, 2002, SCIENCE, V297, P1551 0857 RZHETSKY A, 2001, BIOINFORMATICS, V17, P988 0858 SALWINSKI L, 2004, NUCLEIC ACIDS RES, V32, D449 0859 SHENORR SS, 2002, NAT GENET, V31, P64 0860 SOLE RV, 2002, ADV COMPLEX SYST, V5, P43 0861 TEICHMANN SA, 2004, NAT GENET, V36, P492 0862 VAZQUEZ A, 2003, COMPLEXUS, V1, P38 0863 WAGNER A, 2001, MOL BIOL EVOL, V18, P1283 0864 WAGNER A, 2001, P ROY SOC LOND B BIO, V268, P1803 0865 WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440 0866 NR 38 0867 TC 44 0868 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES 0869 PI WASHINGTON 0870 PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA 0871 SN 0027-8424 0872 J9 PROC NAT ACAD SCI USA 0873 JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 0874 PD DEC 28 0875 PY 2004 0876 VL 101 0877 IS 52 0878 BP 17940 0879 EP 17945 0880 PG 6 0881 SC Multidisciplinary Sciences 0882 GA 884RD 0883 UT ISI:000226102700013 0884 ER 0885 0886 PT J 0887 AU Palla, G 0888 Farkas, I 0889 Derenyi, I 0890 Barabasi, AL 0891 Vicsek, T 0892 TI Reverse engineering of linking preferences from network restructuring 0893 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E 0894 LA English 0895 DT Article 0896 ID STATISTICAL-MECHANICS 0897 AB We provide a method to deduce the preferences governing the 0898 restructuring dynamics of a network from the observed rewiring of the 0899 edges. Our approach is applicable for systems in which the preferences 0900 can be formulated in terms of a single-vertex energy function with f(k) 0901 being the contribution of a node of degree k to the total energy, and 0902 the dynamics obeys the detailed balance. The method is first tested by 0903 Monte Carlo simulations of restructuring graphs with known energies; 0904 then it is used to study variations of real network systems ranging 0905 from the coauthorship network of scientific publications to the asset 0906 graphs of the New York Stock Exchange. The empirical energies obtained 0907 from the restructuring can be described by a universal function f(k) 0908 similar to-k In k, which is consistent with and justifies the validity 0909 of the preferential attachment rule proposed for growing networks. 0910 C1 HAS, Biol Phys Res Grp, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary. 0911 Lorand Eotvos Univ, Dept Biol Phys, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary. 0912 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46566 USA. 0913 RP Palla, G, HAS, Biol Phys Res Grp, Pazmany P Setany 1A, H-1117 Budapest, 0914 Hungary. 0915 CR ALBERT R, 2002, REV MOD PHYS, V74, P47 0916 ARKAS I, 2004, LECT NOTE PHYS, V650, P163 0917 BAIESI M, 2003, PHYS REV E 2, V68 0918 BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509 0919 BARABASI AL, 2002, PHYSICA A, V311, P590 0920 BERG J, 2002, PHYS REV LETT, V89 0921 BURDA Z, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64 0922 BURDA Z, 2003, PHYS REV E 2, V67 0923 DERENYI I, 2004, PHYSICA A, V334, P583 0924 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2003, EVOLUTION NETWORKS B 0925 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2003, NUCL PHYS B, V666, P396 0926 ERDOS P, 1960, PUBL MATH I HUNG, V5, P17 0927 FARKAS I, CONDMAT0401640 0928 JEONG H, 2003, EUROPHYS LETT, V61, P567 0929 KRAPIVSKY PL, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P4629 0930 NEWMAN MEJ, 2001, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V98, P404 0931 NEWMAN MEJ, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64 0932 NEWMAN MEJ, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64 0933 NEWMAN MEJ, 2001, PHYS REV E, V64 0934 ONNELA JP, COMMUNICATION 0935 ONNELA JP, 2003, PHYS SCRIPTA T, V106, P48 0936 PALLA G, 2004, PHYS REV E 2, V69 0937 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2004, EVOLUTION STRUCTURE 0938 WARNER S, COMMUNICATION 0939 WARNER S, 2003, LIB HI TECH, V21, P151 0940 WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440 0941 NR 26 0942 TC 0 0943 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 0944 PI COLLEGE PK 0945 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 0946 SN 1063-651X 0947 J9 PHYS REV E 0948 JI Phys. Rev. E 0949 PD OCT 0950 PY 2004 0951 VL 70 0952 IS 4 0953 PN Part 2 0954 AR 046115 0955 DI ARTN 046115 0956 PG 7 0957 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical 0958 GA 879AU 0959 UT ISI:000225689600023 0960 ER 0961 0962 PT J 0963 AU de Menezes, MA 0964 Barabasi, AL 0965 TI Separating internal and external dynamics of complex systems 0966 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 0967 LA English 0968 DT Article 0969 ID WORLD-WIDE-WEB; TIME-SERIES; NETWORKS 0970 AB The observable behavior of a complex system reflects the mechanisms 0971 governing the internal interactions between the system's components and 0972 the effect of external perturbations. Here we show that by capturing 0973 the simultaneous activity of several of the system's components we can 0974 separate the internal dynamics from the external fluctuations. The 0975 method allows us to systematically determine the origin of fluctuations 0976 in various real systems, finding that while the Internet and the 0977 computer chip have robust internal dynamics, highway and Web traffic 0978 are driven by external demand. As multichannel measurements are 0979 becoming the norm in most fields, the method could help uncover the 0980 collective dynamics of a wide array of complex systems. 0981 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 0982 RP de Menezes, MA, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 0983 CR ABARBANEL HDI, 1993, REV MOD PHYS, V65, P1331 0984 ALBERT R, 1999, NATURE, V401, P130 0985 ALBERT R, 2002, REV MOD PHYS, V74, P47 0986 BANAVAR JR, 1999, NATURE, V399, P130 0987 CALDARELLI G, 2001, PHYS REV E, V63, P21118 0988 CANCHO RFI, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64 0989 CHOWDHURY D, 2000, PHYS REP, V329, P199 0990 CIEPLAK M, 1998, J STAT PHYS, V91, P1 0991 DEMENEZES MA, 2004, PHYS REV LETT, V92 0992 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2003, EVOLUTION NETWORKS B 0993 HASTY J, 2002, NAT GENET, V31, P13 0994 HOLTER NS, 2001, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V98, P1693 0995 KANTELHARDT JW, 2002, PHYSICA A, V316, P87 0996 KAUTZ H, 1997, NONLINEAR TIME SERIE 0997 KORNISS G, 2003, SCIENCE, V299, P677 0998 LAWRENCE S, 1998, SCIENCE, V280, P98 0999 LIVINA VN, 2003, PHYS REV E 1, V67 1000 MAHER MP, 1999, J NEUROSCI METH, V87, P45 1001 MANTEGNA RN, 2000, INTRO ECONOPHYSICS C 1002 NOH JD, 2004, PHYS REV LETT, V92 1003 PENG CK, 1994, PHYS REV E, V49, P1685 1004 PENG CK, 1995, CHAOS, V5, P82 1005 SIMON G, 2002, PHYSICA A, V307, P516 1006 VAZQUEZ A, 2002, PHYS REV E 2, V65 1007 YOOK SH, 2002, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V99, P13382 1008 NR 25 1009 TC 19 1010 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 1011 PI COLLEGE PK 1012 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 1013 SN 0031-9007 1014 J9 PHYS REV LETT 1015 JI Phys. Rev. Lett. 1016 PD AUG 6 1017 PY 2004 1018 VL 93 1019 IS 6 1020 AR 068701 1021 DI ARTN 068701 1022 PG 4 1023 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 1024 GA 844DS 1025 UT ISI:000223138200058 1026 ER 1027 1028 PT J 1029 AU Makeev, MA 1030 Barabasi, AL 1031 TI Effect of surface morphology on the sputtering yields. I. Ion 1032 sputtering from self-affine surfaces 1033 SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM 1034 INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS 1035 LA English 1036 DT Article 1037 ID KURAMOTO-SIVASHINSKY EQUATION; AUGER-ELECTRON-SPECTROSCOPY; 1038 KARDAR-PARISI-ZHANG; LONG-WAVELENGTH PROPERTIES; AMORPHOUS-CARBON 1039 SURFACES; SCALE INVARIANT SOLUTIONS; BOMBARDED SOLID-SURFACES; SAMPLE 1040 ROTATION; RIPPLE FORMATION; UNIVERSAL PROPERTIES 1041 AB As extensive experimental studies have shown, under certain conditions, 1042 ion bombardment of solid targets induces a random (self-affine) 1043 morphology on the ion-eroded surfaces. The rough morphology development 1044 is known to cause substantial variations in the sputtering yields. In 1045 this article, we present a theoretical model describing the sputter 1046 yields from random, self-affine surfaces subject to energetic ion 1047 bombardment. We employ the Sigmund's theory of ion sputtering, modified 1048 for the case of self-affine surfaces, to compute the sputter yields. We 1049 find that the changes in the sputtering yield, associated with the 1050 non-planar surface morphology, are strongly dependent on the parameters 1051 characterizing the surface roughness (such as the saturation width and 1052 the correlation length) and the incident ion beam (such as the incident 1053 ion energy and the deposited energy widths). It is shown that, for 1054 certain ranges of the parameters variations, surface roughness leads to 1055 substantial enhancements in the yield, with magnitude of the effect 1056 being more than 100%, as compared to the flat surface value. 1057 Furthermore, we find that, depending on the interplay between these 1058 parameters, the surface roughness can both enhance and suppress the 1059 sputter yields. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 1060 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46566 USA. 1061 RP Makeev, MA, Univ So Calif, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Collab Adv Comp & 1062 Simulat, VHE 608,3651 Watt Way, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. 1063 EM makeev@usc.edu 1064 alb@nd.edu 1065 CR ALANISSILA T, 1993, J STAT PHYS, V72, P207 1066 AMAR JG, 1990, PHYS REV A, V41, P3399 1067 BARABASI AL, 1995, FRACTAL CONCEPTS SUR 1068 BEHRISH R, 1981, SPUTTERING PARTICLE, V1 1069 BEHRISH R, 1983, SPUTTERING PARTICLE, V2 1070 BRADLEY RM, 1988, J VAC SCI TECHNOL A, V6, P2390 1071 BRADLEY RM, 1996, APPL PHYS LETT, V68, P3722 1072 BRADLEY RM, 1996, PHYS REV E, V54, P6149 1073 BRUINSMA R, 1992, SURFACE DISORDERING 1074 CARTER G, 1997, APPL PHYS LETT, V71, P3067 1075 CHAN ACT, 1998, SURF SCI, V414, P17 1076 CIRLIN EH, 1990, J VAC SCI TECHNOL A, V8, P4101 1077 CIRLIN EH, 1991, J VAC SCI TECHNOL 2, V9, P1395 1078 CIRLIN EH, 1992, THIN SOLID FILMS, V220, P197 1079 CSAHOK Z, 1996, SURF SCI, V364, L600 1080 CUERNO R, 1995, PHYS REV E, V52, P4853 1081 DASSARMA S, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V66, P325 1082 ECKSTEIN W, 1991, SPRINGER SERIES MAT, V10 1083 EDWARDS SF, 1982, P ROY SOC LOND A MAT, V381, P17 1084 EKLUND EA, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V67, P1759 1085 EKLUND EA, 1993, SURF SCI, V285, P157 1086 FAMILY F, 1991, DYNAMICS FRACTAL SUR 1087 FORREST BM, 1990, J STAT PHYS, V60, P181 1088 GOLUBOVIC L, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V66, P321 1089 GOLUBOVIC L, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V67, P2747 1090 HALPINHEALY T, 1995, PHYS REP, V254, P215 1091 HAYOT F, 1993, PHYS REV E, V47, P911 1092 JAYAPRAKASH C, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P12 1093 JAYAPRAKASH C, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P308 1094 KARDAR M, 1986, PHYS REV LETT, V56, P889 1095 KAREN A, 1990, SECONDARY ION MASS S, V8 1096 KAREN A, 1991, J VAC SCI TECHNOL A, V9, P2247 1097 KAREN A, 1995, SURF INTERFACE ANAL, V23, P506 1098 KELLY R, 1980, SURF SCI, V100, P85 1099 KIM JM, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V62, P2289 1100 KONARSKI P, 1996, VACUUM, V47, P1111 1101 KOPONEN I, 1996, PHYS REV B, V54, P13502 1102 KOPONEN I, 1997, NUCL INSTRUM METH B, V127, P230 1103 KOPONEN I, 1997, NUCL INSTRUM METH B, V129, P349 1104 KOPONEN I, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V78, P2612 1105 KRIM J, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P57 1106 KURAMOTO Y, 1976, PROG THEOR PHYS, V55, P356 1107 KUSTNER M, 1998, NUCL INSTRUM METH B, V145, P320 1108 LVOV V, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P307 1109 LVOV VS, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V69, P3543 1110 LVOV VS, 1993, NONLINEARITY, V6, P25 1111 MAKEEV MA, COMPANION PAPER 1112 MAKEEV MA, 1998, APPL PHYS LETT, V72, P906 1113 MAKEEV MA, 1998, APPL PHYS LETT, V73, P1445 1114 MEAKIN P, 1993, PHYS REP, V235, P189 1115 MOSER K, 1991, PHYSICA A, V178, P215 1116 PROCACCIA I, 1992, PHYS REV A, V46, P3220 1117 SANDER LM, 1990, SOLIDS FAR EQUILIBRI 1118 SHAHEEN MA, 1993, J VAC SCI TECHNOL A, V11, P3085 1119 SIGMUND P, 1969, PHYS REV, V184, P383 1120 SIGMUND P, 1973, J MATER SCI, V8, P1545 1121 SINGER IL, 1981, J VAC SCI TECHNOL, V18, P161 1122 SIVASHINSKY GI, 1979, ACTA ASTRONAUT, V6, P569 1123 SMILGIES DM, 1997, SURF SCI, V377, P1038 1124 SMITH SP, 1990, SECONDARY ION MASS S, V7 1125 SNEPPEN K, 1992, PHYS REV A, V46, P7352 1126 STEVIE FA, 1988, J VAC SCI TECHNOL A, V6, P76 1127 TOWNSEND PD, 1976, ION IMPLANTATION SPU 1128 VAJO JJ, 1996, J VAC SCI TECHNOL A, V14, P2709 1129 VILLAIN J, 1991, J PHYS I, V1, P19 1130 WANG XS, 1996, SURF SCI, V364, L511 1131 WINTERBON KB, 1972, RADIAT EFF, V13, P215 1132 WITTMAACK K, 1990, J VAC SCI TECHNOL 2, V8, P2246 1133 WITTMAACK K, 1992, PRACTICAL SURFACE AN, V2, P105 1134 WOLF DE, 1990, EUROPHYS LETT, V13, P389 1135 WOLF DE, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V67, P1783 1136 YAMAMURA Y, 1987, RADIAT EFF, V103, P25 1137 YANG HN, 1994, PHYS REV B, V50, P7635 1138 ZALAR A, 1985, THIN SOLID FILMS, V124, P223 1139 ZALAR A, 1987, J VAC SCI TECHNOL A, V5, P2979 1140 ZALESKI S, 1989, PHYSICA D, V34, P427 1141 ZEIGLER JF, 1986, STOPPING RANGES IONS, V1 1142 NR 77 1143 TC 3 1144 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV 1145 PI AMSTERDAM 1146 PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS 1147 SN 0168-583X 1148 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH PHYS RES B 1149 JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B-Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms 1150 PD AUG 1151 PY 2004 1152 VL 222 1153 IS 3-4 1154 BP 316 1155 EP 334 1156 PG 19 1157 SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, 1158 Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Nuclear 1159 GA 843XY 1160 UT ISI:000223121800002 1161 ER 1162 1163 PT J 1164 AU Makeev, MA 1165 Barabasi, AL 1166 TI Effect of surface morphology on the sputtering yields. II. Ion 1167 sputtering from rippled surfaces 1168 SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM 1169 INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS 1170 LA English 1171 DT Article 1172 ID AUGER-ELECTRON-SPECTROSCOPY; SAMPLE ROTATION; TOPOGRAPHY CHANGES; DEPTH 1173 RESOLUTION; BOMBARDMENT; GAAS; SI; ROUGHNESS; DIFFUSION; GROWTH 1174 AB Off-normal ion bombardment of solid targets with energetic particles 1175 often leads to development of periodically modulated structures on the 1176 surfaces of eroded materials. Ion-induced surface roughening, in its 1177 turn, causes sputtering yield changes. We report on a comprehensive 1178 theoretical study of the effect of rippled surface morphology on the 1179 sputtering yields. The yield is computed as a function of the 1180 parameters characterizing the surface morphology and the incident ion 1181 beam, using the Sigmund's theory of ion sputtering. We find that the 1182 surface morphology development may cause substantial variations in the 1183 sputter yields, depending on a complex interplay between the parameters 1184 characterizing the ripple structure and the incident ion beam. For 1185 certain realizations of the ripple structure, the surface morphology is 1186 found to induce enhanced, relative to the flat surface value, 1187 sputtering yields. On the other hand, there exist regimes in which the 1188 sputtering yield is suppressed by the surface roughness below the flat 1189 surface result. We confront the obtained theoretical results with 1190 available experimental data and find that our model provides an 1191 excellent qualitative and, in some cases, quantitative agreement with 1192 the results of experimental studies. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights 1193 reserved. 1194 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46566 USA. 1195 RP Makeev, MA, Univ So Calif, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Collab Adv Comp & 1196 Simulat, VHE 608,3651 Watt Way, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. 1197 EM makeev@usc.edu 1198 alb@nd.edu 1199 CR BARBER DJ, 1973, J MATER SCI, V8, P1030 1200 BEHRISH R, 1981, SPUTTERING PARTICLE, V1 1201 BEHRISH R, 1983, SPUTTERING PARTICLE, V2 1202 BRADLEY RM, 1988, J VAC SCI TECHNOL A, V6, P2390 1203 BRADLEY RM, 1996, APPL PHYS LETT, V68, P3722 1204 CARTER G, 1996, PHYS REV B, V54, P17647 1205 CARTER G, 1997, APPL PHYS LETT, V71, P3066 1206 CIRLIN EH, 1990, J VAC SCI TECHNOL A, V8, P4101 1207 CIRLIN EH, 1991, J VAC SCI TECHNOL 2, V9, P1395 1208 CIRLIN EH, 1992, THIN SOLID FILMS, V220, P197 1209 CUERNO R, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V74, P4746 1210 DASSARMA S, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V66, P325 1211 ECKSTEIN W, 1991, SPRINGER SERIES MAT, V10 1212 ELST K, 1993, J VAC SCI TECHNOL B, V11, P1968 1213 ELST K, 1994, J VAC SCI TECHNOL A, V12, P3205 1214 ERLEBACHER J, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V82, P2330 1215 HERRING C, 1950, J APPL PHYS, V21, P301 1216 KAREN A, 1990, SECONDARY ION MASS S, V7, P107 1217 KAREN A, 1991, J VAC SCI TECHNOL A, V9, P2247 1218 KAREN A, 1995, SURF INTERFACE ANAL, V23, P506 1219 KUSTNER M, 1998, NUCL INSTRUM METH B, V145, P320 1220 MACLAREN SW, 1992, J VAC SCI TECHNOL A, V10, P468 1221 MAKEEV MA, 1997, APPL PHYS LETT, V71, P2800 1222 MAKEEV MA, 1998, APPL PHYS LETT, V72, P906 1223 MAKEEV MA, 1998, APPL PHYS LETT, V73, P1445 1224 MAKEEV MA, 2002, NUCL INSTRUM METH B, V197, P185 1225 MAKEEV MA, 2004, NUCL INSTRUM METH B, V222, P316 1226 MAYER TM, 1994, J APPL PHYS, V76, P1633 1227 MULLINS WW, 1957, J APPL PHYS, V28, P333 1228 OECHSNER H, 1975, APPL PHYS, V8, P185 1229 SHICHI H, 1991, JPN J APPL PHYS 2, V30, L927 1230 SIGMUND P, 1969, PHYS REV, V184, P383 1231 SIGMUND P, 1973, J MATER SCI, V8, P1545 1232 SIGMUND P, 1981, SPUTTERING PARTICLE, V1 1233 SMITH SP, 1990, SIMS, V7, P107 1234 STEVIE FA, 1988, J VAC SCI TECHNOL A, V6, P76 1235 TOWNSEND PD, 1976, ION IMPLATATION SPUT 1236 VAJO JJ, 1996, J VAC SCI TECHNOL A, V14, P2709 1237 VASILIU F, 1975, J MATER SCI, V10, P399 1238 WINTERBON KB, 1972, RADIAT EFF, V13, P215 1239 WITTMAACK K, 1990, J VAC SCI TECHNOL 2, V8, P2246 1240 WITTMAACK K, 1992, PRACTICAL SURFACE AN, V2, P105 1241 WOLF DE, 1990, EUROPHYS LETT, V13, P389 1242 YAMAMURA Y, 1987, RADIAT EFF, V103, P25 1243 ZALAR A, 1985, THIN SOLID FILMS, V124, P223 1244 ZALAR A, 1987, J VAC SCI TECHNOL A, V5, P2979 1245 ZEIGLER JF, 1986, STOPPING RANGES IONS, V1 1246 NR 47 1247 TC 4 1248 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV 1249 PI AMSTERDAM 1250 PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS 1251 SN 0168-583X 1252 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH PHYS RES B 1253 JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B-Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms 1254 PD AUG 1255 PY 2004 1256 VL 222 1257 IS 3-4 1258 BP 335 1259 EP 354 1260 PG 20 1261 SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, 1262 Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Nuclear 1263 GA 843XY 1264 UT ISI:000223121800003 1265 ER 1266 1267 PT J 1268 AU Barabasi, AL 1269 de Menezes, MA 1270 Balensiefer, S 1271 Brockman, J 1272 TI Hot spots and universality in network dynamics 1273 SO EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL B 1274 LA English 1275 DT Article 1276 ID WORLD-WIDE-WEB; GENE-EXPRESSION; METABOLIC NETWORKS; COMPLEX NETWORKS; 1277 RANDOM RESISTOR; ORGANIZATION; BEHAVIOR; NOISE 1278 AB Most complex networks serve as conduits for various dynamical 1279 processes, ranging from mass transfer by chemical reactions in the cell 1280 to packet transfer on the Internet. We collected data on the time 1281 dependent activity of five natural and technological networks, finding 1282 evidence of orders of magnitude differences in the fluxes of individual 1283 nodes. This dynamical inhomogeneity reflects the emergence of localized 1284 high flux regions or "hot spots", carrying an overwhelming fraction of 1285 the network's activity. We find that each system is characterized by a 1286 unique scaling law, coupling the flux fluctuations with the total flux 1287 on individual nodes, a result of the competition between the system's 1288 internal collective dynamics and changes in the external environment. 1289 We propose a method to separate these two components, allowing us to 1290 predict the relevant scaling exponents. As high fluctuations can lead 1291 to dynamical bottlenecks and jamming, these findings have a strong 1292 impact on the predictability and failure prevention of complex 1293 transportation networks. 1294 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 1295 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Comp Sci & Engn, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 1296 RP Barabasi, AL, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 1297 EM mdemenez@nd.edu 1298 CR ALBERT R, 1999, NATURE, V401, P130 1299 ALBERT R, 2002, REV MOD PHYS, V74, P47 1300 ALMAAS E, IN PRESS NATURE 1301 BARABASI AL, 1995, FRACTAL CONCEPTS SUR 1302 BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509 1303 BARTHELEMY M, 2000, PHYS REV E A, V61, R3283 1304 BARTHELEMY M, 2002, PHYS REV E, V66 1305 BORNHOLDT S, 2002, HDB GRAPHS NETWORKS 1306 BOUCHAUD JP, 2000, THEORY FINANCIAL RIS 1307 BUNDE A, 1994, FRACTALS SCI 1308 CROVELLA ME, 1997, IEEE ACM T NETWORK, V5, P835 1309 CSABAI I, 1994, J PHYS A, V27, P417 1310 DEARCANGELIS L, 1986, PHYS REV B, V34, P4656 1311 DEMENEZES MA, IN PRESS PHYS REV LE 1312 DEMENEZES MA, UNPUB 1313 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2002, ADV PHYS, V51, P1079 1314 ELOWITZ MB, 2002, SCIENCE, V297, P1183 1315 ERDOS P, 1960, PUBL MATH I HUNG, V5, P17 1316 ERIKSEN KA, 2003, PHYS REV LETT, V90 1317 FAMILY F, 1991, DYNAMICS FRACTAL SUR 1318 FERRER R, 2001, PHYS REV E, V63, P32767 1319 FUKUDA K, 2000, PHYSICA A, V287, P289 1320 GARLASCHELLI D, CONDMAT0310503 1321 GILLEMOT L, 2000, PHYSICA A, V282, P304 1322 GOH KI, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V87 1323 GOH KI, 2002, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V99, P12583 1324 GOLDBERGER AL, 2002, P NATL ACAD SCI U S1, V99, P2466 1325 HASTY J, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P2075 1326 HASTY J, 2002, NAT GENET, V31, P13 1327 HAVLIN S, 1987, ADV PHYS, V36, P695 1328 HELSING J, 1989, PHYS REV B, V39, P9231 1329 HOLTER NS, 2001, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V98, P1693 1330 JEONG H, 2000, NATURE, V407, P651 1331 JEONG H, 2001, NATURE, V411, P41 1332 KAHNG B, 2002, PHYS REV E 2, V66 1333 LAWRENCE S, 1999, NATURE, V400, P107 1334 LELAND WE, 1994, IEEE ACM T NETWORK, V2, P1 1335 MANTEGNA RN, 1995, NATURE, V376, P46 1336 MANTEGNA RN, 2000, INTRO ECONOPHYSICS C 1337 MORENO Y, CONDMAT0209474 1338 NOH JD, 2003, CONDMAT0307719 1339 RAVASZ E, 2002, SCIENCE, V297, P1551 1340 REDNER S, 2001, GUIDE 1 PASSAGE PROC 1341 STROGATZ SH, 2001, NATURE, V410, P268 1342 TADIC B, 2001, PHYSICA A, V293, P273 1343 UHLIG S, 2001, INFONETTR10 U NAM 1344 VAZQUEZ A, 2002, PHYS REV E 2, V65 1345 YOOK SH, 2002, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V99, P13382 1346 NR 48 1347 TC 3 1348 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG 1349 PI NEW YORK 1350 PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA 1351 SN 1434-6028 1352 J9 EUR PHYS J B 1353 JI Eur. Phys. J. B 1354 PD MAR 1355 PY 2004 1356 VL 38 1357 IS 2 1358 BP 169 1359 EP 175 1360 PG 7 1361 SC Physics, Condensed Matter 1362 GA 821GB 1363 UT ISI:000221447300005 1364 ER 1365 1366 PT J 1367 AU Yook, SH 1368 Oltvai, ZN 1369 Barabasi, AL 1370 TI Functional and topological characterization of protein interaction 1371 networks 1372 SO PROTEOMICS 1373 LA English 1374 DT Article 1375 DE bioinformatics; protein interaction networks; scale-free networks 1376 ID SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; METABOLIC NETWORKS; COMPLEX NETWORKS; YEAST; 1377 ORGANIZATION; IDENTIFICATION; EVOLUTION; BEHAVIOR; DATABASE; GENOMES 1378 AB The elucidation of the cell's large-scale organization is a primary 1379 challenge for post-genomic biology, and understanding the structure of 1380 protein interaction networks offers an important starting point for 1381 such studies. We compare four available databases that approximate the 1382 protein interaction network of the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 1383 aiming to uncover the network's generic large-scale properties and the 1384 impact of the proteins' function and cellular localization on the 1385 network topology. We show how each database supports a scale-free, 1386 topology with hierarchical modularity, indicating that these features 1387 represent a robust and generic property of the protein interactions 1388 network. We also find strong correlations between the network's 1389 structure and the functional role and subcellular localization of its 1390 protein constituents, concluding that most functional and/or 1391 localization classes appear as relatively segregated subnetworks of the 1392 full protein interaction network. The uncovered systematic differences 1393 between the four protein interaction databases reflect their relative 1394 coverage for different functional and localization classes and provide 1395 a guide for their utility in various bioinformatics studies. 1396 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 1397 Northwestern Univ, Dept Pathol, Chicago, IL 60611 USA. 1398 RP Barabasi, AL, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 1399 EM alb@nd.edu 1400 CR ALBERT R, 2000, NATURE, V406, P378 1401 ALBERT R, 2002, REV MOD PHYS, V74, P47 1402 ALOY P, 2002, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V99, P5896 1403 BARABASI AL, 1999, PHYSICA A, V272, P173 1404 BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509 1405 BARABASI AL, 2001, PHYSICA A, V299, P559 1406 BOCK JR, 2001, BIOINFORMATICS, V17, P455 1407 BOLLOBAS B, 1985, RANDOM GRAPHS 1408 CHUNG F, 2003, J COMPUT BIOL, V10, P677 1409 DEZSO Z, 2003, GENOME RES, V13, P2450 1410 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2002, ADV PHYS, V51, P1079 1411 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2002, PHYS REV E 2, V65 1412 DRESS BL, 2001, J CELL BIOL, V154, P549 1413 FEATHERSTONE DE, 2002, BIOESSAYS, V24, P267 1414 GAVIN AC, 2002, NATURE, V415, P141 1415 GOMEZ SM, 2002, PAC S BIOC, V7, P413 1416 HARTWELL LH, 1999, NATURE, V402, P47 1417 HAZBUN TR, 2001, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V98, P4277 1418 HO Y, 2002, NATURE, V415, P180 1419 HOLME P, 2003, BIOINFORMATICS, V19, P532 1420 IHMELS J, 2002, NAT GENET, V31, P370 1421 ITO T, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P1143 1422 JACKSON BB, 1983, MULTIVARIATE DATA AN 1423 JEONG H, 2000, NATURE, V407, P651 1424 JEONG H, 2001, NATURE, V411, P41 1425 KIM J, 2002, PHYS REV E, V66 1426 KOONIN EV, 2002, NATURE, V420, P218 1427 MATTHEWS LR, 2001, GENOME RES, V11, P2120 1428 MEWES HW, 2002, NUCLEIC ACIDS RES, V30, P31 1429 PARK J, 2001, J MOL BIOL, V307, P929 1430 QIAN J, 2001, J MOL BIOL, V313, P673 1431 RAVASZ E, 2002, SCIENCE, V297, P1551 1432 RAVASZ E, 2003, PHYS REV E 2, V67 1433 SCHUSTER S, 2002, BIOINFORMATICS, V18, P351 1434 SCHWIKOWSKI B, 2000, NAT BIOTECHNOL, V18, P1257 1435 SOLE RV, 2003, IN PRESS ADV COMPLEX 1436 SZABO G, 2002, PHYS REV E, V6705, P6102 1437 TONG AHY, 2002, SCIENCE, V295, P321 1438 UETZ P, 2000, NATURE, V403, P623 1439 VAZQUEZ A, 2003, COMPLEXUS, V1, P38 1440 VONMERING C, 2002, NATURE, V417, P399 1441 WAGNER A, 2001, MOL BIOL EVOL, V18, P1283 1442 WAGNER A, 2001, P ROY SOC LOND B BIO, V268, P1803 1443 WUCHTY S, 2001, MOL BIOL EVOL, V18, P1694 1444 XENARIOS I, 2000, NUCLEIC ACIDS RES, V28, P289 1445 NR 45 1446 TC 94 1447 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH 1448 PI WEINHEIM 1449 PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY 1450 SN 1615-9853 1451 J9 PROTEOMICS 1452 JI Proteomics 1453 PD APR 1454 PY 2004 1455 VL 4 1456 IS 4 1457 BP 928 1458 EP 942 1459 PG 15 1460 SC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology 1461 GA 811HV 1462 UT ISI:000220763900004 1463 ER 1464 1465 PT J 1466 AU Dobrin, R 1467 Beg, QK 1468 Barabasi, AL 1469 Oltvai, ZN 1470 TI Aggregation of topological motifs in the Escherichia coli 1471 transcriptional regulatory network 1472 SO BMC BIOINFORMATICS 1473 LA English 1474 DT Article 1475 ID COMPLEX NETWORKS; GENE NETWORKS; AUTOREGULATION; ORGANIZATION; 1476 STABILITY; EVOLUTION; FEEDBACK; OPERON 1477 AB Background: Transcriptional regulation of cellular functions is carried 1478 out through a complex network of interactions among transcription 1479 factors and the promoter regions of genes and operons regulated by 1480 them. To better understand the system-level function of such networks 1481 simplification of their architecture was previously achieved by 1482 identifying the motifs present in the network, which are small, 1483 overrepresented, topologically distinct regulatory interaction patterns 1484 (subgraphs). However, the interaction of such motifs with each other, 1485 and their form of integration into the full network has not been 1486 previously examined. 1487 <LF>Results: By studying the transcriptional regulatory network of the 1488 bacterium, Escherichia coli, we demonstrate that the two previously 1489 identified motif types in the network (i.e., feed-forward loops and 1490 bi-fan motifs) do not exist in isolation, but rather aggregate into 1491 homologous motif clusters that largely overlap with known biological 1492 functions. Moreover, these clusters further coalesce into a 1493 supercluster, thus establishing distinct topological hierarchies that 1494 show global statistical properties similar to the whole network. 1495 Targeted removal of motif links disintegrates the network into small, 1496 isolated clusters, while random disruptions of equal number of links do 1497 not cause such an effect. 1498 Conclusion: Individual motifs aggregate into homologous motif clusters 1499 and a supercluster forming the backbone of the E. coli transcriptional 1500 regulatory network and play a central role in defining its global 1501 topological organization. 1502 C1 Northwestern Univ, Dept Pathol, Chicago, IL 60611 USA. 1503 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 1504 RP Oltvai, ZN, Northwestern Univ, Dept Pathol, Chicago, IL 60611 USA. 1505 EM r-dobrin@northwestern.edu 1506 qasimbeg@northwestern.edu 1507 alb@nd.edu 1508 zno008@northwestern.edu 1509 CR ALBERT R, 2000, NATURE, V406, P378 1510 BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509 1511 BECSKEI A, 2000, NATURE, V405, P590 1512 BECSKEI A, 2001, EMBO J, V20, P2528 1513 BUCHLER NE, 2003, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V100, P5136 1514 CONANT GC, 2003, NAT GENET, V34, P264 1515 GUELZIM N, 2002, NAT GENET, V31, P60 1516 HARTWELL LH, 1999, NATURE, V402, P47 1517 HINMAN VF, 2003, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V100, P13356 1518 LEE TI, 2002, SCIENCE, V298, P799 1519 MANGAN S, 2003, J MOL BIOL, V334, P197 1520 MANGAN S, 2003, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V100, P11980 1521 MASLOV S, 2002, SCIENCE, V296, P910 1522 MILO R, 2002, SCIENCE, V298, P824 1523 RAVASZ E, 2002, SCIENCE, V297, P1551 1524 ROSENFELD N, 2002, J MOL BIOL, V323, P785 1525 SALGADO H, 2001, NUCLEIC ACIDS RES, V29, P72 1526 SETTY Y, 2003, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V100, P7702 1527 SHENORR SS, 2002, NAT GENET, V31, P64 1528 SIMON I, 2001, CELL, V106, P697 1529 THIEFFRY D, 1998, BIOESSAYS, V20, P433 1530 WOLF DM, 2003, CURR OPIN MICROBIOL, V6, P125 1531 WUCHTY S, 2003, NAT GENET, V35, P176 1532 WYRICK JJ, 2002, CURR OPIN GENET DEV, V12, P130 1533 YILDIRIM N, 2003, BIOPHYS J, V84, P2841 1534 ZEITLINGER J, 2003, CELL, V113, P395 1535 NR 26 1536 TC 41 1537 PU BIOMED CENTRAL LTD 1538 PI LONDON 1539 PA MIDDLESEX HOUSE, 34-42 CLEVELAND ST, LONDON W1T 4LB, ENGLAND 1540 SN 1471-2105 1541 J9 BMC BIOINFORMATICS 1542 JI BMC Bioinformatics 1543 PD JAN 30 1544 PY 2004 1545 VL 5 1546 AR 10 1547 DI ARTN 10 1548 PG 7 1549 SC Biochemical Research Methods; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology 1550 GA 801RK 1551 UT ISI:000220112800001 1552 ER 1553 1554 PT J 1555 AU Almaas, E 1556 Kovacs, B 1557 Vicsek, T 1558 Oltvai, ZN 1559 Barabasi, AL 1560 TI Global organization of metabolic fluxes in the bacterium Escherichia 1561 coli 1562 SO NATURE 1563 LA English 1564 DT Article 1565 ID CENTRAL CARBON METABOLISM; NETWORKS; CAPABILITIES; DEFINITION; 1566 PATHWAYS; MG1655 1567 AB Cellular metabolism, the integrated interconversion of thousands of 1568 metabolic substrates through enzyme-catalysed biochemical reactions, is 1569 the most investigated complex intracellular web of molecular 1570 interactions. Although the topological organization of individual 1571 reactions into metabolic networks is well understood(1-4), the 1572 principles that govern their global functional use under different 1573 growth conditions raise many unanswered questions(5-7). By implementing 1574 a flux balance analysis(8-12) of the metabolism of Escherichia coli 1575 strain MG1655, here we show that network use is highly uneven. Whereas 1576 most metabolic reactions have low fluxes, the overall activity of the 1577 metabolism is dominated by several reactions with very high fluxes. E. 1578 coli responds to changes in growth conditions by reorganizing the rates 1579 of selected fluxes predominantly within this high-flux backbone. This 1580 behaviour probably represents a universal feature of metabolic activity 1581 in all cells, with potential implications for metabolic engineering. 1582 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 1583 Lorand Eotvos Univ, Biol Phys Dept, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary. 1584 Lorand Eotvos Univ, Res Grp HAS, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary. 1585 Northwestern Univ, Dept Pathol, Chicago, IL 60611 USA. 1586 RP Barabasi, AL, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 1587 EM alb@nd.edu 1588 CR BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509 1589 BARTHELEMY M, 2003, PHYSICA A, V319, P633 1590 BLATTNER FR, 1997, SCIENCE, V277, P1453 1591 CANONACO F, 2001, FEMS MICROBIOL LETT, V204, P247 1592 DANDEKAR T, 1999, BIOCHEM J 1, V343, P115 1593 EDWARDS JS, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P5528 1594 EDWARDS JS, 2001, NAT BIOTECHNOL, V19, P125 1595 EDWARDS JS, 2002, BIOTECHNOL BIOENG, V77, P27 1596 EMMERLING M, 2002, J BACTERIOL, V184, P152 1597 FISCHER E, 2003, EUR J BIOCHEM, V270, P880 1598 GERDES SY, 2003, J BACTERIOL, V185, P5673 1599 GOH KI, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V87 1600 GOLDBETER A, 1996, BIOCH OSCILLATIONS C 1601 HARTWELL LH, 1999, NATURE, V402, P47 1602 HEINRICH R, 1996, REGULATION CELLULAR 1603 HOLME P, 2003, BIOINFORMATICS, V19, P532 1604 IBARRA RU, 2002, NATURE, V420, P186 1605 JEONG H, 2000, NATURE, V407, P651 1606 LOVASZ L, 1999, MATH PROGRAM, V86, P443 1607 MA HW, 2003, BIOINFORMATICS, V19, P1423 1608 RAVASZ E, 2002, SCIENCE, V297, P1551 1609 SAUER U, 1999, J BACTERIOL, V181, P6679 1610 SAVAGEAU MA, 1976, BIOCH SYSTEMS ANAL S 1611 SCHUSTER S, 2000, NAT BIOTECHNOL, V18, P326 1612 SEGRE D, 2002, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V99, P15112 1613 SMITH RL, 1984, OPER RES, V32, P1296 1614 STELLING J, 2002, NATURE, V420, P190 1615 WAGNER A, 2001, P ROY SOC LOND B BIO, V268, P1803 1616 WOLF DM, 2003, CURR OPIN MICROBIOL, V6, P125 1617 NR 29 1618 TC 121 1619 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP 1620 PI LONDON 1621 PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND 1622 SN 0028-0836 1623 J9 NATURE 1624 JI Nature 1625 PD FEB 26 1626 PY 2004 1627 VL 427 1628 IS 6977 1629 BP 839 1630 EP 843 1631 PG 5 1632 SC Multidisciplinary Sciences 1633 GA 777WU 1634 UT ISI:000189207500040 1635 ER 1636 1637 PT J 1638 AU Barabasi, AL 1639 Oltvai, ZN 1640 TI Network biology: Understanding the cell's functional organization 1641 SO NATURE REVIEWS GENETICS 1642 LA English 1643 DT Review 1644 ID PROTEIN-PROTEIN INTERACTIONS; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE GENOME; 1645 ESCHERICHIA-COLI GENOME; GENE-EXPRESSION; METABOLIC NETWORKS; COMPLEX 1646 NETWORKS; MOLECULAR NETWORKS; REGULATORY NETWORK; 1647 DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER; MODULAR ORGANIZATION 1648 AB A key aim of postgenomic biomedical research is to systematically 1649 catalogue all molecules and their interactions within a living cell. 1650 There is a clear need to understand how these molecules and the 1651 interactions between them determine the function this enormously 1652 complex machinery, both in isolation and when surrounded by other 1653 cells. Rapid advances in network biology indicate that cellular 1654 networks are governed by universal laws and offer a new conceptual 1655 framework that could potentially revolutionize our view of biology and 1656 disease pathologies in the twenty-first century. 1657 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 1658 Northwestern Univ, Dept Pathol, Chicago, IL 60611 USA. 1659 RP Barabasi, AL, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 1660 EM alb@nd.edu 1661 zno008@northwestern.edu 1662 CR AGRAWAL H, 2002, PHYS REV LETT, V89 1663 ALBERT R, 2000, NATURE, V406, P378 1664 ALBERT R, 2002, REV MOD PHYS, V74, P47 1665 ALBERT R, 2003, J THEOR BIOL, V223, P1 1666 ALBERTS B, 1998, CELL, V92, P291 1667 ALIZADEH AA, 2000, NATURE, V403, P503 1668 ALMAAS E, IN PRESS NATURE 1669 ALON U, 1999, NATURE, V397, P168 1670 ALON U, 2003, SCIENCE, V301, P1866 1671 APIC G, 2001, BIOINFORMATICS S1, V17, S83 1672 BADER GD, 2002, NAT BIOTECHNOL, V20, P991 1673 BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, 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Rev. Genet. 1776 PD FEB 1777 PY 2004 1778 VL 5 1779 IS 2 1780 BP 101 1781 EP U15 1782 PG 14 1783 SC Genetics & Heredity 1784 GA 768ZW 1785 UT ISI:000188602400012 1786 ER 1787 1788 PT J 1789 AU de Menezes, MA 1790 Barabasi, AL 1791 TI Fluctuations in network dynamics 1792 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1793 LA English 1794 DT Article 1795 ID COMPLEX NETWORKS 1796 AB Most complex networks serve as conduits for various dynamical 1797 processes, ranging from mass transfer by chemical reactions in the cell 1798 to packet transfer on the Internet. We collected data on the time 1799 dependent activity of five natural and technological networks, finding 1800 that for each the coupling of the flux fluctuations with the total flux 1801 on individual nodes obeys a unique scaling law. We show that the 1802 observed scaling can explain the competition between the system's 1803 internal collective dynamics and changes in the external environment, 1804 allowing us to predict the relevant scaling exponents. 1805 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 1806 RP de Menezes, MA, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 1807 CR ALBERT R, 2002, REV MOD PHYS, V74, P47 1808 ANDERSON RM, 1982, NATURE, V296, P245 1809 BANAVAR JR, 1999, NATURE, V399, P130 1810 BARABASI AL, 1995, FRACTAL CONCEPTS SUR 1811 BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509 1812 BORNHOLDT S, 2002, HDB GRAPHS NETWORKS 1813 CALDARELLI G, 2001, PHYS REV E, V63, P21118 1814 CANCHO RFI, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64 1815 CIEPLAK M, 1998, J STAT PHYS, V91, P1 1816 DEMENEZES MA, IN PRESS 1817 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2003, EVOLUTION NETWORKS B 1818 FAMILY F, 1991, DYNAMICS FRACTAL SUR 1819 LAWRENCE S, 1998, SCIENCE, V280, P98 1820 LELAND WE, 1994, IEEE ACM T NETWORK, V2, P1 1821 STROGATZ SH, 2001, NATURE, V410, P268 1822 TAYLOR LR, 1961, NATURE, V189, P732 1823 VAZQUEZ A, 2002, PHYS REV E 2, V65 1824 NR 17 1825 TC 37 1826 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 1827 PI COLLEGE PK 1828 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 1829 SN 0031-9007 1830 J9 PHYS REV LETT 1831 JI Phys. Rev. Lett. 1832 PD JAN 16 1833 PY 2004 1834 VL 92 1835 IS 2 1836 AR 028701 1837 DI ARTN 028701 1838 PG 4 1839 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 1840 GA 764DP 1841 UT ISI:000188187100053 1842 ER 1843 1844 PT J 1845 AU Dezso, Z 1846 Oltvai, ZN 1847 Barabasi, AL 1848 TI Bioinformatics analysis of experimentally determined protein complexes 1849 in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae 1850 SO GENOME RESEARCH 1851 LA English 1852 DT Article 1853 ID EXPRESSION PROFILES; GENE-EXPRESSION; CELL-CYCLE; SCALE DATA; GENOME; 1854 IDENTIFICATION; PATTERNS; NETWORKS 1855 AB Many important cellular functions are implemented by protein complexes 1856 that act as sophisticated molecular machines of varying size and 1857 temporal stability. Here we demonstrate quantitatively that protein 1858 complexes in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae are comprised of a core 1859 in which subunits are highly coexpressed, display the same deletion 1860 phenotype (essential or nonessential), and share identical functional 1861 classification and cellular localization. This core is surrounded by a 1862 functionally mixed group of proteins, which likely represent 1863 short-lived or spurious attachments. The results allow us to define the 1864 deletion phenotype and cellular task of most known complexes, and to 1865 identify with high confidence the biochemical role of hundreds of 1866 proteins with yet unassigned functionality. 1867 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 1868 Northwestern Univ, Dept Pathol, Chicago, IL 60611 USA. 1869 RP Oltvai, ZN, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 1870 CR ABBOTT A, 2002, NATURE, V417, P894 1871 ALBERTS B, 1998, CELL, V92, P291 1872 ALTER O, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P10101 1873 CHO RJ, 1998, MOL CELL, V2, P65 1874 EISEN MB, 1998, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V95, P14863 1875 FRANK J, 2001, BIOESSAYS, V23, P725 1876 FUTCHER B, 1999, MOL CELL BIOL, V19, P7357 1877 GAVIN AC, 2002, NATURE, V415, P141 1878 GE H, 2001, NAT GENET, V29, P482 1879 GRIGORIEV A, 2001, NUCLEIC ACIDS RES, V29, P3513 1880 HARTWELL LH, 1999, NATURE, V402, P47 1881 HASTY J, 2001, NAT REV GENET, V2, P268 1882 HO Y, 2002, NATURE, V415, P180 1883 HOLTER NS, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P8409 1884 HUGHES TR, 2000, CELL, V102, P109 1885 JANSEN R, 2002, GENOME RES, V12, P37 1886 JEONG H, 2001, NATURE, V411, P41 1887 KEMMEREN P, 2002, MOL CELL, V9, P1133 1888 MEWES HW, 2002, NUCLEIC ACIDS RES, V30, P31 1889 MROWKA R, 2001, GENOME RES, V11, P1971 1890 SOLE RV, 2002, HDB GRAPHS NETWORKS, P145 1891 SPELLMAN PT, 1998, MOL BIOL CELL, V9, P3273 1892 VONMERING C, 2002, NATURE, V417, P399 1893 WINZELER EA, 1999, SCIENCE, V285, P901 1894 NR 24 1895 TC 15 1896 PU COLD SPRING HARBOR LAB PRESS, PUBLICATIONS DEPT 1897 PI WOODBURY 1898 PA 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2924 USA 1899 SN 1088-9051 1900 J9 GENOME RES 1901 JI Genome Res. 1902 PD NOV 1903 PY 2003 1904 VL 13 1905 IS 11 1906 BP 2450 1907 EP 2454 1908 PG 5 1909 SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; 1910 Genetics & Heredity 1911 GA 739QB 1912 UT ISI:000186357000011 1913 ER 1914 1915 PT J 1916 AU Wuchty, S 1917 Oltvai, ZN 1918 Barabasi, AL 1919 TI Evolutionary conservation of motif constituents in the yeast protein 1920 interaction network 1921 SO NATURE GENETICS 1922 LA English 1923 DT Article 1924 ID GENE DISPENSABILITY; CELLULAR NETWORKS; ORGANIZATION; DATABASE 1925 AB Understanding why some cellular components are conserved across species 1926 but others evolve rapidly is a key question of modern biology(1-3). 1927 Here we show that in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, proteins organized in 1928 cohesive patterns of interactions are conserved to a substantially 1929 higher degree than those that do not participate in such motifs. We 1930 find that the conservation of proteins in distinct topological motifs 1931 correlates with the interconnectedness and function of that motif and 1932 also depends on the structure of the overall interactome topology. 1933 These findings indicate that motifs may represent evolutionary 1934 conserved topological units of cellular networks molded in accordance 1935 with the specific biological function in which they participate. 1936 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 1937 Northwestern Univ, Dept Pathol, Chicago, IL 60611 USA. 1938 RP Barabasi, AL, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 1939 CR FRASER HB, 2002, SCIENCE, V296, P750 1940 HARTWELL LH, 1999, NATURE, V402, P47 1941 HASTY J, 2002, NATURE, V420, P224 1942 HIRSH AE, 2001, NATURE, V411, P1046 1943 HIRSH AE, 2003, NATURE, V421, P497 1944 HURST LD, 1999, CURR BIOL, V9, P747 1945 JORDAN IK, 2002, GENOME RES, V12, P962 1946 KITANO H, 2002, SCIENCE, V295, P1662 1947 LEE TI, 2002, SCIENCE, V298, P799 1948 MEWES HW, 2002, NUCLEIC ACIDS RES, V30, P31 1949 MILO R, 2002, SCIENCE, V298, P824 1950 OLTVAI ZN, 2002, SCIENCE, V298, P763 1951 PAL C, 2003, NATURE, V421, P496 1952 RAO CV, 2002, NATURE, V420, P231 1953 RAVASZ E, 2002, SCIENCE, V297, P1551 1954 REMM M, 2001, J MOL BIOL, V314, P1041 1955 RIVES AW, 2003, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V100, P1128 1956 SHENORR SS, 2002, NAT GENET, V31, P64 1957 SNEL B, 2002, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V99, P5890 1958 VONMERING C, 2002, NATURE, V417, P399 1959 WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440 1960 XENARIOS I, 2002, NUCLEIC ACIDS RES, V30, P303 1961 NR 22 1962 TC 103 1963 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP 1964 PI NEW YORK 1965 PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA 1966 SN 1061-4036 1967 J9 NAT GENET 1968 JI Nature Genet. 1969 PD OCT 1970 PY 2003 1971 VL 35 1972 IS 2 1973 BP 176 1974 EP 179 1975 PG 4 1976 SC Genetics & Heredity 1977 GA 726WV 1978 UT ISI:000185625300015 1979 ER 1980 1981 PT J 1982 AU Gerdes, SY 1983 Scholle, MD 1984 Campbell, JW 1985 Balazsi, G 1986 Ravasz, E 1987 Daugherty, MD 1988 Somera, AL 1989 Kyrpides, NC 1990 Anderson, I 1991 Gelfand, MS 1992 Bhattacharya, A 1993 Kapatral, V 1994 D'Souza, M 1995 Baev, MV 1996 Grechkin, Y 1997 Mseeh, F 1998 Fonstein, MY 1999 Overbeek, R 2000 Barabasi, AL 2001 Oltvai, ZN 2002 Osterman, AL 2003 TI Experimental determination and system level analysis of essential genes 2004 in Escherichia coli MG1655 2005 SO JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY 2006 LA English 2007 DT Article 2008 ID SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE GENOME; TRANSPOSON MUTAGENESIS; METABOLIC 2009 NETWORKS; SCALE ANALYSIS; IDENTIFICATION; SEQUENCE; ORGANIZATION; 2010 DISRUPTION; STRATEGY; BACTERIA 2011 AB Defining the gene products that play an essential role in an organism's 2012 functional repertoire is vital to understanding the system level 2013 organization of living cells. We used a genetic footprinting technique 2014 for a genome-wide assessment of genes required for robust aerobic 2015 growth of Escherichia coli in rich media. We identified 620 genes as 2016 essential and 3,126 genes as dispensable for growth under these 2017 conditions. Functional context analysis of these data allows individual 2018 functional assignments to be refined. Evolutionary context analysis 2019 demonstrates a significant tendency of essential E. coli genes to be 2020 preserved throughout the bacterial kingdom. Projection of these data 2021 over metabolic subsystems reveals topologic modules with essential and 2022 evolutionarily preserved enzymes with reduced capacity for error 2023 tolerance. 2024 C1 Northwestern Univ, Dept Pathol, Chicago, IL 60611 USA. 2025 Integrated Genomics Inc, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. 2026 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 2027 RP Oltvai, ZN, Northwestern Univ, Dept Pathol, 303 E Chicago Ave, Chicago, 2028 IL 60611 USA. 2029 CR AKERLEY BJ, 2002, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V99, P966 2030 ANDERSON RP, 1978, J MOL BIOL, V119, P147 2031 BADARINARAYANA V, 2001, NAT BIOTECHNOL, V19, P1060 2032 BLATTNER FR, 1997, SCIENCE, V277, P1453 2033 CSETE ME, 2002, SCIENCE, V295, P1664 2034 EDWARDS JS, 2002, ENVIRON MICROBIOL, V4, P133 2035 FORSYTH RA, 2002, MOL MICROBIOL, V43, P1387 2036 GASTEIGER E, 2001, CURR ISSUES MOL BIOL, V3, P47 2037 GERDES SY, 2002, J BACTERIOL, V184, P4555 2038 GIAEVER G, 2002, NATURE, V418, P387 2039 GORYSHIN IY, 2000, NAT BIOTECHNOL, V18, P97 2040 GRAHAM DE, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P3304 2041 HARE RS, 2001, J BACTERIOL, V183, P1694 2042 HASTY J, 2001, NAT REV GENET, V2, P268 2043 HUTCHISON CA, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P2165 2044 JENSEN KF, 1993, J BACTERIOL, V175, P3401 2045 JEONG H, 2000, NATURE, V407, P651 2046 JI YD, 2001, SCIENCE, V293, P2266 2047 JORDAN IK, 2002, GENOME RES, V12, P962 2048 KAMATH RS, 2003, NATURE, V421, P231 2049 KIM SK, 2001, SCIENCE, V293, P2087 2050 KITANO H, 2002, NATURE, V420, P206 2051 KOBAYASHI K, 2003, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V100, P4678 2052 KOONIN EV, 2002, NATURE, V420, P218 2053 KYRPIDES N, 1999, J MOL EVOL, V49, P413 2054 NEIDHARDT FC, 1996, ESCHERICHIA COLI SAL 2055 OVERBEEK R, 2003, NUCLEIC ACIDS RES, V31, P164 2056 PEARSON WR, 1988, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V85, P2444 2057 RAVASZ E, 2002, SCIENCE, V297, P1551 2058 ROSAMOND J, 2000, SCIENCE, V287, P1973 2059 ROSSMACDONALD P, 1999, NATURE, V402, P413 2060 SASSETTI CM, 2001, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V98, P12712 2061 SCHNEIDER BL, 1998, J BACTERIOL, V180, P4278 2062 SMITH V, 1995, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V92, P6479 2063 STELLING J, 2002, NATURE, V420, P190 2064 THANASSI JA, 2002, NUCLEIC ACIDS RES, V30, P3152 2065 THOMPSON JD, 1994, NUCLEIC ACIDS RES, V22, P4673 2066 WAGNER A, 2000, NAT GENET, V24, P355 2067 WINZELER EA, 1999, SCIENCE, V285, P901 2068 NR 39 2069 TC 122 2070 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY 2071 PI WASHINGTON 2072 PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA 2073 SN 0021-9193 2074 J9 J BACTERIOL 2075 JI J. Bacteriol. 2076 PD OCT 2077 PY 2003 2078 VL 185 2079 IS 19 2080 BP 5673 2081 EP 5684 2082 PG 12 2083 SC Microbiology 2084 GA 724NK 2085 UT ISI:000185493500003 2086 ER 2087 2088 PT J 2089 AU Yang, I 2090 Jeong, H 2091 Kahng, B 2092 Barabasi, AL 2093 TI Emerging behavior in electronic bidding 2094 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E 2095 LA English 2096 DT Article 2097 ID EMERGENCE; AUCTIONS; NETWORKS 2098 AB We characterize the statistical properties of a large number of agents 2099 on two major online auction sites. The measurements indicate that the 2100 total number of bids placed in a single category and the number of 2101 distinct auctions frequented by a given agent follow power-law 2102 distributions, implying that a few agents are responsible for a 2103 significant fraction of the total bidding activity on the online 2104 market. We find that these agents exert an unproportional influence on 2105 the final price of the auctioned items. This domination of online 2106 auctions by an unusually active minority may be a generic feature of 2107 all online mercantile processes. 2108 C1 Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Phys, Seoul 151747, South Korea. 2109 Seoul Natl Univ, Ctr Theoret Phys, Seoul 151747, South Korea. 2110 Korea Adv Inst Sci & Technol, Dept Phys, Taejon 305701, South Korea. 2111 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 2112 RP Yang, I, Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Phys, Seoul 151747, South Korea. 2113 CR ALBERT R, 2002, REV MOD PHYS, V74, P47 2114 AXTELL RL, 2001, SCIENCE, V293, P1818 2115 BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509 2116 BOUCHARD JP, 2000, THEORY FINANCIAL RIS 2117 CHALLET D, 1997, PHYSICA A, V246, P407 2118 DAS SR, 1997, AUCTION THEORY SUMMA 2119 DHULST R, 2001, PHYSICA A, V294, P447 2120 KAUFFMAN RJ, 2000, P AMCIS 2121 KRAPIVSKY PL, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V63 2122 LEYTONBROWN K, UNPUB GAMES EC BEHA 2123 MANTEGNA RN, 2000, INTRO ECONOPHYSICS C 2124 MARSILI M, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V80, P2741 2125 NEWMAN MEJ, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64 2126 OHARA M, 1995, MARKET MICROSTRUCTUR 2127 PARETO V, 1897, COURS EC POLITIQUE 2128 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V87 2129 PENNOCK DM, 2001, SCIENCE, V291, P987 2130 RESNICK P, 2002, EC INTERNET E COMMER 2131 ROTH AE, UNPUB 2132 SIMON HA, 1955, BIOMETRIKA, V42, P425 2133 STANLEY MHR, 1996, NATURE, V379, P804 2134 VANHECK E, 1998, COMMUN ACM, V41, P99 2135 NR 22 2136 TC 6 2137 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 2138 PI COLLEGE PK 2139 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 2140 SN 1063-651X 2141 J9 PHYS REV E 2142 JI Phys. Rev. E 2143 PD JUL 2144 PY 2003 2145 VL 68 2146 IS 1 2147 PN Part 2 2148 AR 016102 2149 DI ARTN 016102 2150 PG 5 2151 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical 2152 GA 708RK 2153 UT ISI:000184582500012 2154 ER 2155 2156 PT J 2157 AU Balazsi, G 2158 Kay, KA 2159 Barabasi, AL 2160 Oltvai, ZN 2161 TI Spurious spatial periodicity of co-expression in microarray data due to 2162 printing design 2163 SO NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH 2164 LA English 2165 DT Article 2166 ID GENE-EXPRESSION; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; CELL LYMPHOMA; GENOME; 2167 NORMALIZATION; SINGLE; YEAST; CYCLE; CLASSIFICATION; IDENTIFICATION 2168 AB Global transcriptome data is increasingly combined with sophisticated 2169 mathematical analyses to extract information about the functional state 2170 of a cell. Yet the extent to which the results reflect experimental 2171 bias at the expense of true biological information remains largely 2172 unknown. Here we show that the spatial arrangement of probes on 2173 microarrays and the particulars of the printing procedure significantly 2174 affect the log-ratio data of mRNA expression levels measured during the 2175 Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell cycle. We present a numerical method that 2176 filters out these technology-derived contributions from the existing 2177 transcriptome data, leading to improved functional predictions. The 2178 example presented here underlines the need to routinely search and 2179 compensate for inherent experimental bias when analyzing systematically 2180 collected, internally consistent biological data sets. 2181 C1 Northwestern Univ, Feinberg Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Chicago, IL 60611 USA. 2182 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 2183 RP Balazsi, G, Northwestern Univ, Feinberg Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Ward Bldg 2184 6-204,303 E Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611 USA. 2185 CR ALIZADEH AA, 2000, NATURE, V403, P503 2186 ALTER O, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P10101 2187 BITTNER M, 2000, NATURE, V406, P536 2188 BLAKE WJ, 2003, NATURE, V422, P633 2189 BLUMENTHAL T, 2002, NATURE, V417, P851 2190 BROWN PO, 1999, NAT GENET S, V21, P33 2191 CHO RJ, 1998, MOL CELL, V2, P65 2192 COHEN BA, 2000, NAT GENET, V26, P183 2193 DHANASEKARAN SM, 2001, NATURE, V412, P822 2194 DYRSKJOT L, 2003, NAT GENET, V33, P90 2195 EISEN MB, 1998, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V95, P14863 2196 ELOWITZ MB, 2002, SCIENCE, V297, P1183 2197 FLORENS L, 2002, NATURE, V419, P520 2198 HEDENFALK I, 2001, NEW ENGL J MED, V344, P539 2199 HEUN P, 2001, SCIENCE, V294, P2181 2200 HORN PJ, 2002, SCIENCE, V297, P1824 2201 HUGHES TR, 2000, CELL, V102, P109 2202 KHAN J, 2001, NAT MED, V7, P673 2203 LERCHER MJ, 2002, NAT GENET, V31, P180 2204 MANNILA H, 2002, BIOINFORMATICS, V18, P482 2205 MEWES HW, 2002, NUCLEIC ACIDS RES, V30, P31 2206 MILLER LD, 2002, CANCER CELL, V2, P353 2207 OZBUDAK EM, 2002, NAT GENET, V31, P69 2208 PEROU CM, 2000, NATURE, V406, P747 2209 QUACKENBUSH J, 2002, NAT GENET S, V32, P496 2210 ROSENWALD A, 2003, CANCER CELL, V3, P185 2211 SPELLMAN PT, 1998, MOL BIOL CELL, V9, P3273 2212 SPELLMAN PT, 2002, J BIOL, V1, P5 2213 TSENG GC, 2001, NUCLEIC ACIDS RES, V29, P2549 2214 VANTVEER LJ, 2002, BREAST CANCER RES, V5, P57 2215 WORKMAN C, 2002, GENOME BIOL, V3 2216 WU LF, 2002, NAT GENET, V31, P255 2217 YANG H, 2003, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V100, P1122 2218 YANG YH, 2002, NUCLEIC ACIDS RES, V30 2219 NR 34 2220 TC 22 2221 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS 2222 PI OXFORD 2223 PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND 2224 SN 0305-1048 2225 J9 NUCL ACID RES 2226 JI Nucleic Acids Res. 2227 PD AUG 1 2228 PY 2003 2229 VL 31 2230 IS 15 2231 BP 4425 2232 EP 4433 2233 PG 9 2234 SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology 2235 GA 707WM 2236 UT ISI:000184532900026 2237 ER 2238 2239 PT J 2240 AU Barabasi, AL 2241 Bonabeau, E 2242 TI Scale-free networks 2243 SO SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN 2244 LA English 2245 DT Article 2246 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 2247 Icosyst, Cambridge, MA USA. 2248 RP Barabasi, AL, Univ Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 2249 CR ALBERT R, 2002, REV MOD PHYS, V74, P47 2250 BARABASI AL, 2002, LINKED NEW SCI NETWO 2251 COHEN D, 2002, NEW SCI, V174, P24 2252 MENDES JFF, 2003, EVOLUTION NETWORKS B 2253 NR 4 2254 TC 59 2255 PU SCI AMERICAN INC 2256 PI NEW YORK 2257 PA 415 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA 2258 SN 0036-8733 2259 J9 SCI AMER 2260 JI Sci.Am. 2261 PD MAY 2262 PY 2003 2263 VL 288 2264 IS 5 2265 BP 60 2266 EP 69 2267 PG 10 2268 SC Multidisciplinary Sciences 2269 GA 667YW 2270 UT ISI:000182263500031 2271 ER 2272 2273 PT J 2274 AU Ravasz, E 2275 Barabasi, AL 2276 TI Hierarchical organization in complex networks 2277 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E 2278 LA English 2279 DT Article 2280 ID SCALE-FREE NETWORKS; SCIENTIFIC COLLABORATION NETWORKS; SMALL-WORLD 2281 NETWORKS; METABOLIC NETWORKS; EVOLVING NETWORKS; WIDE-WEB; INTERNET; 2282 EVOLUTION; TOPOLOGY; ATTACK 2283 AB Many real networks in nature and society share two generic properties: 2284 they are scale-free and they display a high degree of clustering. We 2285 show that these two features are the consequence of a hierarchical 2286 organization, implying that small groups of nodes organize in a 2287 hierarchical manner into increasingly large groups, while maintaining a 2288 scale-free topology. In hierarchical networks, the degree of clustering 2289 characterizing the different groups follows a strict scaling law, which 2290 can be used to identify the presence of a hierarchical organization in 2291 real networks. We find that several real networks, such as the 2292 Worldwideweb, actor network, the Internet at the domain level, and the 2293 semantic web obey this scaling law, indicating that hierarchy is a 2294 fundamental characteristic of many complex systems. 2295 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 2296 RP Ravasz, E, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, 225 Nieuwland Sci Hall, Notre 2297 Dame, IN 46556 USA. 2298 CR ADAMIC LA, UNPUB 2299 ALBERT R, 1999, NATURE, V401, P130 2300 ALBERT R, 2000, NATURE, V406, P378 2301 ALBERT R, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P5234 2302 ALBERT R, 2002, REV MOD PHYS, V74, P47 2303 AMARAL LAN, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P11149 2304 BARABASI AL, 1999, PHYSICA A, V272, P173 2305 BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509 2306 BARABASI AL, 2001, PHYSICA A, V299, P559 2307 BARABASI AL, 2002, PHYSICA A, V311, P590 2308 BIANCONI G, 2001, EUROPHYS LETT, V54, P436 2309 BIANCONI G, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P5632 2310 BOLLOBAS B, 1985, RANDOM GRAPHS 2311 CANCHO RFI, 2001, P ROY SOC LOND B BIO, V268, P2261 2312 COHEN R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P3682 2313 DOROGOVTSEV SN, CONDMAT0112143 2314 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2001, P ROY SOC LOND B BIO, V268, P2603 2315 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2002, ADV PHYS, V51, P1079 2316 ECKMANN JP, 2002, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V99, P5825 2317 ERDOS P, 1959, PUBL MATH-DEBRECEN, V6, P290 2318 FALOUTSOS M, 1999, COMP COMM R, V29, P251 2319 FLAKE GW, 2000, P 6 INT C KNOWL DISC, P150 2320 GOVINDAN R, 2000, P IEEE INFOCOM, V3, P1371 2321 GRANOVET.MS, 1973, AM J SOCIOL, V78, P1360 2322 HARTWELL LH, 1999, NATURE S, V402, C47 2323 HOLME P, 2002, PHYS REV E 2, V65 2324 JEONG H, 2000, NATURE, V407, P651 2325 JEONG H, 2001, NATURE, V411, P41 2326 JUNG S, 2002, PHYS REV E 2, V65 2327 KLEMM K, 2002, PHYS REV E 2A, V65 2328 LAWRENCE S, 1999, NATURE, V400, P107 2329 LILJEROS F, 2001, NATURE, V411, P907 2330 NEWMAN MEJ, 2000, J STAT PHYS, V101, P819 2331 NEWMAN MEJ, 2001, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V98, P404 2332 NEWMAN MEJ, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64 2333 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P3200 2334 RAVASZ E, 2002, SCIENCE, V297, P1551 2335 SIGMAN M, 2002, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V99, P1742 2336 SZABO G, CONDMAT0208551 2337 VAZQUEZ A, CONDMAT0206084 2338 VAZQUEZ A, CONDMAT0209183 2339 VAZQUEZ A, 2002, PHYS REV E 2, V65 2340 WAGNER A, 2001, MOL BIOL EVOL, V18, P1283 2341 WAGNER A, 2001, P ROY SOC LOND B BIO, V268, P1803 2342 WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440 2343 WATTS DJ, 2002, SCIENCE, V296, P1302 2344 YOOK S, UNPUB 2345 YOOK SH, CONDMAT0107417 2346 YOOK SH, UNPUB 2347 NR 49 2348 TC 202 2349 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 2350 PI COLLEGE PK 2351 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 2352 SN 1063-651X 2353 J9 PHYS REV E 2354 JI Phys. Rev. E 2355 PD FEB 2356 PY 2003 2357 VL 67 2358 IS 2 2359 PN Part 2 2360 AR 026112 2361 DI ARTN 026112 2362 PG 7 2363 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical 2364 GA 654WQ 2365 UT ISI:000181520300024 2366 ER 2367 2368 PT J 2369 AU Jeong, H 2370 Neda, Z 2371 Barabasi, AL 2372 TI Measuring preferential attachment in evolving networks 2373 SO EUROPHYSICS LETTERS 2374 LA English 2375 DT Article 2376 ID GROWING RANDOM NETWORKS; WORLD-WIDE-WEB; INTERNET 2377 AB A key ingredient of man current models proposed to capture the 2378 topological evolution of complex networks is the hypothesis that highly 2379 connected nodes increase their connectivity faster than their less 2380 connected peers, a phenomenon called preferential attachment. 2381 Measurements on four networks, namely the science citation network, 2382 Internet, actor collaboration and science coauthorship network indicate 2383 that the rate at which nodes acquire links depends on the node's 2384 degree, offering direct quantitative support for the presence of 2385 preferential attachment. We find that for the first two systems the 2386 attachment rate depends linearly on the node degree, while for the last 2387 two the dependence follows a sublinear power law. 2388 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46616 USA. 2389 Korea Adv Inst Sci & Technol, Dept Phys, Taejon 305701, South Korea. 2390 RP Jeong, H, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46616 USA. 2391 CR ALBERT R, 1999, NATURE, V401, P130 2392 ALBERT R, 2002, REV MOD PHYS, V74, P47 2393 BARABASI AL, 1999, PHYSICA A, V272, P173 2394 BARABASI AL, 2000, PHYSICA A, V281, P69 2395 BARABASI AL, 2002, PHYSICA A, V311, P590 2396 BOLLOBAS B, 1985, RANDOM GRAPHS 2397 COHEN R, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P4626 2398 DOROGOVTSEV N, 2001, PHYS REV E, V63 2399 DOROGOVTSEV SN, IN PRESS ADV PHYS 2400 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P4633 2401 ERDOS P, 1959, PUBL MATH-DEBRECEN, V6, P290 2402 ERDOS P, 1961, ACTA MATH ACAD SCI H, V12, P261 2403 KRAPIVSKY PL, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P4629 2404 KRAPIVSKY PL, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V63 2405 KULLMAN L, 2001, PHYS REV E 1, V63 2406 NEWMAN MEJ, 2001, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V98, P404 2407 NEWMAN MEJ, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64 2408 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V87 2409 SLANINA F, 2000, PHYS REV E A, V62, P6170 2410 VAZQUEZ A, CONDMAT0006132 2411 WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440 2412 NR 21 2413 TC 34 2414 PU E D P SCIENCES 2415 PI LES ULIS CEDEXA 2416 PA 7, AVE DU HOGGAR, PARC D ACTIVITES COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES 2417 ULIS CEDEXA, FRANCE 2418 SN 0295-5075 2419 J9 EUROPHYS LETT 2420 JI Europhys. Lett. 2421 PD FEB 2422 PY 2003 2423 VL 61 2424 IS 4 2425 BP 567 2426 EP 572 2427 PG 6 2428 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 2429 GA 643KC 2430 UT ISI:000180859600020 2431 ER 2432 2433 PT J 2434 AU Farkas, I 2435 Jeong, H 2436 Vicsek, T 2437 Barabasi, AL 2438 Oltvai, ZN 2439 TI The topology of the transcription regulatory network in the yeast, 2440 Saccharomyces cerevisiae 2441 SO PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 2442 LA English 2443 DT Article 2444 DE bioinformatics; mRNA expression; analysis of graph topology 2445 ID CAENORHABDITIS-ELEGANS; ENVIRONMENTAL-CHANGES; EXPRESSION; GENOME 2446 AB A central goal of postgenomic biology is the elucidation of the 2447 regulatory relationships among all cellular constituents that together 2448 comprise the 'genetic network' of a cell or microorganism. Experimental 2449 manipulation of gene activity coupled with the assessment of perturbed 2450 transcriptome (i.e., global mRNA expression) patterns represents one 2451 approach toward this goal, and may provide a backbone into which other 2452 measurements can be later integrated. 2453 We use microarray data on 287 single gene deletion Saccharomyces 2454 cerevisiae mutant strains to elucidate generic relationships among 2455 perturbed transcriptomes. Their comparison with a method that 2456 preferentially recognizes distinct expression subpatterns allows us to 2457 pair those transcriptomes that share localized similarities. Analyses 2458 of the resulting transcriptome similarity network identify a continuum 2459 hierarchy among the deleted genes, and in the frequency of local 2460 similarities that establishes the links among their reorganized 2461 transcriptomes. We also find a combinatorial utilization of shared 2462 expression subpatterns within individual links, with increasing 2463 quantitative similarity among those that connect transcriptome states 2464 induced by the deletion of functionally related gene products. This 2465 suggests a distinct hierarchical and combinatorial organization of the 2466 S. cerevisiae transcriptional activity, and may represent a pattern 2467 that is generic to the transcriptional organization of all eukaryotic 2468 organisms. 2469 Color versions of both the Supplementary Material and the article are 2470 available at http:// angel.elte.hu/bioinf. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science 2471 B.V. All rights reserved. 2472 C1 Lorand Eotvos Univ, Dept Biol Phys, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary. 2473 NW Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Chicago, IL 60611 USA. 2474 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 2475 RP Vicsek, T, Lorand Eotvos Univ, Dept Biol Phys, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary. 2476 CR BAMMERT GF, 2000, ANTIMICROB AGENTS CH, V44, P1255 2477 BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509 2478 BUSSEMAKER HJ, 2001, NAT GENET, V27, P167 2479 CAUSTON HC, 2001, MOL BIOL CELL, V12, P323 2480 COSTANZO MC, 2000, NUCLEIC ACIDS RES, V28, P73 2481 CVETKOVIC DM, 1979, SPECTRA GRAPHS 2482 ERDOS P, 1960, PUBL MATH I HUNG, V5, P17 2483 FARKAS IJ, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64 2484 FEATHERSTONE DE, 2002, BIOESSAYS, V24, P267 2485 GASCH AP, 2000, MOL BIOL CELL, V11, P4241 2486 GAVIN AC, 2002, NATURE, V415, P141 2487 HO Y, 2002, NATURE, V415, P180 2488 HUGHES TR, 2000, CELL, V102, P109 2489 KIM SK, 2001, SCIENCE, V293, P2087 2490 KUMAR A, 2002, NAT BIOTECHNOL, V20, P58 2491 MCADAMS HH, 1995, SCIENCE, V269, P650 2492 PILPEL Y, 2001, NAT GENET, V10, P10 2493 SMOLEN P, 2000, NEURON, V26, P567 2494 STROGATZ SH, 2001, NATURE, V410, P268 2495 WAGNER A, 2001, BIOINFORMATICS, V17, P1183 2496 WAGNER A, 2002, GENOME RES, V12, P309 2497 WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440 2498 WINZELER EA, 1999, SCIENCE, V285, P901 2499 NR 23 2500 TC 28 2501 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV 2502 PI AMSTERDAM 2503 PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS 2504 SN 0378-4371 2505 J9 PHYSICA A 2506 JI Physica A 2507 PD FEB 15 2508 PY 2003 2509 VL 318 2510 IS 3-4 2511 BP 601 2512 EP 612 2513 PG 12 2514 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 2515 GA 642YP 2516 UT ISI:000180835200026 2517 ER 2518 2519 PT J 2520 AU Makeev, MA 2521 Cuerno, R 2522 Barabasi, AL 2523 TI Morphology of ion-sputtered surfaces 2524 SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM 2525 INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS 2526 LA English 2527 DT Review 2528 DE surface morphology; ion irradiation; ripples; sputtering; roughening 2529 ID KURAMOTO-SIVASHINSKY EQUATION; BOMBARDED SOLID-SURFACES; 2530 KARDAR-PARISI-ZHANG; LONG-WAVELENGTH PROPERTIES; AMORPHOUS-CARBON 2531 SURFACES; SCALE INVARIANT SOLUTIONS; INDUCED RIPPLE TOPOGRAPHY; SAMPLE 2532 ROTATION; ROUGHENING INSTABILITY; YIELD CHANGES 2533 AB We derive a stochastic nonlinear continuum equation to describe the 2534 morphological evolution of amorphous surfaces eroded by ion 2535 bombardment. Starting from Sigmund's theory of sputter erosion, we 2536 calculate the coefficients appearing in the continuum equation in terms 2537 of the physical parameters characterizing the sputtering process. We 2538 analyze the morphological features predicted by the continuum theory, 2539 comparing them with the experimentally reported morphologies. We show 2540 that for short time scales, where the effect of nonlinear terms is 2541 negligible, the continuum theory predicts ripple formation. We 2542 demonstrate that in addition to relaxation by thermal surface 2543 diffusion, the sputtering process can also contribute to the smoothing 2544 mechanisms shaping the surface morphology. We explicitly calculate an 2545 effective surface diffusion constant characterizing this smoothing 2546 effect and show that it is responsible for the low temperature ripple 2547 formation observed in various experiments. At long time scales the 2548 nonlinear terms dominate the evolution of the surface morphology. The 2549 nonlinear terms lead to the stabilization of the ripple wavelength and 2550 we show that, depending on the experimental parameters, such as angle 2551 of incidence and ion. energy, different morphologies can be observed: 2552 asymptotically, sputter eroded surfaces could undergo kinetic 2553 roughening, or can display novel ordered structures with rotated 2554 ripples. Finally, we discuss in detail the existing experimental 2555 support for the proposed theory and uncover novel features of the 2556 surface morphology and evolution, that could be directly tested 2557 experimentally. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. 2558 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 2559 Univ Carlos III Madrid, Dept Matemat, Leganes 28911, Spain. 2560 Univ Carlos III Madrid, Grp Interdisciplinar Sistemas Complicados, Leganes 28911, Spain. 2561 RP Makeev, MA, Louisiana State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, CCLMS, Baton 2562 Rouge, LA 70803 USA. 2563 CR ALANISSILA T, 1993, J STAT PHYS, V72, P207 2564 AMAR JG, 1990, PHYS REV A, V41, P3399 2565 BABAEV VO, 1976, THIN SOLID FILMS, V38, P15 2566 BALES GS, 1990, SCIENCE, V249, P264 2567 BARABASI AL, 1995, FRACTAL CONCEPTS SUR 2568 BARABASI AL, 1997, DYNAMICS FLUCTUATING 2569 BARBER DJ, 1973, J MATER SCI, V8, P1030 2570 BARNETT SA, 1970, SOV PHYS-SOLID STATE, V12, P104 2571 BEDROSSIAN P, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V67, P124 2572 BEHRISCH R, 1981, SPUTTERING PARTICLE, V1 2573 BEHRISCH R, 1983, SPUTTERING PARTICLE, V2 2574 BRADLEY RM, 1988, J VAC SCI TECHNOL A, V6, P2390 2575 BRUINSMA R, 1992, SURFACE DISORDERING 2576 CARTER G, 1983, SPUTTERING PARTICLE, V2, P231 2577 CARTER G, 1993, PHILOS MAG B, V68, P231 2578 CARTER G, 1996, PHYS REV B, V54, P17647 2579 CARTER G, 1999, PHYS REV B, V59, P1669 2580 CAVAILLE JY, 1978, SURF SCI, V75, P342 2581 CHAN ACT, 1998, SURF SCI, V414, P17 2582 CHASON E, 1990, APPL PHYS LETT, V57, P1793 2583 CHASON E, 1991, APPL PHYS LETT, V59, P3533 2584 CHASON E, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P3040 2585 CHASON E, 1996, MATER RES SOC SYMP P, V396, P143 2586 CHASON E, 2001, NUCL INSTRUM METH B, V178, P55 2587 CHEY SJ, 1995, PHYS REV B, V52, P16696 2588 CHOW CC, 1995, PHYSICA D, V84, P494 2589 CIRLIN EH, 1991, J VAC SCI TECHNOL 2, V9, P1395 2590 CIRLIN EH, 1992, THIN SOLID FILMS, V220, P197 2591 CSAHOK Z, 1996, SURF SCI, V364, L600 2592 CUERNO R, UNPUB 2593 CUERNO R, 1995, PHYS REV E, V52, P4853 2594 CUERNO R, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V74, P4746 2595 CUERNO R, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V75, P4464 2596 DASSARMA S, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V66, P325 2597 ECKSTEIN W, 1991, COMPUTER SIMULATION 2598 EDWARDS SF, 1982, P ROY SOC LOND A MAT, V381, P17 2599 EKLUND EA, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V67, P1759 2600 EKLUND EA, 1993, SURF SCI, V285, P157 2601 ELST K, 1993, J VAC SCI TECHNOL B, V11, P1968 2602 ELST K, 1994, J VAC SCI TECHNOL A, V12, P3205 2603 ERLEBACHER J, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V82, P2330 2604 FAMILY F, 1985, J PHYS A, V18, L15 2605 FAMILY F, 1991, DYNAMICS FRACTAL SUR 2606 FORREST BM, 1990, J STAT PHYS, V60, P181 2607 GOLUBOVIC L, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V66, P321 2608 GOLUBOVIC L, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V67, P2747 2609 HALPINHEALY T, 1995, PHYS REP, V254, P215 2610 HAUTALA M, 1996, NUCL INSTRUM METH B, V117, P95 2611 HAYOT F, 1993, PHYS REV E, V47, P911 2612 HERRING C, 1950, J APPL PHYS, V21, P301 2613 ISHITANI A, 1992, P 8 INT C SEC ION MA, V8 2614 JAYAPRAKASH C, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P12 2615 KARDAR M, 1986, PHYS REV LETT, V56, P889 2616 KAREN A, 1991, J VAC SCI TECHNOL A, V9, P2247 2617 KAREN A, 1995, SURF INTERFACE ANAL, V23, P506 2618 KARMA A, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P3810 2619 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K, 1991, PHYSICA A, V178, P215 2641 MULLINS WW, 1957, J APPL PHYS, V28, P333 2642 PARK S, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V83, P3486 2643 POELSEMA B, 1994, JPN J APPL PHYS, V33, P2244 2644 PROCACCIA I, 1992, PHYS REV A, V46, P3220 2645 PROTSENKO AN, 1993, NUCL INSTRUM METH B, V82, P417 2646 ROBINSON RS, 1982, J VAC SCI TECHNOL, V21, P790 2647 ROSSNAGEL SM, 1982, SURF SCI, V123, P89 2648 ROST M, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V75, P3894 2649 RUSPONI S, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V78, P2795 2650 RUSPONI S, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V81, P2735 2651 RUSPONI S, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V81, P4184 2652 SAMARSKY AN, 1963, EQUATIONS MATH PHYSI 2653 SHICHI H, 1991, JPN J APPL PHYS 2, V30, L927 2654 SIGMUND P, 1969, PHYS REV, V184, P383 2655 SIGMUND P, 1973, J MATER SCI, V8, P1545 2656 SIVASHINSKY GI, 1979, ACTA ASTRONAUT, V6, P569 2657 SMILAUER P, 1993, PHYS REV B, V48, P4968 2658 SMILAUER P, 1993, SURF SCI, V291, L733 2659 SMILGIES DM, 1997, SURF SCI, V377, P1038 2660 SNEPPEN K, 1992, PHYS REV A, V46, R7351 2661 STEVIE FA, 1988, J VAC SCI TECHNOL A, V6, P76 2662 TOMASSONE S, UNPUB 2663 TOWNSEND PD, 1976, ION IMPLANTATION SPU 2664 UMBACH CC, 1999, B AM PHYS SOC, V44, P706 2665 UMBACH CC, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V87 2666 VAJO JJ, 1996, J VAC SCI TECHNOL A, V14, P2709 2667 VASILIU F, 1975, J MATER SCI, V10, P399 2668 VILLAIN J, 1991, J PHYS I, V1, P19 2669 VOLKERT CA, 1991, J APPL PHYS, V70, P3521 2670 VVEDENSKY DD, 1993, PHYS REV E, V48, P852 2671 WANG SX, 1996, SURF SCI, V364, L511 2672 WATANABE H, 1996, APPL PHYS LETT, V68, P2514 2673 WINTERBON KB, 1972, RADIAT EFF, V13, P215 2674 WITTMAACK K, 1990, J VAC SCI TECHNOL 2, V8, P2246 2675 WITVROUW A, 1993, J APPL PHYS, V74, P7154 2676 WOLF DE, 1990, EUROPHYS LETT, V13, P389 2677 WOLF DE, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V67, P1783 2678 YAKHOT V, 1981, PHYS REV A, V24, P642 2679 YANG HN, 1994, PHYS REV B, V50, P7635 2680 ZALESKI S, 1989, PHYSICA D, V34, P427 2681 NR 118 2682 TC 85 2683 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV 2684 PI AMSTERDAM 2685 PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS 2686 SN 0168-583X 2687 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH PHYS RES B 2688 JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B-Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms 2689 PD DEC 2690 PY 2002 2691 VL 197 2692 IS 3-4 2693 BP 185 2694 EP 227 2695 PG 43 2696 SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, 2697 Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Nuclear 2698 GA 624LA 2699 UT ISI:000179760100003 2700 ER 2701 2702 PT J 2703 AU Farkas, I 2704 Derenyi, I 2705 Jeong, H 2706 Meda, Z 2707 Oltvai, ZN 2708 Ravasz, E 2709 Schubert, A 2710 Barabasi, AL 2711 Vicsek, T 2712 TI Networks in life: scaling properties and eigenvalue spectra 2713 SO PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 2714 LA English 2715 DT Article 2716 DE random networks; collaboration graphs; graph spectra; spectral analysis 2717 of real-world graphs 2718 ID SCIENTIFIC COLLABORATION NETWORKS; SMALL-WORLD NETWORKS; BEHAVIOR; 2719 DYNAMICS; WEB 2720 AB We analyze growing networks ranging from collaboration graphs of 2721 scientists to the network of similarities defined among the various 2722 transcriptional profiles of living cells. For the explicit 2723 demonstration of the scale-free nature and hierarchical organization of 2724 these graphs, a deterministic construction is also used. We demonstrate 2725 the use of determining the eigenvalue spectra of sparse random graph 2726 models for the categorization of small measured networks. (C) 2002 2727 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. 2728 C1 Lorand Eotvos Univ, Dept Biol Phys, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary. 2729 Inst Curie, UMR 168, F-75248 Paris 05, France. 2730 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 2731 Univ Babes Bolyai, Dept Theoret Phys, RO-3400 Cluj Napoca, Romania. 2732 Northwestern Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Chicago, IL 60611 USA. 2733 Hungarian Acad Sci Lib, Bibliometr Serv, H-1245 Budapest, Hungary. 2734 RP Vicsek, T, Lorand Eotvos Univ, Dept Biol Phys, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary. 2735 CR ALBERT R, 1999, NATURE, V401, P130 2736 ALBERT R, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P5234 2737 AMARAL LAN, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P11149 2738 BARABASI AL, 2001, PHYSICA A, V299, P559 2739 BAUER M, 2001, J STAT PHYS, V103, P301 2740 CVETKOVIC DM, 1995, SPECTRA GRAPHS THEOR 2741 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2000, EUROPHYS LETT, V52, P33 2742 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2000, PHYS REV E A, V62, P1842 2743 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2002, PHYS REV E 2, V65 2744 ERDOS P, 1960, PUBL MATH I HUNG, V5, P17 2745 FARKAS IJ, IN PRESS TOPOLOGY TR 2746 FARKAS IJ, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64 2747 GOH KI, 2001, PHYS REV E 1, V64 2748 HUBERMAN BA, 1999, NATURE, V401, P131 2749 HUGHES TR, 2000, CELL, V102, P109 2750 JEONG H, 2000, NATURE, V407, P651 2751 JUNG S, 2002, PHYS REV E 2, V65 2752 KOCHEN M, 1989, SMALL WORLD 2753 KRAPIVSKY PL, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P4629 2754 LAWRENCE S, 1999, NATURE, V400, P107 2755 MEHTA ML, 1991, RANDOM MATRICES 2756 NEWMAN MEJ, 2001, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V98, P404 2757 NEWMAN MEJ, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64 2758 SOLE RV, 2000, CONDMAT0011196 2759 WASSERMAN S, 1994, SOCIAL NETWORKS ANAL 2760 WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440 2761 WATTS DJ, 1999, SMALL WORLD 2762 WUCHTY S, 2001, MOL BIOL EVOL, V18, P1694 2763 NR 28 2764 TC 19 2765 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV 2766 PI AMSTERDAM 2767 PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS 2768 SN 0378-4371 2769 J9 PHYSICA A 2770 JI Physica A 2771 PD NOV 1 2772 PY 2002 2773 VL 314 2774 IS 1-4 2775 BP 25 2776 EP 34 2777 PG 10 2778 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 2779 GA 619XL 2780 UT ISI:000179502800004 2781 ER 2782 2783 PT J 2784 AU Kim, J 2785 Kahng, B 2786 Barabasi, AL 2787 TI Nanoscale wire formation on sputter-eroded surfaces 2788 SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 2789 LA English 2790 DT Article 2791 ID RIPPLE TOPOGRAPHY; ION; EROSION 2792 AB Rotated ripple structures (RRS) on sputter-eroded surfaces are 2793 potential candidates for nanoscale wire fabrication. We show that the 2794 RRS can form when the width of the collision cascade in the 2795 longitudinal direction is larger than that in the transverse direction 2796 and the incident angle of ion beam is chosen in a specific window. By 2797 calculating the structure factor for the RRS, we find that they are 2798 more regular and their amplitude is more enhanced compared to the much 2799 studied ripple structure forming in the linear regime of sputter 2800 erosion. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics. 2801 C1 Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Phys, Seoul 151747, South Korea. 2802 Seoul Natl Univ, Ctr Theoret Phys, Seoul 151747, South Korea. 2803 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 2804 RP Kim, J, KISTI, Supercomp Res Dept, Taejon 305806, South Korea. 2805 CR BRADLEY RM, 1988, J VAC SCI TECHNOL A, V6, P2390 2806 CUERNO R, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V74, P4746 2807 FACSKO S, 1999, SCIENCE, V285, P1551 2808 FACSKO S, 2001, PHYS REV B, V63 2809 FROST F, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P4116 2810 HABENICHT S, 2000, EUROPHYS LETT, V50, P209 2811 JACAK L, 1998, QUANTUM DOTS 2812 KAHNG B, 2001, APPL PHYS LETT, V78, P805 2813 KAMINS TI, 1997, APPL PHYS LETT, V71, P1201 2814 KAPON E, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V63, P430 2815 MAKEEV M, UNPUB 2816 MAKEEV MA, 1997, APPL PHYS LETT, V71, P2800 2817 PARK S, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V83, P3486 2818 ROST M, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V75, P3894 2819 SINHA SK, 1988, PHYS REV B, V38, P2297 2820 NR 15 2821 TC 8 2822 PU AMER INST PHYSICS 2823 PI MELVILLE 2824 PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, 2825 MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA 2826 SN 0003-6951 2827 J9 APPL PHYS LETT 2828 JI Appl. Phys. Lett. 2829 PD NOV 4 2830 PY 2002 2831 VL 81 2832 IS 19 2833 BP 3654 2834 EP 3656 2835 PG 3 2836 SC Physics, Applied 2837 GA 609ZA 2838 UT ISI:000178935200046 2839 ER 2840 2841 PT J 2842 AU Yook, SH 2843 Jeong, HW 2844 Barabasi, AL 2845 TI Modeling the Internet's large-scale topology 2846 SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF 2847 AMERICA 2848 LA English 2849 DT Article 2850 ID GROWING RANDOM NETWORKS; ATTACK; WEB 2851 AB Network generators that capture the Internet's large-scale topology are 2852 crucial for the development of efficient routing protocols and modeling 2853 Internet traffic. Our ability to design realistic generators is limited 2854 by the incomplete understanding of the fundamental driving forces that 2855 affect the Internet's evolution. By combining several independent 2856 databases capturing the time evolution, topology, and physical layout 2857 of the Internet, we identify the universal mechanisms that shape the 2858 Internet's router and autonomous system level topology. We find that 2859 the physical layout of nodes form a fractal set, determined by 2860 population density patterns around the globe. The placement of links is 2861 driven by competition between preferential attachment and linear 2862 distance dependence, a marked departure from the currently used 2863 exponential laws. The universal parameters that we extract 2864 significantly restrict the class of potentially correct Internet models 2865 and indicate that the networks created by all available topology 2866 generators are fundamentally different from the current Internet. 2867 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 2868 Korea Adv Inst Sci & Technol, Dept Phys, Taejon 305701, South Korea. 2869 RP Barabasi, AL, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 2870 CR ALBERT R, 2000, NATURE, V406, P378 2871 BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509 2872 BIANCONI G, 2001, EUROPHYS LETT, V54, P436 2873 BOLLOBAS B, 1985, RANDOM GRAPHS 2874 CALVERT KL, 1997, IEEE COMMUN MAG, V35, P160 2875 CAPOCCI A, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64 2876 COHEN R, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P4626 2877 COHEN R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P3682 2878 CROVELLA ME, 1997, IEEE ACM T NETWORK, V5, P835 2879 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P4633 2880 ERDOS P, 1960, PUBL MATH I HUNG, V5, P17 2881 FALOUTSOS M, 1999, COMP COMM R, V29, P251 2882 HAVLIN S, 1991, FRACTALS DISORDERED 2883 JIN C, 2000, CSETR44300 U MICH AN 2884 KRAPIVSKY PL, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P4629 2885 KRAPIVSKY PL, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V63 2886 LAWRENCE S, 1999, NATURE, V400, P107 2887 LORENZ DH, 2001, DIMACS TECHNICAL REP 2888 MANNA SS, 2002, EPRINT ARCH 2889 MEDINA A, 2000, COMPUT COMMUN REV, V30, P18 2890 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P3200 2891 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V87 2892 VICSEK T, 1992, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO 2893 WAXMAN BM, 1988, IEEE J SEL AREA COMM, V6, P1617 2894 NR 24 2895 TC 86 2896 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES 2897 PI WASHINGTON 2898 PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA 2899 SN 0027-8424 2900 J9 PROC NAT ACAD SCI USA 2901 JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2902 PD OCT 15 2903 PY 2002 2904 VL 99 2905 IS 21 2906 BP 13382 2907 EP 13386 2908 PG 5 2909 SC Multidisciplinary Sciences 2910 GA 604RW 2911 UT ISI:000178635700009 2912 ER 2913 2914 PT J 2915 AU Oltvai, ZN 2916 Barabasi, AL 2917 TI Life's complexity pyramid 2918 SO SCIENCE 2919 LA English 2920 DT Editorial Material 2921 ID NETWORKS 2922 C1 Northwestern Univ, Dept Pathol, Chicago, IL 60611 USA. 2923 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 2924 RP Oltvai, ZN, Northwestern Univ, Dept Pathol, Chicago, IL 60611 USA. 2925 CR BHALLA US, 1999, SCIENCE, V283, P381 2926 BRAY D, 1995, NATURE, V376, P307 2927 HARTWELL LH, 1999, NATURE, V402, P47 2928 HASTY J, 2001, NAT REV GENET, V2, P268 2929 JEONG H, 2000, NATURE, V407, P651 2930 KITANO H, 2002, SCIENCE, V295, P1662 2931 LEE TI, 2002, SCIENCE, V298, P799 2932 MILO R, 2002, SCIENCE, V298, P824 2933 RAVASZ E, 2002, SCIENCE, V297, P1551 2934 SHENORR SS, 2002, NAT GENET, V31, P64 2935 NR 10 2936 TC 102 2937 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE 2938 PI WASHINGTON 2939 PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA 2940 SN 0036-8075 2941 J9 SCIENCE 2942 JI Science 2943 PD OCT 25 2944 PY 2002 2945 VL 298 2946 IS 5594 2947 BP 763 2948 EP 764 2949 PG 2 2950 SC Multidisciplinary Sciences 2951 GA 607KR 2952 UT ISI:000178791200040 2953 ER 2954 2955 PT J 2956 AU Schwartz, N 2957 Cohen, R 2958 ben-Avraham, D 2959 Barabasi, AL 2960 Havlin, S 2961 TI Percolation in directed scale-free networks 2962 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E 2963 LA English 2964 DT Article 2965 ID COMPLEX NETWORKS; ABSORBING STATES; RANDOM GRAPHS; FRAGILITY; INTERNET; 2966 ATTACK 2967 AB Many complex networks in nature have directed links, a property that 2968 affects the network's navigability and large-scale topology. Here we 2969 study the percolation properties of such directed scale-free networks 2970 with correlated in and out degree distributions. We derive a phase 2971 diagram that indicates the existence of three regimes, determined by 2972 the values of the degree exponents. In the first regime we regain the 2973 known directed percolation mean field exponents. In contrast, the 2974 second and third regimes are characterized by anomalous exponents, 2975 which we calculate analytically. In the third regime the network is 2976 resilient to random dilution, i.e., the percolation threshold is 2977 p(c)-->1. 2978 C1 Bar Ilan Univ, Minerva Ctr, Ramat Gan, Israel. 2979 Bar Ilan Univ, Dept Phys, Ramat Gan, Israel. 2980 Clarkson Univ, Dept Phys, Potsdam, NY 13699 USA. 2981 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 2982 RP Schwartz, N, Bar Ilan Univ, Minerva Ctr, Ramat Gan, Israel. 2983 CR ALBERT R, 2000, NATURE, V406, P378 2984 ALBERT R, 2000, NATURE, V406, P6794 2985 ALBERT R, 2002, REV MOD PHYS, V74, P47 2986 BARABASI AL, 2000, PHYSICA A, V281, P2115 2987 BRODER A, 2000, COMPUT NETW, V33, P309 2988 BUNDE A, 1996, FRACTALS DISORDERED 2989 CALLAWAY DS, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P5468 2990 COHEN R, CONDMAT0202259 2991 COHEN R, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P4626 2992 COHEN R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P3682 2993 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64 2994 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2002, ADV PHYS, V51, P1079 2995 FROJDH P, 2001, INT J MOD PHYS B, V15, P1761 2996 HINRICHSEN H, 2000, ADV PHYS, V49, P815 2997 JEONG H, 2000, NATURE, V407, P651 2998 NEWMAN MEJ, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64 2999 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V63 3000 SANCHEZ AD, 2002, PHYS REV LETT, V88 3001 SOLE RV, 2001, P ROY SOC LOND B BIO, V268, P2039 3002 STAUFFER D, 1991, INTRO PERCOLATION TH 3003 WEISS GH, 1994, ASPECTS APPL RANDOM 3004 WILF HS, 1994, GENERATINGFUNCTIONOL 3005 NR 22 3006 TC 18 3007 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 3008 PI COLLEGE PK 3009 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 3010 SN 1063-651X 3011 J9 PHYS REV E 3012 JI Phys. Rev. E 3013 PD JUL 3014 PY 2002 3015 VL 66 3016 IS 1 3017 PN Part 2 3018 AR 015104 3019 DI ARTN 015104 3020 PG 4 3021 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical 3022 GA 579WG 3023 UT ISI:000177200600004 3024 ER 3025 3026 PT J 3027 AU Barabasi, AL 3028 Jeong, H 3029 Neda, Z 3030 Ravasz, E 3031 Schubert, A 3032 Vicsek, T 3033 TI Evolution of the social network of scientific collaborations 3034 SO PHYSICA A 3035 LA English 3036 DT Article 3037 DE random networks; scaling; small-word systems; scale-free networks 3038 ID WORLD-WIDE-WEB; GROWING RANDOM NETWORKS; TOPOLOGY; INTERNET; 3039 DISTRIBUTIONS; ORGANIZATION; DYNAMICS; GROWTH 3040 AB The co-authorship network of scientists represents a prototype of 3041 complex evolving networks. In addition, it offers one of the most 3042 extensive database to date on social networks. By mapping the 3043 electronic database containing all relevant journals in mathematics and 3044 neuro-science for an 8-year period (1991-98), we infer the dynamic and 3045 the structural mechanisms that govern the evolution and topology of 3046 this complex system. Three complementary approaches allow us to obtain 3047 a detailed characterization. First, empirical measurements allow us to 3048 uncover the topological measures that characterize the network at a 3049 given moment, as well as the time evolution of these quantities. The 3050 results indicate that the network is scale-free, and that the network 3051 evolution is governed by preferential attachment, affecting both 3052 internal and external links. However, in contrast with most model 3053 predictions the average degree increases in time, and the node 3054 separation decreases. Second, we propose a simple model that captures 3055 the network's time evolution. In some limits the model can be solved 3056 analytically, predicting a two-regime scaling in agreement with the 3057 measurements. Third, numerical simulations are used to uncover the 3058 behavior of quantities that could not be predicted analytically. The 3059 combined numerical and analytical results underline the important role 3060 internal links play in determining the observed scaling behavior and 3061 network topology. The results and methodologies developed in the 3062 context of the co-authorship network could be useful for a systematic 3063 study of other complex evolving networks as well, such as the world 3064 wide web, Internet, or other social networks. (C) 2002 Published by 3065 Elsevier Science B.V. 3066 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 3067 Coll Budepest, Inst Adv Study, Budapest, Hungary. 3068 Univ Babes Bolyai, Dept Theoret Phys, R-3400 Cluj Napoca, Romania. 3069 Lib Hungarian Acad Sci, Bibliomet Serv, Budapest, Hungary. 3070 Lorand Eotvos Univ, Dept Biol Phys, Budapest, Hungary. 3071 RP Barabasi, AL, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 3072 CR ALBERT P, 1999, NATURE, V400, P130 3073 ALBERT R, 2000, NATURE, V406, P378 3074 ALBERT R, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P5234 3075 AMARAL LAN, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P11149 3076 BARABASI AL, 1999, PHYSICA A, V272, P173 3077 BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509 3078 BARABASI AL, 2000, PHYSICA A, V281, P69 3079 BOLLOBAS B, 1985, RANDOM GRAPHS 3080 BRODER A, 2000, P 9 INT WORLD WID WE 3081 BUNDE A, 1996, FRACTALS DISORDERED 3082 COHEN R, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P4626 3083 DECASTRO R, 1999, MATH INTELL, V21, P51 3084 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2000, CONDMAT0009090 3085 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2000, CONDMAT0011077 3086 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2000, EUROPHYS LETT, V50, P1 3087 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2000, EUROPHYS LETT, V52, P33 3088 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2000, PHYS REV E A, V62, P1842 3089 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P4633 3090 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V63 3091 ERDOS P, 1959, PUBL MATH-DEBRECEN, V6, P290 3092 FALOUTSOS M, 1999, COMP COMM R, V29, P251 3093 FELL DA, 2000, 0007041 SANT FE I 3094 FELL DA, 2000, ANIMATING CELLULAR M, P79 3095 HUBERMAN BA, 1999, NATURE, V401, P131 3096 JEONG H, 2000, NATURE, V407, P651 3097 KOCHEN M, 1989, SMALL WORLD 3098 KRAPIVSKY PL, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P4629 3099 KRAPIVSKY PL, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V63 3100 KULLMANN L, 2000, CONDMAT0012410 3101 LAWRENCE S, 1998, SCIENCE, V280, P98 3102 LAWRENCE S, 1999, NATURE, V400, P107 3103 MONTOYA JM, 2000, CONDMAT0011195 3104 NEWMAN MEJ, 2001, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V98, P404 3105 NEWMAN MEJ, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64 3106 NEWMAN MEJ, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64 3107 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P3200 3108 REDNER S, 1998, EUR PHYS J B, V4, P131 3109 SCHUBERT A, 1984, SCIENTOMETRICS, V6, P149 3110 SOLE RV, 2000, CONDMAT0011196 3111 WASSERMAN S, 1994, SOCIAL NETWORK ANAL 3112 WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440 3113 WATTS DJ, 1999, SMALL WORLD 3114 NR 42 3115 TC 162 3116 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV 3117 PI AMSTERDAM 3118 PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS 3119 SN 0378-4371 3120 J9 PHYSICA A 3121 JI Physica A 3122 PD AUG 15 3123 PY 2002 3124 VL 311 3125 IS 3-4 3126 BP 590 3127 EP 614 3128 PG 25 3129 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 3130 GA 581BK 3131 UT ISI:000177271100023 3132 ER 3133 3134 PT J 3135 AU Dezso, Z 3136 Barabasi, AL 3137 TI Halting viruses in scale-free networks 3138 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E 3139 LA English 3140 DT Article 3141 ID COMPLEX NETWORKS; PERCOLATION; INTERNET; ATTACK 3142 AB vanishing epidemic threshold for viruses spreading on scale-free 3143 networks indicate that traditional methods, aiming to decrease a virus' 3144 spreading rate cannot succeed in eradicating an epidemic. We 3145 demonstrate that policies that discriminate between the nodes, curing 3146 mostly the highly connected nodes, can restore a finite epidemic 3147 threshold and potentially eradicate a virus. We find that the more 3148 biased a policy is towards the hubs, the more chance it has to bring 3149 the epidemic threshold above the virus' spreading rate. Furthermore, 3150 such biased policies are more cost effective, requiring less cures to 3151 eradicate the virus. 3152 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 3153 RP Dezso, Z, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 3154 CR ALBERT R, 2000, NATURE, V406, P378 3155 ALBERT R, 2002, REV MOD PHYS, V74, P47 3156 ANDERSON RM, 1991, INFECT DIS HUMANS DY 3157 BARABASI AL, 1999, PHYSICA A, V272, P173 3158 BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509 3159 BARABASI AL, 2001, PHYS WORLD, V33 3160 BENAVRAHAM D, 2000, DIFFUSION REACTIONS 3161 BOLLOBAS B, 1985, RANDOM GRAPHS 3162 CALLAWAY DS, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P5468 3163 COHEN R, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P4626 3164 COHEN R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P3682 3165 DIEKMANN O, 2000, MATH EPIDEMIOLOGY IN 3166 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2002, ADV PHYS, V51, P1079 3167 EBEL H, CONDMAT0201476 3168 ERDOS P, 1960, PUBL MATH I HUNG, V5, P17 3169 FALOUTSOS M, 1999, COMP COMM R, V29, P251 3170 GRASSBERGER P, 1983, MATH BIOSCI, V63, P157 3171 JOST J, 2002, PHYS REV E 2, V65 3172 KUPERMAN M, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P2909 3173 LILJEROS F, 2001, NATURE, V411, P907 3174 LLOYD AL, 2001, SCIENCE, V292, P1316 3175 MAY RM, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64 3176 MOORE C, 2000, PHYS REV E B, V61, P5678 3177 MURRAY JD, 1993, MATH BIOL 3178 NEWMAN MEJ, CONDMAT0201433 3179 PASTORSATORRAS R, CONDMAT0202298 3180 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V63 3181 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P3200 3182 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2002, PHYS REV E 2A, V65 3183 PIOT P, 2001, NATURE, V410, P968 3184 WANG XF, 2002, IEEE T CIRCUITS-I, V49, P54 3185 NR 31 3186 TC 60 3187 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 3188 PI COLLEGE PK 3189 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 3190 SN 1063-651X 3191 J9 PHYS REV E 3192 JI Phys. Rev. E 3193 PD MAY 3194 PY 2002 3195 VL 65 3196 IS 5 3197 PN Part 2 3198 AR 055103 3199 DI ARTN 055103 3200 PG 4 3201 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical 3202 GA 568PZ 3203 UT ISI:000176552500003 3204 ER 3205 3206 PT J 3207 AU Albert, R 3208 Barabasi, AL 3209 TI Statistical mechanics of complex networks 3210 SO REVIEWS OF MODERN PHYSICS 3211 LA English 3212 DT Review 3213 ID SMALL-WORLD NETWORKS; SCIENTIFIC COLLABORATION NETWORKS; HIGHLY 3214 OPTIMIZED TOLERANCE; GROWING RANDOM NETWORKS; SCALE-FREE NETWORKS; 3215 MEAN-FIELD THEORY; ART. NO. 025101; RANDOM GRAPHS; EVOLVING NETWORKS; 3216 WIDE-WEB 3217 AB Complex networks describe a wide range of systems in nature and 3218 society. Frequently cited examples include the cell, a network of 3219 chemicals linked by chemical reactions, and the Internet, a network of 3220 routers and computers connected by physical links. While traditionally 3221 these systems have been modeled as random graphs, it is increasingly 3222 recognized that the topology and evolution of real networks are 3223 governed by robust organizing principles. This article reviews the 3224 recent advances in the field of complex networks, focusing on the 3225 statistical mechanics of network topology and dynamics. After reviewing 3226 the empirical data that motivated the recent interest in networks, the 3227 authors discuss the main models and analytical tools, covering random 3228 graphs, small-world and scale-free networks, the emerging theory of 3229 evolving networks, and the interplay between topology and the network's 3230 robustness against failures and attacks. 3231 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 3232 RP Albert, R, Univ Minnesota, Sch Math, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. 3233 CR ABELLO J, 1999, DIMACS SERIES DISCRE, P119 3234 ADAMIC L, 1999, P ECDL, P443 3235 ADAMIC LA, 1999, NATURE, V401, P131 3236 ADAMIC LA, 2000, PREPRINT 3237 ADAMIC LA, 2000, SCIENCE, V287, P2115 3238 ADAMIC LA, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64 3239 AIELLO W, 2000, P 32 ANN ACM S THEOR, P171 3240 ALBERT R, 1999, NATURE, V401, P130 3241 ALBERT R, 2000, NATURE, V406, P378 3242 ALBERT R, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P5234 3243 ALDOUS DJ, 1999, BERNOULLI, V5, P3 3244 AMARAL LAN, 1999, UNPUB 3245 AMARAL LAN, 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M, 1998, COMB PROBAB COMPUT, V7, P295 3378 MONASSON R, 1999, EUR PHYS J B, V12, P555 3379 MONTOYA JM, 2000, CONDMAT0011195 3380 MOORE C, 2000, PHYS REV E B, V61, P5678 3381 MOORE C, 2000, PHYS REV E B, V62, P7059 3382 MOORE EF, 1952, J FRANKLIN I, V262, P201 3383 MOORE EF, 1956, J FRANKLIN I, V262, P281 3384 MORRA S, 2001, INFORMATION FILTERIN 3385 MOUKARZEL CF, 1999, PHYS REV E, V60, P6263 3386 NEWMAN MEJ, 1999, PHYS LETT A, V263, P341 3387 NEWMAN MEJ, 1999, PHYS REV E B, V60, P7332 3388 NEWMAN MEJ, 2000, J STAT PHYS, V101, P819 3389 NEWMAN MEJ, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V84, P3201 3390 NEWMAN MEJ, 2001, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V98, P404 3391 NEWMAN MEJ, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64 3392 NEWMAN MEJ, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64 3393 NEWMAN MEJ, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64 3394 NEWMAN MEJ, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64 3395 NEWMAN MEJ, 2001, UNPUB 3396 PALMER CR, 2000, P IEEE GLOB 00 SAN F, V1, P434 3397 PANDIT SA, 1999, PHYS REV E, V60, P1119 3398 PARETO V, 1897, COURS EC POLITIQUE, V2 3399 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, CONDMAT0102028 3400 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, CONDMAT0105161 3401 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P3200 3402 PAXSON V, 1997, P 1997 WINT SIM C, P1037 3403 PENNOCK DM, 2000, 2000164 NEC RES I 3404 PIMM SL, 1991, BALANCE NATURE 3405 RAPOPORT A, 1957, B MATH BIOPHYS, V19, P257 3406 REDNER S, 1998, EUR PHYS J B, V4, P131 3407 RODRIGUEZITURBE I, 1997, FRACTAL RIVER BASINS 3408 SAVAGEAU MA, 1998, BIOSYSTEMS, V47, P9 3409 SCALA A, 2001, EUROPHYS LETT, V55, P594 3410 SCHILLING CH, 1998, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V95, P4193 3411 SIMON HA, 1955, BIOMETRIKA, V42, P425 3412 SLANINA F, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V83, P5587 3413 SLANINA F, 2000, PHYS REV E A, V62, P6170 3414 SOLE RV, 2001, P ROY SOC LOND B BIO, V268, P2039 3415 SOLE RV, 2001, PHYSICA A, V289, P595 3416 SOLOMONOFF R, 1951, B MATH BIOPHYS, V13, P107 3417 STANLEY HE, 1971, INTRO PHASE TRANSITI 3418 STAUFFER D, 1992, INTRO PERCOLATION TH 3419 STEYVERS M, 2001, PREPRINT 3420 STROGATZ SH, 2001, NATURE, V410, P268 3421 TADIC B, 2001, CONDMAT0104029 3422 TADIC B, 2001, PHYSICA A, V293, P273 3423 VALENTE T, 1995, NETWORK MODELS DIFFU 3424 VAZQUEZ A, 2000, CONDMAT0006132 3425 VAZQUEZ A, 2001, CONDMAT0105031 3426 VOGELSTEIN B, 2000, NATURE, V408, P307 3427 WAGNER A, 2000, 0007041 SANT FE I 3428 WALSH T, 2001, P 17 INT JOINT C ART 3429 WANG XF, 2001, CONDMAT0105014 3430 WASSERMAN S, 1994, SOCIAL NETWORK ANAL 3431 WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440 3432 WATTS DJ, 1999, SMALL WORLDS DYNAMIC 3433 WATTS DJ, 2000, 0012062 SANT FE 3434 WEIGT M, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P1658 3435 WEST GB, 1997, SCIENCE, V276, P122 3436 WIGNER EP, 1955, ANN MATH, V62, P548 3437 WIGNER EP, 1957, ANN MATH, V65, P203 3438 WIGNER EP, 1958, ANN MATH, V67, P325 3439 WILF HS, 1990, GENERATING FUNCTIONO 3440 WILLIAMS RJ, 2000, 0107036 SANT FE I 3441 WILLINGER W, 1997, IEEE ACM T NETWORK, V5, P71 3442 YOOK S, 2001, CONDMAT0107417 3443 YOOK S, 2001, UNPUB 3444 YOOK SH, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P5835 3445 ZIPF GK, 1949, HUMAN BEHAV PRINCIPL 3446 ZIZZI PA, 2001, GRQC0103002 3447 NR 214 3448 TC 2060 3449 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 3450 PI COLLEGE PK 3451 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 3452 SN 0034-6861 3453 J9 REV MOD PHYS 3454 JI Rev. Mod. Phys. 3455 PD JAN 3456 PY 2002 3457 VL 74 3458 IS 1 3459 BP 47 3460 EP 97 3461 PG 51 3462 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 3463 GA 533UL 3464 UT ISI:000174548700003 3465 ER 3466 3467 PT J 3468 AU Jeong, H 3469 Kahng, B 3470 Lee, S 3471 Kwak, CY 3472 Barabasi, AL 3473 Furdyna, JK 3474 TI Monte Carlo simulation of sinusoidally modulated superlattice growth 3475 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E 3476 LA English 3477 DT Article 3478 AB The fabrication of ZnSe/ZnTe superlattices grown by the process of 3479 rotating the substrate in the presence of an inhomogeneous flux 3480 distribution instead of the successively closing and opening of source 3481 shutters is studied via Monte Carlo simulations. It is found that the 3482 concentration of each compound is sinusoidally modulated along the 3483 growth direction, caused by the uneven arrival of Se and Te atoms at a 3484 given point of the sample, and by the variation of the Te/Se ratio at 3485 that point due to the rotation of the substrate. In this way we obtain 3486 a ZnSe1-xTex alloy in which the composition x varies sinusoidally along 3487 the growth direction. The period of the modulation is directly 3488 controlled by the rate of the substrate rotation. The amplitude of the 3489 compositional modulation is monotonic for small angular velocities of 3490 the substrate rotation, but is itself modulated for large angular 3491 velocities. The average amplitude of the modulation pattern decreases 3492 as the angular velocity of substrate rotation increases and the 3493 measurement position approaches the center of rotation. The simulation 3494 results are in good agreement with previously published experimental 3495 measurements on superlattices fabricated in this manner. 3496 C1 Korea Adv Inst Sci & Technol, Dept Phys, Taejon 305710, South Korea. 3497 Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Phys, Seoul 151742, South Korea. 3498 Seoul Natl Univ, Ctr Theoret Phys, Seoul 151742, South Korea. 3499 Korea Univ, Dept Phys, Seoul 136701, South Korea. 3500 Konkuk Univ, Dept Phys, Seoul 143701, South Korea. 3501 Konkuk Univ, Ctr Adv Mat, Seoul 143701, South Korea. 3502 RP Kahng, B, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 3503 CR FAMILY F, 1986, J PHYS A, V19, L441 3504 FEWSTER PF, 1993, SEMICOND SCI TECH, V8, P1915 3505 LEE S, 2000, J VAC SCI TECHNOL B, V18, P1518 3506 PARK S, 1999, PHYS REV E B, V59, P6184 3507 REIMER PM, 2000, PHYS REV B, V61, P8388 3508 SHAHZAD K, 1988, PHYS REV B, V38, P1417 3509 UESUGI K, 1996, APPL PHYS LETT, V68, P844 3510 WOLF DE, 1995, SCALE INVARIANCE INT, P215 3511 YANG G, 2000, PHYS REV B, V61, P10978 3512 NR 9 3513 TC 0 3514 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 3515 PI COLLEGE PK 3516 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 3517 SN 1063-651X 3518 J9 PHYS REV E 3519 JI Phys. Rev. E 3520 PD MAR 3521 PY 2002 3522 VL 65 3523 IS 3 3524 PN Part 1 3525 AR 031602 3526 DI ARTN 031602 3527 PG 5 3528 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical 3529 GA 533UM 3530 UT ISI:000174548800056 3531 ER 3532 3533 PT J 3534 AU Albert, I 3535 Sample, JG 3536 Morss, AJ 3537 Rajagopalan, S 3538 Barabasi, AL 3539 Schiffer, P 3540 TI Granular drag on a discrete object: Shape effects on jamming 3541 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E 3542 LA English 3543 DT Article 3544 ID FORCE FLUCTUATIONS; STRESS FLUCTUATIONS; BEAD PACKS; PROPAGATION; 3545 MATTER; MEDIA 3546 AB We study the drag force on discrete objects with circular cross section 3547 moving slowly through a spherical granular medium. Variations in the 3548 geometry of the dragged object change the drag force only by a small 3549 fraction relative to shape effects in fluid drag. The drag force 3550 depends quadratically on the object's diameter as expected. We do 3551 observe, however. a deviation above the expected linear depth 3552 dependence, and the magnitude of the deviation is apparently controlled 3553 by geometrical factors. 3554 C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. 3555 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 3556 Penn State Univ, Mat Res Inst, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. 3557 RP Schiffer, P, Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. 3558 EM schiffer@phys.psu.edu 3559 CR ALBERT I, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V84, P5122 3560 ALBERT I, 2001, PHYS REV E 1, V64 3561 ALBERT I, 2001, THESIS U NOTRE DAME 3562 ALBERT R, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V82, P205 3563 CATES ME, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V81, P1841 3564 CATES ME, 1999, PHYSICA A, V263, P354 3565 COPPERSMITH SN, 1996, PHYS REV E A, V53, P4673 3566 FOX RW, 1973, INTRO FLUID MECH 3567 HOWELL D, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V82, P5241 3568 JIA X, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V82, P1863 3569 LIU AJ, 1998, NATURE, V396, P21 3570 LIU CH, 1995, SCIENCE, V269, P513 3571 MILLER B, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V77, P3110 3572 MUETH DM, 1998, PHYS REV E B, V57, P3164 3573 NGUYEN ML, 1999, PHYS REV E B, V59, P5870 3574 VANEL L, 1999, PHYS REV E, V60, P5040 3575 WIEGHARDT K, 1975, ANNU REV FLUID MECH, V7, P89 3576 ZIK O, 1992, EUROPHYS LETT, V17, P315 3577 NR 18 3578 TC 18 3579 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 3580 PI COLLEGE PK 3581 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 3582 SN 1063-651X 3583 J9 PHYS REV E 3584 JI Phys. Rev. E 3585 PD DEC 3586 PY 2001 3587 VL 6406 3588 IS 6 3589 PN Part 1 3590 AR 061303 3591 DI ARTN 061303 3592 PG 4 3593 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical 3594 GA 502CN 3595 UT ISI:000172726300018 3596 ER 3597 3598 PT J 3599 AU Kahng, B 3600 Albert, L 3601 Schiffer, P 3602 Barabasi, AL 3603 TI Modeling relaxation and jamming in granular media 3604 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E 3605 LA English 3606 DT Article 3607 ID STRESS FLUCTUATIONS; BREAKDOWN; PROPAGATION; TRANSITION; SANDPILES; 3608 DRAG; SAND 3609 AB We introduce a stochastic microscopic model to investigate the jamming 3610 and reorganization of grains induced by an object moving through a 3611 granular medium. The model reproduces the experimentally observed 3612 periodic sawtooth fluctuations in the jamming force and predicts the 3613 period and the power spectrum in terms of the controllable physical 3614 parameters. It also predicts that the avalanche sizes, defined as the 3615 number of displaced grains during a single advance of the object, 3616 follow a power law P(s) similar to s(-tau), where the exponent is 3617 independent of the physical parameters. 3618 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 3619 Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Phys, Seoul 151742, South Korea. 3620 Seoul Natl Univ, Ctr Theoret Phys, Seoul 151742, South Korea. 3621 Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. 3622 Penn State Univ, Mat Res Inst, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. 3623 RP Kahng, B, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 3624 CR ALBERT I, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V84, P5122 3625 ALBERT I, 2001, PHYS REV E 1, V64 3626 ALBERT R, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V82, P205 3627 CATES ME, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V81, P1841 3628 DEMIREL AL, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V77, P4330 3629 HELD GA, 1990, PHYS REV LETT, V65, P1120 3630 HOWELL D, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V82, P5241 3631 JAEGER HM, 1996, REV MOD PHYS, V68, P1259 3632 JIA X, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V82, P1863 3633 KADANOFF LP, 1999, REV MOD PHYS, V71, P435 3634 KAHNG B, 1988, PHYS REV B, V37, P7625 3635 KAHNG B, 1990, J PHYS A, V23, L49 3636 LIU AJ, 1998, NATURE, V396, P21 3637 LIU CH, 1995, SCIENCE, V269, P513 3638 MARTIN S, 1991, J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS, V96, P10567 3639 MILLER B, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V77, P3110 3640 MUETH DM, 1998, PHYS REV E B, V57, P3164 3641 NGADI A, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V80, P273 3642 NGUYEN ML, CONDMAT0005023 3643 NGUYEN ML, 2000, PHYS REV E B, V62, P5248 3644 ROSENDAHL J, 1993, PHYS REV E, V47, P1401 3645 TKACHENKO AV, 1999, PHYS REV E, V60, P687 3646 VANEL L, 1999, PHYS REV E A, V60, R5040 3647 ZAPPERI S, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V78, P1408 3648 ZAPPERI S, 1999, PHYS REV E A, V59, P5049 3649 NR 25 3650 TC 6 3651 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 3652 PI COLLEGE PK 3653 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 3654 SN 1063-651X 3655 J9 PHYS REV E 3656 JI Phys. Rev. E 3657 PD NOV 3658 PY 2001 3659 VL 6405 3660 IS 5 3661 PN Part 1 3662 AR 051303 3663 DI ARTN 051303 3664 PG 4 3665 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical 3666 GA 496QF 3667 UT ISI:000172406900036 3668 ER 3669 3670 PT J 3671 AU Barabasi, AL 3672 Ravasz, E 3673 Vicsek, T 3674 TI Deterministic scale-free networks 3675 SO PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 3676 LA English 3677 DT Article 3678 DE disordered systems; networks; scale-free networks; scaling 3679 ID INTERNET; TOPOLOGY; WEB 3680 AB Scale-free networks are abundant in nature and society, describing such 3681 diverse systems as the world wide web, the web of human sexual 3682 contacts, or the chemical network of a cell. All models used to 3683 generate a scale-free topology are stochastic, that is they create 3684 networks in which the nodes appear to be randomly connected to each 3685 other. Here we propose a simple model that generates scale-free 3686 networks in a deterministic fashion. We solve exactly the model, 3687 showing that the tail of the degree distribution follows a power law. 3688 (C) 2001 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. 3689 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Coll Sci, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 3690 Lorand Eotvos Univ, Dept Biol Sci, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary. 3691 RP Barabasi, AL, Univ Notre Dame, Coll Sci, Dept Phys, 225,Nieuwland Sci 3692 Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 3693 CR ALBERT R, 1999, NATURE, V401, P130 3694 ALBERT R, 2000, NATURE, V406, P378 3695 ALBERT R, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P5234 3696 ALBERT R, 2001, IN PRESS REV MOD PHY 3697 AMARAL LAN, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P11149 3698 BARABASI AL, 1999, PHYSICA A, V272, P173 3699 BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509 3700 BARABASI AL, 2001, CONDMAT0104162 3701 BARABASI AL, 2001, PHYS WORLD, V14, P33 3702 BIANCONI G, 2001, CONDMAT0104131 3703 BIANCONI G, 2001, EUROPHYS LETT, V54, P443 3704 BIANCONI G, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P5632 3705 BRODER A, 2000, COMPUT NETW, V33, P309 3706 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2000, EUROPHYS LETT, V50, P1 3707 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2000, EUROPHYS LETT, V52, P33 3708 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2000, PHYS REV E A, V62, P1842 3709 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P4633 3710 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2001, IN PRESS ADV PHYS 3711 FALOUTSOS M, 1999, COMP COMM R, V29, P251 3712 JEONG H, 2000, NATURE, V407, P651 3713 JEONG H, 2001, CONDMAT0104131 3714 JEONG H, 2001, NATURE, V411, P41 3715 KRAPIVSKY PL, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P4629 3716 KRAPIVSKY PL, 2001, IN PRESS PHYS REV LE 3717 KRAPIVSKY PL, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V63 3718 LILJEROS F, 2001, NATURE, V411, P907 3719 MANDELBROT BB, 1982, FRACTAL GEOMETRY NAT 3720 NEWMAN MEJ, 2000, J STAT PHYS, V101, P849 3721 NEWMAN MEJ, 2001, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V98, P404 3722 PASTORSATORRAS R, CONDMAT0105161 3723 SOLE RV, 2000, CONTMAT0011196 3724 VICSEK T, 1989, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO 3725 NR 32 3726 TC 64 3727 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV 3728 PI AMSTERDAM 3729 PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS 3730 SN 0378-4371 3731 J9 PHYSICA A 3732 JI Physica A 3733 PD OCT 15 3734 PY 2001 3735 VL 299 3736 IS 3-4 3737 BP 559 3738 EP 564 3739 PG 6 3740 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 3741 GA 484DT 3742 UT ISI:000171675500016 3743 ER 3744 3745 PT J 3746 AU Albert, I 3747 Tegzes, P 3748 Albert, R 3749 Sample, JG 3750 Barabasi, AL 3751 Vicsek, T 3752 Kahng, B 3753 Schiffer, P 3754 TI Stick-slip fluctuations in granular drag 3755 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E 3756 LA English 3757 DT Article 3758 ID FORCE FLUCTUATIONS; STRESS FLUCTUATIONS; BEAD PACKS; PROPAGATION; 3759 FRICTION; MATTER; LAYERS; MODELS; MEDIA 3760 AB We study fluctuations in the drag force experienced by an object moving 3761 through a granular medium. The successive formation and collapse of 3762 jammed states give a stick-slip nature to the fluctuations which are 3763 periodic at small depths but become "stepped" at large depths, a 3764 transition that we interpret as a consequence of the long-range nature 3765 of the force chains and the finite size of our experiment. Another 3766 important finding is that the mean force and the fluctuations appear to 3767 be independent of the properties of the contact surface between the 3768 grains and the dragged object. These results imply that the drag force 3769 originates in the bulk properties of the granular sample. 3770 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 3771 Lorand Eotvos Univ, Dept Biol Phys, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary. 3772 Seoul Natl Univ, Ctr Theoret Phys, Seoul 151742, South Korea. 3773 Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Phys, Seoul 151742, South Korea. 3774 Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. 3775 Penn State Univ, Mat Res Inst, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. 3776 RP Albert, I, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 3777 CR ALBERT I, CONDMAT0107392 3778 ALBERT I, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V84, P5122 3779 ALBERT R, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V82, P205 3780 BROWN RL, 1970, PRINCIPLES POWDER ME 3781 BUCHHOLTZ V, 1998, GRANUL MATTER, V1, P33 3782 CATES ME, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V81, P1841 3783 CATES ME, 1999, PHYSICA A, V263, P354 3784 COPPERSMITH SN, 1996, PHYS REV E A, V53, P4673 3785 DEMIREL AL, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V77, P4330 3786 FEDER HJS, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V66, P2669 3787 GEMINARD JC, 1999, PHYS REV E B, V59, P5881 3788 GENG JF, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V87 3789 HOWELL D, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V82, P5241 3790 JIA X, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V82, P1863 3791 KOLB E, 1999, EUR PHYS J B, V8, P483 3792 LIU AJ, 1998, NATURE, V396, P21 3793 LIU CH, 1995, SCIENCE, V269, P513 3794 MILLER B, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V77, P3110 3795 MUETH DM, 1998, PHYS REV E B, V57, P3164 3796 NASUNO S, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V79, P949 3797 NASUNO S, 1998, PHYS REV E B, V58, P2161 3798 NGADI A, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V80, P273 3799 NGUYEN ML, 1999, PHYS REV E B, V59, P5870 3800 PERSSON BNJ, 1999, SURF SCI REP, V33, P33 3801 REYDELLET G, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P3308 3802 TKACHENKO AV, 1999, PHYS REV E, V60, P687 3803 VANEL L, 1999, PHYS REV E, V60, P5040 3804 VANEL L, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V84, P1439 3805 ZIK O, 1992, EUROPHYS LETT, V17, P315 3806 NR 29 3807 TC 19 3808 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 3809 PI COLLEGE PK 3810 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 3811 SN 1063-651X 3812 J9 PHYS REV E 3813 JI Phys. Rev. E 3814 PD SEP 3815 PY 2001 3816 VL 6403 3817 IS 3 3818 PN Part 1 3819 BP art. no. 3820 EP 031307 3821 AR 031307 3822 PG 9 3823 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical 3824 GA 474ZB 3825 UT ISI:000171136200022 3826 ER 3827 3828 PT J 3829 AU Kahng, B 3830 Jeong, H 3831 Barabasi, AL 3832 TI Nanoscale structure formation on sputter eroded surface 3833 SO JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY 3834 LA English 3835 DT Article 3836 ID ION-BOMBARDED SI(001); ROUGHENING INSTABILITY; RIPPLE FORMATION; 3837 EROSION; EVOLUTION 3838 AB We investigate the morphological features of sputter eroded surfaces, 3839 demonstrating that while at short times ripple formation is described 3840 by the linear theory, after a characteristic time, the nonlinear terms 3841 determine the surface morphology, by monitoring the surface width and 3842 the erosion velocity. Furthermore, we show that sputtering under normal 3843 incidence leads to the formation of spatially ordered uniform nanoscale 3844 islands or holes. We find that while the size of these nanostructures 3845 is independent of flux and temperature, it can be controlled by ion 3846 beam energy. 3847 C1 Seoul Natl Univ, Ctr Theoret Phys, Seoul 151742, South Korea. 3848 Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Phys, Seoul 151742, South Korea. 3849 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 3850 RP Kahng, B, Seoul Natl Univ, Ctr Theoret Phys, Seoul 151742, South Korea. 3851 CR BAN YC, 1999, J KOREAN PHYS SOC S, V35, S829 3852 BRADLEY RM, 1988, J VAC SCI TECHNOL A, V6, P2390 3853 CARTER G, 1996, PHYS REV B, V54, P17647 3854 CHASON E, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P3040 3855 CUERNO R, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V74, P4746 3856 EKLUND EA, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V67, P1759 3857 ERLEBACHER J, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V82, P2330 3858 ERLEBACHER J, 2000, J VAC SCI TECHNOL A, V18, P115 3859 FACSKO S, 1999, SCIENCE, V285, P1551 3860 KAHNG B, 2001, APPL PHYS LETT, V78, P805 3861 KARDAR M, 1986, PHYS REV LETT, V56, P889 3862 KOPONEN I, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V78, P2612 3863 MAKEEV M, PREPRINT 3864 MAKEEV MA, 1997, APPL PHYS LETT, V71, P2800 3865 MAYER TM, 1994, J APPL PHYS, V76, P1633 3866 PARK S, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V83, P3486 3867 ROST M, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V75, P3894 3868 RUSPONI S, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V78, P2795 3869 RUSPONI S, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V81, P2735 3870 VAJO JJ, 1988, J VAC SCI TECHNOL A, V6, P76 3871 WITTMAACK K, 1990, J VAC SCI TECHNOL 2, V8, P2246 3872 WOLF DE, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V67, P1783 3873 YANG HN, 1994, PHYS REV B, V50, P7635 3874 NR 23 3875 TC 2 3876 PU KOREAN PHYSICAL SOC 3877 PI SEOUL 3878 PA 635-4, YUKSAM-DONG, KANGNAM-KU, SEOUL 135-703, SOUTH KOREA 3879 SN 0374-4884 3880 J9 J KOREAN PHYS SOC 3881 JI J. Korean Phys. Soc. 3882 PD SEP 3883 PY 2001 3884 VL 39 3885 IS 3 3886 BP 421 3887 EP 424 3888 PG 4 3889 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 3890 GA 473FK 3891 UT ISI:000171029700002 3892 ER 3893 3894 PT J 3895 AU Podani, J 3896 Oltvai, ZN 3897 Jeong, H 3898 Tombor, B 3899 Barabasi, AL 3900 Szathmary, E 3901 TI Comparable system-level organization of Archaea and Eukaryotes 3902 SO NATURE GENETICS 3903 LA English 3904 DT Article 3905 ID METABOLIC NETWORKS; HYPOTHESIS; DEFINITION; PATHWAYS; GENES 3906 AB A central and long-standing issue in evolutionary theory is the origin 3907 of the biological variation upon which natural selection acts'. Some 3908 hypotheses suggest that evolutionary change represents an adaptation to 3909 the surrounding environment within the constraints of an organism's 3910 innate characteristics(1-3). Elucidation of the origin and evolutionary 3911 relationship of species has been complemented by nucleotide sequence(4) 3912 and gene content(5) analyses, with profound implications for 3913 recognizing life's major domains(4). Understanding of evolutionary 3914 relationships may be further expanded by comparing systemic 3915 higher-level organization among species. Here we employ multivariate 3916 analyses to evaluate the biochemical reaction pathways characterizing 3917 43 species. Comparison of the information transfer pathways of Archaea 3918 and Eukaryotes indicates a close relationship between these domains. In 3919 addition, whereas, eukaryotic metabolic enzymes are primarily of 3920 bacterial origin(6), the pathway-level organization of archaeal and 3921 eukaryotic metabolic networks is more closely related. Our analyses 3922 therefore suggest that during the symbiotic evolution of 3923 eukaryotes,(7-9) incorporation of bacterial metabolic enzymes into the 3924 proto-archaeal proteome was constrained by the host's pre-existing 3925 metabolic architecture. 3926 C1 Collegium Budapest, Inst Adv Study, H-1014 Budapest, Hungary. 3927 Lorand Eotvos Univ, Dept Plant Taxon & Ecol, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary. 3928 Northwestern Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Chicago, IL 60611 USA. 3929 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 3930 RP Oltvai, ZN, Collegium Budapest, Inst Adv Study, H-1014 Budapest, 3931 Hungary. 3932 CR ANDERSSON JO, 1999, CURR OPIN GENET DEV, V9, P664 3933 BROOKS DR, 2000, ANN NY ACAD SCI, V901, P257 3934 DARWIN C, 1872, ORIGIN SPECIES 3935 DOOLITTLE WE, 1998, TRENDS GENET, V14, P307 3936 JEONG H, 2000, NATURE, V407, P651 3937 LAWRENCE JG, 1996, GENETICS, V143, P1843 3938 MARGULIS L, 1970, ORIGIN EUKARYOTIC CE 3939 MARTIN W, 1998, NATURE, V392, P37 3940 MIYATA T, 1991, EVOLUTION LIFE FOSSI, P337 3941 MOREIRA D, 1998, J MOL EVOL, V47, P517 3942 OVERBEEK R, 2000, NUCLEIC ACIDS RES, V28, P123 3943 PENNY D, 1999, CURR OPIN GENET DEV, V9, P672 3944 PODANI J, 1998, DATA SCI CLASSIFICAT, P125 3945 PODANI J, 2000, INTRO EXPLORATION MU 3946 PODANI J, 2001, SYN TAX 2000 COMPUTE 3947 RIVERA MC, 1998, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V95, P6239 3948 SAITOU N, 1987, MOL BIOL EVOL, V4, P406 3949 SCHILLING CH, 2000, J THEOR BIOL, V203, P229 3950 SCHUSTER S, 2000, NAT BIOTECHNOL, V18, P326 3951 SMITH JM, 1995, MAJOR TRANSITIONS EV 3952 SNEL B, 1999, NAT GENET, V21, P108 3953 SOKAL R, 1973, NUMERICAL TAXONOMY 3954 TOURASSE NJ, 1999, MOL PHYLOGENET EVOL, V13, P159 3955 WOESE CR, 1990, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V87, P4576 3956 NR 24 3957 TC 26 3958 PU NATURE AMERICA INC 3959 PI NEW YORK 3960 PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA 3961 SN 1061-4036 3962 J9 NAT GENET 3963 JI Nature Genet. 3964 PD SEP 3965 PY 2001 3966 VL 29 3967 IS 1 3968 BP 54 3969 EP 56 3970 PG 3 3971 SC Genetics & Heredity 3972 GA 468WN 3973 UT ISI:000170781300016 3974 ER 3975 3976 PT J 3977 AU Barabasi, AL 3978 Freeh, VW 3979 Jeong, HW 3980 Brockman, JB 3981 TI Parasitic computing 3982 SO NATURE 3983 LA English 3984 DT Article 3985 ID WEB 3986 AB Reliable communication on the Internet is guaranteed by a standard set 3987 of protocols, used by all computers(1). Here we show that these 3988 protocols can be exploited to compute with the communication 3989 infrastructure, transforming the Internet into a distributed computer 3990 in which servers unwittingly perform computation on behalf of a remote 3991 node. In this model, which we call 'parasitic computing', one machine 3992 forces target computers to solve a piece of a complex computational 3993 problem merely by engaging them in standard communication. 3994 Consequently, the target computers are unaware that they have performed 3995 computation for the benefit of a commanding node. As experimental 3996 evidence of the principle of parasitic computing, we harness the power 3997 of several web servers across the globe, which-unknown to them-work 3998 together to solve an NP complete problem(2). 3999 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 4000 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Comp Sci & Engn, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 4001 RP Barabasi, AL, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 4002 CR ALDERMAN LM, 1994, SCIENCE, V266, P1021 4003 BOOLE G, 1854, INVESTIGATION LAWS T 4004 COHEN R, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P4626 4005 COHEN R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P3682 4006 FOSTER I, 2000, NATURE WEB MATTERS 4007 GAREY M, 1979, COMPUTERS INTRACTABI 4008 LAWRENCE S, 1998, SCIENCE, V280, P98 4009 LAWRENCE S, 1999, NATURE, V400, P107 4010 OUYANG Q, 1997, SCIENCE, V278, P446 4011 PETERSON LL, 2000, COMPUTER NETWORKS SY 4012 SCHONING U, 1999, P 40 ANN IEEE S FDN, P410 4013 STEVENS WR, 1994, TCP IP ILLUSTRATED, P144 4014 STONE J, 1998, IEEE ACM T NETWORK, V6, P529 4015 STONE J, 2000, P ACM SIGCOMM, P309 4016 NR 14 4017 TC 6 4018 PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD 4019 PI LONDON 4020 PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND 4021 SN 0028-0836 4022 J9 NATURE 4023 JI Nature 4024 PD AUG 30 4025 PY 2001 4026 VL 412 4027 IS 6850 4028 BP 894 4029 EP 897 4030 PG 5 4031 SC Multidisciplinary Sciences 4032 GA 467EG 4033 UT ISI:000170689000040 4034 ER 4035 4036 PT J 4037 AU Farkas, IJ 4038 Derenyi, I 4039 Barabasi, AL 4040 Vicsek, T 4041 TI Spectra of "real-world" graphs: Beyond the semicircle law 4042 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E 4043 LA English 4044 DT Article 4045 ID RANDOM NETWORKS; INTERNET; TOPOLOGY 4046 AB Many natural and social systems develop complex networks that are 4047 usually modeled as random graphs. The eigenvalue spectrum of these 4048 graphs provides information about their structural properties. While 4049 the semicircle law is known to describe the spectral densities of 4050 uncorrelated random graphs, much less is known about the spectra of 4051 real-world graphs, describing such complex systems as the Internet, 4052 metabolic pathways, networks of power stations, scientific 4053 collaborations, or movie actors, which are inherently correlated and 4054 usually very sparse. An important limitation in addressing the spectra 4055 of these systems is that the numerical determination of the spectra for 4056 systems with more than a few thousand nodes is prohibitively time and 4057 memory consuming. Making use of recent advances in algorithms for 4058 spectral characterization, here we develop methods to determine the 4059 eigenvalues of networks comparable in size to real systems, obtaining 4060 several surprising results on the spectra of adjacency matrices 4061 corresponding to models of real-world graphs. We find that when the 4062 number of links grows as the number of nodes, the spectral density of 4063 uncorrelated random matrices does not converge to the semicircle, law. 4064 Furthermore, the spectra of real-world graphs have specific features, 4065 depending on the details of the corresponding models. In particular, 4066 scale-free graphs develop a trianglelike spectral density with a 4067 power-law tail, while small-world graphs have a complex spectral 4068 density consisting of several sharp peaks. These and further results 4069 indicate that the spectra of correlated graphs represent a practical 4070 tool for graph classification and can provide useful insight into the 4071 relevant structural properties of real networks. 4072 C1 Lorand Eotvos Univ, Dept Biol Phys, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary. 4073 Collegium Budapest, Inst Adv Study, H-1014 Budapest, Hungary. 4074 Inst Curie, UMR 168, F-75248 Paris, France. 4075 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 4076 RP Farkas, IJ, Lorand Eotvos Univ, Dept Biol Phys, Pazmany Peter Setany 4077 1A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary. 4078 EM fij@elte.hu 4079 derenyi@angel.elte.hu 4080 alb@nd.edu 4081 vicsek@angel.elte.hu 4082 CR ADAMIC LA, 1999, NATURE, V401, P131 4083 ALBERT R, 1999, NATURE, V401, P130 4084 ALBERT R, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P5234 4085 AMARAL LAN, CONDMAT0001458 4086 BARABASI AL, UNPUB 4087 BARABASI AL, 1999, PHYSICA A, V272, P173 4088 BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509 4089 BARTHELEMY M, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V82, P3180 4090 BARTHELEMY M, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V82, P5180 4091 BAUER M, 2001, J STAT PHYS, V103, P301 4092 BIANCONI G, CONDMAT0011029 4093 BIANCONI G, CONDMAT0011224 4094 BIGGS N, 1974, ALGEBRAIC GRAPH THEO 4095 BOLLOBAS B, 1983, RANDOM GRAPHS 83 4096 BOLLOBAS B, 1985, RANDOM GRAPHS 4097 BRODER A, 2000, UNPUB P 9 INT WORLD 4098 BRONK BV, 1964, J MATH PHYS, V5, P215 4099 COHEN R, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P4626 4100 COHEN R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P3682 4101 CRISANTI A, 1993, SPRINGER SERIES SOLI, V104 4102 CVETKOVIC D, 1990, LINEAR MULTILINEAR A, V28, P3 4103 CVETKOVIC DM, 1980, SPECTRA GRAPHS 4104 DOROGOVTSEV SN, CONDMAT0011077 4105 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2000, PHYS REV E A, V62, P1842 4106 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V63 4107 DYSON FJ, 1962, J MATH PHYS, V3, P140 4108 ERDOS P, 1959, PUBL MATH-DEBRECEN, V6, P290 4109 ERDOS P, 1959, PUBL MATH-DEBRECEN, V6, P290 4110 ERDOS P, 1960, PUBL MATH I HUNG, V5, P17 4111 ERDOS P, 1961, ACTA MATH ACAD SCI H, V12, P261 4112 FALOUTSOS M, 1999, COMP COMM R, V29, P251 4113 GLEISS PM, UNPUB 4114 GOH KI, CONDMAT0103337 4115 GRAHAM RL, 1995, HDB COMBINATORICS 4116 GUHR T, 1998, PHYS REP, V299, P189 4117 HIAI F, 2000, SEMICIRCLE LAW FREE 4118 JEONG H, 2000, NATURE, V407, P651 4119 JESPERSEN S, 2000, PHYS REV E B, V62, P4405 4120 JUHASZ F, 1981, ALGEBRAIC METHODS GR, P313 4121 KLEINBERG J, 1999, UNPUB P INT C COMB C 4122 KRAPIVSKY PL, CONDMAT0011094 4123 KRAPIVSKY PL, CONDMAT0012181 4124 LALOUX L, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V83, P1467 4125 MANTEGNA RN, CONDMAT9802256 4126 MCDIARMID C, 1989, LONDON MATH SOC LECT, V141, P148 4127 MEDINA A, 2000, COMPUT COMMUN REV, V30, P18 4128 MEHTA ML, 1991, RANDOM MATRICES 4129 MONTOYA JM, UNPUB 4130 NEWMAN MEJ, CONDMAT0011144 4131 NEWMAN MEJ, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V84, P3201 4132 NEWMAN MEJ, 2001, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V98, P404 4133 PARLETT BN, 1998, SYMMETRIC EIGENVALUE 4134 PLEROU V, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V83, P1471 4135 PRESS WH, 1995, NUMERICAL RECIPES C 4136 REDNER S, 1998, EUR PHYS J B, V4, P131 4137 SHAVITT Y, 2000, 1000967400021401TM L 4138 SOLE RV, UNPUB 4139 VAZQUEZ A, CONDMAT0006132 4140 WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440 4141 WATTS DJ, 1999, SMALL WORLDS DYNAMIC 4142 WIGNER EP, 1955, ANN MATH, V62, P548 4143 WIGNER EP, 1957, ANN MATH, V65, P203 4144 WIGNER EP, 1958, ANN MATH, V67, P325 4145 WIGNER EP, 1967, SIAM REV, V9, P1 4146 WU K, 1998, 41412 LAWR BERK NAT 4147 WU K, 1999, J COMPUT PHYS, V154, P156 4148 NR 66 4149 TC 64 4150 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 4151 PI COLLEGE PK 4152 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 4153 SN 1063-651X 4154 J9 PHYS REV E 4155 JI Phys. Rev. E 4156 PD AUG 4157 PY 2001 4158 VL 6402 4159 IS 2 4160 PN Part 2 4161 AR 026704 4162 DI ARTN 026704 4163 PG 12 4164 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical 4165 GA 463TJ 4166 UT ISI:000170493100104 4167 ER 4168 4169 PT J 4170 AU Barabasi, AL 4171 TI The physics of the Web 4172 SO PHYSICS WORLD 4173 LA English 4174 DT Article 4175 ID NETWORKS; INTERNET 4176 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 4177 RP Barabasi, AL, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, 203 Nieuwland Sci Hall, Notre 4178 Dame, IN 46556 USA. 4179 CR ALBERT R, 2000, NATURE, V406, P378 4180 BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509 4181 BIANCONI G, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P5632 4182 BRODER A, 2000, COMPUT NETW, V33, P309 4183 CALLAWAY DS, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P5468 4184 COHEN R, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P4626 4185 FALOUTSOS M, 1999, COMP COMM R, V29, P251 4186 LAWRENCE S, 1999, NATURE, V400, P107 4187 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P3200 4188 WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440 4189 NR 10 4190 TC 9 4191 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD 4192 PI BRISTOL 4193 PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND 4194 SN 0953-8585 4195 J9 PHYS WORLD 4196 JI Phys. World 4197 PD JUL 4198 PY 2001 4199 VL 14 4200 IS 7 4201 BP 33 4202 EP 38 4203 PG 6 4204 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 4205 GA 459ZR 4206 UT ISI:000170281800031 4207 ER 4208 4209 PT J 4210 AU Yook, SH 4211 Jeong, H 4212 Barabasi, AL 4213 Tu, Y 4214 TI Weighted evolving networks 4215 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 4216 LA English 4217 DT Article 4218 ID SMALL-WORLD NETWORKS; INTERNET 4219 AB Many biological, ecological, and economic systems are best described by 4220 weighted networks, as the nodes interact with each other with varying 4221 strength. However, most evolving network models studied so far are 4222 binary, the link strength being either 0 or 1. In this paper we 4223 introduce and investigate the scaling properties of a class of models 4224 which assign weights to the links as the network evolves. The combined 4225 numerical and analytical approach indicates that asymptotically the 4226 total weight distribution converges to the scaling behavior of the 4227 connectivity distribution, but this convergence is hampered by strong 4228 logarithmic corrections. 4229 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 4230 IBM Corp, Thomas J Watson Res Ctr, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598 USA. 4231 RP Yook, SH, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 4232 CR ALBERT R, 1999, NATURE, V401, P130 4233 AMARAL LAN, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P11149 4234 BANAVAR JR, 1999, NATURE, V399, P130 4235 BARABASI AL, 1999, PHYSICA A, V272, P173 4236 BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509 4237 BERLOW EL, 1999, NATURE, V398, P330 4238 BOLLOBAS B, 1985, RANDOM GRAPHS 4239 COHEN R, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P4626 4240 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2000, EUROPHYS LETT, V52, P33 4241 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2000, PHYS REV E A, V62, P1842 4242 ERDOS P, 1960, PUBL MATH I HUNG, V5, P17 4243 GRANOVET.MS, 1973, AM J SOCIOL, V78, P1360 4244 KRAPIVSKY PL, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P4629 4245 KULLMANN L, CONDMAT0012410 4246 MULLER B, 1991, NEURAL NETWORKS INTR 4247 NEWMAN MEJ, 2000, J STAT PHYS, V101, P819 4248 NEWMAN MEJ, 2001, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V98, P404 4249 WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440 4250 WATTS DJ, 1999, SMALL WORLDS DYNAMIC 4251 NR 19 4252 TC 97 4253 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 4254 PI COLLEGE PK 4255 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 4256 SN 0031-9007 4257 J9 PHYS REV LETT 4258 JI Phys. Rev. Lett. 4259 PD JUN 18 4260 PY 2001 4261 VL 86 4262 IS 25 4263 BP 5835 4264 EP 5838 4265 PG 4 4266 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 4267 GA 443ZG 4268 UT ISI:000169373000049 4269 ER 4270 4271 PT J 4272 AU Bianconi, G 4273 Barabasi, AL 4274 TI Bose-Einstein condensation in complex networks 4275 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 4276 LA English 4277 DT Article 4278 ID SMALL-WORLD NETWORKS; INTERNET; TOPOLOGY; WEB 4279 AB The evolution of many complex systems, including the World Wide Web, 4280 business, and citation networks, is encoded in the dynamic web 4281 describing the interactions between the system's constituents. Despite 4282 their irreversible and nonequilibrium nature these networks follow Bose 4283 statistics and can undergo Bose-Einstein condensation. Addressing the 4284 dynamical properties of these nonequilibrium systems within the 4285 framework of equilibrium quantum gases predicts that the 4286 "first-mover-advantage." "fit-get-rich," and "winner-takes-all" 4287 phenomena observed in competitive systems an thermodynamically distinct 4288 phases of the underlying evolving networks. 4289 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 4290 Coll Budapest, Inst Adv Studies, H-1014 Budapest, Hungary. 4291 RP Bianconi, G, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 4292 CR ADAMIC LA, 2000, SCIENCE, V287, P2115 4293 ALBERT R, 1999, NATURE, V401, P130 4294 ALBERT R, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P5234 4295 AMARAL LAN, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P11149 4296 BARABASI AL, CONDMAT0104162 4297 BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509 4298 BIANCONI G, IN PRESS EUROPHYS LE 4299 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P4633 4300 FALOUTSOS M, 1999, COMP COMM R, V29, P251 4301 HUANG K, 1987, STAT MECH 4302 KIRMAN A, 1997, J EVOL ECON, V7, P339 4303 KRAPIVSKY PL, CONDMAT0011094 4304 KRAPIVSKY PL, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P4629 4305 LAWRENCE S, 1999, NATURE, V400, P107 4306 NEWMAN MEJ, CONDMAT0011144 4307 REDNER S, 1998, EUR PHYS J B, V4, P131 4308 WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440 4309 NR 17 4310 TC 82 4311 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 4312 PI COLLEGE PK 4313 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 4314 SN 0031-9007 4315 J9 PHYS REV LETT 4316 JI Phys. Rev. Lett. 4317 PD JUN 11 4318 PY 2001 4319 VL 86 4320 IS 24 4321 BP 5632 4322 EP 5635 4323 PG 4 4324 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 4325 GA 441PV 4326 UT ISI:000169239500057 4327 ER 4328 4329 PT J 4330 AU Bianconi, G 4331 Barabasi, AL 4332 TI Competition and multiscaling in evolving networks 4333 SO EUROPHYSICS LETTERS 4334 LA English 4335 DT Article 4336 ID SMALL-WORLD NETWORKS; WIDE-WEB; INTERNET; TOPOLOGY; DYNAMICS 4337 AB The rate at which nodes in a network increase their connectivity 4338 depends on their fitness to compete for links. For example, in social 4339 networks some individuals acquire more social links than others, or on 4340 the www some webpages attract considerably more links than others. We 4341 nd that this competition for links translates into multiscaling, i.e. a 4342 fitness-dependent dynamic exponent, allowing fitter nodes to overcome 4343 the more connected but less fit ones. Uncovering this 4344 fitter-gets-richer phenomenon can help us understand in quantitative 4345 terms the evolution of many competitive systems in nature and society. 4346 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 4347 Collegium Budapest, Inst Adv Studies, H-1014 Budapest, Hungary. 4348 RP Bianconi, G, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 4349 CR ADAMIC LA, 2000, J9MENCE, V287, P2115 4350 ALBERT R, 1999, NATURE, V401, P130 4351 ALBERT R, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P5234 4352 AMARAL LAN, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P11149 4353 BANAVAR JR, 1999, NATURE, V399, P130 4354 BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509 4355 BARTHELEMY M, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V82, P3180 4356 BOLLOBAS B, 1985, RANDOM GRAPHS 4357 CALDARELLI G, 2000, EUROPHYS LETT, V52, P386 4358 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2000, PHYS REV E A, V62, P1842 4359 ERDOS P, 1960, PUBL MATH I HUNG, V5, P17 4360 FALOUTSOS M, 1999, COMP COMM R, V29, P251 4361 HUBERMAN BA, 1999, NATURE, V401, P131 4362 JEONG H, 2000, NATURE, V407, P651 4363 KLEINBERG J, 1999, INT C COMB COMP 4364 NEWMAN MEJ, 2000, J STAT PHYS, V101, P819 4365 REDNER S, 1998, EUR PHYS J B, V4, P131 4366 WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440 4367 NR 18 4368 TC 108 4369 PU E D P SCIENCES 4370 PI LES ULIS CEDEXA 4371 PA 7, AVE DU HOGGAR, PARC D ACTIVITES COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES 4372 ULIS CEDEXA, FRANCE 4373 SN 0295-5075 4374 J9 EUROPHYS LETT 4375 JI Europhys. Lett. 4376 PD MAY 4377 PY 2001 4378 VL 54 4379 IS 4 4380 BP 436 4381 EP 442 4382 PG 7 4383 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 4384 GA 435GR 4385 UT ISI:000168869500005 4386 ER 4387 4388 PT J 4389 AU Jeong, H 4390 Mason, SP 4391 Barabasi, AL 4392 Oltvai, ZN 4393 TI Lethality and centrality in protein networks 4394 SO NATURE 4395 LA English 4396 DT Article 4397 ID SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; YEAST; ORGANIZATION; DATABASE; GENOME 4398 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 4399 RP Jeong, H, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 4400 CR ALBERT R, 2000, NATURE, V406, P378 4401 AMARAL LAN, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P11149 4402 COSTANZO MC, 2000, NUCLEIC ACIDS RES, V28, P73 4403 EISENBERG D, 2000, NATURE, V405, P823 4404 FELL DA, ANIMATING CELLULAR M, P79 4405 HARTWELL LH, 1999, NATURE, V402, P47 4406 JEONG H, 2000, NATURE, V407, P651 4407 RAIN JC, 2001, NATURE, V409, P211 4408 ROSSMACDONALD P, 1999, NATURE, V402, P413 4409 UETZ P, 2000, NATURE, V403, P623 4410 WAGNER A, 2000, NAT GENET, V24, P355 4411 WINZELER EA, 1999, SCIENCE, V285, P901 4412 XENARIOS I, 2000, NUCLEIC ACIDS RES, V28, P289 4413 NR 13 4414 TC 745 4415 PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD 4416 PI LONDON 4417 PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND 4418 SN 0028-0836 4419 J9 NATURE 4420 JI Nature 4421 PD MAY 3 4422 PY 2001 4423 VL 411 4424 IS 6833 4425 BP 41 4426 EP 42 4427 PG 2 4428 SC Multidisciplinary Sciences 4429 GA 427XY 4430 UT ISI:000168432800033 4431 ER 4432 4433 PT J 4434 AU Lee, CS 4435 Kahng, B 4436 Barabasi, AL 4437 TI Spatial ordering of stacked quantum dots 4438 SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 4439 LA English 4440 DT Article 4441 ID OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; INAS ISLANDS; SURFACES; GROWTH; GAAS; STRESS 4442 AB We investigate the growth conditions necessary to form an ordered 4443 quantum dot crystal by capping spatially ordered quantum dots and 4444 growing a new layer of dots on top of the capping layer. Performing 4445 Monte Carlo simulations and developing analytic arguments based on the 4446 stress energy function, we demonstrate the existence of an optimal 4447 capping layer thickness, external flux, and temperature for the 4448 formation of quantum dot crystals. (C) 2001 American Institute of 4449 Physics. 4450 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 4451 Konkuk Univ, Ctr Adv Mat & Devices, Seoul 143701, South Korea. 4452 Konkuk Univ, Dept Phys, Seoul 143701, South Korea. 4453 RP Lee, CS, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 4454 CR DARHUBER AA, 1997, THIN SOLID FILMS, V294, P296 4455 DARUKA I, 1999, PHYS REV B, V60, R2150 4456 HOLLY V, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V83, P356 4457 HU SM, 1989, J APPL PHYS, V66, P2741 4458 JACAK L, 1998, QUANTUM DOTS 4459 KAMINS TI, 1997, APPL PHYS LETT, V71, P120 4460 KOBAYASHI A, 1988, J VAC SCI TECHNOL B, V6, P1145 4461 KOBAYASHI A, 1988, PHYS REV B, V37, P1039 4462 LEE C, 1998, APPL PHYS LETT, V73, P2651 4463 LEONARD D, 1993, APPL PHYS LETT, V63, P3203 4464 MEADE RD, 1989, PHYS REV B, V40, P3905 4465 NAKATA Y, 1997, J CRYST GROWTH 2, V175, P713 4466 NEWMAN MEJ, 1999, MONTE CARLO METHODS 4467 REED MA, 1986, J VAC SCI TECHNOL B, V4, P358 4468 SCHROEDER M, 1997, SURF SCI, V375, P129 4469 SHCHUKIN VA, 1999, REV MOD PHYS, V71, P1125 4470 SOLOMON GS, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V76, P952 4471 SOLOMON GS, 1997, J CRYST GROWTH 2, V175, P707 4472 SPRINGHOLZ G, 1998, SCIENCE, V282, P734 4473 TERSOFF J, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V76, P1675 4474 WIDMANN F, 1998, J APPL PHYS, V83, P7618 4475 WOLF DE, 1997, DYNAMICS FLUCTUATING 4476 XIE QH, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V75, P2542 4477 ZUNDEL MK, 1997, APPL PHYS LETT, V71, P2972 4478 NR 24 4479 TC 15 4480 PU AMER INST PHYSICS 4481 PI MELVILLE 4482 PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA 4483 SN 0003-6951 4484 J9 APPL PHYS LETT 4485 JI Appl. Phys. Lett. 4486 PD FEB 12 4487 PY 2001 4488 VL 78 4489 IS 7 4490 BP 984 4491 EP 986 4492 PG 3 4493 SC Physics, Applied 4494 GA 398TN 4495 UT ISI:000166772600045 4496 ER 4497 4498 PT J 4499 AU Kahng, B 4500 Jeong, H 4501 Barabasi, AL 4502 TI Quantum dot and hole formation in sputter erosion 4503 SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 4504 LA English 4505 DT Article 4506 ID RIPPLE FORMATION; SURFACE-DIFFUSION; ION-BOMBARDMENT; SCALE 4507 AB Recently, it was experimentally demonstrated that sputtering under 4508 normal incidence leads to the formation of spatially ordered uniform 4509 nanoscale islands or holes. Here, we show that these nanostructures 4510 have inherently nonlinear origin, first appearing when the nonlinear 4511 terms start to dominate the surface dynamics. Depending on the sign of 4512 the nonlinear terms, determined by the shape of the collision cascade, 4513 the surface can develop regular islands or holes with identical 4514 dynamical features, and while the size of these nanostructures is 4515 independent of flux and temperature, it can be modified by tuning the 4516 ion energy. (C) 2001 American Institute of Physics. 4517 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 4518 Konkuk Univ, Dept Phys, Seoul 143701, South Korea. 4519 Konkuk Univ, Ctr Adv Mat & Devices, Seoul 143701, South Korea. 4520 RP Kahng, B, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 4521 CR BARABASI AL, 1995, FRACTAL CONCEPTS SUR 4522 BRADLEY RM, 1988, J VAC SCI TECHNOL A, V6, P2390 4523 CUERNO R, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V74, P4746 4524 EKLUND EA, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V67, P1759 4525 ERLEBACHER J, 2000, J VAC SCI TECHNOL A, V18, P115 4526 FACSKO S, 1999, SCIENCE, V285, P1551 4527 JACAK L, 1998, QUANTUM DOTS 4528 KAMINS TI, 1997, APPL PHYS LETT, V71, P1201 4529 KOPONEN I, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V78, P2612 4530 MACLAREN SW, 1992, J VAC SCI TECHNOL A, V10, P468 4531 MAKEEV M, UNPUB 4532 MAKEEV MA, 1997, APPL PHYS LETT, V71, P2800 4533 PARK S, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V83, P3486 4534 RUSPONI S, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V78, P2795 4535 RUSPONI S, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V81, P4184 4536 RUSPONI S, 1999, APPL PHYS LETT, V75, P3318 4537 SHCHUKIN VA, 1999, REV MOD PHYS, V71, P1125 4538 SIGMUND P, 1969, PHYS REV, V184, P383 4539 UMBACH CC, 1999, B AM PHYS SOC, V44, P706 4540 VAJO JJ, 1988, J VAC SCI TECHNOL A, V6, P76 4541 VASILIU F, 1975, J MATER SCI, V10, P399 4542 WITTMAACK K, 1990, J VAC SCI TECHNOL 2, V8, P2246 4543 YANG HN, 1994, PHYS REV B, V50, P7635 4544 NR 23 4545 TC 56 4546 PU AMER INST PHYSICS 4547 PI MELVILLE 4548 PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA 4549 SN 0003-6951 4550 J9 APPL PHYS LETT 4551 JI Appl. Phys. Lett. 4552 PD FEB 5 4553 PY 2001 4554 VL 78 4555 IS 6 4556 BP 805 4557 EP 807 4558 PG 3 4559 SC Physics, Applied 4560 GA 398CF 4561 UT ISI:000166737800041 4562 ER 4563 4564 PT J 4565 AU Albet, R 4566 Jeong, N 4567 Barabasi, AL 4568 TI Error and attack tolerance of complex networks (vol 406, pg 378, 2000) 4569 SO NATURE 4570 LA English 4571 DT Correction 4572 ID SMALL-WORLD NETWORKS; INTERNET TOPOLOGY; WIDE-WEB; DYNAMICS 4573 AB Many complex systems display a surprising degree of tolerance against 4574 errors. For example, relatively simple organisms grow, persist and 4575 reproduce despite drastic pharmaceutical or environmental 4576 interventions, an error tolerance attributed to the robustness of the 4577 underlying metabolic network(1). Complex communication networks(2) 4578 display a surprising degree of robustness: although key components 4579 regularly malfunction, local failures rarely lead to the loss of the 4580 global information-carrying ability of the network. The stability of 4581 these and other complex systems is often attributed to the redundant 4582 wiring of the functional web defined by the systems' components. Here 4583 we demonstrate that error tolerance is not shared by all redundant 4584 systems: it is displayed only by a class of inhomogeneously wired 4585 networks, called scale-free networks, which include the World-Wide 4586 Web(3-5), the Internet(6), social networks(7) and cells(8). We find 4587 that such networks display an unexpected degree of robustness, the 4588 ability of their nodes to communicate being unaffected even by 4589 unrealistically high failure rates. However, error tolerance comes at a 4590 high price in that these networks are extremely vulnerable to attacks 4591 (that is, to the selection and removal of a few nodes that play a vital 4592 role in maintaining the network's connectivity). Such error tolerance 4593 and attack vulnerability are generic properties of communication 4594 networks. 4595 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 4596 RP Albet, R, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, 225 Nieuwland Sci Hall, Notre 4597 Dame, IN 46556 USA. 4598 CR ADAMIC LA, 1999, LECT NOTES COMPUT SC, V1696, P443 4599 ALBERT R, 1999, NATURE, V401, P130 4600 ALBERT R, 2000, NATURE, V406, P378 4601 BANAVAR JR, 1999, NATURE, V399, P130 4602 BARABASI AL, 1999, PHYSICA A, V272, P173 4603 BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509 4604 BARTHELEMY M, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V82, P3180 4605 BOLLOBAS B, 1985, RANDOM GRAPHS 4606 BUDNE A, 1996, FRACTALS DISORDERED 4607 CLAFFY K, 1999, NATURE WEB MATERS 4608 ERDOS P, 1960, PUBL MATH I HUNG, V5, P17 4609 FALOUTSOS M, 1999, COMP COMM R, V29, P251 4610 HARTWELL LH, 1999, NATURE, V402, P47 4611 HUBERMAN BA, 1999, NATURE, V401, P131 4612 JEONG H, IN PRESS NATURE 4613 KUMAR R, 2000, P 19 ACM SIGACT SIGM, P1 4614 LAWRENCE S, 1999, NATURE, V400, P107 4615 MARITAN A, 1996, SCIENCE, V272, P984 4616 MILGRAM S, 1967, PSYCHOL TODAY, V1, P61 4617 PAXSON V, 1997, IEEE ACM T NETWORK, V5, P601 4618 REDNER S, 1998, EUR PHYS J B, V4, P131 4619 WASSERMAN S, 1994, SOCIAL NETWORK ANAL 4620 WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440 4621 WILLIAMS RJ, 2000, NATURE, V404, P180 4622 ZEGURA EW, 1997, IEEE ACM T NETWORK, V5, P770 4623 NR 25 4624 TC 16 4625 PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD 4626 PI LONDON 4627 PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND 4628 SN 0028-0836 4629 J9 NATURE 4630 JI Nature 4631 PD JAN 25 4632 PY 2001 4633 VL 409 4634 IS 6819 4635 BP 542 4636 EP + 4637 PG 6 4638 SC Multidisciplinary Sciences 4639 GA 395FW 4640 UT ISI:000166570500057 4641 ER 4642 4643 PT J 4644 AU Albert, R 4645 Barabasi, AL 4646 TI Topology of evolving networks: Local events and universality 4647 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 4648 LA English 4649 DT Article 4650 ID INTERNET 4651 AB Networks grow and evolve by local events, such as the addition of new 4652 nodes and links, or rewiring of links from one node to another. We show 4653 that depending on the frequency of these processes two topologically 4654 different networks can emerge, the connectivity distribution following 4655 either a generalized power law or an exponential. We propose a 4656 continuum theory that pr-edicts these two regimes as well as the 4657 scaling function and the exponents, in good agreement with numerical 4658 results. Finally, we use the obtained predictions to fit the 4659 connectivity distribution of the network describing the professional 4660 links between movie actors. 4661 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 4662 RP Barabasi, AL, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 4663 CR *MEM CLEV PROJ, 1999, SCI AM, V280, P54 4664 ALBERT R, 1999, NATURE, V401, P130 4665 AMARAL LAN, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P11149 4666 BARABASI AL, 1999, PHYSICA A, V272, P173 4667 BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509 4668 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2000, PHYS REV E A, V62, P1842 4669 ERDOS P, 1960, PUBL MATH I HUNG, V5, P17 4670 FALOUTSOS M, 1999, COMP COMM R, V29, P251 4671 JEONG H, 2000, NATURE, V407, P651 4672 KRAPIVSKY PL, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P4629 4673 KUMAR R, 1999, P 25 INT C VER LARG, P639 4674 REDNER S, 1998, EUR PHYS J B, V4, P131 4675 TU Y, COMMUNICATION 4676 WASSERMAN S, 1994, SOCIAL NETWORK ANAL 4677 WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440 4678 NR 15 4679 TC 246 4680 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 4681 PI COLLEGE PK 4682 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 4683 SN 0031-9007 4684 J9 PHYS REV LETT 4685 JI Phys. Rev. Lett. 4686 PD DEC 11 4687 PY 2000 4688 VL 85 4689 IS 24 4690 BP 5234 4691 EP 5237 4692 PG 4 4693 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 4694 GA 382CC 4695 UT ISI:000165800000055 4696 ER 4697 4698 PT J 4699 AU Jeong, H 4700 Tombor, B 4701 Albert, R 4702 Oltvai, ZN 4703 Barabasi, AL 4704 TI The large-scale organization of metabolic networks 4705 SO NATURE 4706 LA English 4707 DT Article 4708 ID SMALL-WORLD NETWORKS 4709 AB In a cell or microorganism, the processes that generate mass, energy, 4710 information transfer and cell-fate specification are seamlessly 4711 integrated through a complex network of cellular constituents and 4712 reactions(1). However, despite the key role of these networks in 4713 sustaining cellular functions, their large-scale structure is 4714 essentially unknown. Here we present a systematic comparative 4715 mathematical analysis of the metabolic networks of 43 organisms 4716 representing all three domains of life. We show that, despite 4717 significant variation in their individual constituents and pathways, 4718 these metabolic networks have the same topological scaling properties 4719 and show striking similarities to the inherent organization of complex 4720 non-biological systems(2). This may indicate that metabolic 4721 organization is not only identical for all living organisms, but also 4722 complies with the design principles of robust and error-tolerant 4723 scale-free networks(2-5), and may represent a common blueprint for the 4724 large-scale organization of interactions among all cellular 4725 constituents. 4726 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 4727 Northwestern Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Chicago, IL 60611 USA. 4728 RP Oltvai, ZN, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 4729 EM zno008@northwestern.edu 4730 alb@nd.edu 4731 CR ALBERT R, 1999, NATURE, V401, P130 4732 ALBERT R, 2000, NATURE, V406, P378 4733 AMARAL LAN, 2000, CLASSES BEHAV SMALL 4734 BANAVAR JR, 1999, NATURE, V399, P130 4735 BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509 4736 BARKAI N, 1997, NATURE, V387, P913 4737 BARTHELEMY M, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V82, P3180 4738 BECSKEI A, 2000, NATURE, V405, P590 4739 BHALLA US, 1999, SCIENCE, V283, P381 4740 BOLLOBAS B, 1985, RANDOM GRAPHS 4741 BRAY D, 1995, NATURE, V376, P307 4742 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2000, EVOLUTION REFERENCE 4743 EDWARDS JS, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P5528 4744 ELOWITZ MB, 2000, NATURE, V403, P335 4745 ERDOS P, 1960, PUBL MATH I HUNG, V5, P17 4746 FALOUTSOS M, 1999, COMP COMM R, V29, P251 4747 GARDNER TS, 2000, NATURE, V403, P339 4748 HARTWELL LH, 1999, NATURE S, V402, C47 4749 HASTY J, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P2075 4750 INGBER DE, 1993, J CELL SCI 3, V104, P613 4751 KANEHISA M, 2000, NUCLEIC ACIDS RES, V28, P27 4752 KARP PP, 1999, TRENDS BIOTECHNOL, V17, P275 4753 KISCHNER M, 2000, CELL, V100, P79 4754 MCADAMS HH, 1999, TRENDS GENET, V15, P65 4755 OVERBEEK R, 2000, NUCLEIC ACIDS RES, V28, P123 4756 WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440 4757 WEST GB, 1999, SCIENCE, V284, P1677 4758 YI TM, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P4649 4759 NR 28 4760 TC 939 4761 PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD 4762 PI LONDON 4763 PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND 4764 SN 0028-0836 4765 J9 NATURE 4766 JI Nature 4767 PD OCT 5 4768 PY 2000 4769 VL 407 4770 IS 6804 4771 BP 651 4772 EP 654 4773 PG 5 4774 SC Multidisciplinary Sciences 4775 GA 362HP 4776 UT ISI:000089772800053 4777 ER 4778 4779 PT J 4780 AU Albert, R 4781 Jeong, H 4782 Barabasi, AL 4783 TI Error and attack tolerance of complex networks 4784 SO NATURE 4785 LA English 4786 DT Article 4787 ID SMALL-WORLD NETWORKS; WIDE-WEB; INTERNET; DYNAMICS 4788 AB Many complex systems display a surprising degree of tolerance against 4789 errors. For example, relatively simple organisms grow, persist and 4790 reproduce despite drastic pharmaceutical or environmental 4791 interventions, an error tolerance attributed to the robustness of the 4792 underlying metabolic network(1). Complex communication networks(2) 4793 display a surprising degree of robustness: although key components 4794 regularly malfunction, local failures rarely lead to the loss of the 4795 global information-carrying ability of the network. The stability of 4796 these and other complex systems is often attributed to the redundant 4797 wiring of the functional web defined by the systems' components. Here 4798 we demonstrate that error tolerance is not shared by all redundant 4799 systems: it is displayed only by a class of inhomogeneously wired 4800 networks, called scale-free networks, which include the World-Wide 4801 Web(3-5), the Internet(6), social networks(7) and cells(8). We find 4802 that such networks display an unexpected degree of robustness, the 4803 ability of their nodes to communicate being unaffected even by 4804 unrealistically high failure rates. However, error tolerance comes at a 4805 high price in that these networks are extremely vulnerable to attacks 4806 (that is, to the selection and removal of a few nodes that play a vital 4807 role in maintaining the network's connectivity). Such error tolerance 4808 and attack vulnerability are generic properties of communication 4809 networks. 4810 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 4811 RP Barabasi, AL, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, 225 Nieuwland Sci Hall, Notre 4812 Dame, IN 46556 USA. 4813 CR ADAMIC LA, 1999, LECT NOTES COMPUT SC, V1696, P443 4814 ALBERT R, 1999, NATURE, V401, P130 4815 BANAVAR JR, 1999, NATURE, V399, P130 4816 BARABASI AL, 1999, PHYSICA A, V272, P173 4817 BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509 4818 BARTHELEMY M, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V82, P3180 4819 BOLLOBAS B, 1985, RANDOM GRAPHS 4820 BUNDE A, 1996, FRACTALS DISORDERED 4821 CLAFFY K, 1999, NATURE WEB MATTERS 4822 ERDOS P, 1960, PUBL MATH I HUNG, V5, P17 4823 FALOUTSOS M, 1999, ACM SIGCOMM COMPUTER, V29, P251 4824 HARTWELL LH, 1999, NATURE, V402, P47 4825 HUBERMAN BA, 1999, NATURE, V401, P131 4826 JEONG H, IN PRESS NATURE 4827 KUMAR R, 2000, P 19 ACM SIGACT SIGM, P1 4828 LAWRENCE S, 1999, NATURE, V400, P107 4829 MARITAN A, 1996, SCIENCE, V272, P984 4830 MILGRAM S, 1967, PSYCHOL TODAY, V1, P61 4831 PAXSON V, 1997, IEEE ACM T NETWORK, V5, P601 4832 REDNER S, 1998, EUR PHYS J B, V4, P131 4833 WASSERMAN S, 1994, SOCIAL NETWORK ANAL 4834 WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440 4835 WILLIAMS RJ, 2000, NATURE, V404, P180 4836 ZEGURA EW, 1997, IEEE ACM T NETWORK, V5, P770 4837 NR 24 4838 TC 775 4839 PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD 4840 PI LONDON 4841 PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND 4842 SN 0028-0836 4843 J9 NATURE 4844 JI Nature 4845 PD JUL 27 4846 PY 2000 4847 VL 406 4848 IS 6794 4849 BP 378 4850 EP 382 4851 PG 6 4852 SC Multidisciplinary Sciences 4853 GA 337WC 4854 UT ISI:000088383800038 4855 ER 4856 4857 PT J 4858 AU Barabasi, AL 4859 Albert, R 4860 Jeong, H 4861 TI Scale-free characteristics of random networks: the topology of the 4862 World-Wide Web 4863 SO PHYSICA A 4864 LA English 4865 DT Article 4866 DE disordered systems; networks; random networks; critical phenomena; 4867 scaling; world-wide web 4868 ID COMPLEXITY; SYSTEMS 4869 AB The world-wide web forms a large directed graph, whose vertices are 4870 documents and edges are links pointing from one document to another. 4871 Here we demonstrate that despite its apparent random character, the 4872 topology of this graph has a number of universal scale-free 4873 characteristics. We introduce a model that leads to a scale-free 4874 network, capturing in a minimal fashion the self-organization processes 4875 governing the world-wide web. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights 4876 reserved. 4877 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Coll Sci, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 4878 RP Barabasi, AL, Univ Notre Dame, Coll Sci, Dept Phys, 225 Nieuwland Sci 4879 Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 4880 CR 1999, SCI AM, V280, P54 4881 ALBERT R, CONDMAT9907038 4882 ALBERT R, UNPUB 4883 ARTHUR WB, 1999, SCIENCE, V284, P107 4884 BANAVAR JR, 1999, NATURE, V399, P130 4885 BARABASI AL, 1999, PHYSICA A, V272, P173 4886 BARABISI AL, PREPRINT 4887 BARTHELEMY LAN, 1999, AMARAL PHYS REV LETT, V82, P15 4888 BOLLOBIAS B, 1985, RANDOM GRAPHS 4889 BUNDE A, 1994, FRACTALS SCI 4890 ERDOS P, 1960, PUBL MATH I HUNG, V5, P17 4891 FALOUTSOS M, 1999, SIGCOMM99 4892 GALLAGHER R, 1999, SCIENCE, V284, P79 4893 HUBERMAN BA, CONDMAT9901071 4894 KOCH C, 1999, SCIENCE, V284, P96 4895 KOCHEN M, 1989, SMALL WORLD 4896 KUMAR R, 1999, P 25 VLDB C ED SCOTL 4897 LAWRENCE S, 1998, SCIENCE, V280, P98 4898 LAWRENCE S, 1999, NATURE, V400, P107 4899 MILGRAM S, 1967, PSYCHOL TODAY, V1, P61 4900 SERVICE RF, 1999, SCIENCE, V284, P80 4901 WASSERMAN S, 1994, SOCIAL NETWORK ANAL 4902 WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440 4903 WENG GZ, 1999, SCIENCE, V284, P92 4904 NR 24 4905 TC 142 4906 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV 4907 PI AMSTERDAM 4908 PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS 4909 SN 0378-4371 4910 J9 PHYSICA A 4911 JI Physica A 4912 PD JUN 15 4913 PY 2000 4914 VL 281 4915 IS 1-4 4916 BP 69 4917 EP 77 4918 PG 9 4919 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 4920 GA 326NM 4921 UT ISI:000087741700008 4922 ER 4923 4924 PT J 4925 AU Albert, R 4926 Barabasi, AL 4927 TI Dynamics of complex systems: Scaling laws for the period of Boolean 4928 networks 4929 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 4930 LA English 4931 DT Article 4932 ID KAUFFMAN CELLULAR AUTOMATA; EMERGENT PROPERTIES; PHASE-TRANSITIONS; 4933 PERCOLATION 4934 AB Boolean networks serve as models for complex systems, such as social or 4935 genetic networks, where each vertex, based on inputs received from 4936 selected vertices, makes its own decision about its state. Despite 4937 their simplicity, little is known about the dynamical properties of 4938 these systems. Hen we propose a method to calculate the period of a 4939 finite Boolean system, by identifying the mechanisms determining its 4940 value. The proposed method can be applied to systems of arbitrary 4941 topology, and can serve as a roadmap For understanding the dynamics of 4942 large interacting systems in general. 4943 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 4944 RP Albert, R, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 4945 CR ALBERT R, UNPUB 4946 ALBERT R, 1999, NATURE, V401, P130 4947 ALON U, 1999, NATURE, V397, P168 4948 ATLAN H, 1981, CYBERNET SYST, V12, P103 4949 BARABASI AL, 1999, PHYSICA A, V272, P173 4950 BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509 4951 BHALLA US, 1999, SCIENCE, V283, P381 4952 BOLLOBAS B, 1985, RANDOM GRAPHS 4953 BUNDE A, 1994, FRACTALS SCI 4954 COHEN JE, 1988, DISCRETE APPL MATH, V19, P113 4955 DEARCANGELIS L, 1987, J PHYS-PARIS, V48, P1881 4956 DERRIDA B, 1986, EUROPHYS LETT, V2, P739 4957 ERDOS P, 1960, PUBL MATH I HUNG, V5, P17 4958 FOGELMANSOULIE F, 1984, DISCRETE APPL MATH, V9, P139 4959 FOGELMANSOULIE F, 1985, THEOR COMPUT SCI, V40, P275 4960 GELFAND AE, 1984, ENSEMBLE MODELING 4961 KAUFFMAN SA, 1969, J THEOR BIOL, V22, P437 4962 KAUFFMAN SA, 1984, PHYSICA D, V10, P145 4963 KAUFFMAN SA, 1993, ORIGINS ORDER 4964 LUQUE B, 1997, PHYS REV E A, V55, P257 4965 LUX T, 1999, NATURE, V397, P498 4966 PRAKASH S, 1992, PHYS REV A, V46, R1724 4967 STAUFFER D, 1987, PHILOS MAG B, V56, P901 4968 STAUFFER D, 1991, INTRO PERCOLATION TH 4969 WALKER CC, 1965, KYBERNETICS, V3, P100 4970 WALKER CC, 1979, BEHAV SCI, V24, P112 4971 WASSERMANN S, 1994, SOCIAL NETWORK ANAL 4972 WEISBUCH G, 1987, J PHYS-PARIS, V48, P11 4973 NR 28 4974 TC 24 4975 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 4976 PI COLLEGE PK 4977 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 4978 SN 0031-9007 4979 J9 PHYS REV LETT 4980 JI Phys. Rev. Lett. 4981 PD JUN 12 4982 PY 2000 4983 VL 84 4984 IS 24 4985 BP 5660 4986 EP 5663 4987 PG 4 4988 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 4989 GA 322RH 4990 UT ISI:000087522200051 4991 ER 4992 4993 PT J 4994 AU Neda, Z 4995 Ravasz, E 4996 Vicsek, T 4997 Brechet, Y 4998 Barabasi, AL 4999 TI Physics of the rhythmic applause 5000 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E 5001 LA English 5002 DT Article 5003 ID SYNCHRONIZATION; OSCILLATORS; SYSTEMS 5004 AB We report on a series of measurements aimed to characterize the 5005 development and the dynamics of the rhythmic applause in concert halls. 5006 Our results demonstrate that while this process shares many 5007 characteristics of other systems that are known to synchronize, it also 5008 has features that are unexpected and unaccounted for in many other 5009 systems. In particular, we find that the mechanism lying at the heart 5010 of the synchronization process is the period doubling of the clapping 5011 rhythm. The characteristic interplay between synchronized and 5012 unsynchronized regimes during the applause is the result of a 5013 frustration in the system. All results are understandable in the 5014 framework of the Kuramoto model. 5015 C1 Univ Babes Bolyai, Dept Theoret Phys, RO-3400 Cluj Napoca, Romania. 5016 Lorand Eotvos Univ, Dept Biol Phys, Budapest, Hungary. 5017 Domaine Univ Grenoble, INPG, ENSEEG, LTPCM, F-38402 St Martin Dheres, France. 5018 RP Neda, Z, Univ Babes Bolyai, Dept Theoret Phys, Strada Kogalniceanu Nr 5019 1, RO-3400 Cluj Napoca, Romania. 5020 CR BOTTANI S, 1997, PHYS REV E, V54, P2334 5021 GLASS L, 1988, CLOCKS CHAOS RHYTHMS 5022 JIANG Y, 1997, PHYS REV E A, V56, P2672 5023 JUST W, 1997, PHYS REP, V290, P101 5024 KURAMOTO Y, 1987, J STAT PHYS, V49, P569 5025 MIROLLO RE, 1990, SIAM J APPL MATH, V50, P1645 5026 NEDA Z, 2000, NATURE, V403, P849 5027 ROSENBLUM MG, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V76, P1804 5028 STROGATZ SH, 1993, LECT NOTES BIOMATH, V100 5029 STROGATZ SH, 1993, SCI AM, V269, P102 5030 WINFREE AT, 1967, J THEOR BIOL, V16, P15 5031 NR 11 5032 TC 18 5033 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 5034 PI COLLEGE PK 5035 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 5036 SN 1063-651X 5037 J9 PHYS REV E 5038 JI Phys. Rev. E 5039 PD JUN 5040 PY 2000 5041 VL 61 5042 IS 6 5043 PN Part B 5044 BP 6987 5045 EP 6992 5046 PG 6 5047 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical 5048 GA 323QA 5049 UT ISI:000087575400036 5050 ER 5051 5052 PT J 5053 AU Albert, I 5054 Tegzes, P 5055 Kahng, B 5056 Albert, R 5057 Sample, JG 5058 Pfeifer, M 5059 Barabasi, AL 5060 Vicsek, T 5061 Schiffer, P 5062 TI Jamming and fluctuations in granular drag 5063 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 5064 LA English 5065 DT Article 5066 ID FORCE FLUCTUATIONS; STRESS FLUCTUATIONS; BEAD PACKS; FRICTION; 5067 PROPAGATION; MATTER; LAYERS; MODEL; MEDIA 5068 AB We investigate the dynamic evolution of jamming in granular media 5069 through fluctuations in the granular drag force. The successive 5070 collapse and formation of jammed states give a stick-slip nature to the 5071 fluctuations which is independent of the contact surface between the 5072 grains and the dragged object, thus implying that the stress-induced 5073 collapse is nucleated in the bull; of the granular sample. We also find 5074 that while the fluctuations are periodic at small depths, they become 5075 "stepped" at large depths, a transition which we interpret as a 5076 consequence of the long-range nature of the force chains. 5077 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 5078 Lorand Eotvos Univ, Dept Biol Phys, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary. 5079 Konkuk Univ, Dept Phys, Seoul 143701, South Korea. 5080 RP Schiffer, P, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 5081 CR ALBERT I, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V82, P205 5082 ALBERT R, UNPUB 5083 BROWN RL, 1970, PRINCIPLES POWDER ME 5084 BUCHHOLTZ V, 1998, GRANUL MATTER, V1, P33 5085 CATES ME, CONDMAT9901009 5086 CATES ME, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V81, P1841 5087 CATES ME, 1999, PHYSICA A, V263, P354 5088 CLAUDIN P, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V78, P231 5089 COPPERSMITH SN, 1996, PHYS REV E A, V53, P4673 5090 DEMIREL AL, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V77, P4330 5091 DURAN J, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P2431 5092 FEDER HJS, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V66, P2669 5093 GEMINARD JC, 1999, PHYS REV E B, V59, P5881 5094 HOWELL D, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V82, P5241 5095 JAEGER HM, 1996, REV MOD PHYS, V68, P1259 5096 JIA X, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V82, P1863 5097 KADANOFF LP, 1999, REV MOD PHYS, V71, P435 5098 KOLB E, 1999, EUR PHYS J B, V8, P483 5099 LIU AJ, 1998, NATURE, V396, P21 5100 LIU CH, 1995, SCIENCE, V269, P513 5101 MILLER B, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V77, P3110 5102 NASUNO S, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V79, P949 5103 NASUNO S, 1998, PHYS REV E B, V58, P2161 5104 NGUYEN ML, 1999, PHYS REV E B, V59, P5870 5105 TKACHENKO AV, CONDMAT9910250 5106 VANEL L, 1999, PHYS REV E, V60, P5040 5107 ZIK O, 1992, EUROPHYS LETT, V17, P315 5108 NR 27 5109 TC 32 5110 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 5111 PI COLLEGE PK 5112 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 5113 SN 0031-9007 5114 J9 PHYS REV LETT 5115 JI Phys. Rev. Lett. 5116 PD MAY 29 5117 PY 2000 5118 VL 84 5119 IS 22 5120 BP 5122 5121 EP 5125 5122 PG 4 5123 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 5124 GA 318CL 5125 UT ISI:000087266300023 5126 ER 5127 5128 PT J 5129 AU Neda, Z 5130 Ravasz, E 5131 Brechet, Y 5132 Vicsek, T 5133 Barabasi, AL 5134 TI The sound of many hands clapping - Tumultuous applause can transform 5135 itself into waves of synchronized clapping 5136 SO NATURE 5137 LA English 5138 DT Article 5139 C1 Univ Babes Bolyai, Dept Theoret Phys, RO-3400 Cluj Napoca, Romania. 5140 INP Grenoble, ENSEEG, LTPCM, St Martin Dheres, France. 5141 Lorand Eotvos Univ, Dept Biol Phys, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary. 5142 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 5143 RP Neda, Z, Univ Babes Bolyai, Dept Theoret Phys, Str Kogalniceanu 1, 5144 RO-3400 Cluj Napoca, Romania. 5145 CR BOTTANI S, 1997, PHYS REV E, V54, P2334 5146 GLASS L, 1988, CLOCKS CHAOS RHYTHMS 5147 KURAMOTO Y, 1987, J STAT PHYS, V49, P569 5148 MIROLLO RE, 1990, SIAM J APPL MATH, V50, P1645 5149 STROGATZ SH, 1997, SCI AM, V54, P2334 5150 WINFREE AT, 1967, J THEOR BIOL, V16, P15 5151 NR 6 5152 TC 39 5153 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD 5154 PI LONDON 5155 PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND 5156 SN 0028-0836 5157 J9 NATURE 5158 JI Nature 5159 PD FEB 24 5160 PY 2000 5161 VL 403 5162 IS 6772 5163 BP 849 5164 EP 850 5165 PG 2 5166 SC Multidisciplinary Sciences 5167 GA 288JG 5168 UT ISI:000085559200041 5169 ER 5170 5171 PT J 5172 AU Barabasi, AL 5173 TI Thermodynamic and kinetic mechanisms in self-assembled quantum dot 5174 formation 5175 SO MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING B-SOLID STATE MATERIALS FOR ADVANCED 5176 TECHNOLOGY 5177 LA English 5178 DT Article 5179 DE thermodynamic mechanisms; kinetic mechanisms; self-assembled quantum dot 5180 ID HETEROEPITAXIAL GROWTH; STRAINED ISLANDS; INAS ISLANDS; BEAM EPITAXY; 5181 EVOLUTION; EQUILIBRIUM; NUCLEATION; SURFACES; SI(001); MODEL 5182 AB Heteroepitaxial growth of highly strained structures offers the 5183 possibility to fabricate islands with very narrow size distribution, 5184 coined self-assembling quantum dots (SAQD). In spite of the high 5185 experimental interest, the mechanism of SAQD formation is not well 5186 understood. We will show that equilibrium theories can successfully 5187 predict the island sizes and densities, the nature and the magnitude of 5188 the critical thickness needed to be deposited for SAQD formation, as 5189 well as the onset of ripening. Furthermore, the flux and temperature 5190 dependence of the SAQDs is described using kinetic Monte Carlo 5191 simulations. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved. 5192 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 5193 RP Barabasi, AL, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 5194 CR ABSTREITER G, 1996, SEMICOND SCI TECH S, V11, P1521 5195 BARABASI AL, 1995, FRACTAL CONCEPTS SUR 5196 BARABASI AL, 1997, APPL PHYS LETT, V70, P2565 5197 DARUKA I, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V79, P3708 5198 DARUKA I, 1998, APPL PHYS LETT, V72, P2102 5199 DARUKA I, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V82, P2753 5200 DRUCKER J, 1993, PHYS REV B, V48, P18203 5201 GERARD JM, 1995, CONFINED ELECT PHOTO 5202 JESSON DE, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V77, P1330 5203 KAMINS TI, 1997, J APPL PHYS, V81, P211 5204 KIRMSE H, 1998, APPL PHYS LETT, V72, P1329 5205 KOBAYASHI NP, 1996, APPL PHYS LETT, V68, P3299 5206 LEE C, 1998, APPL PHYS LETT, V73, P2651 5207 LEE S, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V81, P3479 5208 LEONARD D, 1994, PHYS REV B, V50, P11687 5209 MEDEIROSRIBEIRO G, 1998, SCIENCE, V279, P353 5210 MILLER MS, 1996, SOLID STATE ELECTRON, V40, P609 5211 NGO TT, 1996, PHYS REV B, V53, P9618 5212 NOTZEL R, 1996, SEMICOND SCI TECH, V11, P1365 5213 ORR BG, 1992, EUROPHYS LETT, V19, P33 5214 OSTWALD W, 1900, Z PHYS CHEM-STOCH VE, V34, P495 5215 PETROFF PM, 1996, MRS BULL, V21, P50 5216 PRIESTER C, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V75, P93 5217 RATSCH C, 1994, SURF SCI, V314, L937 5218 ROSS FM, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V80, P984 5219 SEIFERT W, 1996, J CRYSTAL GROWTH CHA, V33, P423 5220 SHCHUKIN VA, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V75, P2968 5221 STANLEY HE, 1971, INTRO PHASE TRANSITI 5222 STRANSKI IN, 1938, SITZUNGSBER AK 2B MN, V146, P797 5223 TERSOFF J, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V81, P3183 5224 WULFF G, 1901, Z KRISTALLOGR, V34, P449 5225 ZINKEALLMANG M, 1992, SURF SCI REP, V16, P377 5226 NR 32 5227 TC 2 5228 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA 5229 PI LAUSANNE 5230 PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND 5231 SN 0921-5107 5232 J9 MATER SCI ENG B-SOLID STATE M 5233 JI Mater. Sci. Eng. B-Solid State Mater. Adv. Technol. 5234 PD DEC 8 5235 PY 1999 5236 VL 67 5237 IS 1-2 5238 BP 23 5239 EP 30 5240 PG 8 5241 SC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter 5242 GA 266PY 5243 UT ISI:000084309400005 5244 ER 5245 5246 PT J 5247 AU Tegzes, P 5248 Albert, R 5249 Paskvan, M 5250 Barabasi, AL 5251 Vicsek, T 5252 Schiffer, P 5253 TI Liquid-induced transitions in granular media 5254 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E 5255 LA English 5256 DT Article 5257 ID FORCE 5258 AB We investigate the effect of interstitial liquid on the physical 5259 properties of granular media by measuring the angle of repose as a 5260 function of the liquid content. The resultant adhesive forces lead to 5261 three distinct regimes in the observed behavior as the liquid content 5262 is increased: a granular regime in which the grains move individually, 5263 a correlated regime in which the grains move in correlated clusters, 5264 and a plastic regime in which the grains flow coherently. We discuss 5265 these regimes in terms of two proposed theories describing the effects 5266 of liquid on the physical properties of granular media. 5267 [S1063-651X(99)12311-0]. 5268 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 5269 Lorand Eotvos Univ, Dept Biol Phys, Budapest, Hungary. 5270 RP Tegzes, P, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, 225 Nieuwland Sci, Notre Dame, 5271 IN 46556 USA. 5272 CR ALBERT R, 1997, PHYS REV E, V56, P6271 5273 ALBERT R, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V82, P205 5274 ALONSO JJ, 1998, PHYS REV E, V58, P672 5275 BARABASI AL, 1999, PHYSICA A, V266, P340 5276 BOCQUET L, 1998, NATURE, V396, P735 5277 BROWN RL, 1970, PRINCIPLES POWDER ME 5278 DEGENNES PG, 1999, REV MOD PHYS, V71, P374 5279 DUPONT TF, 1993, PHYS REV E, V47, P4182 5280 FRAYSSE N, 1997, POWDERS GRAINS 97 5281 FUJI M, 1998, J PHYS CHEM B, V102, P8782 5282 HALSEY TC, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V80, P3141 5283 HORNBAKER DJ, 1997, NATURE, V387, P765 5284 JAEGER HM, 1996, REV MOD PHYS, V68, P1259 5285 LIU CH, 1993, PHYS REV B, V48, P15646 5286 LIU CH, 1995, SCIENCE, V269, P513 5287 MAKSE HA, 1997, NATURE, V386, P379 5288 NEDDERMAN RM, 1992, STATICS KINEMATICS G 5289 ULMAN A, 1991, ULTRATHIN ORGANIC FI 5290 UMBANHOWAR PB, 1996, NATURE, V382, P793 5291 WOLF DE, 1996, COMPUTATIONAL SIMULA 5292 NR 20 5293 TC 29 5294 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 5295 PI COLLEGE PK 5296 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 5297 SN 1063-651X 5298 J9 PHYS REV E 5299 JI Phys. Rev. E 5300 PD NOV 5301 PY 1999 5302 VL 60 5303 IS 5 5304 PN Part B 5305 BP 5823 5306 EP 5826 5307 PG 4 5308 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical 5309 GA 259AB 5310 UT ISI:000083870900023 5311 ER 5312 5313 PT J 5314 AU Park, S 5315 Kahng, B 5316 Jeong, H 5317 Barabasi, AL 5318 TI Dynamics of ripple formation in sputter erosion: Nonlinear phenomena 5319 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 5320 LA English 5321 DT Article 5322 ID PARISI-ZHANG EQUATION; ROUGHENING INSTABILITY; NUMERICAL-SOLUTION; 5323 ION-BOMBARDMENT; SURFACE GROWTH; DIMENSIONS; SI 5324 AB Many morphological features of sputter eroded surfaces are determined 5325 by the balance between ion-induced linear instability and surface 5326 diffusion. However, the impact of the nonlinear terms on the morphology 5327 is less understood. We demonstrate that, while at short times ripple 5328 formation is described by the linear theory, after a characteristic 5329 time the nonlinear terms determine the surface morphology by either 5330 destroying the ripples or generating a new rotated ripple structure. We 5331 show that the morphological transitions induced by the nonlinear 5332 effects can be detected by monitoring the surface width and the erosion 5333 velocity. 5334 C1 Konkuk Univ, Dept Phys, Seoul 143701, South Korea. 5335 Konkuk Univ, Ctr Adv Mat & Devices, Seoul 143701, South Korea. 5336 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 5337 RP Park, S, Konkuk Univ, Dept Phys, Seoul 143701, South Korea. 5338 CR AMAR JG, 1990, PHYS REV A, V41, P3399 5339 BARABASI AL, 1995, FRACTAL CONCEPTS SUR 5340 BRADLEY RM, 1988, J VAC SCI TECHNOL A, V6, P2390 5341 CARTER G, 1996, PHYS REV B, V54, P17647 5342 CHASON E, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P3040 5343 CUERNO R, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V74, P4746 5344 DASGUPTA C, 1996, PHYS REV E, V54, P4552 5345 EKLUND EA, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V67, P1759 5346 ERLEBACHER J, IN PRESS 5347 ERLEBACHER J, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V82, P2330 5348 JEONG H, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V77, P5094 5349 JIANG ZX, 1998, APPL PHYS LETT, V73, P315 5350 KARDAR M, 1986, PHYS REV LETT, V56, P889 5351 KOPONEN I, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V78, P2612 5352 KURAMOTO Y, 1984, CHEM OSCILLATIONS WA 5353 LAM CH, 1998, PHYS REV E, V57, P6506 5354 MAKEEV MA, 1997, APPL PHYS LETT, V71, P2800 5355 MAYER TM, 1994, J APPL PHYS, V76, P1633 5356 MOSER K, 1991, PHYSICA A, V178, P215 5357 PRESS WH, 1986, NUMERICAL RECIPES 5358 ROST M, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V75, P3894 5359 RUSPONI S, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V78, P2795 5360 RUSPONI S, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V81, P2735 5361 SIGMUND P, 1969, PHYS REV, V184, P383 5362 SIVASHINSKY GI, 1977, ACTA ASTRONAUT, V4, P1177 5363 SIVASHINSKY GI, 1980, PROG THEOR PHYS, V63, P2112 5364 VAJO JJ, 1988, J VAC SCI TECHNOL A, V6, P76 5365 WITTMAACK K, 1990, J VAC SCI TECHNOL 2, V8, P2246 5366 WOLF DE, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V67, P1783 5367 YANG HN, 1994, PHYS REV B, V50, P7635 5368 NR 30 5369 TC 85 5370 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 5371 PI COLLEGE PK 5372 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 5373 SN 0031-9007 5374 J9 PHYS REV LETT 5375 JI Phys. Rev. Lett. 5376 PD OCT 25 5377 PY 1999 5378 VL 83 5379 IS 17 5380 BP 3486 5381 EP 3489 5382 PG 4 5383 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 5384 GA 247VZ 5385 UT ISI:000083242800035 5386 ER 5387 5388 PT J 5389 AU Barabasi, AL 5390 Albert, R 5391 Jeong, H 5392 TI Mean-field theory for scale-free random networks 5393 SO PHYSICA A 5394 LA English 5395 DT Article 5396 DE disordered systems; networks; random networks; critical phenomena; 5397 scaling 5398 ID SMALL-WORLD NETWORKS 5399 AB Random networks with complex topology are common in Nature, describing 5400 systems as diverse as the world wide web or social and business 5401 networks. Recently, it has been demonstrated that most large networks 5402 for which topological information is available display scale-free 5403 features. Here we study the scaling properties of the recently 5404 introduced scale-free model, that can account for the observed 5405 power-law distribution of the connectivities. We develop a mean-field 5406 method to predict the growth dynamics of the individual vertices, and 5407 use this to calculate analytically the connectivity distribution and 5408 the scaling exponents. The mean-field method can be used to address the 5409 properties of two variants of the scale-free model, that do not display 5410 power-law scaling. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. 5411 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 5412 RP Barabasi, AL, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 5413 CR 1999, SCI AM, V280, P54 5414 ALBERT R, IN PRESS NATURE 5415 ALBERT R, UNPUB 5416 ARTHUR WB, 1999, SCIENCE, V284, P107 5417 BANAVAR JR, 1999, NATURE, V399, P130 5418 BARABASI AL, UNPUB SCIENCE 5419 BARRAT A, CONDMAT9903323 5420 BARRAT A, CONDMAT9903411 5421 BARTHELEMY M, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V82, P3180 5422 BOLLOBAS B, 1985, RANDOM GRAPHS 5423 COLLINS J, 1998, NATURE, V393, P6684 5424 ERDOS P, 1960, PUBL MATH I HUNG, V5, P17 5425 GALLAGHER R, 1999, SCIENCE, V284, P79 5426 HERZEL H, 1998, FRACTALS, V6, P301 5427 HUBERMAN BA, CONDMAT9901071 5428 HUBERMAN BA, 1998, SCIENCE, V280, P95 5429 KASTURIRANGAN R, CONDMAT9904055 5430 KOCH C, 1999, SCIENCE, V284, P96 5431 KOCHEN M, 1989, SMALL WORLD 5432 KULKARNI RV, CONDMAT9905066 5433 LAWRENCE S, 1999, NATURE, V400, P107 5434 LUBKIN GB, 1998, PHYS TODAY, V51, P17 5435 MENEZES MA, CONDMAT9903426 5436 MILGRAM S, 1967, PSYCHOL TODAY, V1, P61 5437 MONASSON R, CONDMAT9903323 5438 MOUKARZEL CF, CONDMAT9905131 5439 MOUKARZEL CF, CONDMAT9905322 5440 NEWMAN MEJ, CONDMAT9903357 5441 NEWMAN MEJ, CONDMAT9904419 5442 REDNER S, 1998, EUR PHYS J B, V4, P131 5443 SERVICE RF, 1999, SCIENCE, V284, P80 5444 STAUFFER D, 1992, PERCOLATION THEORY 5445 WASSERMAN S, 1994, SOCIAL NETWORK ANAL 5446 WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440 5447 WENG GZ, 1999, SCIENCE, V284, P92 5448 NR 35 5449 TC 374 5450 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV 5451 PI AMSTERDAM 5452 PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS 5453 SN 0378-4371 5454 J9 PHYSICA A 5455 JI Physica A 5456 PD OCT 1 5457 PY 1999 5458 VL 272 5459 IS 1-2 5460 BP 173 5461 EP 187 5462 PG 15 5463 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 5464 GA 244YZ 5465 UT ISI:000083079500012 5466 ER 5467 5468 PT J 5469 AU Barabasi, AL 5470 Albert, R 5471 TI Emergence of scaling in random networks 5472 SO SCIENCE 5473 LA English 5474 DT Article 5475 ID WORLD-WIDE-WEB; COMPLEXITY; INTERNET; DYNAMICS 5476 AB Systems as diverse as genetic networks or the World Wide Web are best 5477 described as networks with complex topology. A common property of many 5478 Large networks is that the vertex connectivities follow a scale-free 5479 power-law distribution. This feature was found to be a consequence of 5480 two generic mechanisms: (i) networks expand continuously by the 5481 addition of new vertices, and (ii) new vertices attach preferentially 5482 to sites that are already well connected. A model based on these two 5483 ingredients reproduces the observed stationary scale-free 5484 distributions, which indicates that the development of Large networks 5485 is governed by robust self-organizing phenomena that go beyond the 5486 particulars of the individual systems. 5487 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 5488 RP Barabasi, AL, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 5489 EM alb@nd.edu 5490 CR 1999, SCI AM, V280, P54 5491 ALBERT R, 1999, NATURE, V401, P130 5492 ARTHUR WB, 1999, SCIENCE, V284, P107 5493 BANAVAR JR, 1999, NATURE, V399, P130 5494 BARABASI AL, 1999, PHYSICA A, V272, P173 5495 BARTHELEMY M, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V82, P1580 5496 BOLLOBA B, 1985, RANDOM GRAPHS 5497 ERDOS P, 1960, PUBL MATH I HUNG, V5, P17 5498 GALLAGHER R, 1999, SCIENCE, V284, P79 5499 GUARE J, 1990, 6 DEGREES SEPARATION 5500 HUBERMAN BA, 1998, SCIENCE, V280, P95 5501 HUBERMAN BA, 1999, NATURE, V401, P131 5502 KOCH C, 1999, SCIENCE, V284, P96 5503 KOCHEN M, 1989, SMALL WORLD 5504 LAWRENCE S, 1998, SCIENCE, V280, P98 5505 MILGRAM S, 1967, PSYCHOL TODAY, V1, P61 5506 REDNER S, 1998, EUR PHYS J B, V4, P131 5507 SEVICE RF, 1999, SCIENCE, V284, P80 5508 TU Y, COMMUNICATION 5509 WASSERMAN S, 1994, SOCIAL NETWORK ANAL 5510 WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440 5511 WENG GZ, 1999, SCIENCE, V284, P92 5512 NR 22 5513 TC 2218 5514 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE 5515 PI WASHINGTON 5516 PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA 5517 SN 0036-8075 5518 J9 SCIENCE 5519 JI Science 5520 PD OCT 15 5521 PY 1999 5522 VL 286 5523 IS 5439 5524 BP 509 5525 EP 512 5526 PG 4 5527 SC Multidisciplinary Sciences 5528 GA 245RD 5529 UT ISI:000083121200054 5530 ER 5531 5532 PT J 5533 AU Albert, R 5534 Jeong, H 5535 Barabasi, AL 5536 TI Internet - Diameter of the World-Wide Web 5537 SO NATURE 5538 LA English 5539 DT Article 5540 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 5541 RP Albert, R, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 5542 CR BARTHELEMY M, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V82, P3180 5543 BOLLOBAS B, 1985, RANDOM GRAPHS 5544 BUNDLE A, 1994, FRACTALS SCI 5545 CLAFFY K, 1999, INTERNET TOMOGRAPHY 5546 ERDOS P, 1960, PUBL MATH I HUNG, V5, P17 5547 LAWRENCE S, 1999, NATURE, V400, P107 5548 WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440 5549 NR 7 5550 TC 670 5551 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD 5552 PI LONDON 5553 PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND 5554 SN 0028-0836 5555 J9 NATURE 5556 JI Nature 5557 PD SEP 9 5558 PY 1999 5559 VL 401 5560 IS 6749 5561 BP 130 5562 EP 131 5563 PG 2 5564 SC Multidisciplinary Sciences 5565 GA 234AF 5566 UT ISI:000082458800041 5567 ER 5568 5569 PT J 5570 AU Daruka, I 5571 Barabasi, AL 5572 Zhou, SJ 5573 Germann, TC 5574 Lomdahl, PS 5575 Bishop, AR 5576 TI Molecular-dynamics investigation of the surface stress distribution in 5577 a Ge/Si quantum dot superlattice 5578 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B 5579 LA English 5580 DT Article 5581 ID X-RAY-DIFFRACTION; ASSEMBLED GE DOTS; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; SHOCK-WAVES; 5582 SIMULATIONS; GROWTH; SILICON; GAAS 5583 AB The surface stress distribution in an ordered quantum dot superlattice 5584 is investigated using classical molecular dynamics simulations. We find 5585 that the surface stress field induced by various numbers (from 1 to 9) 5586 of Ge islands embedded in a Si(001) substrate is in good agreement with 5587 analytical expressions based on pointlike embedded force dipoles, 5588 explaining the tendency of layered arrays to form vertically aligned 5589 columns. The shea-ranged nature of this stress field implies that only 5590 the uppermost layers affect the surface growth and that their influence 5591 decreases rapidly with layer depth. [S0163-1829(99)52028-6]. 5592 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 5593 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Appl Theoret & Computat Phys Div, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. 5594 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Theoret, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. 5595 RP Daruka, I, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 5596 CR BEAZLEY DM, 1994, PARALLEL COMPUT, V20, P173 5597 BEAZLEY DM, 1997, COMPUT PHYS, V11, P230 5598 DARHUBER AA, 1997, PHYS REV B, V55, P15652 5599 DARHUBER AA, 1997, THIN SOLID FILMS, V294, P296 5600 GIBSON JB, 1960, PHYS REV, V120, P1229 5601 HARDY RJ, 1982, J CHEM PHYS, V76, P622 5602 HOLIAN BL, 1998, SCIENCE, V280, P2085 5603 HU SM, 1989, J APPL PHYS, V66, P2741 5604 KHOR KE, 1987, PHYS REV B, V36, P7733 5605 LI XP, 1988, PHYS REV B, V38, P3331 5606 LIU F, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V82, P2528 5607 LOMDAHL PS, 1993, P SUP 93, P520 5608 NAKATA Y, 1997, J CRYST GROWTH 2, V175, P713 5609 ROLAND C, 1993, PHYS REV B, V47, P16286 5610 ROUVIMOV S, 1998, J ELECTRON MATER, V27, P427 5611 SOLOMON GS, 1997, J CRYST GROWTH 2, V175, P707 5612 SPRINGHOLZ G, 1998, SCIENCE, V282, P734 5613 STEPHENSON PCL, 1996, SURF SCI, V366, P177 5614 STILLINGER FH, 1985, PHYS REV B, V31, P5262 5615 TERSOFF J, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V76, P1675 5616 WIDMANN F, 1998, J APPL PHYS, V83, P7618 5617 ZHOU SJ, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V78, P479 5618 ZHOU SJ, 1998, SCIENCE, V279, P1525 5619 ZUNDEL MK, 1997, APPL PHYS LETT, V71, P2972 5620 NR 24 5621 TC 18 5622 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 5623 PI COLLEGE PK 5624 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 5625 SN 0163-1829 5626 J9 PHYS REV B 5627 JI Phys. Rev. B 5628 PD JUL 15 5629 PY 1999 5630 VL 60 5631 IS 4 5632 BP R2150 5633 EP R2153 5634 PG 4 5635 SC Physics, Condensed Matter 5636 GA 223HA 5637 UT ISI:000081834400005 5638 ER 5639 5640 PT J 5641 AU Lee, CS 5642 Janko, B 5643 Derenyi, I 5644 Barabasi, AL 5645 TI Reducing vortex density in superconductors using the 'ratchet effect' 5646 SO NATURE 5647 LA English 5648 DT Article 5649 ID HIGH-TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTORS; VOLTAGE RECTIFICATION; DYNAMIC 5650 PHASES; VORTICES; LATTICES; NOISE; FIELD 5651 AB A serious obstacle impeding the application of low- and 5652 high-temperature superconductor devices is the presence of trapped 5653 magnetic flux(1,2): flux lines or vortices can be induced by fields as 5654 small as the Earth's magnetic field Once present, vortices dissipate 5655 energy and generate internal noise, limiting the operation of numerous 5656 superconducting devices(2,3). Methods used to overcome this difficulty 5657 include the pinning of vortices by the incorporation of impurities and 5658 defects(4), the construction of flux 'dams'(5), slots and holes(6), and 5659 magnetic shields(2,3) which block the penetration of new flux lines in 5660 the bulk of the superconductor or reduce the magnetic field in the 5661 immediate vicinity of the superconducting device. The most desirable 5662 method would be to remove the vortices from the bulk of the 5663 superconductor, but there was hitherto no known phenomenon that could 5664 form the basis for such a process. Here we show that the application of 5665 an alternating current to a superconductor patterned with an asymmetric 5666 pinning potential can induce vortex motion whose direction is 5667 determined only by the asymmetry of the pattern. The mechanism 5668 responsible for this phenomenon is the so-called 'ratchet 5669 effect'(7-10), and its working principle applies to both low- and 5670 high-temperature superconductors. We demonstrate theoretically that, 5671 with an appropriate choice of pinning potential, the ratchet effect can 5672 be used to remove vortices from low-temperature superconductors in the 5673 parameter range required for various applications. 5674 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 5675 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. 5676 Univ Chicago, Dept Surg, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. 5677 RP Barabasi, AL, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 5678 CR ASTUMIAN RD, 1997, SCIENCE, V276, P917 5679 BLATTER G, 1994, REV MOD PHYS, V66, P1125 5680 CLARKE J, 1990, SUPERCONDUCTING DEVI, P51 5681 CLEM JR, 1973, J LOW TEMP PHYS, V12, P449 5682 DANTSKER E, 1997, APPL PHYS LETT, V70, P2037 5683 DERENYI I, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V80, P1473 5684 DONALDSON GB, 1985, SQUID 85, P749 5685 FAUCHEUX LP, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V74, P1504 5686 HANGGI P, 1996, LECT NOTE PHYS, V476, P294 5687 JULICHER F, 1997, REV MOD PHYS, V69, P1269 5688 KELLY TR, UNPUB NATURE 5689 KOCH RH, 1995, APPL PHYS LETT, V67, P709 5690 MAGNASCO MO, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P1477 5691 MUCK M, 1997, SUPERLATTICE MICROST, V21, P415 5692 OLSON CJ, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V81, P3757 5693 REICHHARDT C, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V78, P2648 5694 REICHHARDT C, 1998, PHYS REV B, V58, P6534 5695 ROUSSELET J, 1994, NATURE, V370, P446 5696 SCOTT BA, 1997, NATURE, V389, P164 5697 TINKHAM M, 1996, INTRO SUPERCONDUCTIV 5698 ZAPATA I, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V77, P2292 5699 ZAPATA L, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V80, P829 5700 ZELDOV E, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V73, P1428 5701 NR 23 5702 TC 97 5703 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD 5704 PI LONDON 5705 PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND 5706 SN 0028-0836 5707 J9 NATURE 5708 JI Nature 5709 PD JUL 22 5710 PY 1999 5711 VL 400 5712 IS 6742 5713 BP 337 5714 EP 340 5715 PG 4 5716 SC Multidisciplinary Sciences 5717 GA 219CH 5718 UT ISI:000081590000041 5719 ER 5720 5721 PT J 5722 AU Lee, S 5723 Daruka, I 5724 Kim, CS 5725 Barabasi, AL 5726 Furdyna, JK 5727 Merz, JL 5728 TI Comment on "Dynamics of ripening of self-assembled II-VI semiconductor 5729 quantum dots" - Lee et al. reply 5730 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 5731 LA English 5732 DT Article 5733 ID SURFACE; GROWTH; ZNSE 5734 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 5735 RP Lee, S, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 5736 CR BARABASI AL, 1995, FRACTAL CONCEPTS SUR 5737 DARUKA I, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V79, P3708 5738 HOMMEL D, 1997, PHYS STATUS SOLIDI B, V202, P835 5739 KO HC, 1997, APPL PHYS LETT, V70, P3278 5740 KRATZERT PR, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V83, P239 5741 KURTZ E, 1998, J CRYST GROWTH, V184, P242 5742 LEE S, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V81, P3479 5743 MEDEIROSRIBEIRO G, 1998, SCIENCE, V279, P353 5744 MERZ JL, 1998, J CRYST GROWTH, V184, P228 5745 RABE M, 1997, PHYS STATUS SOLIDI B, V202, P817 5746 ROSS FM, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V80, P984 5747 SMATHERS JB, 1998, APPL PHYS LETT, V72, P1238 5748 XIN SH, 1996, APPL PHYS LETT, V69, P3884 5749 NR 13 5750 TC 2 5751 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 5752 PI COLLEGE PK 5753 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 5754 SN 0031-9007 5755 J9 PHYS REV LETT 5756 JI Phys. Rev. Lett. 5757 PD JUL 5 5758 PY 1999 5759 VL 83 5760 IS 1 5761 BP 240 5762 EP 240 5763 PG 1 5764 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 5765 GA 212VH 5766 UT ISI:000081238000061 5767 ER 5768 5769 PT J 5770 AU Barabasi, AL 5771 Albert, R 5772 Schiffer, P 5773 TI The physics of sand castles: maximum angle of stability in wet and dry 5774 granular media 5775 SO PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 5776 LA English 5777 DT Article 5778 DE sand castles; granular medium; maximum angle 5779 ID DYNAMICS; DRUM 5780 AB We demonstrate that stability criteria can be used to calculate the 5781 maximum angle of stability, theta(m), of a granular medium composed of 5782 spherical particles in three dimensions and circular discs in two 5783 dimensions. We apply the results to wet granular material by 5784 calculating the dependence of theta(m) on the liquid content of the 5785 material. The results are in good agreement with our experimental data. 5786 (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. 5787 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 5788 RP Barabasi, AL, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 5789 CR ALBERT R, 1997, PHYS REV E, V56, P6271 5790 BROWN RL, 1970, PRINCIPLES POWDER ME 5791 CANTELAUBE F, 1995, J PHYS I, V5, P581 5792 EREMENKO V, 1970, LIQUID PHASE SINTERI 5793 HALSEY TC, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V80, P3141 5794 HILL KM, 1994, PHYS REV E A, V49, R3610 5795 HORNBAKER DJ, 1997, NATURE, V387, P765 5796 JAEGER HM, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V62, P40 5797 JAEGER HM, 1992, SCIENCE, V255, P1523 5798 LEE J, 1993, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V26, P373 5799 NEDDERMANN RM, 1992, STATICS KINEMATICS G 5800 RISTOW GH, 1996, EUROPHYS LETT, V34, P263 5801 SCHWARZER S, 1995, PHYS REV E B, V52, P6461 5802 TEGZES D, UNPUB 5803 TRAIN D, 1958, J PHARM PHARMACOL, V10, T127 5804 NR 15 5805 TC 7 5806 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV 5807 PI AMSTERDAM 5808 PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS 5809 SN 0378-4371 5810 J9 PHYSICA A 5811 JI Physica A 5812 PD APR 15 5813 PY 1999 5814 VL 266 5815 IS 1-4 5816 BP 366 5817 EP 371 5818 PG 6 5819 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 5820 GA 194AR 5821 UT ISI:000080170400054 5822 ER 5823 5824 PT J 5825 AU Daruka, I 5826 Tersoff, J 5827 Barabasi, AL 5828 TI Shape transition in growth of strained islands 5829 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 5830 LA English 5831 DT Article 5832 AB Strained islands formed in heteroepitaxy sometimes change shape during 5833 growth. Here we show that there is typically a first-order shape 5834 transition with island size, with the discontinuous introduction of 5835 steeper facets at the island edge. We present a phase diagram for 5836 island shape as a function of volume and surface energy, showing how 5837 surface energy controls the sequence of island shapes with increasing 5838 volume. The discontinuous chemical potential at the shape transition 5839 drastically affects island coarsening and size distributions. 5840 [S0031-9007(99)08789-X]. 5841 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 5842 IBM Corp, Div Res, TJ Watson Res Ctr, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598 USA. 5843 RP Daruka, I, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 5844 CR 1996, PHYS TODAY, V49, P22 5845 1998, MAT RES B, V23, P15 5846 CHEN KM, 1997, PHYS REV B, V56, P1700 5847 DUPORT C, 1997, MORPHOLOGICAL ORG EP 5848 HERRING C, 1951, PHYS REV, V82, P87 5849 KERN R, 1979, CURRENT TOPICS MAT S, V3 5850 LEGOUES FK, 1995, APPL PHYS LETT, V67, P2317 5851 MEDEIROSRIBEIRO G, COMMUNICATION 5852 MEDEIROSRIBEIRO G, 1998, SCIENCE, V279, P353 5853 PONCHET A, 1995, APPL PHYS LETT, V67, P1850 5854 REAVES CM, 1996, APPL PHYS LETT, V69, P3878 5855 ROSS FM, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V80, P984 5856 SEIFERT W, 1996, PROG CRYST GROWTH CH, V33, P423 5857 SHCHUKIN VA, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V75, P2968 5858 TERSOFF J, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P2782 5859 TERSOFF J, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P3570 5860 TOUGAW PD, 1996, J APPL PHYS, V80, P4722 5861 WULFF G, 1901, Z KRISTALLOGR, V34, P449 5862 ZANGWILL A, 1988, PHYSICS SURFACES 5863 ZINKEALLMANG M, 1992, SURF SCI REP, V16, P377 5864 NR 20 5865 TC 95 5866 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 5867 PI COLLEGE PK 5868 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 5869 SN 0031-9007 5870 J9 PHYS REV LETT 5871 JI Phys. Rev. Lett. 5872 PD MAR 29 5873 PY 1999 5874 VL 82 5875 IS 13 5876 BP 2753 5877 EP 2756 5878 PG 4 5879 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 5880 GA 179UY 5881 UT ISI:000079348900033 5882 ER 5883 5884 PT J 5885 AU Albert, R 5886 Pfeifer, MA 5887 Barabasi, AL 5888 Schiffer, P 5889 TI Slow drag in a granular medium 5890 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 5891 LA English 5892 DT Article 5893 ID STRESS FLUCTUATIONS; FORCE FLUCTUATIONS; BEAD PACKS; MODEL 5894 AB We have studied the drag force acting on an object moving with low 5895 velocity through a granular medium. Although the drag force is a 5896 dynamic quantity, its behavior in this regime is dominated by the 5897 inhomogeneous distribution of stress in static granular media. We find 5898 experimentally that the drag force on a vertical cylinder is linearly 5899 dependent on the cylinder diameter, quadratically dependent on the 5900 depth of insertion, and independent of velocity. An accompanying 5901 analytical calculation based on the static distribution of forces 5902 arrives at the same result, demonstrating that the local theory of 5903 stress propagation in static granular media can be used to predict this 5904 bulk dynamic property. [S0031-9007(98)08142-3]. 5905 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 5906 RP Albert, R, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, 225 Nieuwland Sci Hall, Notre 5907 Dame, IN 46556 USA. 5908 CR ALBERT R, 1997, PHYS REV E, V56, P6271 5909 BARABASI AL, IN PRESS PHYSICA A 5910 BAXTER GW, 1997, POWDERS GRAINS 97 5911 BEHRINGER RP, 1993, NONLINEAR SCI TODAY, V3, P1 5912 BROWN RL, 1970, PRINCIPLES POWDER ME 5913 CLAUDIN P, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V78, P231 5914 COPPERSMITH SN, 1996, PHYS REV E A, V53, P4673 5915 DRESCHER A, 1972, J MECH PHYS SOLIDS, V20, P337 5916 HORNBAKER DJ, 1997, NATURE, V387, P765 5917 LIU CH, 1995, SCIENCE, V269, P513 5918 MILLER B, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V77, P3110 5919 MUETH DM, 1998, PHYS REV E B, V57, P3164 5920 RADJAI F, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V77, P274 5921 SMITH KA, 1991, SOIL ANAL 5922 TARDOS GI, 1998, PHYS FLUIDS, V10, P335 5923 TRAVERS T, 1987, EUROPHYS LETT, V4, P329 5924 WIEGHARDT K, 1975, ANNU REV FLUID MECH, V7, P89 5925 ZIK O, 1992, EUROPHYS LETT, V17, P315 5926 NR 18 5927 TC 49 5928 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 5929 PI COLLEGE PK 5930 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 5931 SN 0031-9007 5932 J9 PHYS REV LETT 5933 JI Phys. Rev. Lett. 5934 PD JAN 4 5935 PY 1999 5936 VL 82 5937 IS 1 5938 BP 205 5939 EP 208 5940 PG 4 5941 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 5942 GA 154KA 5943 UT ISI:000077887000051 5944 ER 5945 5946 PT J 5947 AU Czirok, A 5948 Barabasi, AL 5949 Vicsek, T 5950 TI Collective motion of self-propelled particles: Kinetic phase transition 5951 in one dimension 5952 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 5953 LA English 5954 DT Article 5955 ID LONG-RANGE ORDER; BACTERIAL COLONIES; XY MODEL; SYSTEM; 2-TEMPERATURE; 5956 PATTERNS; GROWTH 5957 AB We demonstrate that a system of self-propelled particles exhibits 5958 spontaneous symmetry breaking and self-organization in one dimension, 5959 in contrast with previous analytical predictions. To explain this 5960 surprising result we derive a new continuum theory that can account for 5961 the development of the symmetry broken state and belongs to the same 5962 universality class as the discrete self-propelled particle model. 5963 [S0031-9007(98)07911-3]. 5964 C1 Lorand Eotvos Univ, Dept Biol Phys, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary. 5965 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 5966 RP Czirok, A, Lorand Eotvos Univ, Dept Biol Phys, Pazmany Stny 1, H-1118 5967 Budapest, Hungary. 5968 CR ALBANO EV, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V77, P2129 5969 ALLISON C, 1991, SCI PROG, V75, P403 5970 ALON U, CONDMAT9710142 5971 BASSLER KE, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V73, P1320 5972 BASSLER KE, 1995, PHYS REV E A, V52, R9 5973 BENJACOB E, 1994, FRACTALS, V2, P1 5974 BENJACOB E, 1994, NATURE, V368, P46 5975 BENJACOB E, 1994, PHYSICA A, V202, P1 5976 BUSSEMAKER HJ, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V78, P5018 5977 CSAHOK Z, 1995, PHYS REV E B, V52, P5297 5978 CSAHOK Z, 1997, PHYSICA A, V243, P304 5979 CZIROK A, 1997, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V30, P1375 5980 DENEUBOURG JL, 1989, ETHOL ECOL EVOL, V1, P295 5981 DUPARCMEUR YL, 1995, J PHYS I, V5, P1119 5982 EVANS MR, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V74, P208 5983 FUJIKAWA H, 1989, J PHYS SOC JPN, V58, P3875 5984 HELBING D, 1996, PHYS REV E, V53, P2366 5985 HELBING D, 1997, PHYS REV E A, V56, P2527 5986 HEMMINGSSON J, 1995, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V28, P4245 5987 HUTH A, 1990, BIOLOGICAL MOTION 5988 MA SK, 1976, MODERN THEORY CRITIC 5989 MERMIN ND, 1966, PHYS REV LETT, V17, P1133 5990 NAGEL K, 1996, PHYS REV E A, V53, P4655 5991 RAUCH EM, 1995, PHYS LETT A, V207, P185 5992 REYNOLDS CW, 1987, COMPUT GRAPH, V21, P25 5993 SHAPIRO JA, 1995, BIOESSAYS, V17, P579 5994 STANLEY HE, 1971, INTRO PHASE TRANSITI 5995 TONER J, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V75, P4326 5996 VICSEK T, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V75, P1226 5997 NR 29 5998 TC 27 5999 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 6000 PI COLLEGE PK 6001 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 6002 SN 0031-9007 6003 J9 PHYS REV LETT 6004 JI Phys. Rev. Lett. 6005 PD JAN 4 6006 PY 1999 6007 VL 82 6008 IS 1 6009 BP 209 6010 EP 212 6011 PG 4 6012 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 6013 GA 154KA 6014 UT ISI:000077887000052 6015 ER 6016 6017 PT J 6018 AU Lee, C 6019 Barabasi, AL 6020 TI Spatial ordering of islands grown on patterned surfaces 6021 SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 6022 LA English 6023 DT Article 6024 ID SCANNING-TUNNELING-MICROSCOPE; ASSEMBLED QUANTUM DOTS; BEAM EPITAXY; 6025 HETEROEPITAXY; FABRICATION; WIRES 6026 AB We demonstrate that growth on a sample patterned with an ordered defect 6027 array can lead to islands with rather narrow size distribution. 6028 However, improvement in the size distribution is achieved only if the 6029 growth conditions (flux and temperature) have optimal values, 6030 determined by the patterning length scale. Since the scanning tunelling 6031 and the atomic force microscopes are capable of inducing surface 6032 perturbations that act as potential preferential nucleation sites, our 6033 work demonstrates that nanoscale surface patterning can improve the 6034 ordering of platelets and self-assembled quantum dots. (C) 1998 6035 American Institute of Physics. [S0003-6951(98)03444-5] 6036 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 6037 RP Lee, C, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 6038 CR AMAR JG, 1994, PHYS REV B, V50, P8781 6039 BARABASI AL, 1995, FRACTAL CONCEPTS SUR 6040 BARABASI AL, 1997, APPL PHYS LETT, V70, P2565 6041 BARTELT MC, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V81, P1901 6042 BRESSLERHILL V, 1994, PHYS REV B, V50, P8479 6043 DARUKA I, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V78, P3027 6044 EIGLER DM, 1990, NATURE, V344, P524 6045 GHAISAS SV, 1992, PHYS REV B, V46, P7308 6046 HARTMANN A, 1995, J APPL PHYS, V77, P1959 6047 HEATH JR, 1996, J PHYS CHEM-US, V100, P3144 6048 JEPPESEN S, 1996, APPL PHYS LETT, V68, P2228 6049 KAMINS TI, 1997, APPL PHYS LETT, V71, P1201 6050 LEON R, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V78, P4942 6051 MAMIN HJ, 1990, PHYS REV LETT, V65, P2418 6052 NGO TT, 1996, PHYS REV B, V53, P9618 6053 PETROFF PM, 1996, MRS BULL, V21, P50 6054 PRIESTER C, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V75, P93 6055 SHIRYAEV SY, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V78, P503 6056 TERASHIMA K, 1990, J VAC SCI TECHNOL A, V8, P581 6057 WANG PD, 1994, APPL PHYS LETT, V64, P1526 6058 WANG PD, 1996, SOLID STATE COMMUN, V100, P763 6059 YAMADA S, 1996, J APPL PHYS, V79, P8391 6060 NR 22 6061 TC 24 6062 PU AMER INST PHYSICS 6063 PI WOODBURY 6064 PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 6065 11797-2999 USA 6066 SN 0003-6951 6067 J9 APPL PHYS LETT 6068 JI Appl. Phys. Lett. 6069 PD NOV 2 6070 PY 1998 6071 VL 73 6072 IS 18 6073 BP 2651 6074 EP 2653 6075 PG 3 6076 SC Physics, Applied 6077 GA 131DR 6078 UT ISI:000076560900037 6079 ER 6080 6081 PT J 6082 AU Lee, S 6083 Daruka, I 6084 Kim, CS 6085 Barabasi, AL 6086 Merz, JL 6087 Furdyna, JK 6088 TI Dynamics of ripening of self-assembled II-VI semiconductor quantum dots 6089 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 6090 LA English 6091 DT Article 6092 ID KRASTANOW GROWTH MODE; HETEROEPITAXIAL GROWTH; ISLAND FORMATION; 6093 EVOLUTION; SURFACES 6094 AB We report the systematic investigation of ripening of CdSe 6095 self-assembled quantum dots (QDs) on ZnSe. We investigate the size and 6096 density of the QDs as a function of time after deposition of CdSe has 6097 stopped. The dynamics of the ripening process is interpreted in terms 6098 of the theory of Ostwald ripening. Furthermore, the experimental 6099 results allow us to identify the growth mode of the QD formation 6100 process. [S0031-9007(98)07378-5]. 6101 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 6102 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Elect Engn, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 6103 RP Lee, S, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 6104 EM alb@nd.edu 6105 furdyna.1@nd.edu 6106 CR BARABASI AL, 1995, FRACTAL CONCEPTS SUR 6107 BARABASI AL, 1997, APPL PHYS LETT, V70, P2565 6108 DARUKA I, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V79, P3708 6109 DARUKA I, 1998, APPL PHYS LETT, V72, P2102 6110 DOBBS HT, 1997, DOBBS HT, P263 6111 DRUCKER J, 1993, PHYS REV B, V48, P18203 6112 FLACK F, 1996, PHYS REV B, V54 6113 FURDYNA JK, 1999, 2 6 SEMICONDUCTOR MA 6114 JESSON DE, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V77, P1330 6115 KAMINS TI, 1997, J APPL PHYS, V81, P211 6116 KO HC, 1997, APPL PHYS LETT, V70, P3278 6117 KURTZ E, IN PRESS J CRYST GRO 6118 MEDEIROSRIBEIRO G, 1998, SCIENCE, V279, P353 6119 MERZ JL, 1998, J CRYST GROWTH, V184, P228 6120 OSTWALD W, 1900, Z PHYS CHEM-STOCH VE, V34, P495 6121 PETROFF PM, 1996, MRS BULL, V21, P50 6122 RABE M, 1997, PHYS STATUS SOLIDI B, V202, P817 6123 RATSCH C, 1994, SURF SCI, V314, L937 6124 ROSS FM, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V80, P984 6125 SCHROEDER M, 1997, SURF SCI, V375, P129 6126 SEIFERT W, 1996, PROG CRYST GROWTH CH, V33, P423 6127 SHCHUKIN VA, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V75, P2968 6128 SUEMUNE I, 1997, PHYS STATUS SOLIDI B, V202, P845 6129 VOORHEES PW, 1992, ANNU REV MATER SCI, V22, P197 6130 XIN SH, 1996, APPL PHYS LETT, V69, P3884 6131 ZINKEALLMANG M, 1992, SURF SCI REP, V16, P377 6132 NR 26 6133 TC 52 6134 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 6135 PI COLLEGE PK 6136 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 6137 SN 0031-9007 6138 J9 PHYS REV LETT 6139 JI Phys. Rev. Lett. 6140 PD OCT 19 6141 PY 1998 6142 VL 81 6143 IS 16 6144 BP 3479 6145 EP 3482 6146 PG 4 6147 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 6148 GA 129JX 6149 UT ISI:000076461000045 6150 ER 6151 6152 PT J 6153 AU Makeev, MA 6154 Barabasi, AL 6155 TI Effect of surface roughness on the secondary ion yield in ion sputtering 6156 SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 6157 LA English 6158 DT Article 6159 ID SCANNING-TUNNELING-MICROSCOPE; BOMBARDMENT; GROWTH 6160 AB There is extensive experimental evidence that, at low temperatures, 6161 surface erosion by ion bombardment roughens the sputtered substrate, 6162 leading to a self-affine surface. These changes in the surface 6163 morphology also modify the secondary ion yield. Here, we calculate 6164 analytically the secondary ion yield in terms of parameters 6165 characterizing the sputtering process and the interface roughness. (C) 6166 1998 American Institute of Physics. [S0003-6951(98)04036-4]. 6167 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 6168 RP Makeev, MA, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 6169 CR BARABASI AL, 1995, FRACTAL CONCEPTS SUR 6170 BRADLEY RM, 1988, J VAC SCI TECHNOL A, V6, P2390 6171 CHASON E, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P3040 6172 CUERNO R, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V74, P4746 6173 EKLUND EA, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V67, P1759 6174 EKLUND EA, 1993, SURF SCI, V285, P157 6175 FAMILY F, 1991, DYNAMICS FRACTAL SUR 6176 HALPINHEALY T, 1995, PHYS REP, V254, P215 6177 KRIM J, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P57 6178 MAKEEV MA, UNPUB 6179 MAKEEV MA, 1997, APPL PHYS LETT, V71, P2800 6180 MAKEEV MA, 1998, APPL PHYS LETT, V72, P906 6181 MEAKIN P, 1993, PHYS REP, V235, P189 6182 SIGMUND P, 1969, PHYS REV, V184, P383 6183 TOWNSEND PD, 1976, ION IMPLANTATION SPU 6184 WITTMAACK K, 1990, J VAC SCI TECHNOL 2, V8, P2246 6185 YAMAMURA Y, 1987, RADIAT EFF, V103, P25 6186 YANG HN, 1994, PHYS REV B, V50, P7635 6187 YOU H, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P2900 6188 NR 19 6189 TC 1 6190 PU AMER INST PHYSICS 6191 PI WOODBURY 6192 PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 6193 11797-2999 USA 6194 SN 0003-6951 6195 J9 APPL PHYS LETT 6196 JI Appl. Phys. Lett. 6197 PD OCT 12 6198 PY 1998 6199 VL 73 6200 IS 15 6201 BP 2209 6202 EP 2211 6203 PG 3 6204 SC Physics, Applied 6205 GA 128UX 6206 UT ISI:000076427700048 6207 ER 6208 6209 PT J 6210 AU Albert, R 6211 Barabasi, AL 6212 Carle, N 6213 Dougherty, A 6214 TI Driven interfaces in disordered media: Determination of universality 6215 classes from experimental data 6216 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 6217 LA English 6218 DT Article 6219 ID POROUS-MEDIA; DISPLACEMENT; MODEL 6220 AB While there have been important theoretical advances in understanding 6221 the universality classes of interfaces moving in porous media, the 6222 developed tools cannot be directly applied to experiments. Here we 6223 introduce a method that can distinguish the isotropic and directed 6224 percolation universality classes from snapshots of the interface 6225 profile. We test the method on discrete models whose universality class 6226 is well known, and use it to identify the universality class of 6227 interfaces obtained in experiments on fluid flow in porous media. 6228 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 6229 Lafayette Coll, Dept Phys, Easton, PA 18042 USA. 6230 RP Albert, R, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 6231 CR AMARAL LAN, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V73, P62 6232 AMARAL LAN, 1995, PHYS REV E B, V52, P4087 6233 BARABASI AL, 1995, FRACTAL CONCEPTS SUR 6234 BLATTER G, 1994, REV MOD PHYS, V66, P1125 6235 BULDYREV SV, 1992, PHYS REV A, V45, P8313 6236 BULDYREV SV, 1992, PHYSICA A, V191, P220 6237 CIEPLAK M, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V60, P2042 6238 FAMILY F, 1985, J PHYS A, V18, P75 6239 HORVATH VK, 1995, PHYS REV E B, V52, P5166 6240 KOILLER B, 1992, PHYS REV B, V46, P5258 6241 LESCHHORN H, 1993, PHYSICA A, V195, P324 6242 NATTERMANN T, 1992, J PHYS II, V2, P1483 6243 RUBIO MA, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V63, P1685 6244 TANG LH, 1992, PHYS REV A, V45, P8309 6245 TANG LH, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V74, P920 6246 WONG PZ, 1994, MRS BULL, V19, P32 6247 NR 16 6248 TC 19 6249 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 6250 PI COLLEGE PK 6251 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 6252 SN 0031-9007 6253 J9 PHYS REV LETT 6254 JI Phys. Rev. Lett. 6255 PD OCT 5 6256 PY 1998 6257 VL 81 6258 IS 14 6259 BP 2926 6260 EP 2929 6261 PG 4 6262 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 6263 GA 125HR 6264 UT ISI:000076231900023 6265 ER 6266 6267 PT J 6268 AU Frey, U 6269 Silverman, M 6270 Barabasi, AL 6271 Suki, B 6272 TI Irregularities and power law distributions in the breathing pattern in 6273 preterm and term infants 6274 SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY 6275 LA English 6276 DT Article 6277 DE control of breathing; apnea; hypopnea; neural network 6278 ID EYE-MOVEMENT SLEEP; RIB CAGE; APNEA; MODEL; NOISE 6279 AB Unlike older children, young infants are prone to develop unstable 6280 respiratory patterns, suggesting important differences in their control 6281 of breathing. We examined the irregular breathing pattern in infants by 6282 measuring the time interval between breaths ("interbreath interval"; 6283 IBI) assessed from abdominal movement during 2 h of sleep in 25 preterm 6284 infants at a postconceptional age of 40.5 +/- 5.2 (SD) wk. and in 14 6285 term healthy infants at a postnatal age of 8.2 +/- 4 wk. In 10 infants 6286 we performed longitudinal measurements on two occasions. We developed a 6287 threshold algorithm for the detection of a breath so that an IBI 6288 included an apneic period and potentially some periods of insufficient 6289 tidal breathing excursions (hypopneas). The probability density 6290 distribution (P) of IBIs follows a power law, P(IBI)similar to 6291 IBI-alpha, with the exponent alpha providing a statistical measurement 6292 of the relative risk of insufficient breathing. With maturation, alpha 6293 increased from 2.62 +/- 0.4 at 41.2 +/- 3.6 wk to 3.22 +/- 0.4 at 47.3 6294 +/- 6.4 wk postconceptional age, indicating a decrease in long 6295 hypopneas (for paired data P = 0.002). The statistical properties of 6296 IBI were well reproduced in a model of the respiratory oscillator on 6297 the basis of two hypotheses: 1) tonic neural inputs to the respiratory 6298 oscillator are noisy; and 2) the noise explores a critical region where 6299 IBI diverges with decreasing tonic inputs. Accordingly, maturation of 6300 infant respiratory control can be explained by the tonic inputs moving 6301 away from this critical region. We conclude that breathing 6302 irregularities in infants can be characterized by alpha, which provides 6303 a link between clinically accessible data and the neurophysiology of 6304 the respiratory oscillator. 6305 C1 Univ Leicester, Dept Child Hlth, Leicester LE2 7LX, Leics, England. 6306 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 6307 Boston Univ, Dept Biomed Engn, Boston, MA 02215 USA. 6308 RP Frey, U, Univ Hosp Bern, Inselspital, Dept Paediat, CH-3010 Bern, 6309 Switzerland. 6310 EM urs.frey@insel.ch 6311 CR AMIT DJ, 1989, MODELING BRAIN FUNCT 6312 BARABASI AL, 1995, FRACTAL CONCEPTS SUR 6313 BERGMAN AB, 1972, PEDIATRICS, V49, P860 6314 BOTROS SM, 1990, BIOL CYBERN, V63, P143 6315 BOUCHAUD JP, 1990, PHYS REP, V195, P127 6316 COONS S, 1982, PEDIATRICS, V69, P793 6317 DRANSFIELD DA, 1983, AM J DIS CHILD, V137, P441 6318 FARBER JP, 1988, AM J PHYSIOL, V254, R578 6319 FINER NN, 1976, J PAEDIAT CHILD HLTH, V89, P249 6320 GAULTIER C, 1987, J DEV PHYSIOL, V9, P391 6321 GERHARDT T, 1984, PEDIATRICS, V74, P58 6322 GIRARD F, 1960, J PHYSIOL-PARIS, V52, P108 6323 HENDERSONSMART DJ, 1983, NEW ENGL J MED, V308, P353 6324 HERSHENSON MB, 1990, AM REV RESPIR DIS, V141, P922 6325 HODGMAN JE, 1990, AM J DIS CHILD, V144, P54 6326 HOOP B, 1995, CHAOS, V5, P609 6327 LAWSON EE, 1989, J APPL PHYSIOL, V66, P983 6328 MATHEW OP, 1982, J PEDIATR, V100, P964 6329 MONTROLL EW, 1982, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V79, P3380 6330 OGILVIE MD, 1992, AM J PHYSIOL 2, V263, R962 6331 PAYDARFAR D, 1995, CHAOS, V5, P18 6332 RICHTER DW, 1983, CENTRAL NEURONE ENV, P165 6333 ROSE A, 1993, J MARC RES, V1, P65 6334 SACHIS PN, 1982, J NEUROPATH EXP NEUR, V41, P466 6335 SUKI B, 1994, NATURE, V368, P615 6336 SZETO HH, 1992, AM J PHYSIOL 2, V263, R141 6337 NR 26 6338 TC 8 6339 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC 6340 PI BETHESDA 6341 PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA 6342 SN 8750-7587 6343 J9 J APPL PHYSIOL 6344 JI J. Appl. Physiol. 6345 PD SEP 6346 PY 1998 6347 VL 85 6348 IS 3 6349 BP 789 6350 EP 797 6351 PG 9 6352 SC Physiology; Sport Sciences 6353 GA 117KY 6354 UT ISI:000075781500003 6355 ER 6356 6357 PT J 6358 AU Makeev, MA 6359 Barabasi, AL 6360 TI Effect of surface roughness on the secondary ion yield in ion sputtering 6361 SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 6362 LA English 6363 DT Article 6364 ID SCANNING-TUNNELING-MICROSCOPE; BOMBARDMENT; GROWTH 6365 AB There is extensive experimental evidence that, at low temperatures, 6366 surface erosion by ion bombardment roughens the sputtered substrate, 6367 leading to a self-affine surface. These changes in the surface 6368 morphology also modify the secondary ion yield. Here, we calculate 6369 analytically the secondary ion yield in terms of parameters 6370 characterizing the sputtering process and the interface roughness. (C) 6371 1998 American Institute of Physics. [S0003-6951(98)04036-4]. 6372 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 6373 RP Makeev, MA, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 6374 CR BARABASI AL, 1995, FRACTAL CONCEPTS SUR 6375 BRADLEY RM, 1988, J VAC SCI TECHNOL A, V6, P2390 6376 CUERNO R, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V74, P4746 6377 EKLUND EA, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V67, P1759 6378 EKLUND EA, 1993, SURF SCI, V285, P157 6379 FAMILY F, 1991, DYNAMICS FRACTAL SUR 6380 HALPINHEALY T, 1995, PHYS REP, V254, P215 6381 KRIM J, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P57 6382 MAKEEV MA, UNPUB 6383 MAKEEV MA, 1997, APPL PHYS LETT, V71, P2800 6384 MAKEEV MA, 1998, APPL PHYS LETT, V72, P906 6385 MAYER TM, 1994, J APPL PHYS, V76, P1633 6386 MEAKIN P, 1993, PHYS REP, V235, P189 6387 SIGMUND P, 1969, PHYS REV, V184, P383 6388 SIGMUND P, 1973, J MATER SCI, V8, P1545 6389 TOWNSEND PD, 1976, ION IMPLANTATION SPU 6390 WITTMAACK K, 1990, J VAC SCI TECHNOL 2, V8, P2246 6391 YAMAMURA Y, 1987, RADIAT EFF, V103, P25 6392 YANG HN, 1994, PHYS REV B, V50, P7635 6393 YOU H, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P2900 6394 NR 20 6395 TC 4 6396 PU AMER INST PHYSICS 6397 PI WOODBURY 6398 PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 6399 11797-2999 USA 6400 SN 0003-6951 6401 J9 APPL PHYS LETT 6402 JI Appl. Phys. Lett. 6403 PD SEP 7 6404 PY 1998 6405 VL 73 6406 IS 10 6407 BP 1445 6408 EP 1447 6409 PG 3 6410 SC Physics, Applied 6411 GA 117MU 6412 UT ISI:000075786000046 6413 ER 6414 6415 PT J 6416 AU Daruka, I 6417 Barabasi, AL 6418 TI Equilibrium phase diagrams for dislocation free self-assembled quantum 6419 dots 6420 SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 6421 LA English 6422 DT Article 6423 ID GROWTH 6424 AB The equilibrium theory of self-assembled quantum dot (SAQD) formation 6425 can account for many of the experimentally observed growth modes. Here, 6426 we show that despite the large number of material constants entering 6427 the free energy of strained islands, then are only four topologically 6428 different phase diagrams describing the SAQD formation process. We 6429 derive each of these phase diagrams and discuss the physical properties 6430 of the predicted growth modes. (C) 1998 American Institute of Physics. 6431 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 6432 RP Daruka, I, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 6433 EM alb@nd.edu 6434 CR BARABASI AL, 1997, APPL PHYS LETT, V70, P2565 6435 DARUKA L, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V79, P3708 6436 DOBBS HT, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V79, P897 6437 KAMINS TI, 1997, J APPL PHYS, V81, P211 6438 KRISHNAMURTHY M, 1997, APPL PHYS LETT, V70, P49 6439 MADHUKAR A, 1996, J CRYST GROWTH, V163, P149 6440 MEDEIROSRIBEIRO G, 1998, SCIENCE, V279, P353 6441 ORR BG, 1992, EUROPHYS LETT, V19, P33 6442 PETROFF PM, 1996, MRS BULL, V21, P50 6443 ROLAND C, 1993, PHYS REV B, V47, P16286 6444 SEIFERT W, 1997, J PROGR CRYSTAL GROW, V33, P423 6445 SHCHUKIN VA, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V75, P2968 6446 TERSOFF J, 1991, PHYS REV B, V43, P9377 6447 WILLIAMS SR, COMMUNICATION 6448 NR 14 6449 TC 48 6450 PU AMER INST PHYSICS 6451 PI WOODBURY 6452 PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 6453 11797-2999 USA 6454 SN 0003-6951 6455 J9 APPL PHYS LETT 6456 JI Appl. Phys. Lett. 6457 PD APR 27 6458 PY 1998 6459 VL 72 6460 IS 17 6461 BP 2102 6462 EP 2104 6463 PG 3 6464 SC Physics, Applied 6465 GA ZJ819 6466 UT ISI:000073256700012 6467 ER 6468 6469 PT J 6470 AU Makeev, MA 6471 Barabasi, AL 6472 TI Secondary ion yield changes on rippled interfaces 6473 SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 6474 LA English 6475 DT Article 6476 ID ROUGHENING INSTABILITY; TOPOGRAPHY CHANGES; SURFACE; BOMBARDMENT; 6477 EVOLUTION; EROSION; SILICON; GAAS; SI 6478 AB Sputter erosion often leads to the development of surface ripples. Here 6479 we investigate the effect of the ripples on the secondary ion yield, by 6480 calculating the yield as a function of the microscopic parameters 6481 characterizing the ion cascade (such as penetration depth, widths of 6482 the deposited energy distribution) and the ripples (ripple amplitude, 6483 wavelength), We find that ripples can strongly enhance the yield, with 6484 the magnitude of the effect depending on the interplay between the ion 6485 and ripple characteristics. Furthermore, pre compare our predictions 6486 with existing experimental results. (C) 1998 American Institute of 6487 Physics. 6488 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 6489 RP Makeev, MA, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 6490 EM alb@nd.edu 6491 CR BARABASI AL, 1995, FRACTAL CONCEPTS SUR 6492 BARABASI AL, 1997, DYNAMICS FLUCTUATING 6493 BEHRISCH R, 1983, SPUTTERING PARTICLE, V1 6494 BEHRISCH R, 1983, SPUTTERING PARTICLE, V2 6495 BEHRISCH R, 1983, SPUTTERING PARTICLE, V3 6496 BRADLEY RM, 1988, J VAC SCI TECHNOL A, V6, P2390 6497 BRADLEY RM, 1996, PHYS REV E, V54, P6149 6498 CHASON E, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P3040 6499 CRESPOSOSA A, 1996, PHYS REV B, V53, P14795 6500 CUERNO R, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V74, P4746 6501 CUERNO R, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V75, P4464 6502 DUNKAN S, 1984, VACUUM, V34, P145 6503 KAREN A, 1991, J VAC SCI TECHNOL A, V9, P2247 6504 MACLAREN SW, 1992, J VAC SCI TECHNOL A, V10, P468 6505 MAKEEV MA, UNPUB 6506 MAKEEV MA, 1997, APPL PHYS LETT, V71, P2800 6507 MAYER TM, 1994, J APPL PHYS, V76, P1633 6508 SHICHI H, 1991, JPN J APPL PHYS 2, V30, L927 6509 SIGMUND P, 1969, PHYS REV, V184, P383 6510 SIGMUND P, 1973, J MATER SCI, V8, P1545 6511 STEVIE FA, 1988, J VAC SCI TECHNOL A, V6, P76 6512 VAJO JJ, 1996, J VAC SCI TECHNOL A, V14, P2709 6513 WITTMAACK K, 1990, J VAC SCI TECHNOL 2, V8, P2246 6514 NR 23 6515 TC 12 6516 PU AMER INST PHYSICS 6517 PI WOODBURY 6518 PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 6519 11797-2999 USA 6520 SN 0003-6951 6521 J9 APPL PHYS LETT 6522 JI Appl. Phys. Lett. 6523 PD FEB 23 6524 PY 1998 6525 VL 72 6526 IS 8 6527 BP 906 6528 EP 908 6529 PG 3 6530 SC Physics, Applied 6531 GA ZJ463 6532 UT ISI:000073218200012 6533 ER 6534 6535 PT J 6536 AU Derenyi, I 6537 Lee, C 6538 Barabasi, AL 6539 TI Ratchet effect in surface electromigration: Smoothing surfaces by an ac 6540 field 6541 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 6542 LA English 6543 DT Article 6544 ID SEMICONDUCTOR SURFACES; BROWNIAN PARTICLES; TRANSPORT; GROWTH 6545 AB We demonstrate that for surfaces that have a nonzero Schwoebel barrier 6546 the application of an ac field parallel to the surface induces a net 6547 electromigration current that points in the descending step direction. 6548 The magnitude of the current is calculated analytically and compared 6549 with Monte Carlo simulations. Since a downhill current smoothes the 6550 surface, our results imply that the application of ac fields can aid 6551 the smoothing process during annealing and can slow or eliminate the 6552 Schwoebel-barrier-induced mound formation during growth. 6553 [S0031-9007(97)05220-4]. 6554 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 6555 Lorand Eotvos Univ, Dept Atom Phys, H-1088 Budapest, Hungary. 6556 RP Barabasi, AL, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 6557 EM alb@nd.edu 6558 CR AJDARI A, 1992, CR ACAD SCI II-MEC P, V315, P1635 6559 ASTUMIAN RD, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P1766 6560 ASTUMIAN RD, 1997, SCIENCE, V276, P917 6561 BARABASI AL, 1995, FRACTAL CONCEPTS SUR 6562 DERENYI I, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V75, P374 6563 DOERING CR, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P2984 6564 FAUCHEUX LP, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V74, P1504 6565 ICHIKAWA M, 1990, VACUUM, V41, P923 6566 JO BH, 1995, APPL SURF SCI, V89, P237 6567 JOHNSON MD, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P116 6568 KANDEL D, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V76, P1114 6569 KODIYALAM S, 1996, PHYS REV B, V53, P9913 6570 MAGNASCO MO, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P1477 6571 PROST J, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P2652 6572 ROUS PJ, 1994, SURF SCI, V315, L995 6573 ROUSSELET J, 1994, NATURE, V370, P446 6574 SCHWOEBEL RL, 1969, J APPL PHYS, V40, P614 6575 STROSCIO JA, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V75, P4246 6576 VERBRUGGEN AH, 1988, IBM J RES DEV, V32, P93 6577 VILLAIN J, 1991, J PHYS I, V1, P19 6578 YASUNAGA H, 1992, SURF SCI REP, V15, P205 6579 ZUO JK, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V78, P2791 6580 NR 22 6581 TC 55 6582 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 6583 PI COLLEGE PK 6584 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 6585 SN 0031-9007 6586 J9 PHYS REV LETT 6587 JI Phys. Rev. Lett. 6588 PD FEB 16 6589 PY 1998 6590 VL 80 6591 IS 7 6592 BP 1473 6593 EP 1476 6594 PG 4 6595 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 6596 GA YX202 6597 UT ISI:000072016600030 6598 ER 6599 6600 PT J 6601 AU Albert, R 6602 Albert, I 6603 Hornbaker, D 6604 Schiffer, P 6605 Barabasi, AL 6606 TI Maximum angle of stability in wet and dry spherical granular media 6607 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E 6608 LA English 6609 DT Article 6610 ID AVALANCHES; SANDPILE; DRUM 6611 AB We demonstrate that stability criteria can be used to calculate the 6612 maximum angle of stability theta(m) of a granular medium composed of 6613 spherical particles in three dimensions and circular disks in two 6614 dimensions. The predicted angles are in good agreement with the 6615 experimental results. Furthermore, we determine the dependence of 6616 theta(m) on cohesive forces, applying the results to wet granular 6617 material by calculating the dependence of theta(m) on the liquid 6618 content of the material. We have also studied wet granular media 6619 experimentally and find good agreement between the theory and our 6620 experimental results. 6621 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 6622 RP Albert, R, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 6623 CR BROWN RL, 1970, PRINCIPLES POWDER ME 6624 CANTELAUBE F, 1995, J PHYS I, V5, P581 6625 CZIROK A, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P2154 6626 CZIROK A, 1994, PHYSICA A, V205, P355 6627 EREMENKO V, 1972, LIQUID PHASE SINTERI 6628 EVESQUE P, 1991, PHYS REV A, V43, P2720 6629 EVESQUE P, 1993, PHYS REV E, V47, P2326 6630 FOWLER TR, 1960, AUST J CHEM ENG, V1, P5 6631 HILL KM, 1994, PHYS REV E A, V49, R3610 6632 HORNBAKER DJ, 1997, NATURE, V387, P765 6633 ISRAELACHVILI JN, 1989, INTERMOLECULAR SURFA 6634 JAEGER HM, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V62, P40 6635 JAEGER HM, 1992, SCIENCE, V255, P1523 6636 LEE J, 1993, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V26, P373 6637 NAGEL SR, 1992, REV MOD PHYS, V64, P321 6638 PILPEL N, 1970, MANUF CHEM AEROSOL N, V41, P19 6639 RISTOW GH, 1996, EUROPHYS LETT, V34, P263 6640 SCHWARZER S, 1995, PHYS REV E B, V52, P6461 6641 STANDISH N, 1991, POWDER TECHNOL, V68, P187 6642 TRAIN D, 1958, J PHARM PHARMACOL, V10, T127 6643 WOLF EF, 1945, T AM SOC MECH ENG, V67, P585 6644 NR 21 6645 TC 53 6646 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 6647 PI COLLEGE PK 6648 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 6649 SN 1063-651X 6650 J9 PHYS REV E 6651 JI Phys. Rev. E 6652 PD DEC 6653 PY 1997 6654 VL 56 6655 IS 6 6656 BP R6271 6657 EP R6274 6658 PG 4 6659 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical 6660 GA YM237 6661 UT ISI:000071043500013 6662 ER 6663 6664 PT J 6665 AU Daruka, I 6666 Barabasi, AL 6667 TI Dislocation-free island formation in heteroepitaxial growth: A study at 6668 equilibrium 6669 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 6670 LA English 6671 DT Article 6672 ID INAS ISLANDS; EVOLUTION; FILMS; GE 6673 AB We investigate the equilibrium properties of strained heteroepitaxial 6674 systems, incorporating the formation and the growth of a wetting film, 6675 dislocation-free island formation, and ripening. The derived phase 6676 diagram provides a detailed characterization of the possible growth 6677 modes in terms of the island density, equilibrium island size, and 6678 wetting layer thickness. Comparing our predictions with experimental 6679 results we discuss the growth conditions that can lead to stable 6680 islands as well as ripening. [S0031-9007(97)04531-6]. 6681 RP Daruka, I, UNIV NOTRE DAME,DEPT PHYS,NOTRE DAME,IN 46556. 6682 CR ABARABASI AL, 1997, APPL PHYS LETT, V70, P2565 6683 ABSTREITER G, 1996, SEMICOND SCI TECH S, V11, P1521 6684 DARUKA I, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V78, P3027 6685 GERARD JM, 1995, CONFINED ELECT PHOTO 6686 JESSON DE, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V77, P1330 6687 KAMINS TI, 1997, J APPL PHYS, V81, P211 6688 KOBAYASHI NP, 1996, APPL PHYS LETT, V68, P3299 6689 LANDAU LD, 1986, THEORY ELASTICITY 6690 LEONARD D, 1994, PHYS REV B, V50, P11687 6691 MARCHENKO VI, 1981, SOV PHYS JETP, V54, P605 6692 MILLER MS, 1996, SOLID STATE ELECTRON, V40, P609 6693 ORR BG, 1992, EUROPHYS LETT, V19, P33 6694 PETROFF PM, 1996, MRS BULL, V21, P50 6695 RICKMAN JM, 1993, SURF SCI, V284, P211 6696 ROLAND C, 1993, PHYS REV B, V47, P16286 6697 SEIFERT W, 1996, J CRYSTAL GROWTH CHA, V33, P423 6698 SHCHUKIN VA, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V75, P2968 6699 TERSOFF J, 1991, PHYS REV B, V43, P9377 6700 XIN SH, 1996, APPL PHYS LETT, V69, P3884 6701 NR 19 6702 TC 166 6703 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 6704 PI COLLEGE PK 6705 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 6706 SN 0031-9007 6707 J9 PHYS REV LETT 6708 JI Phys. Rev. Lett. 6709 PD NOV 10 6710 PY 1997 6711 VL 79 6712 IS 19 6713 BP 3708 6714 EP 3711 6715 PG 4 6716 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 6717 GA YF186 6718 UT ISI:A1997YF18600041 6719 ER 6720 6721 PT J 6722 AU Makeev, MA 6723 Barabasi, AL 6724 TI Ion-induced effective surface diffusion in ion sputtering 6725 SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 6726 LA English 6727 DT Article 6728 ID ROUGHENING INSTABILITY; BOMBARDMENT; GROWTH; ROUGHNESS; IMPACT 6729 AB Ion bombardment is known to enhance surface diffusion and affect the 6730 surface morphology. Here we demonstrate that preferential erosion 6731 during ion sputtering can lead to a physical phenomenon reminiscent of 6732 surface diffusion, what we call effective surface diffusion (ESD), that 6733 does not imply mass transport along the surface and is independent of 6734 the temperature. We calculate the ion-induced ESD constant and its 6735 dependence on the ion energy, flux and angle of incidence, showing that 6736 sputtering can both enhance and suppress surface diffusion. The 6737 influence of ion-induced ESD on ripple formation and roughening of 6738 ion-sputtered surfaces is discussed and summarized in a morphological 6739 phase diagram. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. 6740 [S0003-6951(97)02245-6]. 6741 RP Makeev, MA, UNIV NOTRE DAME,DEPT PHYS,NOTRE DAME,IN 46556. 6742 CR BABAEV VO, 1976, THIN SOLID FILMS, V38, P1 6743 BARNETT SA, 1987, SURF SCI, V181, P596 6744 BEHRISCH R, 1982, SPUTTERING PARTICLE, V2 6745 BEHRISCH R, 1983, SPUTTERING PARTICLE, V1 6746 BEHRISCH R, 1983, SPUTTERING PARTICLE, V3 6747 BRADLEY RM, 1988, J VAC SCI TECHNOL A, V6, P2390 6748 CARTER G, 1983, SPUTTERING PARTICLE, V2, P231 6749 CAVAILLE JY, 1978, SURF SCI, V75, P342 6750 CHASON E, 1990, APPL PHYS LETT, V57, P1793 6751 CHASON E, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P3040 6752 CUERNO R, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V74, P4746 6753 DASSARMA S, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V66, P325 6754 DRANOVA ZI, 1970, FIZ TVERD TELA, V12, P104 6755 EKLUND EA, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V67, P1759 6756 EKLUND EA, 1993, SURF SCI, V285, P157 6757 FAMILY F, 1991, DYNAMICS FRACTAL SUR 6758 HERRING C, 1950, J APPL PHYS, V21, P301 6759 KARDAR M, 1986, PHYS REV LETT, V56, P889 6760 KAY E, 1983, SPUTTERING PARTICLE 6761 KOPONEN I, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V78, P2612 6762 KRIM J, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P57 6763 KURAMOTO Y, 1976, PROG THEOR PHYS, V55, P356 6764 MACLAREN SW, 1992, J VAC SCI TECHNOL A, V10, P468 6765 MARINOV M, 1977, THIN SOLID FILMS, V46, P267 6766 MAYER TM, 1994, J APPL PHYS, V76, P1633 6767 MULLINS WW, 1957, J APPL PHYS, V28, P333 6768 ROSSNAGEL SM, 1982, SURF SCI, V123, P89 6769 ROST M, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V75, P3894 6770 SIGMUND P, 1969, PHYS REV, V184, P383 6771 SIGMUND P, 1973, J MATER SCI, V8, P1545 6772 SIVASHINSKY GI, 1979, ACTA ASTRONAUT, V6, P569 6773 TONG AL, 1994, FRACTAL CONCEPTS SUR, V45, P405 6774 WOLF DE, 1990, EUROPHYS LETT, V13, P389 6775 YANG HN, 1994, PHYS REV B, V50, P7635 6776 NR 34 6777 TC 87 6778 PU AMER INST PHYSICS 6779 PI WOODBURY 6780 PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 6781 SN 0003-6951 6782 J9 APPL PHYS LETT 6783 JI Appl. Phys. Lett. 6784 PD NOV 10 6785 PY 1997 6786 VL 71 6787 IS 19 6788 BP 2800 6789 EP 2802 6790 PG 3 6791 SC Physics, Applied 6792 GA YE753 6793 UT ISI:A1997YE75300026 6794 ER 6795 6796 PT J 6797 AU Hornbaker, DJ 6798 Albert, R 6799 Albert, I 6800 Barabasi, AL 6801 Schiffer, P 6802 TI What keeps sandcastles standing? 6803 SO NATURE 6804 LA English 6805 DT Letter 6806 RP Hornbaker, DJ, UNIV NOTRE DAME,DEPT PHYS,NOTRE DAME,IN 46556. 6807 CR ALANSO JJ, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V76, P4911 6808 ALBERT R, UNPUB PHYS REV LETT 6809 BROWN RL, 1970, PRINCIPLES POWDER ME 6810 CRAIK DJ, 1958, J PHARM PHARMACOL, V10, T136 6811 EREMENKO VN, 1970, LIQUIDPHASE SINTERIN 6812 FOWLER RT, 1960, AUS J CHEM ENG, V1, P5 6813 JAEGER HM, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V62, P40 6814 JAEGER HM, 1996, REV MOD PHYS, V68, P1259 6815 MAKSE HA, 1997, NATURE, V386, P379 6816 PILPEL N, 1970, MANUF CHEM AEROSOL N, V41, P19 6817 STANDISH N, 1991, POWDER TECHNOL, V68, P187 6818 UMBANHOWAR PB, 1996, NATURE, V382, P793 6819 WOLF EF, 1945, T AM SOC MECH ENG, V67, P585 6820 NR 13 6821 TC 85 6822 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD 6823 PI LONDON 6824 PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW 6825 SN 0028-0836 6826 J9 NATURE 6827 JI Nature 6828 PD JUN 19 6829 PY 1997 6830 VL 387 6831 IS 6635 6832 BP 765 6833 EP 765 6834 PG 1 6835 SC Multidisciplinary Sciences 6836 GA XF144 6837 UT ISI:A1997XF14400027 6838 ER 6839 6840 PT J 6841 AU Barabasi, AL 6842 TI Self-assembled island formation in heteroepitaxial growth 6843 SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 6844 LA English 6845 DT Article 6846 ID QUANTUM DOTS; INAS ISLANDS; GAAS; EPITAXY 6847 AB We investigate island formation during heteroepitaxial growth using an 6848 atomistic model that incorporates deposition, activated diffusion, and 6849 stress relaxation. For high misfit the system naturally evolves into a 6850 state characterized by a narrow island size distribution. The 6851 simulations indicate the existence of a strain assisted kinetic 6852 mechanism responsible for the self-assembling process, involving 6853 enhanced detachment of atoms from the edge of large islands and biased 6854 adatom diffusion. (C) 1997 American Institute of Physics. 6855 RP Barabasi, AL, UNIV NOTRE DAME,DEPT PHYS,NOTRE DAME,IN 46556. 6856 CR ABSTREITER G, 1996, SEMICOND SCI TECH S, V11, P1521 6857 APETZ R, 1995, APPL PHYS LETT, V66, P445 6858 BARABASI AL, 1995, FRACT CONCEPTS SURFA 6859 CARLSSON N, 1994, APPL PHYS LETT, V65, P3093 6860 DARUKA I, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V78, P3027 6861 HARRISON WA, 1980, ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE 6862 HATAMI F, 1995, APPL PHYS LETT, V67, P656 6863 JESSON DE, 1996, MRS BULL, V21, P31 6864 KOBAYASHI NP, 1996, APPL PHYS LETT, V68, P3299 6865 KRISHNAMURTHY M, 1991, J APPL PHYS, V69, P6461 6866 LEON R, 1995, APPL PHYS LETT, V67, P521 6867 LEONARD D, 1993, APPL PHYS LETT, V63, P3203 6868 LEONARD D, 1994, PHYS REV B, V50, P11687 6869 MADHUKAR A, 1994, APPL PHYS LETT, V64, P2727 6870 MILLER MS, 1996, SOLID STATE ELECTRON, V40, P609 6871 MOISON JM, 1994, APPL PHYS LETT, V64, P196 6872 ORR BG, 1992, EUROPHYS LETT, V19, P33 6873 PETROFF PM, 1996, MRS BULL, V21, P50 6874 PONCHET A, 1995, APPL PHYS LETT, V67, P1850 6875 RATSCH C, 1994, SURF SCI, V314, L937 6876 RUVIMOV S, 1995, PHYS REV B, V51, P14766 6877 SCHITTENHELM P, 1995, APPL PHYS LETT, V67, P1292 6878 SEIFERT W, 1996, J CRYSTAL GROWTH CHA, V33, P423 6879 XIN SH, 1996, APPL PHYS LETT, V69, P3884 6880 NR 24 6881 TC 173 6882 PU AMER INST PHYSICS 6883 PI WOODBURY 6884 PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 6885 SN 0003-6951 6886 J9 APPL PHYS LETT 6887 JI Appl. Phys. Lett. 6888 PD MAY 12 6889 PY 1997 6890 VL 70 6891 IS 19 6892 BP 2565 6893 EP 2567 6894 PG 3 6895 SC Physics, Applied 6896 GA WY234 6897 UT ISI:A1997WY23400025 6898 ER 6899 6900 PT J 6901 AU Daruka, I 6902 Barabasi, AL 6903 TI Island formation and critical thickness in heteroepitaxy 6904 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 6905 LA English 6906 DT Article 6907 ID GROWTH 6908 RP Daruka, I, UNIV NOTRE DAME,DEPT PHYS,NOTRE DAME,IN 46556. 6909 CR AMAR JG, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V74, P2066 6910 BARABASI AL, 1995, FRACTAL CONCEPTS SUR 6911 BARTELT MC, 1992, PHYS REV B, V46, P12675 6912 CHEN Y, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V77, P4046 6913 DARUKA I, IN PRESS 6914 GERARD JM, 1995, CONFINED ELECT PHOTO 6915 LEONARD D, 1994, PHYS REV B, V50, P11687 6916 MILLER MS, 1996, UNPUB SOLID STATE EL, V40, P609 6917 ROLAND C, 1993, PHYS REV B, V47, P16286 6918 TESOFF J, 1991, PHYS REV B, V43, P9377 6919 NR 10 6920 TC 11 6921 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 6922 PI COLLEGE PK 6923 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 6924 SN 0031-9007 6925 J9 PHYS REV LETT 6926 JI Phys. Rev. Lett. 6927 PD APR 14 6928 PY 1997 6929 VL 78 6930 IS 15 6931 BP 3027 6932 EP 3027 6933 PG 1 6934 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 6935 GA WT633 6936 UT ISI:A1997WT63300040 6937 ER 6938 6939 PT J 6940 AU Barabasi, AL 6941 Kaxiras, E 6942 TI Dynamic scaling in conserved systems with coupled fields: Application 6943 to surfactant-mediated growth 6944 SO EUROPHYSICS LETTERS 6945 LA English 6946 DT Article 6947 ID NONEQUILIBRIUM INTERFACES; DRIVEN INTERFACES; EPITAXIAL-GROWTH; KINETIC 6948 GROWTH; RELAXATION; DIFFUSION; CONTINUUM; SI(001); MODELS 6949 AB We present an analytical study of the interaction of two nonequilibrium 6950 conservative fields. Due to the conservative character of the 6951 relaxation mechanism, the scaling exponents can be obtained exactly 6952 using dynamic renormalization group. We apply our results to 6953 surfactant-mediated growth of semiconductors. We find that the coupling 6954 between the surfactant thickness and the interface height cannot 6955 account for the experimentally observed layered growth, implying that 6956 reduced diffusion of the embedded atoms is a key mechanism in 6957 surfactant-mediated growth. 6958 C1 HARVARD UNIV,DEPT PHYS,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139. 6959 HARVARD UNIV,DIV APPL SCI,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139. 6960 RP Barabasi, AL, UNIV NOTRE DAME,DEPT PHYS,NOTRE DAME,IN 46556. 6961 CR BARABASI AL, 1992, PHYS REV A, V46, R2977 6962 BARABASI AL, 1993, FRACTALS, V1, P846 6963 BARABASI AL, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P4102 6964 BARABASI AL, 1995, FRACTAL CONCEPTS SUR 6965 BERRERA A, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P458 6966 COPEL M, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V63, P632 6967 COPEL M, 1990, PHYS REV B, V42, P11682 6968 COPEL M, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P1236 6969 DASSARMA S, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V66, P325 6970 ERTAS D, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V69, P929 6971 ERTAS D, 1993, PHYS REV E, V48, P1228 6972 FISHER MPA, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V69, P2322 6973 HWA T, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V69, P1552 6974 JOHNSON MD, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P116 6975 KARDAR M, 1985, PHYS REV LETT, V55, P2923 6976 KRUG J, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P3271 6977 LAI ZW, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V66, P2348 6978 RACZ Z, 1991, PHYS REV A, V43, P5275 6979 SUN T, 1989, PHYS REV A, V40, P6763 6980 TROMP RM, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V68, P954 6981 VICSEK T, 1992, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO 6982 VICSEK T, 1992, SURFACE DISORDERING 6983 VILLAIN J, 1991, J PHYS I, V1, P19 6984 VONHOEGEN MH, 1995, APPL PHYS LETT, V66, P487 6985 WOLF DE, 1990, EUROPHYS LETT, V13, P389 6986 NR 25 6987 TC 1 6988 PU EDITIONS PHYSIQUE 6989 PI LES ULIS CEDEX 6990 PA Z I DE COURTABOEUF AVE 7 AV DU HOGGAR, BP 112, 91944 LES ULIS CEDEX, 6991 FRANCE 6992 SN 0295-5075 6993 J9 EUROPHYS LETT 6994 JI Europhys. Lett. 6995 PD OCT 10 6996 PY 1996 6997 VL 36 6998 IS 2 6999 BP 129 7000 EP 134 7001 PG 6 7002 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 7003 GA VP871 7004 UT ISI:A1996VP87100009 7005 ER 7006 7007 PT J 7008 AU Buldyrev, SV 7009 Amaral, LAN 7010 Barabasi, AL 7011 Harrington, ST 7012 Havlin, S 7013 Kertesz, J 7014 SadrLahijany, R 7015 Stanley, HE 7016 TI Avalanches in the directed percolation depinning and self-organized 7017 depinning models of interface roughening 7018 SO FRACTALS-AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL ON THE COMPLEX GEOMETRY OF NATURE 7019 LA English 7020 DT Article 7021 ID AFFINE FRACTAL INTERFACES; POROUS-MEDIA; QUENCHED DISORDER; 7022 BALLISTIC-DEPOSITION; DRIVEN INTERFACES; CORRELATED NOISE; FLUID 7023 INVASION; IMMISCIBLE DISPLACEMENT; PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM; GROWING 7024 INTERFACES 7025 AB We review the recently introduced Directed Percolation Depinning (DPD) 7026 and Self-Organized Depinning (SOD) models for interface roughening with 7027 quenched disorder. The differences in the dynamics of the invasion 7028 process in these two models are discussed and different avalanche 7029 definitions are presented. The scaling properties of the avalanche size 7030 distribution and the properties of active cells are discussed. 7031 C1 BOSTON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02215. 7032 BAR ILAN UNIV,MINERVA CTR,RAMAT GAN,ISRAEL. 7033 BAR ILAN UNIV,DEPT PHYS,RAMAT GAN,ISRAEL. 7034 TECH UNIV BUDAPEST,INST PHYS,H-1111 BUDAPEST,HUNGARY. 7035 RP Buldyrev, SV, BOSTON UNIV,CTR POLYMER STUDIES,BOSTON,MA 02215. 7036 CR AMAR JG, 1991, PHYS REV A, V43, P4548 7037 AMARAL LAN, UNPUB 7038 AMARAL LAN, 1993, FRACTALS, V1, P818 7039 AMARAL LAN, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P641 7040 AMARAL LAN, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V73, P62 7041 AMARAL LAN, 1995, PHYS REV E B, V52, P4087 7042 AMARAL LAN, 1995, PHYS REV E, V51, P4655 7043 BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381 7044 BAK P, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P4083 7045 BARABASI AL, PREPRINT 7046 BARABASI AL, 1992, PHYS REV A, V46, R2977 7047 BARABASI AL, 1992, SURFACE DISORDERING 7048 BARABASI AL, 1995, FRACTAL CONCEPTS SUR 7049 BENOIT M, 1994, PHYSICA A, V207, P500 7050 BRUINSMA R, 1984, PHYS REV LETT, V52, P1547 7051 BULDYREV SV, UNPUB 7052 BULDYREV SV, 1991, PHYS REV A, V43, P7113 7053 BULDYREV SV, 1992, PHYS REV A, V45, P8313 7054 BULDYREV SV, 1992, PHYSICA A, V191, P220 7055 BULDYREV SV, 1993, FRACTALS, V1, P827 7056 BULDYREV SV, 1993, PHYSICA A, V200, P200 7057 BULDYREV SV, 1995, PHYS REV E A, V52, P373 7058 BUNDE A, 1991, FRACTALS DISORDERED 7059 CARDY JL, 1984, NUCL PHYS B, V240, P514 7060 CIEPLAK M, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V60, P2042 7061 CSAHOK Z, 1993, J PHYS A, V26, L171 7062 CSAHOK Z, 1993, PHYSICA A, V200, P136 7063 DHAR D, 1981, PHYS REV LETT, V47, P1238 7064 DONG M, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P662 7065 EDWARDS SF, 1982, P ROY SOC LOND A MAT, V381, P17 7066 ESSAM JW, 1986, PHYS REV B, V33, P1982 7067 ESSAM JW, 1988, J PHYS A, V21, P3815 7068 FAMILY F, 1985, J PHYS A, V18, L75 7069 FAMILY F, 1986, J PHYS A, V19, L441 7070 FAMILY F, 1991, DYNAMICS FRACTAL SUR 7071 FEIGELMAN MV, 1983, ZH EKSP TEOR FIZ, V58, P1076 7072 GAT O, UNOPUB 7073 GOUYET JF, 1990, PHYSICA A, V168, P581 7074 GOUYET JF, 1991, FRACTALS DISORDERED 7075 HALPINHEALY T, 1995, PHYS REP, V254, P215 7076 HAVLIN S, 1987, ADV PHYS, V36, P695 7077 HAVLIN S, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, L925 7078 HAVLIN S, 1993, GROWTH PATTERNS PHYS 7079 HAVLIN S, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V74, P4205 7080 HE SJ, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V69, P3731 7081 HORVATH VK, 1990, PHYS REV LETT, V65, P1388 7082 HORVATH VK, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, L25 7083 HORVATH VK, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V67, P3207 7084 HORVATH VK, 1995, PHYS REV E B, V52, P5166 7085 HUBER G, 1995, PHYS REV E A, V52, R2133 7086 JOVANOVIC B, 1994, PHYS REV E, V50, P2403 7087 KARDAR M, 1986, PHYS REV LETT, V56, P889 7088 KERTESZ J, 1994, FRACTALS SCI 7089 KESSLER DA, 1991, PHYS REV A, V43, P4551 7090 KIM JM, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V62, P2289 7091 KOILLER B, 1993, NEW TRENDS MAGNETIC 7092 KOPLIK J, 1985, PHYS REV B, V32, P280 7093 KRUG J, 1991, SOLIDS FAR EQUILIBRI 7094 LESCHHORN H, UNPUB PHYS REV E 7095 LESCHHORN H, 1993, PHYSICA A, V195, P324 7096 LESCHHORN H, 1994, PHYS REV E, V49, P1238 7097 MAKSE HA, 1995, EUROPHYS LETT, V31, P379 7098 MARTYS N, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V66, P1058 7099 MASLOV S, 1994, PHYS REV E, V50, R643 7100 MASLOV S, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V73, P2162 7101 MEAKIN P, 1986, PHYS REV A, V34, P5091 7102 MEAKIN P, 1993, PHYS REP, V235, P189 7103 MEDINA E, 1989, PHYS REV A, V39, P3053 7104 NARAYAN O, 1993, PHYS REV B, V48, P7030 7105 NATTERMANN T, 1992, J PHYS II, V2, P1483 7106 NOLLE CS, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P2074 7107 OLAMI Z, 1994, PHYS REV E, V49, P1232 7108 OLAMI Z, 1995, PHYS REV E A, V52, P3402 7109 PACZUSKI M, 1994, EUROPHYS LETT, V27, P96 7110 PACZUSKI M, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V74, P4253 7111 PACZUSKI M, 1996, PHYS REV E A, V53, P414 7112 PARISI G, 1992, EUROPHYS LETT, V17, P673 7113 PENG CK, 1991, PHYS REV A, V44, P2239 7114 RAY TS, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P4045 7115 REDNER S, 1982, PHYS REV B, V25, P3242 7116 RUBIO MA, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V63, P1685 7117 RUBIO MA, 1990, PHYS REV LETT, V65, P1389 7118 SNEPPEN K, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V69, P3539 7119 SNEPPEN K, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P3833 7120 SNEPPEN K, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P101 7121 SPASOJEVIC D, 1993, PHYSICA A, V201, P482 7122 STAUFFER D, 1992, INTRO PERCOLATION TH 7123 STEPANOW S, 1995, J PHYS II, V5, P11 7124 STOKES JP, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V60, P1386 7125 SUKI B, 1994, NATURE, V368, P615 7126 TANG LH, 1992, PHYS REV A, V45, P8309 7127 TANG LH, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P3832 7128 TANG LH, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V74, P920 7129 VICSEK T, 1990, PHYSICA A, V167, P315 7130 VICSEK T, 1992, FRACTAL GROWTH PHE 4 7131 ZAITSEV SI, 1992, PHYSICA A, V189, P411 7132 ZHANG J, 1992, PHYSICA A, V189, P383 7133 ZHANG YC, 1990, J PHYS-PARIS, V51, P2129 7134 NR 98 7135 TC 3 7136 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD 7137 PI SINGAPORE 7138 PA JOURNAL DEPT PO BOX 128 FARRER ROAD, SINGAPORE 9128, SINGAPORE 7139 SN 0218-348X 7140 J9 FRACTALS 7141 JI Fractals-Interdiscip. J. Complex Geom. Nat. 7142 PD SEP 7143 PY 1996 7144 VL 4 7145 IS 3 7146 BP 307 7147 EP 319 7148 PG 13 7149 SC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Multidisciplinary Sciences 7150 GA VM909 7151 UT ISI:A1996VM90900013 7152 ER 7153 7154 PT J 7155 AU Jensen, P 7156 Barabasi, AL 7157 Larralde, H 7158 Havlin, S 7159 Stanley, HE 7160 TI A fractal model for the first stages of thin film growth 7161 SO FRACTALS-AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL ON THE COMPLEX GEOMETRY OF NATURE 7162 LA English 7163 DT Article 7164 ID DIFFUSION-LIMITED AGGREGATION; ISLAND GROWTH; SUBMONOLAYER EPITAXY; 7165 CLUSTER MOBILITY; DEPOSITION; SURFACES; NANOSTRUCTURES; NUCLEATION; 7166 PARTICLES; DYNAMICS 7167 AB In this paper, we briefly review a model that describes the 7168 diffusion-controlled aggregation exhibited by particles as they are 7169 deposited on a surface. This model allows us to understand many 7170 experiments of thin film deposition. In the Sec. 1, we describe the 7171 model, which incorporates deposition, particle and cluster diffusion, 7172 and aggregation. In Sec. 2, we study the dynamical evolution of the 7173 model. Finally, we analyze the effects of small cluster mobility and 7174 show that the introduction of cluster diffusion dramatically affects 7175 the dynamics of film growth. Some of these effects can be tested 7176 experimentally. 7177 C1 UNIV NOTRE DAME,DEPT PHYS,NOTRE DAME,IN 46556. 7178 UNIV CAMBRIDGE,CAVENDISH LAB,DEPT PHYS,CAMBRIDGE CB3 0HE,ENGLAND. 7179 BAR ILAN UNIV,DEPT PHYS,RAMAT GAN,ISRAEL. 7180 BOSTON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02215. 7181 BOSTON UNIV,CTR POLYMER STUDIES,BOSTON,MA 02215. 7182 RP Jensen, P, UNIV LYON 1,DEPT PHYS MAT,F-69622 VILLEURBANNE,FRANCE. 7183 CR AMAR JG, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V74, P2066 7184 BALES GS, 1994, PHYS REV B, V50, P6057 7185 BARABASI AL, 1995, FRACTAL CONCEPTS SUR 7186 BARDOTTI L, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V74, P4694 7187 BARTELT MC, 1992, PHYS REV B, V46, P12675 7188 BARTELT MC, 1993, PHYS REV B, V47, P13891 7189 BRUNE H, 1994, NATURE, V369, P469 7190 BRUNE H, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V73, P1955 7191 BUNDE A, 1991, FRACTALS DISO9RDERED 7192 CHAPON C, 1981, SURF SCI, V106, P152 7193 DASSARMA S, 1990, J VAC SCI TECHNOL 2, V8, P2714 7194 HERRMANN HJ, 1986, PHYS REP, V136, P153 7195 HWANG RQ, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V67, P3279 7196 JENSEN P, 1994, NATURE, V368, P22 7197 JENSEN P, 1994, PHYS REV B, V50, P15316 7198 JENSEN P, 1994, PHYS REV E, V50, P618 7199 JENSEN P, 1994, PHYSICA A, V207, P219 7200 JENSEN P, 1996, RECHERCHE, V283, P42 7201 KALDIS E, 1971, SURF SCI, V27, P483 7202 KELLOGG GL, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V73, P1833 7203 KERN R, 1979, CURRENT TOPICS MAT S, V3 7204 KOLB M, 1983, PHYS REV LETT, V51, P1123 7205 LAGALLY M, 1990, KINETICS ORDERING GR 7206 LAGALLY M, 1993, PHYSICS TODAY, V24 7207 LIU SD, 1995, PHYS REV B, V52, P2907 7208 MEAKIN P, 1983, PHYS REV LETT, V51, P1119 7209 MELINON P, 1991, PHYS REV B, V44, P12562 7210 MICHELY T, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P3943 7211 MO YW, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V66, P1998 7212 MULHERAN PA, 1995, PHIL MAG LETT, V72, P55 7213 RAEKER TJ, 1994, SURF SCI, V317, P283 7214 RATSCH C, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P3194 7215 RODER H, 1993, NATURE, V366, P141 7216 STAUFFER D, 1992, INTRO PERCOLATION TH 7217 STOYANOV S, 1981, CURRENT TOPICS MAT S 7218 STROSCIO JA, 1994, J VAC SCI TECHNOL B, V12, P1783 7219 TANG LH, 1993, J PHYS I, V3, P935 7220 VENABLES JA, 1984, REP PROG PHYS, V47, P399 7221 VICSEK T, 1992, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO 7222 VILLAIN J, 1992, J PHYS I, V2, P2107 7223 VILLAIN J, 1997, PHYSIQUE CROSSANCE C 7224 WITTEN TA, 1981, PHYS REV LETT, V47, P1400 7225 NR 42 7226 TC 7 7227 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD 7228 PI SINGAPORE 7229 PA JOURNAL DEPT PO BOX 128 FARRER ROAD, SINGAPORE 9128, SINGAPORE 7230 SN 0218-348X 7231 J9 FRACTALS 7232 JI Fractals-Interdiscip. J. Complex Geom. Nat. 7233 PD SEP 7234 PY 1996 7235 VL 4 7236 IS 3 7237 BP 321 7238 EP 329 7239 PG 9 7240 SC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Multidisciplinary Sciences 7241 GA VM909 7242 UT ISI:A1996VM90900014 7243 ER 7244 7245 PT J 7246 AU Barabasi, AL 7247 TI Roughening of growing surfaces: Kinetic models and continuum theories 7248 SO COMPUTATIONAL MATERIALS SCIENCE 7249 LA English 7250 DT Article 7251 ID MOLECULAR-BEAM EPITAXY; FREE SOLID FILMS; ION-BOMBARDMENT; 2+1 7252 DIMENSIONS; MORPHOLOGICAL INSTABILITY; NONEQUILIBRIUM GROWTH; 7253 UNIVERSALITY CLASSES; NUMERICAL-SOLUTION; DIFFUSION; INTERFACES 7254 AB The use of scaling concepts in understanding growth by molecular beam 7255 epitaxy (MBE) is increasingly important these days. Here we present a 7256 critical discussion on the advantages and disadvantages of kinetic 7257 theories and continuum models, two main methods frequently used to 7258 study the roughening and scaling of surfaces grown by MBE. Finally, 7259 some open problems faced by these approaches are also discussed. 7260 C1 UNIV NOTRE DAME,DEPT PHYS,NOTRE DAME,IN 46556. 7261 IBM CORP,THOMAS J WATSON RES CTR,YORKTOWN HTS,NY 10598. 7262 CR AMAR JG, 1990, PHYS REV A, V41, P3399 7263 AMAR JG, 1993, PHYS REV E, V47, P3242 7264 BARABASI AL, 1995, FRACTAL CONCEPTS SUR 7265 BEHRISCH R, 1981, SPUTTERING PARTICLE, V1 7266 BEHRISCH R, 1983, SPUTTERING PARTICLE, V2 7267 BRADLEY RM, 1988, J VAC SCI TECHNOL A, V6, P2390 7268 CARTER G, 1983, SPUTTERING PARTICLE, V2, P231 7269 CHASON E, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P3040 7270 CLARKE S, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V58, P2235 7271 CUERNO R, 1994, P MRS FALL M BOST 19 7272 DASSARMA S, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V66, P325 7273 DASSARMA S, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V69, P3762 7274 DASSARMA S, 1994, PHYS REV B, V49, P10693 7275 DASSARMA S, 1994, PHYS REV E, V49, P122 7276 EKLUND EA, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V67, P1759 7277 EKLUND EA, 1993, SURF SCI, V285, P157 7278 FAMILY F, 1991, DYNAMICS FRACTAL SUR 7279 FORREST BM, 1990, J STAT PHYS, V60, P181 7280 HALPINHEALY T, 1995, PHYS REP, V254, P215 7281 JENSEN P, 1994, NATURE, V368, P22 7282 JENSEN P, 1994, PHYS REV B, V50, P15316 7283 JENSEN P, 1994, PHYS REV E, V50, P618 7284 JOHNSON MD, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P116 7285 KARDAR M, 1986, PHYS REV LETT, V56, P889 7286 KIM JM, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V62, P2289 7287 KOTRLA M, 1992, EUROPHYS LETT, V20, P25 7288 KRIM J, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P57 7289 KRUG J, 1988, PHYS REV A, V38, P4271 7290 KRUG J, 1991, SOLIDS FAR EQUILIBRI 7291 KRUG J, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P3271 7292 KRUG J, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P2907 7293 MAYER TM, 1994, J APPL PHYS, V76, P1633 7294 MEAKIN P, 1993, PHYS REP, V235, P189 7295 MOSER K, 1991, PHYSICA A, V178, P215 7296 NISSILA TA, 1993, J STAT PHYS, V72, P207 7297 PLISCHKE M, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P2509 7298 RATSCH C, 1994, PHYS REV B, V50, P14489 7299 SCHROEDER M, 1993, EUROPHYS LETT, V24, P563 7300 SIEGERT M, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V68, P2035 7301 SIGMUND P, 1969, PHYS REV, V184, P383 7302 SIGMUND P, 1973, J MATER SCI, V8, P1545 7303 SMILAUER P, 1993, PHYS REV B, V47, P4119 7304 SMILAUER P, 1994, PHYS REV B, V49, P5769 7305 SPENCER BJ, 1993, J APPL PHYS, V73, P4955 7306 SPENCER BJ, 1993, PHYS REV B, V47, P9760 7307 TAMBORENEA PI, 1993, PHYS REV E, V48, P2575 7308 VVEDENSKY DD, 1993, PHYS REV E, V48, P852 7309 WOLF DE, 1990, EUROPHYS LETT, V13, P389 7310 NR 48 7311 TC 2 7312 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV 7313 PI AMSTERDAM 7314 PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS 7315 SN 0927-0256 7316 J9 COMPUT MATER SCI 7317 JI Comput. Mater. Sci. 7318 PD AUG 7319 PY 1996 7320 VL 6 7321 IS 2 7322 BP 127 7323 EP 134 7324 PG 8 7325 SC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary 7326 GA VJ932 7327 UT ISI:A1996VJ93200004 7328 ER 7329 7330 PT J 7331 AU MolinasMata, P 7332 Munoz, MA 7333 Martinez, DO 7334 Barabasi, AL 7335 TI Ballistic random walker 7336 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E 7337 LA English 7338 DT Article 7339 ID INITIALLY SEPARATED REACTANTS; KINETIC CRITICAL PHENOMENON; 2-SPECIES 7340 ANNIHILATION; DISORDERED MEDIA; REACTION FRONT; DIFFUSION; SYSTEMS; 7341 MODEL; BEHAVIOR 7342 AB We introduce and investigate the scaling properties of a random walker 7343 that moves ballistically on a two-dimensional square lattice. The 7344 walker is scattered (changes direction randomly) every time it reaches 7345 a previously unvisited site, and follows ballistic trajectories between 7346 two scattering events. The asymptotic properties of the density of 7347 unvisited sites and the diffusion exponent can be calculated using a 7348 mean-field theory. The obtained predictions are in good agreement with 7349 the results of extensive numerical simulations. In particular, we show 7350 that this random walk is subdiffusive. 7351 C1 IBM CORP,THOMAS J WATSON RES CTR,YORKTOWN HTS,NY 10598. 7352 LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,DIV THEORET,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545. 7353 UNIV NOTRE DAME,DEPT PHYS,NOTRE DAME,IN 46556. 7354 CR AMIT DJ, 1983, PHYS REV B, V27, P1635 7355 ARAUJO M, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V68, P1791 7356 ARAUJO M, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P3592 7357 BARABASI AL, 1991, DYNAMICS FRACTAL SUR 7358 BARABASI AL, 1995, FRACTAL CONCEPTS SUR 7359 BENNAIM E, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P1890 7360 BOUCHAUD JP, 1990, PHYS REP, V195, P127 7361 DEGENNES PG, 1979, SCALING CONCEPTS POL 7362 DEUTSCHER G, 1980, ANN ISRAEL PHYSICAL, V5 7363 DOMB C, 1972, J PHYS C SOLID STATE, V5, P956 7364 DUXBURY PM, 1984, J PHYS A, V17, P2113 7365 DUXBURY PM, 1985, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V18, P661 7366 EINSTEIN A, 1905, ANN PHYS-BERLIN, V17, P549 7367 GRASSBERGER P, 1982, J CHEM PHYS, V77, P6281 7368 GRASSBERGER P, 1982, Z PHYS B, V47, P255 7369 GRASSBERGER P, 1984, J PHYS A, V17, L105 7370 GRASSBERGER P, 1989, J PHYS A, V22, L1103 7371 HAVLIN S, 1987, ADV PHYS, V36, P695 7372 JENSEN I, 1993, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V26, P3921 7373 KANG K, 1984, PHYS REV A, V30, P2833 7374 KANG K, 1984, PHYS REV LETT, V52, P955 7375 KRAPIVSKY PL, 1995, PHYS REV E A, V51, P3977 7376 LARRALDE H, 1992, NATURE, V356, P168 7377 LARRALDE H, 1992, PHYS REV A, V45, P7128 7378 LARRALDE H, 1992, PHYS REV A, V46, P6121 7379 LARRALDE H, 1992, PHYS REV A, V46, P855 7380 LEYVRAZ F, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V66, P2168 7381 LEYVRAZ F, 1992, PHYS REV A, V46, P3132 7382 MUNOZ MA, UNPUB 7383 PELITI L, 1986, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V19, L365 7384 PIASECKI J, 1995, PHYS REV E A, V51, P5535 7385 REDNER S, 1983, PHYS REV LETT, V51, P1729 7386 STANLEY HE, 1983, PHYS REV LETT, V51, P1223 7387 SZABO A, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V61, P2496 7388 TOUSSAINT D, 1983, J CHEM PHYS, V78, P2642 7389 VINEYARD GH, 1963, J MATH PHYS, V4, P1991 7390 ZIFF RM, 1986, PHYS REV LETT, V56, P2553 7391 NR 37 7392 TC 2 7393 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 7394 PI COLLEGE PK 7395 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 7396 SN 1063-651X 7397 J9 PHYS REV E 7398 JI Phys. Rev. E 7399 PD JUL 7400 PY 1996 7401 VL 54 7402 IS 1 7403 BP 968 7404 EP 971 7405 PG 4 7406 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical 7407 GA UY734 7408 UT ISI:A1996UY73400119 7409 ER 7410 7411 PT J 7412 AU Makse, HA 7413 Barabasi, AL 7414 Stanley, HE 7415 TI Elastic string in a random medium 7416 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E 7417 LA English 7418 DT Article 7419 ID DISORDERED MEDIUM; SURFACE GROWTH; INTERFACES; DYNAMICS; MODEL 7420 AB We consider a one-dimensional elastic string as a set of massless beads 7421 interacting through springs characterized by anisotropic elastic 7422 constants. The string, driven by an external force, moves in a medium 7423 with quenched disorder. We find that longitudinal fluctuations lead to 7424 nonlinear behavior in the equation of motion that is kinematically 7425 generated by the motion of the string. The strength of the nonlinear 7426 effects depends on the anisotropy of the medium and the distance from 7427 the depinning transition. On the other hand, the consideration of 7428 restricted solid-on-solid conditions imposed on the string leads to a 7429 nonlinear term with a diverging coefficient at the depinning transition. 7430 C1 BOSTON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02215. 7431 RP Makse, HA, BOSTON UNIV,CTR POLYMER STUDIES,BOSTON,MA 02215. 7432 CR AMARAL LAN, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V73, P62 7433 AMARAL LAN, 1995, PHYS REV E B, V52, P4087 7434 AMARAL LAN, 1995, PHYS REV E, V51, P4655 7435 BARABASI AL, 1995, FRACTAL CONCEPTS SUF 7436 BLATTER G, 1994, REV MOD PHYS, V66, P1125 7437 BULDYREV SV, 1992, PHYS REV A, V45, P8313 7438 DONG M, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P662 7439 EDWARDS SF, 1982, P ROY SOC LOND A MAT, V381, P17 7440 ERTAS D, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V73, P1703 7441 HALPINHEALY T, 1995, PHYS REP, V254, P215 7442 KAPER HG, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P3713 7443 KARDAR M, 1986, PHYS REV LETT, V56, P889 7444 KERTESZ J, 1994, FRACTALS SCI 7445 KIM JM, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V62, P2289 7446 KRUG J, 1990, PHYS REV LETT, V64, P2332 7447 LESCHHORN H, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P2973 7448 LESCHHORN H, 1993, PHYSICA A, V195, P324 7449 MAKSE HA, 1995, EUROPHYS LETT, V31, P379 7450 MAKSE HA, 1995, PHYS REV E, V52, P4080 7451 MEAKIN P, 1993, PHYS REP, V235, P189 7452 NARAYAN O, 1993, PHYS REV B, V48, P7030 7453 NATTERMANN T, 1992, J PHYS II, V2, P1483 7454 PARISI G, 1992, EUROPHYS LETT, V17, P673 7455 SNEPPEN K, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V69, P3539 7456 SNEPPEN K, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P3833 7457 TANG C, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P1264 7458 TANG LH, 1992, PHYS REV A, V45, P8309 7459 TANG LH, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P3832 7460 VICSEK T, 1992, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO 7461 NR 29 7462 TC 1 7463 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 7464 PI COLLEGE PK 7465 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 7466 SN 1063-651X 7467 J9 PHYS REV E 7468 JI Phys. Rev. E 7469 PD JUN 7470 PY 1996 7471 VL 53 7472 IS 6 7473 PN Part B 7474 BP 6573 7475 EP 6576 7476 PG 4 7477 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical 7478 GA UR607 7479 UT ISI:A1996UR60700061 7480 ER 7481 7482 PT J 7483 AU Barabasi, AL 7484 TI Invasion percolation and global optimization 7485 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 7486 LA English 7487 DT Article 7488 ID POROUS-MEDIA; SIMULATION 7489 AB Invasion bond percolation (IBP) is mapped exactly into Prim's algorithm 7490 for finding the shortest spanning tree of a weighted random graph. 7491 Exploring this mapping, which is valid for arbitrary dimensions and 7492 lattices, we introduce a new IBP model that belongs to the same 7493 universality class as IBP and generates the minimal energy tree 7494 spanning the IBP cluster. 7495 C1 IBM CORP,THOMAS J WATSON RES CTR,YORKTOWN HTS,NY 10598. 7496 RP Barabasi, AL, UNIV NOTRE DAME,DEPT PHYS,NOTRE DAME,IN 46556. 7497 CR BARABASI AL, 1995, FRACTAL CONCEPTS SUR 7498 BLUNT M, 1992, PHYS REV A, V46, P7680 7499 BUNDE A, 1991, FRACTALS DISORDERED 7500 CAYYLEY A, 1874, PHILOS MAG, V67, P444 7501 CHANDLER R, 1982, J FLUID MECH, V119, P249 7502 CHRISTOFIDES N, 1975, GRAPH THEORY ALGORIT 7503 CIEPLAK M, IN PRESS 7504 CIEPLAK M, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P2320 7505 FEDER J, 1988, FRACTALS 7506 FURUBERG L, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V61, P2117 7507 KEVIN V, 1972, COMMUN ACM, V15, P273 7508 KRUSKAL JB, 1956, P AM MATH SOC, V7, P48 7509 LENORMAND R, 1980, CR ACAD SCI PARIS B, V291, P279 7510 PRIM RC, 1957, BELL SYST TECH J, V36, P1389 7511 SAHIMI M, 1995, FLOW TRANSPORT POROU 7512 SUKI B, 1994, NATURE, V368, P615 7513 TZSCHICHHOLZ F, 1989, PHYS REV A, V39, P5470 7514 VICSEK T, 1992, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO 7515 WILKINSON D, 1983, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V16, P3365 7516 WONG PZ, 1994, MRS BULL, V19, P32 7517 NR 20 7518 TC 20 7519 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 7520 PI COLLEGE PK 7521 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 7522 SN 0031-9007 7523 J9 PHYS REV LETT 7524 JI Phys. Rev. Lett. 7525 PD MAY 13 7526 PY 1996 7527 VL 76 7528 IS 20 7529 BP 3750 7530 EP 3753 7531 PG 4 7532 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 7533 GA UK560 7534 UT ISI:A1996UK56000023 7535 ER 7536 7537 PT J 7538 AU Barabasi, AL 7539 Buldyrev, SV 7540 Stanley, HE 7541 Suki, B 7542 TI Avalanches in the lung: A statistical mechanical model 7543 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 7544 LA English 7545 DT Article 7546 ID BRONCHIAL TREE; AIRWAY-CLOSURE 7547 AB We study a statistical mechanical model for the dynamics of lung 7548 inflation which incorporates recent experimental observations on the 7549 opening of individual airways by a cascade or avalanche mechanism. 7550 Using an exact mapping of the avalanche problem onto percolation on a 7551 Cayley tree, we analytically derive the exponents describing the size 7552 distribution of the first avalanches and test the analytical solution 7553 by numerical simulations. We find that the treelike structure of the 7554 airways, together with the simplest assumptions concerning opening 7555 threshold pressures of each airway, is sufficient to explain the 7556 existence of power-law distributions observed experimentally. 7557 C1 BOSTON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02215. 7558 UNIV NOTRE DAME,DEPT PHYS,NOTRE DAME,IN 46556. 7559 BOSTON UNIV,DEPT BIOMED ENGN,RESP RES LAB,BOSTON,MA 02215. 7560 RP Barabasi, AL, BOSTON UNIV,CTR POLYMER STUDIES,BOSTON,MA 02215. 7561 CR ASMUSSEN S, 1983, BRANCHING PROCESSES 7562 BASSINGTHWAIGHT.JB, 1994, FRACTAL PHYSL 7563 BASSINGTHWAIGHT.JB, 1994, FRACTALS NATURAL SCI 7564 BINGHAM NH, 1988, J APPL PROBAB A, V25, P215 7565 BUNDE A, 1996, FRACTALS DISORDERED 7566 CRAWFORD ABH, 1989, J APPL PHYSIOL, V66, P2511 7567 ENGEL LA, 1975, J APPL PHYSIOL, V38, P1117 7568 ESSAM JW, 1980, REP PROG PHYS, V43, P833 7569 GRAVER DP, 1990, J APPL PHYS, V69, P74 7570 GRINSTEIN G, 1995, SCALE INVARIANCE INT 7571 HARRIS TE, 1989, THEORY BRANCHING PRO 7572 HORSFIELD K, 1971, J APPL PHYSIOL, V31, P207 7573 OTIS DR, 1994, THESIS MIT 7574 PETAK F, 1993, EUR RESPIR J, V6, S403 7575 SHLESINGER MF, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V67, P2106 7576 SUKI B, 1993, J APPL PHYSIOL, V75, P2755 7577 SUKI B, 1994, NATURE, V368, P615 7578 WEST BJ, 1989, INT J MOD PHYS B, V3, P795 7579 WEST BJ, 1990, FRACTAL PHYSL CHAOS 7580 WEST BJ, 1993, GROWTH PATTERNS PHYS 7581 WEST BJ, 1994, PHYS REP, V246, P1 7582 NR 21 7583 TC 27 7584 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 7585 PI COLLEGE PK 7586 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 7587 SN 0031-9007 7588 J9 PHYS REV LETT 7589 JI Phys. Rev. Lett. 7590 PD MAR 18 7591 PY 1996 7592 VL 76 7593 IS 12 7594 BP 2192 7595 EP 2195 7596 PG 4 7597 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 7598 GA TZ984 7599 UT ISI:A1996TZ98400052 7600 ER 7601 7602 PT J 7603 AU Barabasi, AL 7604 Grinstein, G 7605 Munoz, MA 7606 TI Directed surfaces in disordered media 7607 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 7608 LA English 7609 DT Article 7610 ID POROUS-MEDIA; FLUID INVASION; INTERFACE; PERCOLATION; GROWTH; MODEL 7611 AB The critical exponents for a class of one-dimensional models of 7612 interface depinning in disordered media can be calculated through a 7613 mapping onto directed percolation. In higher dimensions these models 7614 give rise to directed surfaces, which do not belong to the directed 7615 percolation universality class. We formulate a scaling theory of 7616 directed surfaces, and calculate critical exponents numerically, using 7617 a cellular automaton that locates the directed surfaces without making 7618 reference to the dynamics of the underlying interface growth models. 7619 C1 IBM CORP,DIV RES,TJ WATSON RES CTR,YORKTOWN HTS,NY 10598. 7620 CR AHARONY A, 1986, DIRECTIONS CONDENSED 7621 AMARAL LAN, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V73, P62 7622 AMARAL LAN, 1995, PHYS REV E B, V52, P4087 7623 AMARAL LAN, 1995, PHYS REV E, V51, P4655 7624 ARORA BM, 1983, J PHYS C SOLID STATE, V16, P2913 7625 BARABASI AL, 1995, FRACTAL CONCEPTS SUR 7626 BLATTER G, 1994, REV MOD PHYS, V66, P1125 7627 BULDYREV SV, 1992, PHYS REV A, V45, P8313 7628 BULDYREV SV, 1992, PHYSICA A, V191, P220 7629 CIEPLAK M, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V60, P2042 7630 FAMILY F, 1991, DYNAMICS FRACTAL STR 7631 HALPINHEALY T, 1995, PHYS REP, V254, P215 7632 HAVLIN S, 1993, GROWTH PATTERNS PHYS 7633 HE SJ, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V69, P3731 7634 HEDE B, 1991, J STAT PHYS, V64, P829 7635 HORVATH VK, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, L25 7636 HORVATH VK, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V67, P3207 7637 HORVATH VK, 1995, PHYS REV E B, V52, P5166 7638 HUBER G, 1995, PHYS REV E A, V52, R2133 7639 KARDAR M, 1986, PHYS REV LETT, V56, P889 7640 KARDAR M, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V74, P920 7641 MASLOV S, 1994, PHYS REV E, V50, R643 7642 MEAKIN P, 1993, PHYS REP, V235, P189 7643 OLAMI Z, 1994, PHYS REV E, V49, P1232 7644 RUBIO MA, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V63, P1685 7645 SNEPPEN K, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V69, P3539 7646 TANG LH, 1992, PHYS REV A, V45, P8309 7647 NR 27 7648 TC 11 7649 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 7650 PI COLLEGE PK 7651 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 7652 SN 0031-9007 7653 J9 PHYS REV LETT 7654 JI Phys. Rev. Lett. 7655 PD FEB 26 7656 PY 1996 7657 VL 76 7658 IS 9 7659 BP 1481 7660 EP 1484 7661 PG 4 7662 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 7663 GA TW700 7664 UT ISI:A1996TW70000020 7665 ER 7666 7667 PT J 7668 AU JENSEN, P 7669 BARABASI, AL 7670 LARRALDE, H 7671 HAVLIN, S 7672 STANLEY, HE 7673 TI GROWTH AND PERCOLATION OF THIN-FILMS - A MODEL INCORPORATING 7674 DEPOSITION, DIFFUSION AND AGGREGATION 7675 SO CHAOS SOLITONS & FRACTALS 7676 LA English 7677 DT Article 7678 AB We propose a model for describing diffusion-controlled aggregation of 7679 parti cles that are continually deposited on a surface. The model, 7680 which incorporates deposition, diffusion and aggregation, is motivated 7681 by recent thin film deposition experiments. We find, that the diffusion 7682 and aggregation of randomly deposited particles ''builds'' a wide 7683 variety of fractal structures, all characterized by a common length 7684 scale L(1). This length L(1) scales as the ratio of the diffusion 7685 constant over the particle flux to the power 1/4. We compare our 7686 results with several recent experiments on two-dimensional 7687 nanostructures formed by diffusion-controlled aggregation on surfaces. 7688 C1 BOSTON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02215. 7689 RP JENSEN, P, BOSTON UNIV,CTR POLYMER STUDIES,BOSTON,MA 02215. 7690 CR BARABASI AL, 1995, FRACTAL CONCEPTS SUR 7691 BRUNE H, 1994, NATURE, V369, P469 7692 JENSEN P, 1992, PHYSICA A, V185, P104 7693 JENSEN P, 1994, NATURE, V368, P22 7694 JENSEN P, 1994, PHYS REV B, V50, R30 7695 JENSEN P, 1994, PHYS REV E, V50, P618 7696 JENSEN P, 1994, PHYSICA A, V207, P219 7697 KERTESZ J, 1994, FRACTALS SCI 7698 RODER H, 1993, NATURE, V366, P141 7699 VENABLES JA, 1984, REP PROG PHYS, V47, P399 7700 VICSEK T, 1992, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO 7701 NR 11 7702 TC 3 7703 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD 7704 PI OXFORD 7705 PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB 7706 SN 0960-0779 7707 J9 CHAOS SOLITON FRACTAL 7708 JI Chaos Solitons Fractals 7709 PY 1995 7710 VL 6 7711 BP 227 7712 EP 236 7713 PG 10 7714 SC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, 7715 Multidisciplinary; Physics, Mathematical 7716 GA TF140 7717 UT ISI:A1995TF14000029 7718 ER 7719 7720 PT J 7721 AU AMARAL, LAN 7722 BARABASI, AL 7723 MAKSE, HA 7724 STANLEY, HE 7725 TI SCALING PROPERTIES OF DRIVEN INTERFACES IN DISORDERED MEDIA 7726 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E 7727 LA English 7728 DT Article 7729 ID AFFINE FRACTAL INTERFACES; FIELD ISING-MODEL; POROUS-MEDIA; IMMISCIBLE 7730 DISPLACEMENT; BALLISTIC-DEPOSITION; CORRELATED NOISE; FLUID INVASION; 7731 SURFACE GROWTH; ROUGH SURFACES; PERCOLATION 7732 AB We perform a systematic study of several models that have been proposed 7733 for the purpose of understanding the motion of driven interfaces in 7734 disordered media. We identify two distinct universality classes. (i) 7735 One of these, referred to as directed percolation depinning (DPD), can 7736 be described by a Langevin equation similar to the Kardar-Parisi-Zhang 7737 equation, but with quenched disorder. (ii) The other, referred to as 7738 quenched Edwards-Wilkinson (QEW), can be described by a Langevin 7739 equation similar to the Edwards-Wilkinson equation, but with quenched 7740 disorder. We find that for the DPD universality class, the coefficient 7741 lambda of the nonlinear term diverges at the depinning transition, 7742 while for the QEW universality class, either lambda = 0 or lambda --> 0 7743 as the depinning transition is approached. The identification of the 7744 two universality classes allows us to better understand many of the 7745 results previously obtained experimentally and numerically. However, we 7746 find that some results cannot be understood in terms of the exponents 7747 obtained for the two universality classes at the depinning transition. 7748 In order to understand these remaining disagreements, we investigate 7749 the scaling properties of models in each of the two universality 7750 classes above the depinning transition. For the DPD universality class, 7751 we find for the roughness exponent alpha(P) = 0.63 +/- 0.03 for the 7752 pinned phase and alpha(M) = 0.75 +/- 0.05 for the moving phase. For the 7753 growth exponent, we find beta(P) = 0.67 +/- 0.05 for the pinned phase 7754 and beta(M) = 0.74 +/- 0.06 for the moving phase. Furthermore, we find 7755 an anomalous scaling of the prefactor of the width on the driving 7756 force. A new exponent (phi(M) = -0.12 +/- 0.06, characterizing the 7757 scaling of this prefactor, is shown to relate the values of the 7758 roughness exponents on both sides of the depinning transition. For the 7759 QEW universality class, we find that alpha(P) approximate to alpha(M) = 7760 0.92 +/- 0.04 and beta(P) approximate to beta(M) = 0.86 +/- 0.03 are 7761 roughly the same for both the pinned and moving phases. Moreover, we 7762 again find a dependence of the prefactor of the width on the driving 7763 force. For this universality class, the exponent phi(M) = 0.44 +/- 0.05 7764 is found to relate the different values of the local crp and global 7765 roughness exponent alpha(G) approximate to 1.23 +/- 0.04 at the 7766 depinning transition. These results provide us with a more consistent 7767 understanding of the scaling properties of the two universality 7768 classes, both at and above the depinning transition. We compare our 7769 results with all the relevant experiments. 7770 C1 BOSTON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02215. 7771 RP AMARAL, LAN, BOSTON UNIV,CTR POLYMER STUDIES,BOSTON,MA 02215. 7772 CR AMAR JG, 1991, PHYS REV A, V43, P4548 7773 AMARAL LAN, THESIS BOSTON U 7774 AMARAL LAN, 1993, FRACTALS, V1, P818 7775 AMARAL LAN, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P641 7776 AMARAL LAN, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V73, P62 7777 AMARAL LAN, 1995, PHYS REV E, V51, P4655 7778 BARABASI AL, 1992, PHYS REV A, V46, R2977 7779 BARABASI AL, 1992, SURFACE DISORDERING 7780 BARABASI AL, 1995, FRACTAL CONCEPTS SUR 7781 BENOIT M, 1994, PHYSICA A, V207, P500 7782 BIROVLJEV A, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V67, P584 7783 BRUINSMA R, 1984, PHYS REV LETT, V52, P1547 7784 BULDYREV SV, 1991, PHYS REV A, V43, P7113 7785 BULDYREV SV, 1992, PHYS REV A, V45, P8313 7786 BULDYREV SV, 1992, PHYSICA A, V191, P220 7787 BULDYREV SV, 1993, FRACTALS, V1, P827 7788 BULDYREV SV, 1993, PHYSICA A, V200, P200 7789 BULDYREV SV, 1995, PHYS REV E A, V52, P373 7790 CIEPLAK M, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V60, P2042 7791 CSAHOK Z, 1993, J PHYS A, V26, L171 7792 CSAHOK Z, 1993, PHYSICA A, V200, P136 7793 DASSARMA S, 1994, PHYS REV E, V49, P122 7794 DONG M, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P662 7795 EDWARDS SF, 1982, P ROY SOC LOND A MAT, V381, P17 7796 ESSAM JW, 1986, PHYS REV B, V33, P1982 7797 ESSAM JW, 1988, J PHYS A, V21, P3815 7798 FAMILY F, 1985, J PHYS A, V18, L75 7799 FAMILY F, 1986, J PHYS A, V19, L441 7800 FAMILY F, 1991, DYNAMICS FRACTAL SUR 7801 GALLUCCIO S, 1995, PHYS REV E, V51, P1686 7802 GOUYET JF, 1991, FRACTALS DISORDERED 7803 GRINSTEIN G, 1983, PHYS REV B, V28, P2588 7804 HALPINHEALY T, 1995, PHYS REP, V254, P215 7805 HANSEN A, 1990, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V23, L145 7806 HANSEN A, 1991, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V24, P2377 7807 HAVLIN S, 1987, ADV PHYS, V36, P695 7808 HAVLIN S, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, L925 7809 HAVLIN S, 1993, GROWTH PATTERNS PHYS 7810 HAVLIN S, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V74, P4205 7811 HE SJ, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V69, P3731 7812 HORVATH VK, 1990, PHYS REV LETT, V65, P1388 7813 HORVATH VK, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, L25 7814 HORVATH VK, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V67, P3207 7815 KARDAR M, 1986, PHYS REV LETT, V56, P889 7816 KERTESZ J, 1994, FRACTALS SCI 7817 KESSLER DA, 1991, PHYS REV A, V43, P4551 7818 KIM JM, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V62, P2289 7819 KOILLER B, 1993, NEW TRENDS MAGNETIC 7820 KOPLIK J, 1985, PHYS REV B, V32, P280 7821 KRUG J, 1990, PHYS REV LETT, V64, P2332 7822 KRUG J, 1991, SOLIDS FAR EQUILIBRI 7823 LESCHHORN H, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P2973 7824 LESCHHORN H, 1993, PHYSICA A, V195, P324 7825 LESCHHORN H, 1994, PHYS REV E, V49, P1238 7826 MAKSE HA, THESIS BOSTON U 7827 MAKSE HA, UNPUB 7828 MAKSE HA, 1995, EUROPHYS LETT, V31, P379 7829 MAKSE HA, 1995, PHYS REV E, V52, P4080 7830 MARTYS N, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V66, P1058 7831 MASLOV S, 1994, PHYS REV E, V50, R643 7832 MEAKIN P, 1986, PHYS REV A, V34, P5091 7833 MEAKIN P, 1993, PHYS REP, V235, P189 7834 MEDINA E, 1989, PHYS REV A, V39, P3053 7835 NARAYAN O, 1993, PHYS REV B, V48, P7030 7836 NATTERMANN T, 1992, J PHYS II, V2, P1483 7837 NOLLE CS, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P2074 7838 OLAMI Z, 1994, PHYS REV E, V49, P1232 7839 PARISI G, 1992, EUROPHYS LETT, V17, P673 7840 PENG CK, 1991, PHYS REV A, V44, P2239 7841 ROBBINS MO, 1993, GROWTH PATTERNS PHYS 7842 ROSSO M, 1986, PHYS REV LETT, V57, P3195 7843 ROUX S, 1994, J PHYS I, V4, P515 7844 RUBIO MA, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V63, P1685 7845 RUBIO MA, 1990, PHYS REV LETT, V65, P1389 7846 SAPOVAL B, 1985, J PHYS LETT-PARIS, V46, L149 7847 SNEPPEN K, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V69, P3539 7848 SNEPPEN K, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P3833 7849 SNEPPEN K, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P101 7850 SPASOJEVIC D, 1993, PHYSICA A, V201, P482 7851 STAUFFER D, 1992, INTRO PERCOLATION TH 7852 STOKES JP, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V60, P1386 7853 TANG C, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P1264 7854 TANG LH, PHYS REV LETT, V74, P920 7855 TANG LH, 1992, PHYS REV A, V45, R8039 7856 TANG LH, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P3832 7857 VICSEK T, 1992, FRACTAL GROWTH PHE 4 7858 WILKINSON D, 1984, PHYS REV A, V30, P520 7859 WILKINSON D, 1986, PHYS REV A, V34, P1380 7860 ZHANG J, 1992, PHYSICA A, V189, P383 7861 ZHANG YC, 1990, J PHYS-PARIS, V51, P2129 7862 NR 90 7863 TC 52 7864 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 7865 PI COLLEGE PK 7866 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 7867 SN 1063-651X 7868 J9 PHYS REV E 7869 JI Phys. Rev. E 7870 PD OCT 7871 PY 1995 7872 VL 52 7873 IS 4 7874 PN Part B 7875 BP 4087 7876 EP 4104 7877 PG 18 7878 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical 7879 GA TA525 7880 UT ISI:A1995TA52500019 7881 ER 7882 7883 PT J 7884 AU CUERNO, R 7885 BARABASI, AL 7886 TI DYNAMIC SCALING OF ION-SPUTTERED SURFACES 7887 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 7888 LA English 7889 DT Article 7890 ID KURAMOTO-SIVASHINSKY EQUATION; KARDAR-PARISI-ZHANG; LONG-WAVELENGTH 7891 PROPERTIES; INVARIANT SOLUTIONS; NUMERICAL-SOLUTION; GROWTH; 7892 DIMENSIONS; BOMBARDMENT; INTERFACES; MODEL 7893 C1 BOSTON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02215. 7894 IBM CORP,TJ WATSON RES CTR,NEW YORK,NY 10598. 7895 RP CUERNO, R, BOSTON UNIV,CTR POLYMER STUDIES,BOSTON,MA 02215. 7896 CR AMAR JG, 1990, PHYS REV A, V41, P3399 7897 BALES GS, 1990, SCIENCE, V249, P264 7898 BARABASI AL, 1995, FRACTAL CONCEPTS SUR 7899 BEHRISCH R, 1981, SPUTTERING PARTICLE, V1 7900 BEHRISCH R, 1983, SPUTTERING PARTICLE, V2 7901 BRADLEY RM, 1988, J VAC SCI TECHNOL A, V6, P2390 7902 BRUINSMA R, 1992, SURFACE DISORDERING 7903 CARTER G, 1983, SPUTTERING PARTICLE, V2, P231 7904 CHASON E, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P3040 7905 CUERNO R, UNPUB 7906 DASSARMA S, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V66, P325 7907 EKLUND EA, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V67, P1759 7908 EKLUND EA, 1993, SURF SCI, V285, P157 7909 FAMILY F, 1991, DYNAMICS FRACTAL SUR 7910 FORREST BM, 1990, J STAT PHYS, V60, P181 7911 HALPINHEALY T, 1995, PHYS REP, V254, P215 7912 HAYOT F, 1993, PHYS REV E, V47, P911 7913 HERRING C, 1950, J APPL PHYS, V21, P301 7914 JAYAPRAKASH C, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P12 7915 JAYAPRAKASH C, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P308 7916 KARDAR M, 1986, PHYS REV LETT, V56, P889 7917 KIM JM, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V62, P2289 7918 KRIM J, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P57 7919 KURAMOTO Y, 1977, PROG THEOR PHYS, V55, P356 7920 LVOV V, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P307 7921 LVOV VS, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V69, P3543 7922 LVOV VS, 1993, NONLINEARITY, V6, P25 7923 MAYER TM, 1994, J APPL PHYS, V76, P1633 7924 MEAKIN P, 1993, PHYS REP, V235, P189 7925 MOSER K, 1991, PHYSICA A, V178, P215 7926 MULLINS WW, 1957, J APPL PHYS, V28, P333 7927 NISSILA TA, 1993, J STAT PHYS, V72, P207 7928 PROCACCIA I, 1992, PHYS REV A, V46, P3220 7929 SIGMUND P, 1969, PHYS REV, V184, P383 7930 SIGMUND P, 1973, J MATER SCI, V8, P1545 7931 SIVASHINSKY GI, 1979, ACTA ASTRONAUT, V6, P569 7932 SNEPPEN K, 1992, PHYS REV A, V46, P7352 7933 WOLF DE, 1990, EUROPHYS LETT, V13, P389 7934 WOLF DE, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V67, P1783 7935 ZALESKI S, 1989, PHYSICA D, V34, P427 7936 NR 40 7937 TC 182 7938 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 7939 PI COLLEGE PK 7940 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 7941 SN 0031-9007 7942 J9 PHYS REV LETT 7943 JI Phys. 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Lett. 7944 PD JUN 5 7945 PY 1995 7946 VL 74 7947 IS 23 7948 BP 4746 7949 EP 4749 7950 PG 4 7951 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 7952 GA RB200 7953 UT ISI:A1995RB20000047 7954 ER 7955 7956 PT J 7957 AU AMARAL, LAN 7958 BARABASI, AL 7959 BULDYREV, SV 7960 HARRINGTON, ST 7961 HAVLIN, S 7962 SADRLAHIJANY, R 7963 STANLEY, HE 7964 TI AVALANCHES AND THE DIRECTED PERCOLATION DEPINNING MODEL - EXPERIMENTS, 7965 SIMULATIONS, AND THEORY 7966 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E 7967 LA English 7968 DT Article 7969 ID AFFINE FRACTAL INTERFACES; POROUS-MEDIA; IMMISCIBLE DISPLACEMENT; 7970 BALLISTIC-DEPOSITION; CORRELATED NOISE; DISORDERED MEDIUM; ROUGH 7971 SURFACES; FLUID INVASION; GROWTH; DYNAMICS 7972 C1 BOSTON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02215. 7973 BAR ILAN UNIV,MINERVA CTR,RAMAT GAN,ISRAEL. 7974 BAR ILAN UNIV,DEPT PHYS,RAMAT GAN,ISRAEL. 7975 RP AMARAL, LAN, BOSTON UNIV,CTR POLYMER STUDIES,BOSTON,MA 02215. 7976 CR AMAR JG, 1991, PHYS REV A, V43, P4548 7977 AMARAL LAN, UNPUB 7978 AMARAL LAN, 1993, FRACTALS, V1, P818 7979 AMARAL LAN, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P641 7980 AMARAL LAN, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V73, P62 7981 BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381 7982 BAK P, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P4083 7983 BARABASI AL, 1991, PHYS REV A, V44, P2730 7984 BARABASI AL, 1991, PHYSICA A, V178, P17 7985 BARABASI AL, 1992, PHYS REV A, V46, R2977 7986 BARABASI AL, 1992, SURFACE DISORDERING 7987 BARABASI AL, 1995, FRACTAL CONCEPTS SUR 7988 BENOIT M, 1994, PHYSICA A, V207, P500 7989 BIROVLJEV A, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V67, P584 7990 BRUINSMA R, 1984, PHYS REV LETT, V52, P1547 7991 BULDYREV SV, UNPUB 7992 BULDYREV SV, 1991, PHYS REV A, V73, P7113 7993 BULDYREV SV, 1992, PHYS REV A, V45, P8313 7994 BULDYREV SV, 1992, PHYSICA A, V191, P220 7995 BULDYREV SV, 1993, FRACTALS, V1, P827 7996 BULDYREV SV, 1993, PHYSICA A, V200, P200 7997 CIEPLAK M, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V60, P2042 7998 CSAHOK Z, 1993, J PHYS A, V26, L171 7999 CSAHOK Z, 1993, PHYSICA A, V200, P136 8000 DONG M, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P662 8001 EDWARDS SF, 1982, P ROY SOC LOND A MAT, V381, P17 8002 ESSAM JW, 1986, PHYS REV B, V33, P1982 8003 ESSAM JW, 1988, J PHYS A, V21, P3815 8004 FAMILY F, 1985, J PHYS A, V18, L75 8005 FAMILY F, 1986, J PHYS A, V19, L441 8006 FAMILY F, 1991, DYNAMICS FRACTAL SUR 8007 GOUYET JF, 1991, FRACTALS DISORDERED 8008 HALPINHEALY T, 1995, PHYS REP, V254, P215 8009 HANSEN A, 1990, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V23, L145 8010 HANSEN A, 1991, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V24, P2377 8011 HAVLIN S, IN PRESS PHYS REV LE 8012 HAVLIN S, 1987, ADV PHYS, V36, P695 8013 HAVLIN S, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, L925 8014 HAVLIN S, 1993, GROWTH PATTERNS PHYS 8015 HE SJ, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V69, P3731 8016 HORVATH VK, 1990, PHYS REV LETT, V65, P1388 8017 HORVATH VK, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, L25 8018 HORVATH VK, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V67, P3207 8019 JOVANOVIC B, 1994, PHYS REV E, V50, P2403 8020 KARDAR M, 1986, PHYS REV LETT, V56, P889 8021 KERTESZ J, 1994, FRACTALS SCI 8022 KESSLER DA, 1991, PHYS REV A, V43, P4551 8023 KIM JM, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V62, P2289 8024 KOILLER B, 1993, NEW TRENDS MAGNETIC 8025 KRUG J, 1991, SOLIDS FAR EQUILIBRI 8026 LESCHHORN H, 1993, PHYSICA A, V195, P324 8027 LESCHHORN H, 1994, PHYS REV E, V49, P1238 8028 MAKSE HA, UNPUB 8029 MAKSE HA, UNPUB 8030 MARTYS N, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V66, P1058 8031 MASLOV S, 1994, PHYS REV E, V50, R643 8032 MASLOV S, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V73, P2162 8033 MEAKIN P, 1986, PHYS REV A, V34, P5091 8034 MEAKIN P, 1993, PHYS REP, V235, P189 8035 MEDINA E, 1989, PHYS REV A, V39, P3053 8036 NARAYAN O, 1993, PHYS REV B, V48, P7030 8037 NATTERMANN T, 1992, J PHYS II, V2, P1483 8038 NOLLE CS, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P2074 8039 OLAMI Z, 1994, PHYS REV E, V49, P1232 8040 PACZUSKI M, 1994, EUROPHYS LETT, V27, P96 8041 PARISI G, 1992, EUROPHYS LETT, V17, P673 8042 PENG CK, 1991, PHYS REV A, V44, P2239 8043 RAY TS, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P4045 8044 ROSSO M, 1986, PHYS REV LETT, V57, P3195 8045 RUBIO MA, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V63, P1685 8046 RUBIO MA, 1990, PHYS REV LETT, V65, P1389 8047 SAPOVAL B, 1985, J PHYS LETT-PARIS, V46, L149 8048 SNEPPEN K, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V69, P3539 8049 SNEPPEN K, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P3833 8050 SNEPPEN K, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P101 8051 SPASOJEVIC D, 1993, PHYSICA A, V201, P482 8052 STAUFFER D, 1992, INTRO PERCOLATION TH 8053 STOKES JP, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V60, P1386 8054 SUKI B, UNPUB 8055 SUKI B, 1994, NATURE, V368, P615 8056 TANG LH, 1992, PHYS REV A, V45, P8309 8057 TANG LH, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P3832 8058 TANG LH, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V74, P920 8059 VICSEK T, 1990, PHYSICA A, V167, P315 8060 VICSEK T, 1992, FRACTAL GROWTH PHE 4 8061 WILKINSON D, 1984, PHYS REV A, V30, P520 8062 WILKINSON D, 1986, PHYS REV A, V34, P1380 8063 ZHANG J, 1992, PHYSICA A, V189, P383 8064 ZHANG YC, 1990, J PHYS-PARIS, V51, P2129 8065 NR 89 8066 TC 27 8067 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 8068 PI COLLEGE PK 8069 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 8070 SN 1063-651X 8071 J9 PHYS REV E 8072 JI Phys. Rev. E 8073 PD MAY 8074 PY 1995 8075 VL 51 8076 IS 5 8077 PN Part B 8078 BP 4655 8079 EP 4673 8080 PG 19 8081 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical 8082 GA QZ155 8083 UT ISI:A1995QZ15500016 8084 ER 8085 8086 PT J 8087 AU JENSEN, P 8088 BARABASI, AL 8089 LARRALDE, H 8090 HAVLIN, S 8091 STANLEY, HE 8092 TI DEPOSITION, DIFFUSION AND AGGREGATION OF ATOMS ON SURFACES - A MODEL 8093 FOR NANOSTRUCTURE GROWTH 8094 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B 8095 LA English 8096 DT Article 8097 ID MEDIATED ISLAND GROWTH; LIMITED AGGREGATION; CLUSTER DEPOSITION; 8098 CRYSTAL-GROWTH; GOLD-FILMS; PERCOLATION; EPITAXY 8099 C1 BOSTON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02215. 8100 UNIV LYON 1,DEPT PHYS MAT,F-69622 VILLEURBANNE,FRANCE. 8101 BAR ILAN UNIV,DEPT PHYS,RAMAT GAN,ISRAEL. 8102 RP JENSEN, P, BOSTON UNIV,CTR POLYMER STUDIES,BOSTON,MA 02215. 8103 CR AMAR JG, 1994, PHYS REV B, V50, P8781 8104 BALES GS, 1994, PHYS REV B, V50, P6057 8105 BARABASI AL, IN PRESS FRACTAL APP 8106 BARDOTTI L, UNPUB 8107 BARTELT MC, 1992, PHYS REV B, V46, P12675 8108 BARTELT MC, 1993, EUROPHYS LETT, V21, P99 8109 BARTELT MC, 1993, PHYS REV B, V47, P13891 8110 BARTELT MC, 1993, SURF SCI, V298, P421 8111 BRUNE H, 1994, NATURE, V369, P469 8112 BUNDE A, 1991, FRACTALS DISORDERED 8113 CHAPON C, 1981, SURF SCI, V106, P152 8114 DASSARMA S, 1990, J VAC SCI TECHNOL 2, V8, P2714 8115 GHAISAS SV, 1992, PHYS REV B, V46, P7308 8116 HASHIMOTO M, 1991, THIN SOLID FILMS, V199, P71 8117 HENRY CR, 1977, THIN SOLID FILMS, V46, P157 8118 HERRMANN HJ, 1986, PHYS REP, V136, P153 8119 HWANG RQ, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V67, P3279 8120 JENSEN P, 1992, PHYSICA A, V185, P104 8121 JENSEN P, 1994, NATURE, V368, P22 8122 JENSEN P, 1994, PHYSICA A, V207, P219 8123 KAPITULNIK A, 1984, J PHYS A, V16, L269 8124 KASCHIEV D, 1979, SURF SCI, V86, P14 8125 KOLB M, 1983, PHYS REV LETT, V51, P1123 8126 LAGALLY M, 1990, KINETICS ORDERING GR 8127 LAGALLY MG, 1993, PHYS TODAY, V46, P24 8128 MEAKIN P, 1983, PHYS REV LETT, V51, P1119 8129 MELINON P, 1991, PHYS REV B, V44, P12562 8130 MICHELY T, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P3943 8131 MO YW, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V66, P1998 8132 REINERS G, 1986, THIN SOLID FILMS, V143, P311 8133 RODER H, 1993, NATURE, V366, P141 8134 SCHWOEBEL RL, 1966, J APPL PHYS, V37, P3682 8135 SCHWOEBEL RL, 1969, J APPL PHYS, V40, P614 8136 SMILAUER P, 1991, CONTEMP PHYS, V32, P89 8137 STAUFFER D, 1992, INTRO PERCOLATION TH 8138 STOYANOV S, 1992, CURRENT TOPICS MATER 8139 TANG LH, 1993, J PHYS I, V3, P935 8140 VENABLES JA, 1984, REP PROG PHYS, V47, P399 8141 VICSEK T, 1992, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO 8142 VILLAIN J, 1991, J PHYS I, V1, P19 8143 VILLAIN J, 1992, J PHYS I, V2, P2107 8144 VILLAIN J, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V69, P985 8145 WITTEN TA, 1981, PHYS REV LETT, V47, P1400 8146 YAGIL Y, 1992, PHYS REV B, V46, P2503 8147 NR 44 8148 TC 105 8149 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 8150 PI COLLEGE PK 8151 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 8152 SN 0163-1829 8153 J9 PHYS REV B 8154 JI Phys. Rev. B 8155 PD NOV 15 8156 PY 1994 8157 VL 50 8158 IS 20 8159 BP 15316 8160 EP 15329 8161 PG 14 8162 SC Physics, Condensed Matter 8163 GA PV865 8164 UT ISI:A1994PV86500066 8165 ER 8166 8167 PT J 8168 AU JENSEN, P 8169 BARABASI, AL 8170 LARRALDE, H 8171 HAVLIN, S 8172 STANLEY, HE 8173 TI MODEL INCORPORATING DEPOSITION, DIFFUSION, AND AGGREGATION IN 8174 SUBMONOLAYER NANOSTRUCTURES 8175 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E 8176 LA English 8177 DT Note 8178 ID CLUSTER DEPOSITION; GROWTH; PERCOLATION; EPITAXY; FILMS 8179 AB We propose a model for describing diffusion-controlled aggregation of 8180 particles that are continually deposited on a surface. The model 8181 incorporates deposition, diffusion, and aggregation. We find that the 8182 diffusion and aggregation of randomly deposited particles ''builds'' a 8183 wide variety of fractal structures, all characterized by a common 8184 length scale L1. This length L1 scales as the ratio of the diffusion 8185 constant over the particle flux to the power 1/4. We compare our 8186 results with several recent experiments on two-dimensional 8187 nanostructures formed by diffusion-controlled aggregation on surfaces. 8188 C1 BOSTON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02215. 8189 UNIV LYON 1,DEPT PHYS MAT,F-69621 VILLEURBANNE,FRANCE. 8190 UNIV CAMBRIDGE,CAVENDISH LAB,DEPT PHYS,CAMBRIDGE CB3 0HE,ENGLAND. 8191 BAR ILAN UNIV,DEPT PHYS,IL-52100 RAMAT GAN,ISRAEL. 8192 RP JENSEN, P, BOSTON UNIV,CTR POLYMER STUDIES,BOSTON,MA 02215. 8193 CR AMAR JG, IN PRESS PHYS REV B 8194 CHAPON C, 1981, SURF SCI, V106, P152 8195 GHAISAS SV, 1992, PHYS REV B, V46, P7308 8196 HERRMANN HJ, 1986, PHYS REP, V136, P153 8197 HWANG RQ, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V67, P3279 8198 JENSEN P, 1992, PHYSICA A, V185, P104 8199 JENSEN P, 1994, NATURE, V368, P22 8200 JENSEN P, 1994, PHYSICA A, V207, P219 8201 KOLB M, 1983, PHYS REV LETT, V51, P1123 8202 MEAKIN P, 1983, PHYS REV LETT, V51, P1119 8203 MEAKIN P, 1992, REP PROG PHYS, V55, P157 8204 MEAKING P, 1992, 1992 P HOUCH WORKSH 8205 MELINON P, 1991, PHYS REV B, V44, P12562 8206 REINERS G, 1986, THIN SOLID FILMS, V143, P311 8207 RODER H, 1993, NATURE, V366, P141 8208 TANG LH, 1993, J PHYS I, V3, P935 8209 VENABLES JA, 1984, REP PROG PHYS, V47, P399 8210 VICSEK T, 1992, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO 8211 VILLAIN J, 1992, J PHYS I, V2, P2107 8212 VILLAIN J, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V69, P985 8213 NR 20 8214 TC 17 8215 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 8216 PI COLLEGE PK 8217 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 8218 SN 1063-651X 8219 J9 PHYS REV E 8220 JI Phys. Rev. E 8221 PD JUL 8222 PY 1994 8223 VL 50 8224 IS 1 8225 BP 618 8226 EP 621 8227 PG 4 8228 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical 8229 GA NZ084 8230 UT ISI:A1994NZ08400082 8231 ER 8232 8233 PT J 8234 AU AMARAL, LAN 8235 BARABASI, AL 8236 STANLEY, HE 8237 TI UNIVERSALITY CLASSES FOR INTERFACE GROWTH WITH QUENCHED DISORDER 8238 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 8239 LA English 8240 DT Article 8241 ID RANDOM-MEDIA; SURFACE GROWTH; DYNAMICS; PERCOLATION 8242 AB We present numerical evidence for the existence of two distinct 8243 universality classes characterizing driven interface roughening in the 8244 presence of quenched disorder. The evidence is based on the behavior of 8245 lambda, the coefficient of the nonlinear term in the growth equation. 8246 Specifically, for three of the models studied, lambda --> infinity at 8247 the depinning transition, while for the two other models, lambda --> 0. 8248 C1 BOSTON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02215. 8249 RP AMARAL, LAN, BOSTON UNIV,CTR POLYMER STUDIES,BOSTON,MA 02215. 8250 CR AMARAL LAN, UNPUB 8251 AMARAL LAN, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P641 8252 BARABASI AL, 1992, SURFACE DISORDERING 8253 BULDYREV SV, 1992, PHYS REV A, V45, P8313 8254 BULDYREV SV, 1993, PHYSICA A, V200, P200 8255 CSAHOK Z, 1993, PHYSICA A, V200, P136 8256 KARDAR M, 1986, PHYS REV LETT, V56, P889 8257 KESSLER DA, 1991, PHYS REV A, V43, P4551 8258 KOILLER B, 1993, NEW TRENDS MAGNETIC 8259 KRUG J, 1990, PHYS REV LETT, V64, P2332 8260 KRUG J, 1991, SOLIDS FAR EQUILIBRI 8261 LESCHHORN H, 1993, PHYSICA A, V195, P324 8262 MAKSE H, IN PRESS 8263 MEAKIN P, 1993, PHYS REP, V235, P189 8264 NARAYAN O, 1993, PHYS REV B, V48, P7030 8265 NATTERMANN T, 1992, J PHYS II, V2, P1483 8266 NOLLE CS, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P2074 8267 PARISI G, 1992, EUROPHYS LETT, V17, P673 8268 ROBBINS MO, 1993, GROWTH PATTERNS PHYS 8269 TANG LH, 1992, PHYS REV A, V45, P8309 8270 VICSEK T, 1992, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO 8271 NR 21 8272 TC 82 8273 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 8274 PI COLLEGE PK 8275 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 8276 SN 0031-9007 8277 J9 PHYS REV LETT 8278 JI Phys. Rev. Lett. 8279 PD JUL 4 8280 PY 1994 8281 VL 73 8282 IS 1 8283 BP 62 8284 EP 65 8285 PG 4 8286 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 8287 GA NV631 8288 UT ISI:A1994NV63100016 8289 ER 8290 8291 PT J 8292 AU SUKI, B 8293 BARABASI, AL 8294 LUTCHEN, KR 8295 TI LUNG-TISSUE VISCOELASTICITY - A MATHEMATICAL FRAMEWORK AND ITS 8296 MOLECULAR-BASIS 8297 SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY 8298 LA English 8299 DT Article 8300 DE STRESS RELAXATION; TISSUE VISCANCE; TISSUE ELASTANCE; MODELING; 8301 FRACTIONAL DERIVATIVES; FIBERS; MICROMECHANICS; POLYMER SYSTEMS 8302 ID STAR-SHAPED POLYMERS; CONSTITUTIVE-EQUATIONS; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; 8303 FRACTIONAL CALCULUS; PLEURAL MEMBRANE; ELASTIN FIBERS; IMPEDANCE; RAT; 8304 PARENCHYMA; REPTATION 8305 AB Recent studies indicated that lung tissue stress relaxation is well 8306 represented by a simple empirical equation involving a power law, 8307 t(-beta) (where t is time). Likewise, tissue impedance is well 8308 described by a model having a frequency-independent (constant) phase 8309 with impedance proportional to omega(-alpha) (where omega is angular 8310 frequency and alpha is a constant). These models provide superior 8311 descriptions over conventional spring-dashpot systems. Here we offer a 8312 mathematical framework and explore its mechanistic basis for using the 8313 power law relaxation function and constant-phase impedance. We show 8314 that replacing ordinary time derivatives with fractional time 8315 derivatives in the constitutive equation of conventional spring-dashpot 8316 systems naturally leads to power law relaxation function, the Fourier 8317 transform of which is the constant-phase impedance with alpha = 1 - 8318 beta. We further establish that fractional derivatives have a 8319 mechanistic basis with respect to the viscoelasticity of certain 8320 polymer systems. This mechanistic basis arises from molecular theories 8321 that take into account the complexity and statistical nature of the 8322 system at the molecular level. Moreover, because tissues are composed 8323 of long flexible biopolymers, we argue that these molecular theories 8324 may also apply for soft tissues. In our approach a key parameter is the 8325 exponent beta, which is shown to be directly related to dynamic 8326 processes at the tissue fiber and matrix level. By exploring 8327 statistical properties of various polymer systems, we offer a molecular 8328 basis for several salient features of the dynamic passive mechanical 8329 properties of soft tissues. 8330 C1 BOSTON UNIV,CTR POLYMER,DEPT PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02215. 8331 RP SUKI, B, BOSTON UNIV,DEPT BIOMED ENGN,RESP RES LAB,44 CUMMINGTON 8332 ST,BOSTON,MA 02215. 8333 CR BACHOFEN H, 1968, J APPL PHYSIOL, V24, P296 8334 BAGLEY RL, 1983, J RHEOL, V27, P201 8335 BATES JHT, 1993, FASEB J, V7, A8 8336 BAYLISS LE, 1939, Q J EXP PHYSL, V29, P27 8337 CATES ME, 1987, MACROMOLECULES, V20, P2289 8338 DEBES JC, 1992, J APPL PHYSIOL, V73, P1171 8339 DEGENNES PG, 1971, J CHEM PHYS, V55, P572 8340 DEGENNES PG, 1979, SCALING CONCEPTS POL, P223 8341 DOI M, 1986, THEORY POLYM DYNAMIC 8342 FERRY JD, 1969, VISCOELASTIC PROPERT, P195 8343 FETTERS LJ, 1993, MACROMOLECULES, V26, P647 8344 FINDLEY WN, 1976, CREEP RELAXATION NON 8345 FREDBERG JJ, 1978, J BIOMECH ENG, V100, P57 8346 FREDBERG JJ, 1989, J APPL PHYSIOL, V67, P2408 8347 FREDBERG JJ, 1993, J APPL PHYSIOL, V74, P1387 8348 FUNG YC, 1981, BIOMECHANICS 8349 GUNST SJ, 1983, J APPL PHYSIOL, V55, P749 8350 HAJJI MA, 1979, J APPL PHYSIOL, V47, P175 8351 HANTOS Z, 1987, B EUR PHYSIOPATH S12, V23, S326 8352 HANTOS Z, 1987, J APPL PHYSIOL, V63, P36 8353 HANTOS Z, 1990, J APPL PHYSIOL, V68, P849 8354 HANTOS Z, 1992, J APPL PHYSIOL, V72, P168 8355 HANTOS Z, 1992, J APPL PHYSIOL, V73, P427 8356 HEARST JE, 1966, J CHEM PHYS, V45, P3106 8357 HILDEBRANDT J, 1969, B MATH BIOPHYS, V31, P651 8358 HILDEBRANDT J, 1970, J APPL PHYSIOL, V28, P365 8359 HILDERBRANDT J, 1969, J APPL PHYSIOL, V27, P246 8360 KOELLER RC, 1984, J APPL MECH-T ASME, V51, P299 8361 LANIR Y, 1983, J BIOMECH, V16, P1 8362 LANIR Y, 1986, FRONTIERS BIOMECHANI, P130 8363 LUTCHEN KL, 1994, EUR RESPIR J, V19, P198 8364 LUTCHEN KR, 1990, J APPL PHYSIOL, V68, P2128 8365 MARSHALL R, 1960, CLIN SCI, V20, P19 8366 MCCULLAGH CM, 1992, BIOPOLYMERS, V32, P1685 8367 MERCER RR, 1990, J APPL PHYSIOL, V69, P756 8368 MIJAILOVICH SM, 1993, J APPL PHYSIOL, V74, P665 8369 MOONEY M, 1959, J POLYM SCI, V34, P599 8370 MOUNT LE, 1955, J PHYSIOL-LONDON, V127, P157 8371 NAVAJAS D, 1992, J APPL PHYSIOL, V73, P2681 8372 PEARSON DS, 1984, MACROMOLECULES, V17, P888 8373 PESLIN R, 1990, J APPL PHYSIOL, V69, P1080 8374 ROGERS L, 1983, J RHEOL, V27, P351 8375 ROUSE PE, 1953, J CHEM PHYS, V21, P1272 8376 SAIBENE F, 1969, J APPL PHYSIOL, V26, P732 8377 SHARP JT, 1967, J APPL PHYSIOL, V23, P487 8378 SOBIN SS, 1988, J APPL PHYSIOL, V64, P1659 8379 STAMENOVIC D, 1984, J APPL PHYSIOL, V57, P1189 8380 STAMENOVIC D, 1990, J APPL PHYSIOL, V69, P973 8381 SUKI B, 1989, J APPL PHYSIOL, V67, P1623 8382 SUKI B, 1992, RESPIR PHYSL, V90, P271 8383 SUKI B, 1993, J APPL PHYSIOL, V74, P2574 8384 SUKI B, 1993, J APPL PHYSIOL, V75, P2755 8385 TORVIK PJ, 1984, J APPL MECH-T ASME, V51, P294 8386 ZIMM BH, 1956, J CHEM PHYS, V24, P269 8387 NR 54 8388 TC 46 8389 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC 8390 PI BETHESDA 8391 PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 8392 SN 8750-7587 8393 J9 J APPL PHYSIOL 8394 JI J. Appl. Physiol. 8395 PD JUN 8396 PY 1994 8397 VL 76 8398 IS 6 8399 BP 2749 8400 EP 2759 8401 PG 11 8402 SC Physiology; Sport Sciences 8403 GA NR916 8404 UT ISI:A1994NR91600068 8405 ER 8406 8407 PT J 8408 AU SUKI, B 8409 BARABASI, AL 8410 HANTOS, Z 8411 PETAK, F 8412 STANLEY, HE 8413 TI AVALANCHES AND POWER-LAW BEHAVIOR IN LUNG-INFLATION 8414 SO NATURE 8415 LA English 8416 DT Article 8417 ID AIRWAY-CLOSURE; MODEL 8418 AB WHEN lungs are emptied during exhalation, peripheral airways close up1. 8419 For people with lung disease, they may not reopen for a significant 8420 portion of inhalation, impairing gas exchange2,3. A knowledge of the 8421 mechanisms that govern reinflation of collapsed regions of lungs is 8422 therefore central to the development of ventilation strategies for 8423 combating respiratory problems. Here we report measurements of the 8424 terminal airway resistance, R(t), during the opening of isolated dog 8425 lungs. When inflated by a constant flow, R(t) decreases in discrete 8426 jumps. We find that the probability distribution of the sizes of the 8427 jumps and of the time intervals between them exhibit power-law 8428 behaviour over two decades. We develop a model of the inflation process 8429 in which 'avalanches' of airway openings are seen-with power-law 8430 distributions of both the size of avalanches and the time intervals 8431 between them-which agree quantitatively with those seen experimentally, 8432 and are reminiscent of the power-law behaviour observed for 8433 self-organized critical systems4. Thus power-law distributions, arising 8434 from avalanches associated with threshold phenomena propagating down a 8435 branching tree structure, appear to govern the recruitment of terminal 8436 airspaces. 8437 C1 BOSTON UNIV,CTR POLYMER STUDIES,BOSTON,MA 02215. 8438 BOSTON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02215. 8439 ALBERT SZENT GYORGYI MED UNIV,DEPT MED INFORMAT,SZEGED,HUNGARY. 8440 ALBERT SZENT GYORGY MED UNIV,DEPT EXPTL SURG,SZEGED,HUNGARY. 8441 RP SUKI, B, BOSTON UNIV,DEPT BIOMED ENGN,RESP RES LAB,BOSTON,MA 02215. 8442 CR BAK P, 1989, NATURE, V342, P780 8443 BAK P, 1994, FRACTALS SCI 8444 CRAWFORD ABH, 1989, J APPL PHYSIOL, V66, P2511 8445 DAVEY BLK, 1993, RESP PHYSIOL, V91, P165 8446 ENGEL LA, 1975, J APPL PHYSIOL, V38, P1117 8447 GAVER DP, 1990, J APPL PHYSIOL, V69, P74 8448 HORSFIELD K, 1982, J APPL PHYSIOL, V52, P21 8449 HUGHES JMB, 1970, J APPL PHYSIOL, V29, P340 8450 LAMBERT RK, 1982, J APPL PHYSL RESPIRA, V52, P44 8451 MACKLEM PT, 1970, RESP PHYSIOL, V8, P191 8452 PETAK F, 1993, EUR RESPIR J, V6, S403 8453 SALAZAR E, 1964, J APPL PHYSIOL, V19, P97 8454 SHLESINGER MF, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V67, P2106 8455 VICSEK T, 1992, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO 8456 WEST BJ, 1990, AM SCI, V78, P40 8457 WEST BJ, 1990, FRACTAL PHYSL CHAOS 8458 NR 16 8459 TC 106 8460 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD 8461 PI LONDON 8462 PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW 8463 SN 0028-0836 8464 J9 NATURE 8465 JI Nature 8466 PD APR 14 8467 PY 1994 8468 VL 368 8469 IS 6472 8470 BP 615 8471 EP 618 8472 PG 4 8473 SC Multidisciplinary Sciences 8474 GA NF392 8475 UT ISI:A1994NF39200054 8476 ER 8477 8478 PT J 8479 AU JENSEN, P 8480 BARABASI, AL 8481 LARRALDE, H 8482 HAVLIN, S 8483 STANLEY, HE 8484 TI CONTROLLING NANOSTRUCTURES 8485 SO NATURE 8486 LA English 8487 DT Letter 8488 C1 BOSTON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02215. 8489 UNIV LYON 1,DEPT PHYS MAT,F-69622 VILLEURBANNE,FRANCE. 8490 BAR ILAN UNIV,DEPT PHYS,RAMAT GAN,ISRAEL. 8491 RP JENSEN, P, BOSTON UNIV,CTR POLYMER STUDIES,BOSTON,MA 02215. 8492 CR JENSEN P, 1992, PHYSICA A, V185, P104 8493 RODER H, 1993, NATURE, V366, P141 8494 VENABLES JA, 1984, REP PROG PHYS, V47, P399 8495 VICSEK T, 1992, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO 8496 NR 4 8497 TC 37 8498 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD 8499 PI LONDON 8500 PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW 8501 SN 0028-0836 8502 J9 NATURE 8503 JI Nature 8504 PD MAR 3 8505 PY 1994 8506 VL 368 8507 IS 6466 8508 BP 22 8509 EP 22 8510 PG 1 8511 SC Multidisciplinary Sciences 8512 GA MY569 8513 UT ISI:A1994MY56900037 8514 ER 8515 8516 PT J 8517 AU AMARAL, LAN 8518 BARABASI, AL 8519 BULDYREV, SV 8520 HAVLIN, S 8521 STANLEY, HE 8522 TI NEW EXPONENT CHARACTERIZING THE EFFECT OF EVAPORATION ON IMBIBITION 8523 EXPERIMENTS 8524 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 8525 LA English 8526 DT Article 8527 ID IMMISCIBLE DISPLACEMENT; DIRECTED PERCOLATION; POROUS-MEDIA; 8528 DIMENSIONS; INTERFACES; OVERHANGS; GRADIENT; FRONTS; MODEL 8529 AB We report imbibition experiments investigating the effect of 8530 evaporation on the interface roughness and mean interface height. We 8531 observe a new exponent characterizing the scaling of the saturated 8532 surface width. Further, we argue that evaporation can be usefully 8533 modeled by introducing a gradient in the strength of the disorder, in 8534 analogy with the gradient percolation model of Sapoval et al. By 8535 incorporating this gradient we predict a new critical exponent and a 8536 novel scaling relation for the interface width. Both the exponent value 8537 and the form of the scaling agree with the experimental results. 8538 C1 BOSTON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02215. 8539 BAR ILAN UNIV,DEPT PHYS,RAMAT GAN,ISRAEL. 8540 RP AMARAL, LAN, BOSTON UNIV,CTR POLYMER STUDIES,BOSTON,MA 02215. 8541 CR BARABASI AL, 1992, SURFACE DISORDERING, P193 8542 BIROVLJEV A, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V67, P584 8543 BULDYREV SV, 1992, PHYS REV A, V45, P8313 8544 BULDYREV SV, 1992, PHYSICA A, V191, P220 8545 ESSAM JW, 1986, PHYS REV B, V33, P1982 8546 ESSAM JW, 1988, J PHYS A, V21, P3815 8547 GOUYET JF, 1991, FRACTALS DISORDERED 8548 HALPINHEALEY T, IN PRESS PHYS REP 8549 HANSEN A, 1990, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V23, L145 8550 HANSEN A, 1991, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V24, P2377 8551 HE SJ, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V69, P3731 8552 HORVATH VK, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, L25 8553 KARDAR M, 1986, PHYS REV LETT, V56, P889 8554 MEAKIN P, 1993, PHYS REP, V235, P189 8555 ROSSO M, 1986, PHYS REV LETT, V57, P3195 8556 RUBIO MA, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V63, P1685 8557 SAPOVAL B, 1985, J PHYS LETT-PARIS, V46, L149 8558 TANG LH, 1992, PHYS REV A, V45, P8309 8559 VICSEK T, 1990, PHYSICA A, V167, P315 8560 VICSEK T, 1991, DYNAMICS FRACTAL SUR 8561 VICSEK T, 1992, FRACTAL GROWTH PHE 4 8562 WILKINSON D, 1984, PHYS REV A, V30, P520 8563 WILKINSON D, 1986, PHYS REV A, V34, P1380 8564 NR 23 8565 TC 29 8566 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 8567 PI COLLEGE PK 8568 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 8569 SN 0031-9007 8570 J9 PHYS REV LETT 8571 JI Phys. Rev. Lett. 8572 PD JAN 31 8573 PY 1994 8574 VL 72 8575 IS 5 8576 BP 641 8577 EP 644 8578 PG 4 8579 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 8580 GA MU628 8581 UT ISI:A1994MU62800013 8582 ER 8583 8584 PT J 8585 AU BARABASI, AL 8586 TI SURFACTANT-MEDIATED GROWTH OF NONEQUILIBRIUM INTERFACES 8587 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 8588 LA English 8589 DT Article 8590 ID MOLECULAR-BEAM EPITAXY; GROWING INTERFACES; KINETIC GROWTH; DIFFUSION; 8591 CONTINUUM; DYNAMICS; MODELS 8592 AB A number of recent experiments have shown that surfactants can modify 8593 the growth mode of an epitaxial film, suppressing islanding and 8594 promoting layer-by-layer growth. Here I introduce a set of coupled 8595 equations to describe the nonequilibrium roughening of an interface 8596 covered with a thin surfactant layer. The surfactant may drive the 8597 system into a novel phase, in which the surface roughness is negative, 8598 corresponding to a flat surface. 8599 C1 BOSTON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02215. 8600 RP BARABASI, AL, BOSTON UNIV,CTR POLYMER STUDIES,BOSTON,MA 02215. 8601 CR BARABASI AL, 1992, PHYS REV A, V46, R2977 8602 COPEL M, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V63, P632 8603 COPEL M, 1990, PHYS REV B, V42, P11682 8604 DASSARMA S, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V66, P325 8605 DASSARMA S, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V69, P3762 8606 DEGENNES PG, 1985, REV MOD PHYS, V57, P827 8607 ERTAS D, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V69, P929 8608 FAMILY F, 1991, D YNAMICS FRACTAL SU 8609 FAMILY F, 1992, SURFACE DISORDERING 8610 FORREST BM, 1990, PHYS REV LETT, V64, P1405 8611 GOLUBOVIC L, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V66, P321 8612 GRANDJEAN N, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V69, P796 8613 GRANDJEAN N, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P1031 8614 KARDAR M, 1986, PHYS REV LETT, V56, P889 8615 KAXIRAS E, 1993, EUROPHYS LETT, V21, P685 8616 KESSLER DA, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V69, P100 8617 KIM JM, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V62, P2289 8618 KRUG J, 1991, SOLIDS FAR EQUILIBRI 8619 LAI ZW, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V66, P2348 8620 MOSER K, 1991, PHYSICA A, V178, P215 8621 ORR BG, 1992, EUROPHYS LETT, V19, P33 8622 OSTEN HJ, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V69, P450 8623 SIEGERT M, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V68, P2035 8624 SNYDER CW, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P1030 8625 SUN T, 1989, PHYS REV A, V40, P6763 8626 TANG LH, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V66, P2899 8627 TROMP RM, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V68, P954 8628 VANDERVEGT HA, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V68, P3335 8629 VICSEK T, 1992, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO 8630 VILLAIN J, 1991, J PHYS I, V1, P19 8631 WOLF DE, 1990, EUROPHYS LETT, V13, P389 8632 WOLF DE, 1990, KINETICS ORDERING GR 8633 NR 32 8634 TC 15 8635 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 8636 PI COLLEGE PK 8637 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 8638 SN 0031-9007 8639 J9 PHYS REV LETT 8640 JI Phys. Rev. Lett. 8641 PD JUN 28 8642 PY 1993 8643 VL 70 8644 IS 26 8645 BP 4102 8646 EP 4105 8647 PG 4 8648 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 8649 GA LJ827 8650 UT ISI:A1993LJ82700019 8651 ER 8652 8653 PT J 8654 AU BULDYREV, SV 8655 BARABASI, AL 8656 HAVLIN, S 8657 KERTESZ, J 8658 STANLEY, HE 8659 XENIAS, HS 8660 TI ANOMALOUS INTERFACE ROUGHENING IN 3D POROUS-MEDIA - EXPERIMENT AND MODEL 8661 SO PHYSICA A 8662 LA English 8663 DT Article 8664 ID GROWTH 8665 AB We report the first imbibition experiments in 2 + 1 dimensions - using 8666 simple materials as the random media and various aqueous suspensions as 8667 wetting fluids. We measure the width w(l, t) of the resulting interface 8668 and find it to scale with length l as w(l, infinity) approximately 8669 l-degrees with alpha = 0.50 +/- 0.05. This value of a is larger than 8670 the value of alpha = 0.40 found for the KPZ universality class in 2 + 1 8671 dimensions. We develop a new imbibition model that describes 8672 quantitatively our experiments. For d = 1 + 1, the model can be mapped 8673 to directed percolation; for d = 2 + 1, it corresponds to a new 8674 anisotropic surface percolation problem. Our model leads to the 8675 exponent alpha = 0.5 +/- 0.05 in excellent agreement with the 8676 experiment. 8677 C1 TECH UNIV BUDAPEST,INST PHYS,H-1521 BUDAPEST 11,HUNGARY. 8678 BOSTON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02215. 8679 BAR ILAN UNIV,DEPT PHYS,RAMAT GAN,ISRAEL. 8680 RP BULDYREV, SV, BOSTON UNIV,CTR POLYMER STUDIES,BOSTON,MA 02215. 8681 CR BARABASI AL, 1991, PHYS REV A, V44, P2730 8682 BARABASI AL, 1992, 1992 P HOUCH WORKSH 8683 BULDYREV SV, 1992, PHYS REV A, V45, P8313 8684 BULDYREV SV, 1992, SURFACE DISORDERING 8685 HAVLIN S, 1992, 1991 P NATO ADV RES 8686 HEDE B, 1991, J STAT PHYS, V64, P829 8687 KARDAR M, 1986, PHYS REV LETT, V56, P889 8688 KIM JM, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V62, P2289 8689 KINZEL W, 1983, PERCOLATION STRUCTUR 8690 KINZEL W, 1991, FRACTALS DISORDORED 8691 KRUG J, 1991, SOLIDS FAR EQUILIBRI 8692 MATSUSHITA M, 1989, PHYSICA D, V38, P246 8693 MEDINA E, 1989, PHYS REV A, V39, P3053 8694 TANG LH, 1992, PHYS REV A, V45, P8309 8695 NR 14 8696 TC 27 8697 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV 8698 PI AMSTERDAM 8699 PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS 8700 SN 0378-4371 8701 J9 PHYSICA A 8702 JI Physica A 8703 PD DEC 15 8704 PY 1992 8705 VL 191 8706 IS 1-4 8707 BP 220 8708 EP 226 8709 PG 7 8710 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 8711 GA KF666 8712 UT ISI:A1992KF66600036 8713 ER 8714 8715 PT J 8716 AU BARABASI, AL 8717 TI DYNAMIC SCALING OF COUPLED NONEQUILIBRIUM INTERFACES 8718 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A 8719 LA English 8720 DT Article 8721 ID GROWTH; NOISE 8722 AB We propose a simple discrete model to study the nonequilibrium 8723 fluctuations of two locally coupled (1+1)-dimensional systems 8724 (interfaces). Measuring numerically the tilt-dependent velocity we 8725 construct a set of stochastic continuum equations describing the 8726 fluctuations in the model. The scaling predicted by the equations is 8727 studied analytically using dynamic-renormalization-group theory and 8728 compared with simulation results. 8729 C1 BOSTON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02215. 8730 RP BARABASI, AL, BOSTON UNIV,CTR POLYMER STUDIES,BOSTON,MA 02215. 8731 CR BULDYREV SV, 1992, PHYS REV A, V45, P8313 8732 EDWARDS SF, 1982, P ROY SOC LOND A MAT, V381, P17 8733 FAMILY F, 1991, DYNAMICS FRACTAL SUR 8734 FAMILY F, 1992, SURFACE DISORDERING 8735 FORSTER D, 1977, PHYS REV A, V16, P732 8736 HORVATH VK, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, L25 8737 KARDAR M, 1986, PHYS REV LETT, V56, P889 8738 KERTESZ J, 1988, J PHYS A, V21, P747 8739 KRUG J, 1990, PHYS REV LETT, V64, P2332 8740 KRUG J, 1991, SOLIDS FAR EQUILIBRI 8741 MEAKIN P, 1986, PHYS REV A, V34, P5091 8742 MEDINA E, 1989, PHYS REV A, V39, P3053 8743 PLISCHE M, 1987, PHYS REV B, V35, P3484 8744 RUBIO MA, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V63, P1685 8745 TANG LH, 1992, PHYS REV A, V45, P7162 8746 VICSEK T, 1992, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO 8747 VICZEK T, 1990, PHYSICA A, V167, P315 8748 WOLF DE, 1987, EUROPHYS LETT, V4, P561 8749 WOLF DE, 1990, KINETICS ORDERING GR 8750 NR 19 8751 TC 22 8752 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 8753 PI COLLEGE PK 8754 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 8755 SN 1050-2947 8756 J9 PHYS REV A 8757 JI Phys. Rev. A 8758 PD SEP 15 8759 PY 1992 8760 VL 46 8761 IS 6 8762 BP R2977 8763 EP R2980 8764 PG 4 8765 SC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical 8766 GA JQ375 8767 UT ISI:A1992JQ37500002 8768 ER 8769 8770 PT J 8771 AU BULDYREV, SV 8772 BARABASI, AL 8773 CASERTA, F 8774 HAVLIN, S 8775 STANLEY, HE 8776 VICSEK, T 8777 TI ANOMALOUS INTERFACE ROUGHENING IN POROUS-MEDIA - EXPERIMENT AND MODEL 8778 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A 8779 LA English 8780 DT Note 8781 ID GROWTH 8782 AB We report measurements of the interface formed when a wet front 8783 propagates in paper by imbibition and we find anomalous roughening with 8784 exponent-alpha = 0.63 +/- 0.04. We also formulate an imbibition model 8785 that agrees with the experimental morphology. The main ingredient of 8786 the model is the propagation and pinning of a self-affine interface in 8787 the presence of quenched disorder, with erosion of overhangs. By 8788 relating our model to directed percolation, we find alpha congruent-to 8789 0.63. 8790 C1 BOSTON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02215. 8791 NIH,DIV COMP RES & TECHNOL,BETHESDA,MD 20892. 8792 EOTVOS LORAND UNIV,DEPT ATOM PHYS,H-1445 BUDAPEST,HUNGARY. 8793 RP BULDYREV, SV, BOSTON UNIV,CTR POLYMER STUDIES,BOSTON,MA 02215. 8794 CR BARBASI AL, 1992, 1992 P LES HOUCH WOR 8795 BUNDE A, 1991, FRACTALS DISORDERED 8796 CHAN KCB, UNPUB 8797 CIEPLAK M, 1990, PHYS REV B, V41, P11508 8798 FORREST BM, 1990, PHYS REV LETT, V64, P1405 8799 HAVLIN S, 1992, 1991 P NATO ADV RES 8800 HEDE B, 1991, J STAT PHYS, V64, P829 8801 HORVATH VK, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, L25 8802 HORVATH VK, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V67, P3207 8803 HUBER G, UNPUB 8804 KARDAR M, 1986, PHYS REV LETT, V56, P889 8805 KERTESZ J, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V62, P2517 8806 KESSLER DA, 1991, PHYS REV A, V43, P4551 8807 KINZEL W, 1983, PERCOLATION STRUCTUR 8808 KRUG J, 1991, SOLIDS FAR EQUILIBRI 8809 MEDINA E, 1989, PHYS REV A, V39, P3053 8810 ROBBINS MO, COMMUNICATION 8811 RUBIO MA, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V63, P1685 8812 STAUFFER D, 1992, INTRO PERCOLATION TH 8813 TANG LH, 1992, PHYS REV A, V45, P8309 8814 VICSEK T, 1990, PHYSICA A, V167, P315 8815 ZHANG YC, 1990, J PHYS-PARIS, V51, P2113 8816 NR 22 8817 TC 213 8818 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 8819 PI COLLEGE PK 8820 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 8821 SN 1050-2947 8822 J9 PHYS REV A 8823 JI Phys. Rev. A 8824 PD JUN 15 8825 PY 1992 8826 VL 45 8827 IS 12 8828 BP R8313 8829 EP R8316 8830 PG 4 8831 SC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical 8832 GA JA214 8833 UT ISI:A1992JA21400002 8834 ER 8835 8836 PT J 8837 AU BARABASI, AL 8838 ARAUJO, M 8839 STANLEY, HE 8840 TI 3-DIMENSIONAL TOOM MODEL - CONNECTION TO THE ANISOTROPIC 8841 KARDAR-PARISI-ZHANG EQUATION 8842 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 8843 LA English 8844 DT Article 8845 ID GROWTH; SYSTEMS 8846 AB A three-dimensional Toom model is defined and the properties of the 8847 interface separating the two stable phases are investigated. Using 8848 symmetry arguments we show that in the zero-noise limit the model has 8849 only nonequilibrium fluctuations and that the scaling is described by 8850 the anisotropic Kardar-Parisi-Zhang equation. The scaling exponents are 8851 determined numerically and good agreement with the theoretical 8852 predictions is found. 8853 C1 BOSTON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02215. 8854 RP BARABASI, AL, BOSTON UNIV,CTR POLYMER STUDIES,BOSTON,MA 02215. 8855 CR ARAUJO M, IN PRESS 8856 BENNETT CH, 1985, PHYS REV LETT, V55, P657 8857 DERRIDA B, 1991, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V24, P4805 8858 DERRIDA B, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V67, P165 8859 FAMILY F, 1991, DYNAMICS FRACTAL SUR 8860 FORREST BM, 1990, PHYS REV LETT, V64, P1405 8861 GACS P, 1990, J STAT PHYS, V59, P171 8862 HWA T, THESIS MIT 8863 HWA T, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V62, P1813 8864 JULLIEN R, 1992, 1992 P LES HOUCH WOR 8865 KARDAR M, 1986, PHYS REV LETT, V56, P889 8866 KIM JM, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V62, P2289 8867 KRUG J, 1990, PHYS REV LETT, V64, P2332 8868 KRUG J, 1991, SOLIDS FAR EQUILIBRI 8869 LEBOWITZ JL, 1990, J STAT PHYS, V59, P117 8870 MEDINA E, 1989, PHYS REV A, V39, P3053 8871 MOSER K, SURFACE DISORDERING 8872 MOSER K, 1991, PHYSICA A, V178, P215 8873 TOOM AL, 1980, MULTICOMPONENT RANDO 8874 VICSEK T, 1992, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO 8875 VILLAIN J, 1991, J PHYS I, V1, P19 8876 WOLF DE, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V67, P1783 8877 WOLF E, 1990, KINETICS ORDERING GR 8878 NR 23 8879 TC 13 8880 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 8881 PI COLLEGE PK 8882 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 8883 SN 0031-9007 8884 J9 PHYS REV LETT 8885 JI Phys. Rev. Lett. 8886 PD JUN 22 8887 PY 1992 8888 VL 68 8889 IS 25 8890 BP 3729 8891 EP 3732 8892 PG 4 8893 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 8894 GA HZ980 8895 UT ISI:A1992HZ98000019 8896 ER 8897 8898 PT J 8899 AU BARABASI, AL 8900 BOURBONNAIS, R 8901 JENSEN, M 8902 KERTESZ, J 8903 VICSEK, T 8904 ZHANG, YC 8905 TI MULTIFRACTALITY OF GROWING SURFACES 8906 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A 8907 LA English 8908 DT Note 8909 ID INTERFACES; GROWTH; NOISE 8910 AB We have carried out large-scale computer simulations of experimentally 8911 motivated (1 + 1)-dimensional models of kinetic surface roughening with 8912 power-law-distributed amplitudes of uncorrelated noise. The 8913 appropriately normalized qth-order correlation function of the height 8914 differences c(q)(x) = [\h(x + x')-h(x')\q] shows strong multifractal 8915 scaling behavior up to a crossover length depending on the system size, 8916 i.e., c(q)(x) approximately x(qH)q, where H(q) is a continuously 8917 changing nontrivial function. Beyond the crossover length conventional 8918 scaling is found. 8919 C1 KFA JULICH GMBH,FORSCHUNGSZENTRUM,HOCHSTLEISTUNGSRECHENZENTRUM,W-5170 JULICH 1,GERMANY. 8920 NORDITA,DK-2100 COPENHAGEN,DENMARK. 8921 UNIV COLOGNE,INST THEORET PHYS,W-5000 COLOGNE 41,GERMANY. 8922 INST TECH PHYS,H-1325 BUDAPEST,HUNGARY. 8923 IST NAZL FIS NUCL,I-100185 ROME,ITALY. 8924 RP BARABASI, AL, EOTVOS LORAND UNIV,DEPT ATOM PHYS,POB 327,H-1445 8925 BUDAPEST,HUNGARY. 8926 CR AMAR JG, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, L79 8927 ANSELMET F, 1984, J FLUID MECH, V140, P63 8928 BARABASI AL, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, P1013 8929 BARABASI AL, 1991, PHYS REV A, V44, P2730 8930 BARABASI AL, 1991, PHYSICA A, V178, P17 8931 BOURBONNAIS R, 1991, INT J MOD PHYS C, V2, P719 8932 BOURBONNAIS R, 1991, J PHYS II, V1, P493 8933 BULDYREV SV, 1991, PHYS REV A, V43, P7113 8934 FAMILY F, 1985, J PHYS A, V18, L75 8935 FAMILY F, 1991, DYNAMICS FRACTAL SUR 8936 FRISCH U, 1985, TURBULENCE PREDICTAB 8937 HALSEY TC, 1986, PHYS REV A, V33, P1141 8938 HAVLIN S, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, L925 8939 HORVATH VK, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, L25 8940 HORVATH VK, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V67, P3207 8941 JENSEN MH, 1991, PHYS REV A, V43, P798 8942 KARDAR M, 1986, PHYS REV LETT, V56, P889 8943 KERTESZ J, 1988, J PHYS A, V21, P747 8944 KERTESZ J, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V62, P2571 8945 KRUG J, 1991, J PHYS I, V1, P9 8946 LEE J, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V61, P2945 8947 MANDELBROT BB, 1974, J FLUID MECH, V62, P331 8948 MANDELBROT BB, 1982, FRACTAL GEOMETRY NAT 8949 MEDINA E, 1989, PHYS REV A, V39, P3053 8950 RUBIO MA, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V63, P1685 8951 STANLEY HE, 1988, RANDOM FLUCTUATIONS 8952 VICSEK T, 1989, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO 8953 VICSEK T, 1990, PHYSICA A, V167, P315 8954 WOLF D, UNPUB 8955 ZHANG YC, 1990, J PHYS-PARIS, V51, P2129 8956 ZHANG YC, 1990, PHYSICA A, V170, P1 8957 NR 31 8958 TC 42 8959 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 8960 PI COLLEGE PK 8961 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 8962 SN 1050-2947 8963 J9 PHYS REV A 8964 JI Phys. Rev. A 8965 PD MAY 15 8966 PY 1992 8967 VL 45 8968 IS 10 8969 BP R6951 8970 EP R6954 8971 PG 4 8972 SC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical 8973 GA HV267 8974 UT ISI:A1992HV26700002 8975 ER 8976 8977 PT J 8978 AU BARABASI, AL 8979 SZEPFALUSY, P 8980 VICSEK, T 8981 TI MULTIFRACTAL SPECTRA OF MULTI-AFFINE FUNCTIONS 8982 SO PHYSICA A 8983 LA English 8984 DT Article 8985 ID TURBULENCE; DIMENSION 8986 AB Self-affine functions F(chi) with multiscaling height correlations 8987 C(q)(chi) approximately chi(qH)q are described in terms of the standard 8988 multifractal formalism with a modified assumption for the partition. 8989 The corresponding quantities and expressions are shown to exhibit some 8990 characteristic differences from the standard ones. According to our 8991 calculations the f(alpha) type spectra are not uniquely determined by 8992 the H(q) spectrum, but depend on the particular choice which is made 8993 for the dependence of N on chi, where N is the number of points over 8994 which the average is taken. Our results are expected to be relevant in 8995 the analysis of signal type data obtained in experiments on systems 8996 with an underlying multiplicative process. 8997 C1 EOTVOS LORAND UNIV,INST SOLID STATE PHYS,H-1445 BUDAPEST,HUNGARY. 8998 HUNGARIAN ACAD SCI,CENT RES INST PHYS,H-1525 BUDAPEST,HUNGARY. 8999 INST TECH PHYS,H-1325 BUDAPEST,HUNGARY. 9000 RP BARABASI, AL, EOTVOS LORAND UNIV,DEPT ATOM PHYS,POB 327,H-1445 9001 BUDAPEST,HUNGARY. 9002 CR BARABASI AL, IN PRESS 9003 BECK C, 1990, PHYSICA D, V41, P67 9004 FAMILY F, 1991, DYNAMICS FRACTAL SUR 9005 FRISCH U, 1985, TURBULENCE PREDICTAB 9006 HALSEY TC, 1986, PHYS REV A, V33, P1141 9007 MANDELBROT BB, 1974, J FLUID MECH, V62, P331 9008 MANDELBROT BB, 1982, FRACTAL GEOMETRY NAT 9009 MANDELBROT BB, 1985, PHYS SCRIPTA, V32, P257 9010 MEAKIN P, 1987, CRC CRIT R SOLID ST, V13, P143 9011 MENEVEAU C, 1987, NUCL PHYS B S, V2, P49 9012 NELKIN M, 1989, J STAT PHYS, V54, P1 9013 PRASAD RR, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V61, P74 9014 STANLEY HE, 1988, RANDOM FLUCTUATIONS 9015 VICSEK T, 1989, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO 9016 VOSS RF, 1988, SCI FRACTAL IMAGES, CH1 9017 NR 15 9018 TC 49 9019 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV 9020 PI AMSTERDAM 9021 PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS 9022 SN 0378-4371 9023 J9 PHYSICA A 9024 JI Physica A 9025 PD OCT 1 9026 PY 1991 9027 VL 178 9028 IS 1 9029 BP 17 9030 EP 28 9031 PG 12 9032 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 9033 GA GM817 9034 UT ISI:A1991GM81700003 9035 ER 9036 9037 PT J 9038 AU BARABASI, AL 9039 TI A MODEL FOR TEMPORAL FLUCTUATIONS OF THE SURFACE WIDTH - A STOCHASTIC 9040 ONE-DIMENSIONAL MAP 9041 SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS A-MATHEMATICAL AND GENERAL 9042 LA English 9043 DT Letter 9044 ID INTERFACES; GROWTH; NOISE 9045 AB A stochastic one-dimensional map is introduced to model the 9046 steady-state fluctuations of the surface width in far-from-equilibrium 9047 surface roughening. The dynamics of the map and the correlations in 9048 the time sequence are investigated. In particular, for power law 9049 distributed noise a non-trivial multi-affine behaviour is observed. 9050 RP BARABASI, AL, EOTVOS LORAND UNIV,DEPT ATOM PHYS,POB 327,H-1445 9051 BUDAPEST,HUNGARY. 9052 CR AMAR JG, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, L79 9053 BARABASI AL, PREPRINT 9054 BARABASI AL, 1991, IN PRESS PHYS REV A 9055 BOURBONNAIS R, 1991, J PHYS II, V1, P493 9056 BULDYREV SV, 1991, PHYS REV A, V43, P7113 9057 FAMILY F, 1991, DYNAMICS FRACTAL SUR 9058 HAVLIN S, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, L925 9059 HORVATH VK, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, L25 9060 KARDAR M, 1986, PHYS REV LETT, V56, P888 9061 KERTESZ J, 1988, J PHYS A, V21, P747 9062 KRUG J, 1991, J PHYSIQUE, V11, P9 9063 MEDINA E, 1989, PHYS REV A, V39, P3053 9064 RUBIO MA, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V63, P1685 9065 SANDER LM, PREPRINT 9066 VICSEK T, 1989, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO 9067 VICSEK T, 1990, PHYSICA A, V167, P315 9068 ZHANG YC, 1990, J PHYS-PARIS, V51, P2129 9069 ZHANG YC, 1990, PHYSICA A, V170, P1 9070 NR 18 9071 TC 9 9072 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD 9073 PI BRISTOL 9074 PA TECHNO HOUSE, REDCLIFFE WAY, BRISTOL, ENGLAND BS1 6NX 9075 SN 0305-4470 9076 J9 J PHYS-A-MATH GEN 9077 JI J. Phys. A-Math. Gen. 9078 PD SEP 7 9079 PY 1991 9080 VL 24 9081 IS 17 9082 BP L1013 9083 EP L1019 9084 PG 7 9085 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Mathematical 9086 GA GE979 9087 UT ISI:A1991GE97900009 9088 ER 9089 9090 PT J 9091 AU BARABASI, AL 9092 VICSEK, T 9093 TI MULTIFRACTALITY OF SELF-AFFINE FRACTALS 9094 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A 9095 LA English 9096 DT Note 9097 ID SINGULARITIES; TURBULENCE; DIMENSION 9098 AB The concept of multifractality is extended to self-affine fractals in 9099 order to provide a more complete description of fractal surfaces. We 9100 show that for a class of iteratively constructed self-affine functions 9101 there exists an infinite hierarchy of exponents H(q) describing the 9102 scaling of the qth order height-height correlation function c(q)(x) 9103 approximately (qH)q. Possible applications to random walks and 9104 turbulent flows are discussed. It is demonstrated on the example of 9105 random walks along a chain that for stochastic lattice models leading 9106 to self-affine fractals H(q) exhibits phase-transition-like behavior. 9107 C1 INST TECH PHYS,H-1325 BUDAPEST,HUNGARY. 9108 RP BARABASI, AL, EOTVOS LORAND UNIV,DEPT ATOM PHYS,POB 327,H-1445 9109 BUDAPEST,HUNGARY. 9110 CR BARABASI AL, UNPUB 9111 BLUMENFELD R, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V62, P2977 9112 CSORDAS A, 1989, PHYS REV A, V39, P4767 9113 FAMILY F, 1990, PHYSICA A, V168 9114 FEDER J, 1988, FRACTALS 9115 FRISCH U, 1985, TURBULENCE PREDICTAB 9116 HALSEY TC, 1986, PHYS REV A, V33, P1141 9117 KRUG J, 1990, SOLIDS FAR EQUILIBRI 9118 LEE J, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V61, P2945 9119 MALOY KJ, 1987, TIME DEPENDENT EFFEC, P111 9120 MANDELBROT BB, 1974, J FLUID MECH, V62, P331 9121 MANDELBROT BB, 1982, FRACTAL GEOMETRY NAT 9122 MANDELBROT BB, 1985, PHYS SCRIPTA, V32, P257 9123 MEAKIN P, 1987, CRC CRIT R SOLID ST, V13, P143 9124 NELKIN M, 1989, J STAT PHYS, V54, P1 9125 PRASAD RR, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V61, P74 9126 STANLEY HE, 1988, RANDOM FLUCTUATIONS 9127 VICSEK T, 1989, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO 9128 VOSS RF, 1988, SCI FRACTAL IMAGES, CH1 9129 NR 19 9130 TC 101 9131 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 9132 PI COLLEGE PK 9133 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 9134 SN 1050-2947 9135 J9 PHYS REV A 9136 JI Phys. Rev. A 9137 PD AUG 15 9138 PY 1991 9139 VL 44 9140 IS 4 9141 BP 2730 9142 EP 2733 9143 PG 4 9144 SC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical 9145 GA GC350 9146 UT ISI:A1991GC35000058 9147 ER 9148 9149 PT J 9150 AU VICSEK, T 9151 BARABASI, AL 9152 TI MULTI-AFFINE MODEL FOR THE VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION IN FULLY TURBULENT 9153 FLOWS 9154 SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS A-MATHEMATICAL AND GENERAL 9155 LA English 9156 DT Letter 9157 ID DEVELOPED TURBULENCE; SINGULARITIES; DIMENSION; FRACTALS; NUMBER 9158 AB A simple multi-affine model for the velocity distribution in fully 9159 developed turbulent flows is introduced to capture the essential 9160 features of the underlying geometry of the velocity field. We show 9161 that in this model the various relevant quantities characterizing 9162 different aspects of turbulence can be readily calculated. A 9163 simultaneous good agreement is found with the available experimental 9164 data for the velocity structure functions, the D(q) spectra obtained 9165 from studies of the velocity derivatives, and the exponent describing 9166 the scaling of the spectrum of the kinetic energy fluctuations. Our 9167 results are obtained analytically assuming a single free parameter. 9168 The fractal dimension of the region where the dominating contribution 9169 to dissipation comes from is estimated to be D conguent-to 2.88. 9170 C1 INST TECH PHYS,H-1325 BUDAPEST,HUNGARY. 9171 RP VICSEK, T, EOTVOS LORAND UNIV,DEPT ATOM PHYS,POB 328,H-1445 9172 BUDAPEST,HUNGARY. 9173 CR ANSELMET F, 1984, J FLUID MECH, V140, P63 9174 BARABASI AL, IN PRESS 9175 BARABASI AL, 1991, IN PRESS PHYS REV A 9176 BATCHELOR GK, 1982, THEORY HOMOGENEOUS T 9177 BENZI R, 1984, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V17, P3521 9178 FRISCH U, 1978, J FLUID MECH, V87, P719 9179 FRISCH U, 1985, TURBULENCE PREDICTAB 9180 HALSEY TC, 1986, PHYS REV A, V33, P1141 9181 HENTSCHEL HGE, 1983, PHYSICA D, V8, P435 9182 HOSOKAWA I, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V66, P1054 9183 HUBER G, PREPRINT 9184 KOLMOGOROV AN, 1941, DOKL AKAD NAUK SSSR, V30, P299 9185 LANDAU LD, 1987, FLUID MECHANICS 9186 MANDELBROT BB, 1974, J FLUID MECH, V62, P331 9187 MANDELBROT BB, 1982, FRACTAL GEOMETRY NAT 9188 MANDELBROT BB, 1985, PHYS SCRIPTA, V32, P257 9189 MANDELBROT BB, 1988, RANDOM FLUCTUATIONS 9190 MENEVEAU C, 1987, NUCL PHYS B S, V2, P49 9191 MENEVEAU C, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P1424 9192 SREENIVASAN KR, 1988, PHYS REV A, V38, P6287 9193 TONG P, 1988, PHYS FLUIDS, V31, P3253 9194 WU XZ, 1990, PHYS REV LETT, V64, P2140 9195 NR 22 9196 TC 13 9197 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD 9198 PI BRISTOL 9199 PA TECHNO HOUSE, REDCLIFFE WAY, BRISTOL, ENGLAND BS1 6NX 9200 SN 0305-4470 9201 J9 J PHYS-A-MATH GEN 9202 JI J. Phys. A-Math. Gen. 9203 PD AUG 7 9204 PY 1991 9205 VL 24 9206 IS 15 9207 BP L845 9208 EP L851 9209 PG 7 9210 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Mathematical 9211 GA GB645 9212 UT ISI:A1991GB64500010 9213 ER 9214 9215 PT J 9216 AU BARABASI, AL 9217 VICSEK, T 9218 TI SELF-SIMILARITY OF THE LOOP STRUCTURE OF DIFFUSION-LIMITED AGGREGATES 9219 SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS A-MATHEMATICAL AND GENERAL 9220 LA English 9221 DT Letter 9222 C1 INST TECH PHYS,H-1325 BUDAPEST,HUNGARY. 9223 RP BARABASI, AL, EOTVOS LORAND UNIV,DEPT ATOM PHYS,POB 327,H-1445 9224 BUDAPEST,HUNGARY. 9225 CR AMITRANO C, 1986, PHYS REV LETT, V57, P1016 9226 BLUMENFELD R, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V62, P2977 9227 BORH T, 1988, EUROPHYS LETT, V6, P445 9228 HARRIS AB, 1990, PHYS REV A, V41, P971 9229 HAVLIN S, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V63, P1189 9230 HAYAKAWA Y, 1987, PHYS REV A, V36, P1963 9231 KOLB M, 1985, J PHYS LETT-PARIS, V46, P631 9232 LEE J, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V61, P2945 9233 MANDELBROT BB, 1982, FRACTAL GEOMETRY NAT 9234 MANDELBROT BB, 1989, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V22, L377 9235 MEAKIN P, 1985, PHYS REV A, V32, P685 9236 MEAKIN P, 1987, PHASE TRANSITIONS CR, V12 9237 SCHWARZER S, 1990, PREPRINT 9238 STANLEY HE, 1989, RANDOM FLUCTUATIONS 9239 TOLMAN S, 1989, PHYS REV A, V40, P428 9240 VICSEK T, 1989, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO 9241 WITTEN TA, 1981, PHYS REV LETT, V47, P1400 9242 NR 17 9243 TC 7 9244 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD 9245 PI BRISTOL 9246 PA TECHNO HOUSE, REDCLIFFE WAY, BRISTOL, ENGLAND BS1 6NX 9247 SN 0305-4470 9248 J9 J PHYS-A-MATH GEN 9249 JI J. Phys. A-Math. Gen. 9250 PD AUG 7 9251 PY 1990 9252 VL 23 9253 IS 15 9254 BP L729 9255 EP L733 9256 PG 5 9257 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Mathematical 9258 GA DT315 9259 UT ISI:A1990DT31500007 9260 ER 9261 9262 PT J 9263 AU BARABASI, AL 9264 VICSEK, T 9265 TI TRACING A DIFFUSION-LIMITED AGGREGATE - SELF-AFFINE VERSUS SELF-SIMILAR 9266 SCALING 9267 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A 9268 LA English 9269 DT Article 9270 C1 INST TECH PHYS,H-1325 BUDAPEST,HUNGARY. 9271 RP BARABASI, AL, LORAND EOTVOS UNIV,DEPT ATOM PHYS,POB 327,H-1445 9272 BUDAPEST,HUNGARY. 9273 CR FAMILY F, 1985, J PHYS A, V18, P75 9274 FEDER J, 1988, FRACTALS 9275 HALSEY TC, 1985, PHYS REV A, V32, P2546 9276 HORVATH VK, 1990, J PHYS A, V22, L259 9277 KOLB M, 1985, J PHYS LETT-PARIS, V46, P631 9278 MANDELBROT BB, 1982, FRACTAL GEOMETRY NAT 9279 MANDELBROT BB, 1983, FRACTALS PHYSICS, P3 9280 MANDELBROT BB, 1985, PHYS SCRIPTA, V32, P257 9281 MATSUSHITA M, 1989, PHYSICA D, V38, P246 9282 MEAKIN P, 1985, PHYS REV A, V32, P685 9283 STANLEY HE, 1988, RANDOM FLUCTUATIONS 9284 TOLMAN S, 1989, PHYS REV A, V40, P428 9285 VICSEK T, 1988, RANDOM FLUCTUATIONS, P312 9286 VICSEK T, 1989, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO 9287 VOSS RF, 1988, SCI FRACTAL IMAGES, CH1 9288 WITTEN TA, 1981, PHYS REV LETT, V47, P1400 9289 ZIFF RM, 1986, PHYS REV LETT, V56, P545 9290 NR 17 9291 TC 3 9292 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 9293 PI COLLEGE PK 9294 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 9295 SN 1050-2947 9296 J9 PHYS REV A 9297 JI Phys. Rev. A 9298 PD JUN 15 9299 PY 1990 9300 VL 41 9301 IS 12 9302 BP 6881 9303 EP 6883 9304 PG 3 9305 SC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical 9306 GA DK165 9307 UT ISI:A1990DK16500033 9308 ER 9309 9310 EF 9311 9312 9313 FN ISI Export Format 9314 VR 1.0 9315 PT J 9316 AU Garfield, E 9317 AF Garfield, Eugene 9318 TI The evolution of the Science Citation Index 9319 SO INTERNATIONAL MICROBIOLOGY 9320 LA English 9321 DT Article 9322 DE y 9323 ID IMPACT; JOURNALS 9324 C1 Thomson Sci ISI Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA. 9325 RP Garfield, E, Thomson Sci ISI Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA. 9326 EM garfield@codex.cis.upenn.edu 9327 CR BENSMAN SJ, 1998, LIBR RESOUR TECH SER, V42, P147 9328 BRODMAN E, 1944, B MED LIB ASS, V32, P479 9329 GARFIELD E, 1955, SCIENCE, V122, P108 9330 GARFIELD E, 1972, SCIENCE, V178, P471 9331 GARFIELD E, 1976, RATION BETWEEN CONTE, V2, P419 9332 GARFIELD E, 1998, LONGTERM VS SHORTTER, V12, P10 9333 GARFIELD E, 1998, LONGTERM VS SHORTTER, V12, P12 9334 GONZALEZ L, 2006, J AM SOC INFOR SCI T, V58, P252 9335 HOEFFEL C, 1998, ALLERGY, V53, P1225 9336 LOCK S, 1989, CBE VIEWS, V12, P57 9337 PUDOVKIN AI, 2002, J AM SOC INF SCI TEC, V53, P1113 9338 PUDOVKIN AI, 2004, P ASIST ANNU, V41, P507 9339 NR 12 9340 TC 0 9341 PU VIGUERA EDITORES, S L 9342 PI BARCELONA 9343 PA PLAZA TETUAN, 7, BARCELONA, E-08010, SPAIN 9344 SN 1139-6709 9345 J9 INT MICROBIOL 9346 JI Int. Microbiol. 9347 PD MAR 9348 PY 2007 9349 VL 10 9350 IS 1 9351 BP 65 9352 EP 69 9353 PG 5 9354 SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology 9355 GA 156FS 9356 UT ISI:000245634100010 9357 ER 9358 9359 PT S 9360 AU Marion, LS 9361 Garfield, E 9362 Hargens, LL 9363 Lievrouw, LA 9364 White, HD 9365 Wilson, CS 9366 TI Social network analysis and citation network analysis: Complementary 9367 approaches to the study of scientific communication (SIG MET) 9368 SO ASIST 2003: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 66TH ASIST ANNUAL MEETING, VOL 40, 2003 9369 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASIST ANNUAL MEETING 9370 LA English 9371 DT Article 9372 AB The study of networks is gaining prominence in many disciplines as well 9373 as in the popular press. Information scientists, however, have studied 9374 networks for decades. This session will explore the potential of using 9375 citation network analysis and social network analysis to provide 9376 structural assessments of scientific communication. Panelists will 9377 discuss their research and highlight the advantages and challenges of 9378 using these methods to derive a comprehensive portrait of the diffusion 9379 of scientific knowledge. 9380 C1 Drexel Univ, Coll Informat Sci & Technol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. 9381 ISI, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. 9382 Univ Washington, Dept Sociol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. 9383 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Informat Studies, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. 9384 Univ New S Wales, Sch Informat Syst Technol & Management, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. 9385 RP Marion, LS, Drexel Univ, Coll Informat Sci & Technol, Philadelphia, PA 9386 19104 USA. 9387 EM Linda.Marion@drexel.edu 9388 Garfield@codex.cis.upenn.edu 9389 hargens@u.washington.edu 9390 llievrou@ucla.edu 9391 whitehd@drexel.edu 9392 c.wilson@unsw.edu.au 9393 CR LIEVROUW LA, 1987, SOC NETWORKS, V9, P217 9394 SANDSTROM PE, 1998, THESIS INDIANA U 9395 WELLMAN B, 1988, SOCIAL STRUCTURES NE 9396 WHITE HD, 2002, DOES CITATION REFLEC 9397 NR 4 9398 TC 0 9399 PU INFORMATION TODAY INC 9400 PI MEDFORD 9401 PA 143 OLD MARLTON PIKE, MEDFORD, NJ 08055 USA 9402 SN 0044-7870 9403 J9 P ASIST ANNU MEET 9404 PY 2003 9405 VL 40 9406 BP 486 9407 EP 487 9408 PG 2 9409 SC Computer Science, Information Systems; Information Science & Library 9410 Science 9411 GA BBZ20 9412 UT ISI:000228354100086 9413 ER 9414 9415 PT J 9416 AU Moed, HF 9417 Garfield, E 9418 TI In basic science the percentage of 'authoritative' references decreases 9419 as bibliographies become shorter 9420 SO SCIENTOMETRICS 9421 LA English 9422 DT Article 9423 ID CITATION 9424 AB The empirical question addressed in this contribution is: How does the 9425 relative frequency at which authors in a research field cite 9426 'authoritative' documents in the reference lists in their papers vary 9427 with the number of references such papers contain? 'Authoritative' 9428 documents are defined as those that are among the ten percent most 9429 frequently cited items in a research field. It is assumed that authors 9430 who write papers with relatively short reference lists are more 9431 selective in what they cite than authors who compile long reference 9432 lists. Thus, by comparing in a research field the fraction of 9433 references of a particular type in short reference lists to that in 9434 longer lists, one can obtain an indication of the importance of that 9435 type. Our analysis suggests that in basic science fields such as 9436 physics or molecular biology the percentage of 'authoritative' 9437 references decreases as bibliographies become shorter. In other words, 9438 when basic scientists are selective in referencing behavior, references 9439 to 'authoritative' documents are dropped more readily than other types. 9440 The implications of this empirical finding for the debate on normative 9441 versus constructive citation theories are discussed. 9442 C1 Leiden Univ, Ctr Sci & Technol Studies, NL-2300 RB Leiden, Netherlands. 9443 Inst Sci Informat, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. 9444 RP Moed, HF, Leiden Univ, Ctr Sci & Technol Studies, POB 9555, NL-2300 RB 9445 Leiden, Netherlands. 9446 EM moed@cwts.leidenuniv.nl 9447 CR ABT HA, 2002, J AM SOC INF SCI TEC, V53, P1106 9448 GARFIELD E, 1985, ESSAYS INFORMATION S, V8, P403 9449 GILBERT GN, 1977, SOC STUD SCI, V7, P113 9450 MERTON RK, 1988, ISIS, V79, P606 9451 ROUSSEAU R, 1998, SCIENTOMETRICS, V43, P63 9452 ZUCKERMAN H, 1987, SCIENTOMETRICS, V12, P329 9453 NR 6 9454 TC 5 9455 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL 9456 PI DORDRECHT 9457 PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS 9458 SN 0138-9130 9459 J9 SCIENTOMETRICS 9460 JI Scientometrics 9461 PY 2004 9462 VL 60 9463 IS 3 9464 BP 295 9465 EP 303 9466 PG 9 9467 SC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Information Science & 9468 Library Science 9469 GA 835QY 9470 UT ISI:000222501800004 9471 ER 9472 9473 PT J 9474 AU Garfield, E 9475 TI Historiographic mapping of knowledge domains literature 9476 SO JOURNAL OF INFORMATION SCIENCE 9477 LA English 9478 DT Article 9479 DE mapping; knowledge domains; small world concept; DNA structure; 9480 citation analysis; historiography; information visualization; software; 9481 HistCite 9482 ID SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERY 9483 AB To better understand the topic of this colloquium, we have created a 9484 series of databases related to knowledge domains (dynamic systems 9485 [small world/Milgram], information visualization [Tufte], co-citation 9486 [Small], bibliographic coupling [Kessler], and scientometrics 9487 [Scientometrics]). I have used a software package called HistCite(TM) 9488 which generates chronological maps of subject (topical) collections 9489 resulting from searches of the ISI Web of Science(R) or ISI citation 9490 indexes (SCI, SSCI, and/or AHCI) on CD-ROM. When a marked list is 9491 created on WoS, an export file is created which contains all cited 9492 references for each source document captured. These bibliographic 9493 collections, saved as ASCII files, are processed by HistCite in order 9494 to generate chronological and other tables as well as historiographs 9495 which highlight the most-cited works in and outside the collection. 9496 HistCite also includes a module for detecting and editing errors or 9497 variations in cited references as well as a vocabulary analyzer which 9498 generates both ranked word lists and word pairs used in the collection. 9499 Ideally the system will be used to help the searcher quickly identify 9500 the most significant work on a topic and trace its year-by-year 9501 historical development. In addition to the collections mentioned above, 9502 historiographs based on collections of papers that cite the 9503 Watson-Crick 1953 classic paper identifying the helical structure of 9504 DNA were created. Both year-by-year as well as month-by-month displays 9505 of papers from 1953 to 1958 were necessary to highlight the publication 9506 activity of those years. 9507 C1 ISI, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. 9508 RP Garfield, E, ISI, 3501 Market St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. 9509 EM garfield@codex.cis.upenn.edu 9510 CR 2003, BIOIT WORLD, V2, P28 9511 ASIMOV A, 1963, GENETIC CODE 9512 AVERY OT, 1944, J EXP MED, V79, P137 9513 GARFIELD E, 1964, UNPUB USE CITATION D 9514 GARFIELD E, 2001, COMPUTATIONAL LINGUI 9515 GARFIELD E, 2002, P ASIST ANNU, V39, P14 9516 GARFIELD E, 2003, J AM SOC INF SCI TEC, V54, P400 9517 GARNER R, 1967, COMPUTER ORIENTED GR 9518 HERSHEY AD, 1953, J GEN PHYSIOL, V36, P777 9519 HUMMON NP, 1989, SOC NETWORKS, V11, P39 9520 LEDERBERG J, 1972, NATURE, V239, P234 9521 LEDERBERG J, 1995, ANN NY ACAD SCI, V758, P176 9522 STENT GS, 1972, SCI AM, V227, P84 9523 STENT GS, 1995, ANN NY ACAD SCI, V758, P25 9524 STENT GS, 2002, PREMATURITY SCI DISC, P22 9525 STRASSER BJ, 2003, NATURE, V42, P803 9526 WATSON JD, 1953, NATURE, V171, P737 9527 ZUCKERMAN H, 1986, NATURE, V324, P629 9528 NR 18 9529 TC 8 9530 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD 9531 PI LONDON 9532 PA 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON EC1Y 1SP, ENGLAND 9533 SN 0165-5515 9534 J9 J INFORM SCI 9535 JI J. Inf. Sci. 9536 PY 2004 9537 VL 30 9538 IS 2 9539 BP 119 9540 EP 145 9541 PG 27 9542 SC Computer Science, Information Systems; Information Science & Library 9543 Science 9544 GA 818WL 9545 UT ISI:000221275100003 9546 ER 9547 9548 PT J 9549 AU Garfield, E 9550 Pudovkin, AI 9551 Istomin, VS 9552 TI Mapping the output of topical searches in the Web of Knowledge and the 9553 case of Watson-Crick 9554 SO INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND LIBRARIES 9555 LA English 9556 DT Article 9557 ID SCIENCE 9558 AB HistCite(TM) is a system that generates chronological maps of subject 9559 (topical) collections resulting from searches of the Institute for 9560 Scientific Information Web of Science (WoS) or Science Citation Index, 9561 Social Sciences Citation Index, and Arts and Humanities Citation Index 9562 on CD-ROM. WoS export files are created in which all cited references 9563 for source documents are captured. These bibliographic collections are 9564 processed by HistCite, which generates chronological tables as well as 9565 historiographs that highlight the most-cited works in and outside the 9566 collection. Articles citing the 1953 primordial Watson-Crick paper on 9567 the structure of DNA will be used as a demonstration. Real-time dynamic 9568 genealogical historiographs will be shown. HistCite also includes a 9569 module for detecting and editing errors or variations in cited 9570 references. Export Files of five thousand or more records are processed 9571 in minutes on a PC. Ideally the system will be used to help the 9572 searcher quickly identify the most significant work on a topic and 9573 enable the searcher to trace its year-by-year historical development. 9574 C1 Thomson ISI, Philadelphia, PA USA. 9575 Russian Acad Sci, Inst Marine Biol, Vladivostok, Russia. 9576 Washington State Univ, Ctr Teaching Learning & Technol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. 9577 RP Garfield, E, Thomson ISI, Philadelphia, PA USA. 9578 EM garfield@codex.cis.upenn.edu 9579 aipud@online.ru 9580 vi@mail.wsu.edu 9581 CR ESSAYS INFORMATION S, V9, P324 9582 2003, BIO IT WORLD, V2, P28 9583 AVERY OT, 1944, J EXP MED, V79, P137 9584 CAWKELL AE, 1989, CURR CONTENTS, V44, P4 9585 CAWKELL AE, 2000, WEB KNOWLEDGE FESTSC, P177 9586 GARFIELD E, 1964, AF49 I SCI INF 9587 GARFIELD E, 1969, P 3 INT C MED LIBR A, P187 9588 GARFIELD E, 1971, CURR CONTENTS, V15, M25 9589 GARFIELD E, 1992, CURR CONTENTS, V23, P5 9590 GARFIELD E, 2003, J AM SOC INF SCI TEC, V54, P400 9591 SMALL H, 1985, J INFORM SCI, V11, P147 9592 SMALL H, 1985, SCIENTOMETRICS, V8, P321 9593 SMALL H, 1994, SCIENTOMETRICS, V30, P229 9594 WATSON JD, 1953, NATURE, V171, P737 9595 NR 14 9596 TC 4 9597 PU AMER LIBRARY ASSOC 9598 PI CHICAGO 9599 PA 50 E HURON ST, CHICAGO, IL 60611 USA 9600 SN 0730-9295 9601 J9 INFORM TECHNOL LIBR 9602 JI Inf. Technol. Libr. 9603 PD DEC 9604 PY 2003 9605 VL 22 9606 IS 4 9607 BP 183 9608 EP 187 9609 PG 5 9610 SC Computer Science, Information Systems; Information Science & Library 9611 Science 9612 GA 765GK 9613 UT ISI:000188258600008 9614 ER 9615 9616 PT J 9617 AU Garfield, E 9618 Pudovkin, AI 9619 TI From materials science to nano-ceramics: Citation analysis identifies 9620 the key journals and players 9621 SO JOURNAL OF CERAMIC PROCESSING RESEARCH 9622 LA English 9623 DT Article 9624 DE nano-ceramics; Science citation index; Ctation analysis; Web of 9625 science; ISI 9626 ID BIOLOGY JOURNALS 9627 AB The Science Citation Index was designed primarily to help the scientist 9628 or engineer retrieve relevant literature on specific topics. This 9629 database is now on-line as part of ISIs Web of Science and covers over 9630 thirty million papers containing nearly a half-billion cited 9631 references. For each source paper included, backward and foreward links 9632 are provided to the cited and citing papers. ISI also publishes 9633 additional databases such as the Journal Citation Reports and Journal 9634 Performance Indicators which can provide qualitative and quantitative 9635 information on thousands of journals, including impact factors. Using 9636 these files and a variety of bibliometric techniques we demonstrate how 9637 to identify the core journals of materials science, ceramics, and 9638 nanoceramics. Other ISI resources such as ISI Essential Science 9639 Indicators identify the leading countries, institutions, and authors of 9640 materials science. The output of a WoS search is used to analyze over 9641 10,000 papers on nano-crystals and nano-ceramics. We have identified 9642 dozens of highly-cited papers, which are visualized as a series of 9643 historiographs; and topological maps These HistCite, maps and tables 9644 demonstrate the chronological development of the field [1]. 9645 C1 ISI, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. 9646 Russian Acad Sci, Inst Marine Biol, Vladivostok 690041, Russia. 9647 RP Garfield, E, ISI, 3501 Market St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. 9648 CR 2003, SCI WATCH, V14, P1 9649 DAUGHTON CG, 2002, SCIENTIST, V16, P12 9650 GARFIELD E, 1980, CURR CONTENTS, V35, P5 9651 GARFIELD E, 1994, J MAT ED, V16, P327 9652 GARFIELD E, 2002, SCIENTIST, V16, P6 9653 GINSBURG I, 2001, SCIENTIST, V15, P51 9654 LAWRENCE S, 2001, NATURE, V411, P521 9655 MABE M, 2001, SCIENTOMETRICS, V51, P147 9656 MABE M, 2003, SERIALS, V16, P491 9657 PUDOVKIN AI, 1992, BIOL MORYA-VLAD, P83 9658 PUDOVKIN AI, 1993, MARINE ECOLOGY PROGR, V100, P207 9659 PUDOVKIN AI, 1995, SCIENTOMETRICS, V32, P227 9660 PUDOVKIN AI, 2002, J AM SOC INF SCI TEC, V53, P1113 9661 NR 13 9662 TC 0 9663 PU KOREAN ASSOC CRYSTAL GROWTH, INC 9664 PI SEOUL 9665 PA SUNGDONG POST OFFICE, P O BOX 27, SEOUL 133-600, SOUTH KOREA 9666 SN 1229-9162 9667 J9 J CERAM PROCESS RES 9668 JI J. Ceram. Process. Res. 9669 PY 2003 9670 VL 4 9671 IS 4 9672 BP 155 9673 EP 167 9674 PG 13 9675 SC Materials Science, Ceramics 9676 GA 759BE 9677 UT ISI:000187717300001 9678 ER 9679 9680 PT J 9681 AU Garfield, E 9682 Pudovkin, AI 9683 Istomin, VS 9684 TI Why do we need algorithmic historiography? 9685 SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 9686 LA English 9687 DT Article 9688 AB This article discusses the rationale for creating historiographs of 9689 scholarly topics using a new program called HistCite(TM), which 9690 produces a variety of analyses to aid the historian identify key events 9691 (papers), people (authors), and journals in a field. By creating a 9692 genealogic profile of the evolution, the program aids the scholar in 9693 evaluating the paradigm involved. 9694 C1 Inst Sci Informat, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. 9695 Russian Acad Sci, Inst Marine Biol, Vladivostok 690041, Russia. 9696 Washington State Univ, Ctr Teaching Learning & Technol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. 9697 RP Garfield, E, Inst Sci Informat, 3501 Market St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 9698 USA. 9699 CR GARFIELD E, 1964, USE CITATION DATA WR 9700 GARFIELD E, 2001, LAZ LECT HELD CONJ P 9701 GARFIELD E, 2002, P ASIST ANNU, V39, P14 9702 KESSLER MM, 1963, AM DOC, V14, P10 9703 LANDER ES, 2001, NATURE, V409, P860 9704 LOWRY OH, 1951, J BIOL CHEM, V193, P265 9705 VENTER JC, 2001, SCIENCE, V291, P1304 9706 NR 7 9707 TC 9 9708 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 9709 PI HOBOKEN 9710 PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA 9711 SN 1532-2882 9712 J9 J AM SOC INF SCI TECHNOL 9713 JI J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci. Technol. 9714 PD MAR 9715 PY 2003 9716 VL 54 9717 IS 5 9718 BP 400 9719 EP 412 9720 PG 13 9721 SC Computer Science, Information Systems; Information Science & Library 9722 Science 9723 GA 649ZR 9724 UT ISI:000181238300007 9725 ER 9726 9727 PT S 9728 AU Garfield, E 9729 Pudovkin, AI 9730 Istomin, VS 9731 TI Algorithmic citation-linked historiography - Mapping the literature of 9732 science 9733 SO ASIST 2002: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 65TH ASIST ANNUAL MEETING, VOL 39, 2002 9734 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASIST ANNUAL MEETING 9735 LA English 9736 DT Article 9737 AB There is a large literature on mapping and visualizing the scholarly 9738 literature (White McCain, 1997; Buter & Noyons, 2001). However, none of 9739 these methods have been used to create historical displays of works on 9740 a given subject. The authors have developed a process and software 9741 called HistCite for generating chronological maps of collections 9742 resulting from searching the ISI Web of Science (WOS), SCI/SSCI/AHCI on 9743 CD-ROM or SciSearch on Dialog. Export files are created in which all 9744 cited references for source documents are captured. These files are 9745 processed by HistCite to generate tables of the most-cited works. Real 9746 time demonstrations of several topics such as bibliographic-coupling, 9747 co-citation analysis, gene flow, etc. will be provided. The HistCite 9748 software includes an expert system for detecting and editing errors or 9749 variations in cited references. Export Files of 1,000 or more records 9750 are processed in minutes on a PC. Ideally the system will be used to 9751 help the searcher quickly identify the most significant work on a topic 9752 and trace its year-by-year development. 9753 C1 ISI, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. 9754 Russian Acad Sci, Inst Marine Biol, Vladivostok 690041, Russia. 9755 Washington State Univ, Ctr Teaching Learning & Technol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. 9756 RP Garfield, E, ISI, 3501 Market St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. 9757 CR BUTER RK, 2001, SCIENTOMETRICS, V51, P55 9758 CAWKELL AE, 1989, ESSAYS INFORMATION S, V12, P4 9759 CAWKELL AE, 2000, WEB KNOWLEDGE FESTSC, P177 9760 GARFIELD E, 1964, USE CITATION DATA WR 9761 GARFIELD E, 1971, ESSAYS INFORMATION S, V1, P158 9762 GARFIELD E, 1988, ESSAYS INFORMATION S, V9, P324 9763 GARFIELD E, 1992, ESSAYS INFORMATION S, V15, P75 9764 GARFIELD E, 2001, S HON C BORK U PITTS 9765 LAWRENCE S, 1999, COMPUTER, V32, P67 9766 SMALL H, 1985, J INFORM SCI, V11, P147 9767 SMALL H, 1985, SCIENTOMETRICS, V8, P321 9768 SMALL H, 1994, SCIENTOMETRICS, V30, P229 9769 WHITE HD, 1997, ANNU REV INFORM SCI, V32, P99 9770 NR 13 9771 TC 2 9772 PU INFORMATION TODAY INC 9773 PI MEDFORD 9774 PA 143 OLD MARLTON PIKE, MEDFORD, NJ 08055 USA 9775 SN 0044-7870 9776 J9 P ASIST ANNU MEET 9777 PY 2002 9778 VL 39 9779 BP 14 9780 EP 24 9781 PG 11 9782 SC Computer Science, Information Systems; Information Science & Library 9783 Science 9784 GA BV87V 9785 UT ISI:000180277800002 9786 ER 9787 9788 PT S 9789 AU Harmon, G 9790 Garfield, E 9791 Paris, G 9792 Marchionini, G 9793 Fagan, J 9794 TI Bioinformatics in information science education 9795 SO ASIST 2002: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 65TH ASIST ANNUAL MEETING, VOL 39, 2002 9796 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASIST ANNUAL MEETING 9797 LA English 9798 DT Article 9799 AB To support the introduction of bioinformatics education into 9800 information science curricula, panel members and other participants 9801 will attempt to define briefly the nature and scope of bioinformatics 9802 and its significance for information science education. Discussions 9803 will also explore emerging opportunities for program graduates in 9804 bioinformatics research, professional practice, and enterprise. 9805 C1 Univ Texas, Grad Sch Lib & Informat Sci, Austin, TX 78712 USA. 9806 Inst Sci Informat, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. 9807 Oncol Business Unit, Novartis Inst Biomed Res, Summit, NJ 07901 USA. 9808 Univ N Carolina, Sch Informat & Lib Sci, Chapel Hill, NC 27559 USA. 9809 So Illinois Univ, Morris Lib, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. 9810 RP Harmon, G, Univ Texas, Grad Sch Lib & Informat Sci, Austin, TX 78712 9811 USA. 9812 CR ARMOUR PG, 2001, COMMUN ACM, V44, P13 9813 BATES MJ, 1999, J AM SOC INFORM SCI, V50, P1043 9814 COLE NJ, 1996, J DOC, V52, P51 9815 LEE C, 1999, BIOINFORMATICS INTER 9816 NR 4 9817 TC 0 9818 PU INFORMATION TODAY INC 9819 PI MEDFORD 9820 PA 143 OLD MARLTON PIKE, MEDFORD, NJ 08055 USA 9821 SN 0044-7870 9822 J9 P ASIST ANNU MEET 9823 PY 2002 9824 VL 39 9825 BP 490 9826 EP 491 9827 PG 2 9828 SC Computer Science, Information Systems; Information Science & Library 9829 Science 9830 GA BV87V 9831 UT ISI:000180277800076 9832 ER 9833 9834 PT J 9835 AU Abt, HA 9836 Garfield, E 9837 TI Is the relationship between numbers of references and paper lengths the 9838 same for all sciences? 9839 SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 9840 LA English 9841 DT Article 9842 ID CITATIONS 9843 AB In each of 41 research journals in the physical, life, and social 9844 sciences there is a linear relationship between the average number of 9845 references and the normalized paper lengths. For most of the journals 9846 in a given field, the relationship is the same within statistical 9847 errors. For papers of average lengths in different sciences the average 9848 number of references is the same within +/-17%. Because papers of 9849 average lengths in various sciences have the same number of references, 9850 we conclude that the citation counts to them can be inter-compared 9851 within that accuracy. However, review journals are different: after 9852 scanning 18 review journals we found that those papers average twice 9853 the number of references as research papers of the same lengths. 9854 C1 Kitt Peak Natl Observ, Tucson, AZ 85726 USA. 9855 Inst Sci Informat, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. 9856 RP Abt, HA, Kitt Peak Natl Observ, Box 26732, Tucson, AZ 85726 USA. 9857 CR ABT HA, 1984, PUBL ASTRON SOC PAC, V96, P746 9858 ABT HA, 1987, PUBL ASTRON SOC PAC, V99, P1329 9859 ABT HA, 1998, NATURE, V395, P756 9860 ABT HA, 2000, SCIENTOMETRICS, V49, P443 9861 AYRES I, 2000, J LEGAL STUD 2, V29, P427 9862 DIMITROFF A, 1992, B MED LIBR ASSOC, V80, P340 9863 SEGLEN PO, 1992, REPRESENTATIONS SCI, P240 9864 SENGUPTA IN, 1986, SCIENTOMETRICS, V10, P235 9865 NR 8 9866 TC 3 9867 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 9868 PI HOBOKEN 9869 PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA 9870 SN 1532-2882 9871 J9 J AM SOC INF SCI TECHNOL 9872 JI J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci. Technol. 9873 PD NOV 9874 PY 2002 9875 VL 53 9876 IS 13 9877 BP 1106 9878 EP 1112 9879 PG 7 9880 SC Computer Science, Information Systems; Information Science & Library 9881 Science 9882 GA 607DP 9883 UT ISI:000178776600004 9884 ER 9885 9886 PT J 9887 AU Pudovkin, AI 9888 Garfield, E 9889 TI Algorithmic procedure for finding semantically related journals 9890 SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 9891 LA English 9892 DT Article 9893 ID CITATION RELATIONSHIPS; SCIENTIFIC JOURNALS; BIOLOGY JOURNALS; 9894 SELF-CITATION 9895 AB Using citations, papers and references as parameters a relatedness 9896 factor (RF) is computed for a series of journals. Sorting these 9897 journals by the RF produces a list of journals most closely related to 9898 a specified starting journal. The method appears to select a set of 9899 journals that are semantically most similar to the target journal. The 9900 algorithmic procedure is illustrated for the journal Genetics. 9901 Inter-journal citation data needed to calculate the RF were obtained 9902 from the 1996 ISI Journal Citation Reports on CD-ROM(C). Out of the 9903 thousands of candidate journals in JCR(C), 30 have been selected. Some 9904 of them are different from the journals in the JCR category for 9905 genetics and heredity. The new procedure is unique in that it takes 9906 varying journal sizes into account. 9907 C1 Russian Acad Sci, Far E Branch, Inst Marine Biol, Vladivostok, Russia. 9908 Inst Informat Sci, ISItm, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. 9909 RP Pudovkin, AI, Russian Acad Sci, Far E Branch, Inst Marine Biol, 9910 Vladivostok, Russia. 9911 CR CARPENTER MP, 1973, J AM SOC INFORM SCI, V24, P425 9912 COZZENS SE, 1993, SCI TECHNOLOGY POLIC, P219 9913 EGGHE L, 1999, SCIENTOMETRICS, V45, P217 9914 EGGHE L, 2000, J AM SOC INFORM SCI, V51, P1123 9915 GARFIELD E, 1975, NO GROWTH LIB CITATI, V2, P300 9916 GARFIELD E, 1988, J CITATION STUDIES, V9, P9 9917 GARFIELD E, 1996, SCIENTIST, V10, P13 9918 LEYDESDORFF L, 1994, SCIENTOMETRICS, V31, P59 9919 NARIN F, 1972, J AM SOC INFORM SCI, V23, P323 9920 NARIN F, 2000, WEB KNOWLEDGE FESTSC, P337 9921 PUDOVKIN AI, 1992, BIOL MORYA-VLAD, P83 9922 PUDOVKIN AI, 1993, MARINE ECOLOGY PROGR, V100, P207 9923 PUDOVKIN AI, 1995, SCIENTOMETRICS, V32, P227 9924 ROUSSEAU R, 1999, SCIENTOMETRICS, V44, P521 9925 SHAMA G, 2000, SCIENTOMETRICS, V49, P289 9926 NR 15 9927 TC 17 9928 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 9929 PI HOBOKEN 9930 PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA 9931 SN 1532-2882 9932 J9 J AM SOC INF SCI TECHNOL 9933 JI J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci. Technol. 9934 PD NOV 9935 PY 2002 9936 VL 53 9937 IS 13 9938 BP 1113 9939 EP 1119 9940 PG 7 9941 SC Computer Science, Information Systems; Information Science & Library 9942 Science 9943 GA 607DP 9944 UT ISI:000178776600005 9945 ER 9946 9947 PT J 9948 AU Garfield, E 9949 TI Recollections of Irving H. Sher 1924-1996: Polymath/information 9950 scientist extraordinaire 9951 SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 9952 LA English 9953 DT Article 9954 ID CITATION 9955 AB Over a 35-year period, Irving H. Sher played a critical role in the 9956 development and implementation of the Science Citation Index (R) and 9957 other ISI (R) products. Trained as a biochemist, statistician, and 9958 linguist, Sher brought a unique combination of talents to ISI as 9959 Director of Quality Control and Director of Research and Development. 9960 His talents as a teacher and mentor evoked loyalty. He was a 9961 particularly inventive but self-taught programmer. In addition to the 9962 SCI,(R) Social Sciences Citation Index,(R) and Arts and Humanities 9963 Citation Index,(R) Sher was involved with the development of the first 9964 commercial SDI system, the Automatic Subject Citation Alert, now called 9965 Research Alert,(R) and Request-A-Print Cards. Together we developed the 9966 journal impact factor and the Journal Citation Reports.(R) Sher was 9967 also the inventor of the SYSTABAR System of coding references and 9968 Sherhand. He was involved in key reports on citation-based 9969 historiography, forecasting Nobel prizes, and served as a referee for 9970 JASIS over a 20-year period. 9971 C1 Inst Sci Informat, Scientist, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. 9972 RP Garfield, E, Inst Sci Informat, Scientist, 3501 Market St, 9973 Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. 9974 CR 1970, NATURE, V228, P698 9975 ASIMOV I, 1963, GENETIC CODE 9976 BACHRACH CA, 1978, MED INFORM, V3, P237 9977 GARFIELD E, 1955, SCIENCE, V122, P108 9978 GARFIELD E, 1964, USE CITATION DATA WR 9979 GARFIELD E, 1967, J CHEM DOCUMENTATION, V7, P147 9980 GARFIELD E, 1967, J LIBRARY HISTORY, V2, P235 9981 GARFIELD E, 1968, CURR CONTENTS, V2, P5 9982 GARFIELD E, 1969, CURR CONTENTS, V6, P4 9983 GARFIELD E, 1970, NATURE, V227, P669 9984 GARFIELD E, 1972, CURR CONTENTS, V36, P5 9985 GARFIELD E, 1975, CURR CONTENTS, P5 9986 GARFIELD E, 1976, J AM SOC INFORM SCI, V27, P288 9987 GARFIELD E, 1977, CURR CONTENTS, P5 9988 GARFIELD E, 1983, CURRENT CONTENTS, V26, P5 9989 GARFIELD E, 1985, CURR CONTENTS, V43, P3 9990 GARFIELD E, 1998, C HIST HER SCI INF S 9991 GUTTERMAN L, 1967, WISDOM SARNOFF WORLD 9992 KOENIG MED, 1977, B ATOM SCI, V23, P16 9993 LAWRENCE S, 1999, COMPUTER, V32, P67 9994 LEONHARDT J, 2000, NY TIMES 0728 9995 MERTON RK, 1968, SOCIAL THEORY SOCIAL, P27 9996 SHER IH, 1966, RES PROGRAM EFFECTIV, P135 9997 TUKEY JW, 1962, J CHEM DOCUMENTATION, V2, P34 9998 NR 24 9999 TC 0 10000 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 10001 PI NEW YORK 10002 PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA 10003 SN 1532-2882 10004 J9 J AM SOC INF SCI TECHNOL 10005 JI J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci. Technol. 10006 PD DEC 10007 PY 2001 10008 VL 52 10009 IS 14 10010 BP 1197 10011 EP 1202 10012 PG 6 10013 SC Computer Science, Information Systems; Information Science & Library 10014 Science 10015 GA 497HU 10016 UT ISI:000172450000002 10017 ER 10018 10019 PT J 10020 AU Garfield, E 10021 TI From laboratory to information explosions ... the evolution of chemical 10022 information services at ISI 10023 SO JOURNAL OF INFORMATION SCIENCE 10024 LA English 10025 DT Article 10026 AB The experience in locating and coding the steroid literature for the US 10027 Patent Office led to a variety of chemically-based services dealing 10028 with new compounds and intermediates, as well as graphical presentation 10029 of chemical formulas and reactions. The Index Chemicus Registry System 10030 was the first to use the Wiswesser line notation, which became a 10031 standard in the pharmaceutical field. This eventually led to Current 10032 Chemical Reactions Database and Reaction Citation Index.This paper 10033 presents an autobiographical account of Eugene Garfield's involvement 10034 in chemical information systems. It traces his personal evolution from 10035 laboratory chemist transformed into an information scientist who 10036 combined his knowledge of structural linguistics and information 10037 technology into an algorithmic system for identifying molecular 10038 formulas in the literature. 10039 Recognizing the shortcomings of traditional abstracting and indexing 10040 systems like Index Medicus and Chemical Abstracts, he launched Current 10041 Contents, Index Chemicus and Science Citation Index, which were 10042 designed to provide timely, weekly and highly specific retrieval of 10043 chemical information. 10044 The experience in locating and coding the steroid literature for the US 10045 Patent Office led to a variety of chemically-based services dealing 10046 with new compounds and intermediates, as well as graphical presentation 10047 of chemical formulas and reactions. 10048 The Index Chemicus Registry System was the first to use the Wiswesser 10049 line notation, which became a standard in the pharmaceutical field. 10050 This eventually led to Current Chemical Reactions Database and Reaction 10051 Citation Index. 10052 C1 Inst Sci Informat, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. 10053 RP Garfield, E, Inst Sci Informat, 3501 Market St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 10054 USA. 10055 CR ANTONY A, 1980, J CHEM INF COMP SCI, V20, P101 10056 BANIK GM, 1994, AM CHEM SOC 208 M 1 10057 BATZIG JH, 1975, ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S, P34 10058 BERNHARD SA, 1954, J AM CHEM SOC, V76, P991 10059 CLARK M, 1997, AM CHEM SOC 214 M 1 10060 CLARK M, 1999, J CHEM INF COMP SCI, V39, P635 10061 COULSON HJ, 1980, AM CHEM SOC 180 M AU 10062 DOU H, 1988, ED INFORM, V6, P91 10063 ELIAS AW, 1968, J CHEM DOC, V8, P74 10064 FOSTER GA, 1979, AM CHEM SOC 178 M SE 10065 GARFIELD E, 1955, SCIENCE, V122, P108 10066 GARFIELD E, 1956, CHEM B, V43, P11 10067 GARFIELD E, 1957, J PATENT OFFICE SOC, V39, P583 10068 GARFIELD E, 1960, CHEM LIT, V12, P7 10069 GARFIELD E, 1961, INDEX CHEM 1 CUMULAT, P1 10070 GARFIELD E, 1961, NATURE, V192, P192 10071 GARFIELD E, 1964, AM CHEM SOC 148 M SE 10072 GARFIELD E, 1967, AM BEHAV SCI, V10, P29 10073 GARFIELD E, 1967, CHEM ENG NEWS, V45, P6 10074 GARFIELD E, 1967, J CHEM DOCUMENTATION, V7, P147 10075 GARFIELD E, 1970, J CHEM DOC, V10, P54 10076 GARFIELD E, 1971, CURRENT CONTENT 0804 10077 GARFIELD E, 1972, AM CHEM SOC 164 M HE 10078 GARFIELD E, 1973, NATURE, V242, P307 10079 GARFIELD E, 1975, CURR CONTENTS, P5 10080 GARFIELD E, 1979, AM CHEM SOC 177 M AP 10081 GARFIELD E, 1979, CURRENT CONTENTS, V45, P5 10082 GARFIELD E, 1980, CURR CONTENTS, V35, P5 10083 GARFIELD E, 1984, CURRENT CONTENTS, V27, P3 10084 GARFIELD E, 1987, CURR CONTENTS, V7, P3 10085 GARFIELD E, 1987, CURR CONTENTS, V7, P3 10086 GARFIELD E, 1998, C HIST HER SCI INF S 10087 GRANITO CE, 1971, J CHEM DOC, V11, P251 10088 GRANITO CE, 1972, AM CHEM SOC 164 M AU, P2 10089 GRANITO CE, 1972, AM CHEM SOC 164 M AU, P20 10090 GRANITO CE, 1972, J CHEM DOC, V12, P190 10091 GRANITO CE, 1973, ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S, P19 10092 GRANITO CE, 1973, J CHEM DOC, V13, P72 10093 GRANITO CE, 1973, NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN, V60, P189 10094 GRANITO CE, 1974, AM CHEM SOC 168 M SE 10095 GRANITO CE, 1979, AM CHEM SOC 117 M AP, P48 10096 KABACK SM, 1999, AM CHEM SOC 218 M 1 10097 KEMP N, 1999, J CHEM INFORMATION C, V38, P644 10098 LAWLOR B, 1982, AM CHEM SOC 183 M 10099 LAWLOR HA, 1976, AM CHEM SOC 172 M SE, P25 10100 LEGGATE P, 1973, J CHEM DOC, V13, P192 10101 LYNCH MF, 1974, J DOC, V30, P445 10102 MEYER D, 1986, AM CLIN PROD REV, V5, P16 10103 NOTESS GR, 1996, DATABASE, V19, P75 10104 REVESZ GS, 1969, J CHEM DOC, V9, P106 10105 REVESZ GS, 1976, AM CHEM SOC 172 M SE, P22 10106 SARKISIAN J, 1984, AM CHEM SOC 188 M AU 10107 WIPKE WT, 1990, TETRAHEDRON COMPUT M, V3, P83 10108 NR 53 10109 TC 1 10110 PU BOWKER-SAUR 10111 PI E GRINSTEAD 10112 PA WINDSOR COURT, EAST GRINSTEAD HOUSE, E GRINSTEAD RH19 1XA, W SUSSEX, 10113 ENGLAND 10114 SN 0165-5515 10115 J9 J INFORM SCI 10116 JI J. Inf. Sci. 10117 PY 2001 10118 VL 27 10119 IS 2 10120 BP 119 10121 EP 125 10122 PG 7 10123 SC Computer Science, Information Systems; Information Science & Library 10124 Science 10125 GA 487EV 10126 UT ISI:000171861400008 10127 ER 10128 10129 PT J 10130 AU Garfield, E 10131 TI A retrospective and prospective view of information retrieval and 10132 artificial intelligence in the 21st century 10133 SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR INFORMATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 10134 LA English 10135 DT Article 10136 ID SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERY 10137 C1 ISI, Publisher, The Scientist, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. 10138 RP Garfield, E, ISI, Publisher, The Scientist, 3501 Market St, 10139 Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. 10140 CR CARUSO D, 1997, NY TIMES 0324, C5 10141 GARFIELD E, IN PRESS SCIENTIST 10142 GARFIELD E, 1961, J CHEM DOC, V1, P70 10143 GARFIELD E, 1962, CURRENT CONTENTS, V1 10144 GARFIELD E, 1963, 6 ANN SESS MED WRIT 10145 GARFIELD E, 1965, STAT ASS METHODS MEC, P189 10146 GARFIELD E, 1966, KARGER GAZETTE 0305, V13, P2 10147 GARFIELD E, 1967, AM BEHAV SCI, V10, P29 10148 GARFIELD E, 1969, CURRENT CONTENTS, V3 10149 GARFIELD E, 1977, CURR CONTENTS, P5 10150 GARFIELD E, 1979, CURRENT CONTENTS, V45, P5 10151 GARFIELD E, 1990, CURR CONTENTS, V33, P5 10152 GARFIELD E, 1990, CURRENT CONTENT 0212, P3 10153 GARFIELD E, 1993, J AM SOC INFORM SCI, V44, P298 10154 GARFIELD E, 1997, NY TIMES 0414 10155 GARFIELD E, 1999, SCIENTIST, V13, P14 10156 GLEICK J, 1997, NY TIMES MAGAZI 0323, P32 10157 LAWRENCE S, 1999, COMPUTER, V32, P67 10158 LENHOFF HM, 2000, SCIENTIST, V14, P35 10159 OCNNOR J, 1965, J ACM, V12, P490 10160 ROTH D, 1999, COMMUNICATION 10161 SCHMID R, 1984, TAXON, V33, P636 10162 SMALL H, 1978, SOC STUD SCI, V8, P317 10163 SONG F, 1999, MED INFORM INTERNET, V24, P223 10164 SWANSON DR, 1997, ARTIF INTELL, V91, P183 10165 SWANSON DR, 1999, LIBR TRENDS, V48, P48 10166 WATTERS PA, 1999, INTERNET RES, V9, P153 10167 NR 27 10168 TC 1 10169 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 10170 PI NEW YORK 10171 PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA 10172 SN 1532-2882 10173 J9 J AM SOC INF SCI TECHNOL 10174 JI J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci. Technol. 10175 PD JAN 10176 PY 2001 10177 VL 52 10178 IS 1 10179 BP 18 10180 EP 21 10181 PG 4 10182 SC Computer Science, Information Systems; Information Science & Library 10183 Science 10184 GA 404KX 10185 UT ISI:000167097900004 10186 ER 10187 10188 PT J 10189 AU Garfield, E 10190 TI Use of Journal Citation Reports and Journal Performance Indicators in 10191 measuring short and long term journal impact 10192 SO CROATIAN MEDICAL JOURNAL 10193 LA English 10194 DT Article 10195 DE bibliometrics; citation analysis; impact factor; journal article; 10196 library science; medical informatics; medical literature analysis and 10197 retrieval system 10198 AB The impact factor has become the subject of widespread controversy. It 10199 has gradually developed to mean both journal and author impact. The 10200 emphasis on impact factors obscures the main purpose of bibliographic 10201 databases created at the Institute for Scientific Information. I will 10202 here show how two of these databases, Journal Citation Reports and the 10203 Journal Performance Indicators, can be used to study scientific 10204 journals and the articles they publish, as well as the evolution of 10205 scientific fields. 10206 C1 Inst Sci Informat, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. 10207 RP Garfield, E, The Scientist, 3501 Market St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. 10208 CR BENSMAN SJ, 1998, LIBR RESOUR TECH SER, V42, P147 10209 BROADY A, 1995, LANCET, V346, P1300 10210 BRODMAN E, 1960, B MED LIB ASS, V32, P479 10211 FENTON JE, 2000, CLIN OTOLARYNGOL, V25, P40 10212 FOSTER WR, 1995, LANCET, V346, P1301 10213 GARFIELD E, 1955, SCIENCE, V122, P108 10214 GARFIELD E, 1972, CURRENT CONTENT 0628 10215 GARFIELD E, 1973, CURR CONTENTS, P5 10216 GARFIELD E, 1976, CURRENT CONTENT 0209 10217 GARFIELD E, 1986, ANN INTERN MED, V105, P313 10218 GARFIELD E, 1998, SCIENTIST, V12, P10 10219 GARFIELD E, 1998, SCIENTIST, V12, P12 10220 GARFIELD E, 1999, CAN MED ASSOC J, V161, P979 10221 HANSEN HB, 1997, CLIN PHYSIOL, V17, P409 10222 HOEFFEL C, 1998, ALLERGY, V53, P1225 10223 LOBO RA, 2000, J SOC GYNECOL INVEST, V7, P3 10224 OPTHOF T, 1999, CARDIOVASC RES, V41, P1 10225 OREOPOULOS DG, 2000, PERITON DIALYSIS INT, V20, P5 10226 PICUS D, 2000, J VASC INTERV RADI 1, V11, P147 10227 PITTLER MH, 2000, J CLIN EPIDEMIOL, V53, P485 10228 REN SL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P1683 10229 SEMENZATO G, 2000, SARCOIDOSIS VASC DIF, V17, P22 10230 SORRENTINO D, 2000, DIGESTION, V61, P77 10231 VANLEEUWEN TN, 1997, CHEM INTELL, V3, P32 10232 NR 24 10233 TC 19 10234 PU PABST SCIENCE PUBLISHERS 10235 PI LENGERICH 10236 PA EICHENGRUND 28, D-49525 LENGERICH, GERMANY 10237 SN 0353-9504 10238 J9 CROAT MED J 10239 JI Croat. Med. J. 10240 PD DEC 10241 PY 2000 10242 VL 41 10243 IS 4 10244 BP 368 10245 EP 374 10246 PG 7 10247 SC Medicine, General & Internal 10248 GA 381TJ 10249 UT ISI:000165779300003 10250 ER 10251 10252 PT J 10253 AU Garfield, E 10254 TI The diverse roles of citation indexes in scientific research 10255 SO REVISTA DE INVESTIGACION CLINICA 10256 LA English 10257 DT Article 10258 ID IMPACT FACTOR; JOURNALS 10259 C1 Inst Sci Informat, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. 10260 RP Garfield, E, Inst Sci Informat, 3501 Market St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 10261 USA. 10262 CR BRACHORIQUELME RL, 1997, REV INVEST CLIN, V49, P369 10263 BUTLER D, 1998, NATURE, V394, P309 10264 GARFIELD E, ESSAYS INFORMATION S, V1 10265 GARFIELD E, 1976, RECHERCHE, V7, P757 10266 GARFIELD E, 1997, CURR SCI INDIA, V73, P639 10267 GARFIELD E, 1998, 150 ANN M AAAS PHIL 10268 GARFIELD E, 1998, SCIENTIST, V12, P10 10269 GARFIELD E, 1998, SCIENTIST, V12, P12 10270 GARFIELD E, 1998, UNFALLCHIRURG, V101, P413 10271 KOREN G, 1997, CLIN INVEST MED, V20, P354 10272 LINDNER UK, 1997, UNFALLCHIRURG, V100, P253 10273 OESTERN HJ, 1997, UNFALLCHIRURG, V100, P838 10274 SEGLEN PO, 1997, BRIT MED J, V314, P498 10275 SHER IH, 1965, RES PROGRAM EFFECTIV 10276 SPIRIDIONE G, 1995, PESO QUALITA ACCADEM, P123 10277 NR 15 10278 TC 9 10279 PU INST NACIONAL NUTRICION 10280 PI TLALPAN 10281 PA VASCO DE QUIROZA #15, TLALPAN 14000 D F, MEXICO 10282 SN 0034-8376 10283 J9 REV INVEST CLIN 10284 JI Rev. Invest. Clin. 10285 PD NOV-DEC 10286 PY 1998 10287 VL 50 10288 IS 6 10289 BP 497 10290 EP 504 10291 PG 8 10292 SC Medicine, General & Internal 10293 GA 167EF 10294 UT ISI:000078619100008 10295 ER 10296 10297 PT J 10298 AU Garfield, E 10299 TI Random thoughts on citationology. Its theory and practice - Comments on 10300 theories of citation? 10301 SO SCIENTOMETRICS 10302 LA English 10303 DT Article 10304 AB Theories of citation are as elusive as theories of information science, 10305 which have been debated for decades. But as a basis for discussion I 10306 offer the term citationology as the theory and practice of citation, 10307 including its derivative disciplines citation analysis and 10308 bibliometrics. Several maxims, commandments if you will, have been 10309 enunciated. References are the result of a specialized symbolic 10310 language with a citation syntax and grammar. References, like words, 10311 have multiple meanings which are related to the aposteriori quality of 10312 citation indexes. Therefore, citation relevance cannot be predicted. 10313 Mathematical microtheories in bibliometrics abound, including the 10314 apposite laws of scattering and concentration. Citation behavior is a 10315 vast sub-set of citation theory, which like citation typology, can 10316 never be complete. Deviant citation behavior preoccupies certain 10317 authors but it is rarely significant in well-designed citation 10318 analyses, where proper cohorts are defined. Myths about uncitedness and 10319 the determinants of impact are discussed, as well as journal impact 10320 factors as surrogates and observation's on scientists of Nobel Class. 10321 After two years at Johns Hopkins investigating "machine documentation," 10322 and another year as a student of library science, I became, 10323 fortuitously, a documentation consultant. By 1954, I called myself an 10324 information engineer, which was an apt description of my professional 10325 consulting activities. However, Pennsylvania licensing law requires 10326 that engineers be graduates of engineering schools. So I became an 10327 information scientist! I've never thought of myself as an information 10328 theoretician and have been skeptical about a need for a theory of 10329 information science. I've practiced information science and engineering 10330 without explicit theoretical support. But undoubtedly there are 10331 underlying principles which can guide information scientists who, like 10332 myself, could be called "citationists" or "citationologists.'' If there 10333 is a theory and practice of citation, it should probably be called 10334 citationology. 10335 C1 Inst Sci Informat, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. 10336 The Scientist, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. 10337 RP Garfield, E, Inst Sci Informat, 3501 Market St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 10338 USA. 10339 EM garfield@aurora.cis.upenn.edu 10340 CR BRADFORD SC, 1934, ENGINEERING-LONDON, V137, P85 10341 BRADFORD SC, 1950, DOCUMENTATION 10342 CAWKELL AE, 1980, EINSTEIN 1ST HUNDRED, P31 10343 CLEVERDON CW, 1967, ASLIB P, V19, P173 10344 GARFIELD E, 1962, UNPUB PROGR REPORT C 10345 GARFIELD E, 1971, CURRENT CONTENT 0804, P5 10346 GARFIELD E, 1976, CURRENT CONTENT 0209, P5 10347 GARFIELD E, 1976, J AM SOC INFORM SCI, V27, P288 10348 GARFIELD E, 1977, CURR CONTENTS, P5 10349 GARFIELD E, 1979, CITATION INDEXING 10350 GARFIELD E, 1981, CURRENT CONTENTS, V13, P5 10351 GARFIELD E, 1985, CURR CONTENTS, V43, P3 10352 GARFIELD E, 1996, LIB Q, V66, P499 10353 GARFIELD E, 1997, CELL DEATH DIFFER, V4, P352 10354 GARFIELD E, 1998, 150 ANN M AAAS PHIL 10355 GARFIELD E, 1998, CELL DEATH DIFFER, V5, P127 10356 GARFIELD E, 1998, SCIENTIST, V12, P11 10357 HAMILTON DP, 1990, SCIENCE, V250, P1331 10358 KELLY K, 1995, SOCIAL SYSTEMS EC WO 10359 KESSLER MM, 1963, AM DOC, V14, P10 10360 LOWRY OH, 1951, J BIOL CHEM, V193, P265 10361 PENDLEBURY DA, 1991, SCIENCE, V251, P1410 10362 PERT C, 1997, MOL EMOTION WHY FEEL 10363 SEGLEN PO, 1990, P INT C SCI TECHN IN 10364 SEGLEN PO, 1997, BRIT MED J, V314, P498 10365 SHER IH, 1966, RES PROGRAM EFFECTIV, P135 10366 SMALL HG, 1978, SOC STUD SCI, V8, P327 10367 WADE N, 1997, NY TIMES 1007, F4 10368 WOUTERS P, 1998, SCIENTOMETRICS, V41, P225 10369 ZUCKERMAN H, 1996, SCI ELITE NOBEL LAUR 10370 NR 30 10371 TC 17 10372 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV 10373 PI AMSTERDAM 10374 PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS 10375 SN 0138-9130 10376 J9 SCIENTOMETRICS 10377 JI Scientometrics 10378 PD SEP 10379 PY 1998 10380 VL 43 10381 IS 1 10382 BP 69 10383 EP 76 10384 PG 8 10385 SC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Information Science & 10386 Library Science 10387 GA 119CL 10388 UT ISI:000075877700007 10389 ER 10390 10391 PT J 10392 AU Garfield, E 10393 TI From citation indexes to informetrics: Is the tail now wagging the dog? 10394 SO LIBRI 10395 LA English 10396 DT Article 10397 ID CO-CITATION; DEPARTMENTS; DOCUMENTS; MODEL 10398 AB This article provides a synoptic review and history of citation indexes 10399 and their evolution into research evaluation tools including a 10400 discussion of the use of bibliometric data for evaluating U.S. 10401 institutions (academic departments) by the National Research Council 10402 (NRC). The review covers the origin and uses of journal impact factors, 10403 validation studies of citation analysis, information retrieval and 10404 dissemination (current awareness), citation consciousness, 10405 historiography and science mapping, Citation Classics,(R) and the 10406 history of contemporary science. Retrieval of information by cited 10407 reference searching is illustrated, especially as it applies to 10408 avoiding duplicated research. The fifteen-year cumulative impacts of 10409 journals and the percentage of uncitedness, the emergence of 10410 scientometrics, old boy networks, and citation frequency distributions 10411 are discussed. The paper concludes with observations about the future 10412 of citation indexing. 10413 C1 Inst Sci Informat, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. 10414 RP Garfield, E, 3501 Market St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. 10415 EM garfield@aurora.cis.upenn.edu 10416 CR *NAT SCI BOARD, 1993, SCI ENG IND 1993 10417 ADAIR WC, 1955, AM DOC, V6, P31 10418 ASTIN HS, 1991, OUTER CIRCLE WOMEN S, P57 10419 BIDDLE J, 1996, HIST POLIT ECON, V28, P137 10420 CAMPANARIO JM, 1993, SOC STUD SCI, V23, P347 10421 COZZENS SE, 1989, SCIENTOMETRICS, V15, P437 10422 CRONIN B, 1984, CITATION PROCESS 10423 GARFIELD E, 1955, SCIENCE, V122, P108 10424 GARFIELD E, 1959, P INT C SCI INF WASH, V1, P461 10425 GARFIELD E, 1964, SCIENCE, V144, P649 10426 GARFIELD E, 1964, USE CITATION DATA WR 10427 GARFIELD E, 1967, AM BEHAV SCI, V10, P29 10428 GARFIELD E, 1967, J CHEM DOCUMENTATION, V7, P147 10429 GARFIELD E, 1970, CURR CONTENTS, V16, P5 10430 GARFIELD E, 1971, CURR CONTENTS, V27, P5 10431 GARFIELD E, 1972, SCIENCE, V178, P471 10432 GARFIELD E, 1975, CURR CONTENTS, P5 10433 GARFIELD E, 1976, J AM SOC INFORM SCI, V27, P288 10434 GARFIELD E, 1976, NATURE, V264, P689 10435 GARFIELD E, 1978, CURRENT CONTENT 0710, P5 10436 GARFIELD E, 1979, CITATION INDEXING, P58 10437 GARFIELD E, 1980, CURR CONTENTS, V35, P5 10438 GARFIELD E, 1983, CURRENT CONTENTS, V26, P5 10439 GARFIELD E, 1985, CURR CONTENTS, V43, P3 10440 GARFIELD E, 1987, CURR CONTENTS, V7, P3 10441 GARFIELD E, 1988, CURR CONTENTS, V35, P3 10442 GARFIELD E, 1992, THEORETICAL MED, V13, P117 10443 GARFIELD E, 1993, CURRENT CONTENT 1108 10444 GARFIELD E, 1993, J AM SOC INFORM SCI, V44, P298 10445 GARFIELD E, 1994, J MAT ED, P327 10446 GARFIELD E, 1996, LIBR QUART, V66, P449 10447 GOLDBERGER ML, 1995, RES DOCTORATE PROGRA 10448 HAGSTROM WO, 1971, SOCIOL EDUC, V44, P375 10449 HAMILTON DP, 1990, SCIENCE, V250, P1331 10450 HANSEN HB, 1997, CLIN PHYSIOL, V17, P409 10451 HAUPTMANN R, 1994, J INFORMATION ETHICS, V3 10452 KAPLAN N, 1965, AM DOC, V16, P179 10453 KESSLER MM, 1963, AM DOC, V14, P10 10454 KOENIG MED, 1983, J AM SOC INFORM SCI, V34, P136 10455 KOENIG MED, 1983, RES POLICY, V12, P15 10456 LAFOLLETTE MC, 1994, J INFORMATION ETHICS, V3, P25 10457 LEPAIR C, 1995, INT FORUM INFORM DOC, V20, P16 10458 LUNDBERG GD, 1984, JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC, V252, P812 10459 MARGOLIS J, 1967, SCIENCE, V155, P123 10460 MARSHAKOVA IV, 1973, NAUCHNO TEKHNICHESKA, V2, P3 10461 MARTYN J, 1964, NEW SCI, V21, P388 10462 MAZUR RH, 1962, J BIOL CHEM, V237, P3315 10463 MERTON RK, 1968, SOCIAL THEORY SOCIAL, P27 10464 MOTLUK A, 1997, NEW SCI, V154, P2083 10465 NICOLINI C, 1995, SCIENTOMETRICS, V32, P93 10466 OPPENHEIM C, 1995, J DOC, V51, P18 10467 OPPENHEIM C, 1997, J DOC, V53, P477 10468 PAO ML, 1993, INFORM PROCESS MANAG, V29, P95 10469 PENDLEBURY DA, 1991, SCIENCE, V251, P1410 10470 PRICE DJ, 1986, LITTLE SCI BIG SCI 10471 SACHS F, 1997, NATURE, V390, P203 10472 SCHWARTZ DP, 1958, ANAL CHEM, V30, P219 10473 SMALL H, 1973, J AM SOC INFORM SCI, V24, P265 10474 SMALL HG, 1977, SOC STUD SCI, V7, P139 10475 SMALL HG, 1978, SOC STUD SCI, V8, P327 10476 SMITH RL, 1981, J IND ECON, V30, P1 10477 SPENCER CC, 1967, AM DOC, V18, P87 10478 STEINBACH HB, 1967, SCIENCE, V145, P142 10479 STENT GS, 1972, SCI AM, V227, P84 10480 VIRGO JA, 1977, LIBRARY Q, V47, P415 10481 WENNERAS C, 1997, NATURE, V387, P341 10482 WHITE HD, 1989, ANNU REV INFORM SCI, V24, P119 10483 NR 67 10484 TC 25 10485 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD 10486 PI COPENHAGEN 10487 PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK 10488 SN 0024-2667 10489 J9 LIBRI 10490 JI Libri 10491 PD JUN 10492 PY 1998 10493 VL 48 10494 IS 2 10495 BP 67 10496 EP 80 10497 PG 14 10498 SC Information Science & Library Science 10499 GA 103AT 10500 UT ISI:000074959000001 10501 ER 10502 10503 PT J 10504 AU Garfield, E 10505 TI The Impact Factor and using it correctly 10506 SO UNFALLCHIRURG 10507 LA German 10508 DT Article 10509 C1 Inst Sci Informat, Philadelphia, PA 19101 USA. 10510 RP Garfield, E, Inst Sci Informat, 3501 Market St, Philadelphia, PA 19101 10511 USA. 10512 NR 0 10513 TC 9 10514 PU SPRINGER VERLAG 10515 PI NEW YORK 10516 PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA 10517 SN 0177-5537 10518 J9 UNFALLCHIRURG 10519 JI Unfallchirurg 10520 PD JUN 10521 PY 1998 10522 VL 101 10523 IS 6 10524 BP 413 10525 EP 414 10526 PG 2 10527 SC Emergency Medicine; Surgery 10528 GA ZZ507 10529 UT ISI:000074736300001 10530 ER 10531 10532 PT J 10533 AU Garfield, E 10534 TI When to cite 10535 SO LIBRARY QUARTERLY 10536 LA English 10537 DT Article 10538 ID CITATION ANALYSIS 10539 AB Although the Modern Language Association and other style manuals 10540 describe in exquisite detail ''how'' to cite the literature, explicit 10541 tutorials on ''when'' to cite are nonexistent. Most journals provide 10542 instructions to authors but also fail to give explicit guidance on when 10543 to cite. In spite of numerous studies of citation behavior and the wide 10544 recognition by editors of the need to acknowledge intellectual debts, 10545 authors and referees need explicit reminders as to when formal 10546 references or acknowledgments are appropriate. Since referencing is 10547 both subjective and culturally based, there can be no absolutes about 10548 when to cite. Hence, it is unlikely that algorithmic documentation of 10549 texts can ever meet the competing requirements for relevance, 10550 selectivity, and comprehensiveness. What is common wisdom in one domain 10551 may be new or unique in another. A three-year experiment involving 10552 graduate students demonstrated the varying perceptions of the need for 10553 documentation of terminology, ideas, methods, and so forth. A tentative 10554 tutorial is suggested for journal editors that should be modified in 10555 each scholarly context. 10556 RP Garfield, E, INST SCI INFORMAT,3501 MARKET ST,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104. 10557 CR 1976, WEBSTERS 3 NEW INT D 10558 1982, CHICAGO STYLE MANUAL 10559 *EARLH COLL, 1993, HUM PROGR EARLH COLL 10560 BARZUN J, 1985, MODERN RESEARCHER 10561 BONITZ M, 1995, 4 SCI TECHN IND C OC, P163 10562 CHERNIN E, 1988, BRIT MED J, V297, P1062 10563 CRONIN B, 1984, CITATION PROCESS 10564 CRONIN B, 1994, J DOC, V50, P165 10565 FAIRCHILD RP, 1981, CHRONICLE HIGHE 0505, V3, P24 10566 GARFIELD E, 1961, J CHEM DOC, V1, P70 10567 GARFIELD E, 1965, NBS, V269, P189 10568 GARFIELD E, 1970, CURRENT CONTENT 0304, P4 10569 GARFIELD E, 1977, CURR CONTENTS, P5 10570 GARFIELD E, 1980, CURR CONTENTS, V35, P5 10571 GARFIELD E, 1982, CURRENT CONTENTS, V47, P5 10572 GARFIELD E, 1985, CURR CONTENTS, V43, P3 10573 GARFIELD E, 1989, CURRENT CONTENT 0501, P3 10574 GARFIELD E, 1989, CURRENT CONTENT 0501, P3 10575 GARFIELD E, 1990, CURRENT CONTENT 0212, P3 10576 GIBALDI J, 1995, MODERN LANGUAGE ASS 10577 HALBWACHS M, 1925, CADRES SOCIAUX MEMOI 10578 HAUPTMANN R, 1994, J INFORMATION ET 1 2, V3 10579 KAPLAN N, 1965, AM DOC, V16, P170 10580 KLING R, 1994, ASIS INTERNET B BOAR 10581 KOCHEN M, 1987, J DOC, V43, P54 10582 LANGHAM T, 1995, J DOC, V51, P360 10583 LEGGETT G, 1985, PRENTICE HALL HDB WR 10584 LOWRY OH, 1951, J BIOL CHEM, V193, P265 10585 MERTON RK, 1968, SCIENCE, V159, P56 10586 MERTON RK, 1968, SOCIAL THEORY SOCIAL 10587 MERTON RK, 1988, ISIS, V79, P606 10588 MERTON RK, 1993, SHOULDERS GIANTS SHA 10589 REISS P, 1984, THEORY FOOTNOTE 10590 SMITH LC, 1981, LIBR TRENDS, V30, P83 10591 SWANSON DR, 1986, LIBR QUART, V56, P103 10592 SWANSON DR, 1987, J AM SOC INFORM SCI, V38, P228 10593 ZUCKERMAN H, 1987, SCIENTOMETRICS, V12, P329 10594 NR 37 10595 TC 13 10596 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS 10597 PI CHICAGO 10598 PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 10599 SN 0024-2519 10600 J9 LIBR QUART 10601 JI Libr. Q. 10602 PD OCT 10603 PY 1996 10604 VL 66 10605 IS 4 10606 BP 449 10607 EP 458 10608 PG 10 10609 SC Information Science & Library Science 10610 GA VK164 10611 UT ISI:A1996VK16400004 10612 ER 10613 10614 PT J 10615 AU Garfield, E 10616 TI How can impact factors be improved? 10617 SO BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL 10618 LA English 10619 DT Article 10620 AB Impact factors are widely used to rank and evaluate journals. They are 10621 also often used inappropriately as surrogates in evaluation exercises. 10622 The inventor of the Science Citation Index warns against the 10623 indiscriminate use of these data. Fourteen year cumulative impact data 10624 for 10 leading medical journals provide a quantitative indicator of 10625 their long term influence. In the final analysis, impact simply 10626 reflects the ability of journals and editors to attract the best papers 10627 available. 10628 RP Garfield, E, THE SCIENTIST,3600 MARKET ST,SUITE 450,PHILADELPHIA,PA 10629 19104. 10630 CR ABOULKER JP, 1993, LANCET, V341, P889 10631 FLEISCHMANN M, 1989, J ELECTROANAL CHEM, V261, P301 10632 GARFIELD E, 1955, SCIENCE, V122, P108 10633 GARFIELD E, 1984, ESSAYS INFORMATION S, V6, P354 10634 GARFIELD E, 1986, ANN INTERN MED, V105, P313 10635 GARFIELD E, 1987, ESSAYS INFORMATION S, V10, P7 10636 GARFIELD E, 1990, ESSAYS INFORMATION S, V13, P185 10637 GROSS PLK, 1927, SCIENCE, V66, P385 10638 LOCK SP, 1990, ESSAYS INFORMATION S, V13, P19 10639 LOWRY OH, 1951, J BIOL CHEM, V193, P265 10640 MARSHALL BJ, 1984, LANCET, V1, P1311 10641 VANTRIGT AM, 1995, SOC SCI MED, V41, P893 10642 NR 12 10643 TC 156 10644 PU BRITISH MED JOURNAL PUBL GROUP 10645 PI LONDON 10646 PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND WC1H 9JR 10647 SN 0959-8138 10648 J9 BRIT MED J 10649 JI Br. Med. J. 10650 PD AUG 17 10651 PY 1996 10652 VL 313 10653 IS 7054 10654 BP 411 10655 EP 413 10656 PG 3 10657 SC Medicine, General & Internal 10658 GA VD206 10659 UT ISI:A1996VD20600032 10660 ER 10661 10662 PT J 10663 AU GARFIELD, E 10664 TI SCIENCE IN SPAIN FROM THE POINT-OF-VIEW OF CITATIONS (1981-1992) 10665 SO ARBOR-CIENCIA PENSAMIENTO Y CULTURA 10666 LA Spanish 10667 DT Article 10668 RP GARFIELD, E, INST SCI INFORMAT,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104. 10669 NR 0 10670 TC 2 10671 PU LIBRERIA CIENTIFICA MEDINACELI 10672 PI MADRID 10673 PA DUQUE DE MEDINACELI 4, 14 MADRID, SPAIN 10674 SN 0210-1963 10675 J9 ARBOR-CIEN PENSAM CULT 10676 JI Arbor-Cienc. Pensam. Cult. 10677 PD JAN-FEB 10678 PY 1994 10679 VL 147 10680 IS 577-78 10681 BP 111 10682 EP 133 10683 PG 23 10684 SC Humanities, Multidisciplinary 10685 GA ND401 10686 UT ISI:A1994ND40100008 10687 ER 10688 10689 PT J 10690 AU GARFIELD, E 10691 TI WHAT CITATIONS TELL US ABOUT CANADIAN RESEARCH 10692 SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFORMATION AND LIBRARY SCIENCE-REVUE CANADIENNE 10693 DES SCIENCES DE L INFORMATION ET DE BIBLIOTHECONOMIE 10694 LA English 10695 DT Article 10696 AB The Ian P. Sharp Lecture an Information Science was established in 1990 10697 with an endowment from Reuters Information Services (Canada) Limited in 10698 honour of its founding president and former chief executive officer The 10699 lectureship is intended to provide a forum for distinguished figures in 10700 information science and related fields. I.P. Sharp Associates, one of 10701 the world's leading numeric database companies, was founded by Ian P. 10702 Sharp and seven colleagues. The Canadian company soon expanded 10703 establishing a timesharing service and pioneering the use of electronic 10704 mail in 1976, the company installed its own private, packet-switched 10705 network, and today it supplies the world's major financial and economic 10706 centres with historical information and financial products. In June 10707 1987, I.P. Sharp Associates was acquired by Reuter Holdings PLC of 10708 London, the world's largest electronic publisher. 10709 Dr. Garfield, the fourth I.P. Sharp lecturer, delivered the address 10710 that follows at the University of Toronto on April 8, 1993. He was 10711 introduced by his longtime colleague Professor Charles Meadow, Faculty 10712 of Library and Information Science, University of Toronto. 10713 RP GARFIELD, E, INST SCI INFORMAT, 3501 MARKET ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19104 10714 USA. 10715 CR GARFIELD E, 1977, CURR CONTENTS, P5 10716 GARFIELD E, 1979, CITATION INDEXING 10717 GARFIELD E, 1983, CURRENT CONTENTS, V26, P5 10718 GARFIELD E, 1983, CURRENT CONTENTS, V26, P5 10719 GARFIELD E, 1986, CURRENT CONTENT DEC, P3 10720 GARFIELD E, 1990, CURRENT CONTENT 0212, P3 10721 GARFIELD E, 1992, SCI PUBL POLICY, V19, P321 10722 SMALL H, 1973, J AM SOC INFORM SCI, V24, P265 10723 SMALL H, 1985, J INFORM SCI, V11, P147 10724 NR 9 10725 TC 4 10726 PU CANADIAN ASSOC INFORMATION SCIENCE 10727 PI OTTAWA 10728 PA PO BOX 6174, STATION J, OTTAWA ON K2A 1T2, CANADA 10729 SN 1195-096X 10730 J9 CAN J INFORM LIB SCI 10731 JI Can. J. Inf. Libr. Sci.-Rev. Can. Sci. Inf. Bibl. 10732 PD DEC 10733 PY 1993 10734 VL 18 10735 IS 4 10736 BP 14 10737 EP 35 10738 PG 22 10739 SC Computer Science, Information Systems; Information Science & Library 10740 Science 10741 GA MN435 10742 UT ISI:A1993MN43500002 10743 ER 10744 10745 PT J 10746 AU GARFIELD, E 10747 WELLJAMSDOROF, A 10748 TI THE MICROBIOLOGY LITERATURE - LANGUAGES OF PUBLICATION AND THEIR 10749 RELATIVE CITATION IMPACT 10750 SO FEMS MICROBIOLOGY LETTERS 10751 LA English 10752 DT Article 10753 DE CITATION ANALYSIS; SCIENCE CITATION INDEX; LANGUAGE TRENDS; IMPACT 10754 TRENDS; SCIENTOMETRICS 10755 AB This study examined trends in the number of papers published annually 10756 in various languages in 78 microbiology journals indexed in the Science 10757 Citation Index(R) (SCI(R)), 1981-1991. Trends in the average number of 10758 citations per paper (impact) for each language were also tracked. In 10759 addition, interlingual citation patterns were examined. The results 10760 showed that English is the lingua franca of microbiology research, 10761 accounting for 90-95 percent of all SCI-indexed papers in this time 10762 period. Also, the impact of English-language papers was greater than 10763 that of other languages by factors ranging from 2.4 to 14.4. Lastly, 10764 the majority of citations to papers published in English, German, 10765 French, or Italian were from English-language papers. The exception 10766 were papers in Russian: more than 90 percent of citations they received 10767 were from Russian-language papers. 10768 C1 INST SCI INFORMAT,3501 MARKET ST,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104. 10769 CR GARFIELD E, 1976, RECHERCHE, V7, P757 10770 GARFIELD E, 1985, ESSAYS INFORMATION S, V7, P138 10771 GARFIELD E, 1986, ANN INTERN MED, V105, P313 10772 GARFIELD E, 1989, ESSAYS INFORMATION S, V10, P342 10773 GARFIELD E, 1990, ANN AM ACAD POLIT SS, V511, P10 10774 NR 5 10775 TC 7 10776 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV 10777 PI AMSTERDAM 10778 PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS 10779 SN 0378-1097 10780 J9 FEMS MICROBIOL LETT 10781 JI FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 10782 PD DEC 15 10783 PY 1992 10784 VL 100 10785 IS 1-3 10786 BP 33 10787 EP 37 10788 PG 5 10789 SC Microbiology 10790 GA KE540 10791 UT ISI:A1992KE54000008 10792 ER 10793 10794 PT J 10795 AU GARFIELD, E 10796 TI THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MECHANICAL INDEXING, STRUCTURAL LINGUISTICS 10797 AND INFORMATION-RETRIEVAL 10798 SO JOURNAL OF INFORMATION SCIENCE 10799 LA English 10800 DT Article 10801 RP GARFIELD, E, INST SCI INFORMAT,3501 MKT ST,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104. 10802 CR BERNIER CL, 1948, IND ENG CHEM, V40, P725 10803 BUSA R, 1957, NACHR DOK, V8, P20 10804 CASEY RS, 1958, PUNCHED CARDS THEIR 10805 GARFIELD E, 1953, MAR S MACH TECHN SCI 10806 GARFIELD E, 1955, SCIENCE, V122, P108 10807 GARFIELD E, 1957, 1957 P INT STUD C CL, P91 10808 HARRIS Z, 1957, LANGUAGE, V33, P283 10809 HARRIS ZS, 1951, METHODS STRUCTURAL L 10810 HARRIS ZS, 1959, 1958 P INT SCI INF, V2, P937 10811 HARRIS ZS, 1959, ANTHROPOL LINGUIST, V1, P27 10812 HARRIS ZS, 1959, TRANSFORMATIONS DISC 10813 LARKEY SV, 1953, B MED LIB ASS, V41, P32 10814 LINDERSTROMLANG K, 1954, BIOCHIM BIOPHYS ACTA, V15, P156 10815 LUHN HP, 1958, IBM J RES DEV, V2, P159 10816 LUHN HP, 1959, ASDD RC127 REP 10817 NEWMAN JSM, 1956, PROBLEMS MECHANIZING 10818 NEWMAN SM, 1957, MONOGRAPH GEORGETOWN, V10 10819 PERRY JW, 1958, TOOLS MACHINE LITERA, P489 10820 TAUBE M, 1953, STUDIES COORDINATE I 10821 WELT ID, 1958, B MED LIBR ASSOC, V46, P60 10822 NR 20 10823 TC 0 10824 PU BOWKER-SAUR LTD 10825 PI E GRINSTEAD 10826 PA MAYPOLE HOUSE, MAYPOLE RD, E GRINSTEAD, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND RH19 1HH 10827 SN 0165-5515 10828 J9 J INFORM SCI 10829 JI J. Inf. Sci. 10830 PY 1992 10831 VL 18 10832 IS 5 10833 BP 343 10834 EP 354 10835 PG 12 10836 SC Computer Science, Information Systems; Information Science & Library 10837 Science 10838 GA JV725 10839 UT ISI:A1992JV72500003 10840 ER 10841 10842 PT J 10843 AU GARFIELD, E 10844 WELLJAMSDOROF, A 10845 TI OF NOBEL CLASS - A CITATION PERSPECTIVE ON HIGH-IMPACT RESEARCH AUTHORS 10846 SO THEORETICAL MEDICINE 10847 LA English 10848 DT Article 10849 DE CITATION ANALYSIS; CITATION IMPACT; NOBEL PRIZE; SCIENCE CITATION 10850 INDEX; SCIENTOMETRICS 10851 ID SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE 10852 AB The purpose of this paper was to determine if quantitative rankings of 10853 highly cited research authors confirm Nobel prize awards. Six studies 10854 covering different time periods and author sample sizes were reviewed. 10855 The number of Nobel laureates at the time each study was published was 10856 tabulated, as was the number of high impact authors who later became 10857 laureates. ne Nobelists and laureates-to-be were also compared with 10858 non-Nobelists to see if they differed in terms of impact and 10859 productivity. The results indicate that high rankings by citation 10860 frequency identify researchers of Nobel class - that is, a small set of 10861 authors that includes a high proportion of actual Nobelists and 10862 laureates-to-be. Also, the average impact (citations per author) of 10863 Nobelists and laureates-to-be is sufficiently high to distinguish them 10864 from non-Nobelists in these rankings. In conclusion, a simple, 10865 quantitative, and objective algorithm based on citation data can 10866 effectively corroborate - and even forecast - a complex, qualitative, 10867 and subjective selection process based on human judgement. 10868 RP GARFIELD, E, INST SCI INFORMAT,3501 MARKET ST,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104. 10869 CR BAYER AE, 1966, SOCIOL EDUC, V39, P381 10870 COLE JR, 1973, SOCIAL STRATIFICATIO 10871 COLE S, 1967, AM SOCIOL REV, V32, P377 10872 GARFIELD E, 1970, NATURE, V227, P669 10873 GARFIELD E, 1977, ESSAYS INFORMATION S, V1, P487 10874 GARFIELD E, 1977, ESSAYS INFORMATION S, V2, P611 10875 GARFIELD E, 1980, ESSAYS INFORMATION S, V3, P326 10876 GARFIELD E, 1981, ESSAYS INFORMATION S, V4, P609 10877 GARFIELD E, 1983, ESSAYS INFORMATION S, V5, P269 10878 GARFIELD E, 1985, ESSAYS INFORMATION S, V7, P175 10879 GARFIELD E, 1986, ESSAYS INFORMATION S, V8, P132 10880 GARFIELD E, 1988, ESSAYS INFORMATION S, V9, P55 10881 GARFIELD E, 1990, CURR CONTENTS, V12, P3 10882 GARFIELD E, 1990, CURRENT CONTENT 0212, P3 10883 GARFIELD E, 1990, CURRENT CONTENT 0212, P3 10884 LOWRY OH, 1951, J BIOL CHEM, V193, P265 10885 MERTON RK, 1965, SHOULDERS GIANTS SHA 10886 PENDLEBURY D, 1989, SCIENTIST 1002 10887 PENDLEBURY D, 1989, SCIENTIST 1016 10888 PENDLEBURY D, 1989, SCIENTIST 1019 10889 SHER IH, 1966, RES PROGRAM EFFECTIV, P135 10890 SMALL H, 1973, J AM SOC INFORM SCI, V24, P265 10891 SMALL H, 1985, J INFORM SCI, P147 10892 WATSON JD, 1953, NATURE, V171, P737 10893 ZUCKERMAN H, 1977, SCI ELITE NOBEL LAUR 10894 ZUCKERMAN H, 1986, NATURE, V324, P629 10895 NR 26 10896 TC 31 10897 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL 10898 PI DORDRECHT 10899 PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS 10900 SN 0167-9902 10901 J9 THEOR MED 10902 JI Theor. Med. 10903 PD JUN 10904 PY 1992 10905 VL 13 10906 IS 2 10907 BP 117 10908 EP 135 10909 PG 19 10910 SC Medicine, Legal; Social Issues 10911 GA JL941 10912 UT ISI:A1992JL94100002 10913 ER 10914 10915 PT J 10916 AU GARFIELD, E 10917 TI A CITATION ANALYSIS OF AUSTRIAN MEDICAL-RESEARCH AND 10918 WIENER-KLINISCHE-WOCHENSCHRIFT 10919 SO WIENER KLINISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 10920 LA English 10921 DT Article 10922 DE CITATION ANALYSIS; AUSTRIAN MEDICAL RESEARCH; SCIENTIFIC PRODUCTIVITY 10923 AB Criteria for the prediction of Nobel price winners based on citation 10924 and predictor prizes are presented. The position of Austrian medical 10925 research and the role of the "Wiener klinische Wochenschrift" are 10926 compared to international standards. 10927 RP GARFIELD, E, INST SCI INFORMAT,3501 MARKET ST,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104. 10928 CR GARFIELD E, 1986, ANN INTERN MED, V105, P313 10929 NR 1 10930 TC 5 10931 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN 10932 PI VIENNA 10933 PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA 10934 SN 0043-5325 10935 J9 WIEN KLIN WOCHENSCHR 10936 JI Wien. Klin. Wochen. 10937 PY 1991 10938 VL 103 10939 IS 11 10940 BP 318 10941 EP 325 10942 PG 8 10943 SC Medicine, General & Internal 10944 GA FQ610 10945 UT ISI:A1991FQ61000001 10946 ER 10947 10948 PT J 10949 AU GARFIELD, E 10950 SMALL, H 10951 TI MORAVCSIK,MICHAEL,J. - MULTIDIMENSIONAL SCHOLAR AND HERO OF THIRD-WORLD 10952 SCIENCE 10953 SO SCIENTOMETRICS 10954 LA English 10955 DT Article 10956 ID PARTICLE PHYSICS; METHODOLOGY; TECHNOLOGY; CITATIONS; COUNTRIES; 10957 QUALITY; CRISIS 10958 RP GARFIELD, E, INST SCI INFORMAT,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104. 10959 CR BLICKENSTAFF J, 1982, SCIENTOMETRICS, V4, P135 10960 MORAVCSIK M, 1987, SCIENTIST, V1, P11 10961 MORAVCSIK MJ, 1964, MINERVA, V2, P197 10962 MORAVCSIK MJ, 1965, PHYS TODAY, V18, P23 10963 MORAVCSIK MJ, 1966, MINERVA, V4, P381 10964 MORAVCSIK MJ, 1968, PHYS TODAY, V19, P62 10965 MORAVCSIK MJ, 1968, PHYS TODAY, V19, P65 10966 MORAVCSIK MJ, 1968, PHYS TODAY, V21, P48 10967 MORAVCSIK MJ, 1973, RES POLICY, V2, P266 10968 MORAVCSIK MJ, 1974, LEONARDO, V7, P255 10969 MORAVCSIK MJ, 1974, RES POLICY, V3, P88 10970 MORAVCSIK MJ, 1975, PHYS TODAY, V28, P9 10971 MORAVCSIK MJ, 1975, RES POLICY, V4, P80 10972 MORAVCSIK MJ, 1975, SOC STUD SCI, V5, P86 10973 MORAVCSIK MJ, 1977, J SCI IND RES INDIA, V36, P195 10974 MORAVCSIK MJ, 1977, RES POLICY, V6, P78 10975 MORAVCSIK MJ, 1979, RES POLICY, V8, P26 10976 MORAVCSIK MJ, 1980, B ATOM SCI, V36, P56 10977 MORAVCSIK MJ, 1983, RES POLICY, V12, P287 10978 MORAVCSIK MJ, 1984, SCIENTOMETRICS, V6, P75 10979 MORAVCSIK MJ, 1985, CURRENT CONTENTS SOC, V17, P18 10980 MORAVCSIK MJ, 1985, JUL PHIL WORKSH DISC 10981 MORAVCSIK MJ, 1985, SCIENTOMETRICS, V7, P143 10982 MORAVCSIK MJ, 1985, SCIENTOMETRICS, V7, P165 10983 MORAVCSIK MJ, 1986, RES POLICY, V15, P1 10984 MORAVCSIK MJ, 1986, SOC STUD SCI, V16, P534 10985 MORAVCSIK MJ, 1988, RES POLICY, V17, P293 10986 MORAVCSIK MJ, 1988, SOC STUD SCI, V18, P515 10987 NICHOLLS PT, 1989, CANADIAN LIB J, V46, P257 10988 WEINBERG AM, 1963, MINERVA, V1, P159 10989 NR 30 10990 TC 1 10991 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV 10992 PI AMSTERDAM 10993 PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS 10994 SN 0138-9130 10995 J9 SCIENTOMETRICS 10996 JI Scientometrics 10997 PD JAN 10998 PY 1991 10999 VL 20 11000 IS 1 11001 BP 19 11002 EP 24 11003 PG 6 11004 SC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Information Science & 11005 Library Science 11006 GA EY261 11007 UT ISI:A1991EY26100003 11008 ER 11009 11010 PT J 11011 AU GARFIELD, E 11012 TI MAPPING CHOLERA RESEARCH AND THE IMPACT OF DE,SAMBHU,NATH OF CALCUTTA 11013 (REPRINTED FROM CURRENT-CONTENTS, VOL 14, PG 3-11, 7 APRIL 1986) 11014 SO CURRENT SCIENCE 11015 LA English 11016 DT Article 11017 RP GARFIELD, E, INST SCI INFORMAT,3501 MARKET ST,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104. 11018 CR ARUNACHALAM S, 1985, UNPUB MAY ANN M AM A 11019 ARUNACHALAM S, 1986, COMMUNICATION 0206 11020 AZURIN JC, 1974, B WORLD HEALTH ORGAN, V51, P19 11021 BLAKE PA, 1980, NEW ENGL J MED, V302, P305 11022 DE SN, 1953, J PATHOL BACTERIOL, V66, P559 11023 DE SN, 1956, J PATHOL BACTERIOL, V71, P201 11024 DE SN, 1959, NATURE, V183, P1533 11025 DE SN, 1960, J PATHOL BACTERIOL, V79, P373 11026 FEELEY JC, 1980, CHOLERA RELATED DIAR, P204 11027 GARFELD E, 1986, CURR CONTENTS, V10, P3 11028 GARFIELD E, 1985, CURR CONTENTS, V36, P3 11029 GARFIELD E, 1985, CURR CONTENTS, V37, P3 11030 GARFIELD E, 1985, CURRENT CONTENTS PHY, V25, P3 11031 GARFIELD E, 1986, CURR CONTENTS, V9, P3 11032 GLASS RI, 1982, AM J EPIDEMIOL, V116, P959 11033 KAPER JB, 1984, NATURE, V308, P655 11034 KHAN M, 1981, INT J EPIDEMIOL, V10, P23 11035 KHAN MU, 1982, T R SOC TROP MED HYG, V76, P373 11036 KUSTNER HG, 1981, S AFR MED J, V60, P87 11037 LONGMATE N, 1966, KING CHOLERA BIOGRAP 11038 MACKAY DM, 1980, PUBLIC HLTH, V94, P283 11039 MILLER CJ, 1982, LANCET, V1, P1216 11040 MORIRS RJ, 1971, NEW SOC, V18, P52 11041 MORRIS RJ, 1976, CHOLERA 1832 SOCIAL, P17 11042 MOSLEY WH, 1968, B WORLD HEALTH ORGAN, V38, P327 11043 NARAYANAN EK, 1964, INDIAN J MED RES, V52, P916 11044 RAHMAN ASMM, 1985, LANCET, V2, P539 11045 ROSENBERG CE, 1966, COMP STUDIES SOC HIS, V8, P452 11046 SAMADI AR, 1983, LANCET, V1, P805 11047 SENGUPTA PG, 1978, B WORLD HEALTH ORGAN, V56, P323 11048 SHANDERA WX, 1983, AM J TROP MED HYG, V32, P812 11049 SNOW J, 1936, SNOW CHOLERA REPRINT, P1 11050 VANHEYNINGEN WE, 1983, CHOLERA AM SCI EXPER, P61 11051 WEISSMAN JB, 1975, AM J EPIDEMIOL, V100, P487 11052 NR 34 11053 TC 0 11054 PU CURRENT SCIENCE ASSN 11055 PI BANGALORE 11056 PA C V RAMAN AVENUE, PO BOX 8005, BANGALORE 560 080, INDIA 11057 SN 0011-3891 11058 J9 CURR SCI 11059 JI Curr. Sci. 11060 PD JUL 25 11061 PY 1990 11062 VL 59 11063 IS 13-14 11064 BP 643 11065 EP 649 11066 PG 7 11067 SC Multidisciplinary Sciences 11068 GA DY529 11069 UT ISI:A1990DY52900007 11070 ER 11071 11072 PT J 11073 AU GARFIELD, E 11074 WELLJAMSDOROF, A 11075 TI LANGUAGE USE IN INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH - A CITATION ANALYSIS 11076 SO ANNALS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF POLITICAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCE 11077 LA English 11078 DT Article 11079 RP GARFIELD, E, INST SCI INFORMAT,EDITORIAL SERV,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104. 11080 CR GARFIELD E, 1976, RECHERCHE, V7, P757 11081 GARFIELD E, 1984, CURR CONTENTS, V7, P3 11082 GARFIELD E, 1987, CURR CONTENTS, V7, P3 11083 NR 3 11084 TC 16 11085 PU SAGE SCIENCE PRESS 11086 PI THOUSAND OAKS 11087 PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 11088 SN 0002-7162 11089 J9 ANN AMER ACAD POLIT SOC SCI 11090 JI Ann. Am. Acad. Polit. Soc. Sci. 11091 PD SEP 11092 PY 1990 11093 VL 511 11094 BP 10 11095 EP 24 11096 PG 15 11097 SC Political Science; Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary 11098 GA DW661 11099 UT ISI:A1990DW66100002 11100 ER 11101 11102 PT J 11103 AU GARFIELD, E 11104 TI THE MOST-CITED PAPERS OF ALL TIME, SCI 1945-1988 .2. THE 2ND 100 11105 CITATION-CLASSICS 11106 SO CURRENT COMMENTS 11107 LA English 11108 DT Article 11109 RP GARFIELD, E, INST SCI INFORMAT,3501 MARKET ST,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104. 11110 NR 0 11111 TC 0 11112 PU INST SCI INFORM INC 11113 PI PHILADELPHIA 11114 PA 3501 MARKET ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19104 11115 J9 CURR COMMENT 11116 PD JUN 25 11117 PY 1990 11118 IS 26 11119 BP 3 11120 EP & 11121 PG 0 11122 SC Multidisciplinary Sciences 11123 GA DH015 11124 UT ISI:A1990DH01500001 11125 ER 11126 11127 PT J 11128 AU GARFIELD, E 11129 TI THE RUSSIAN ARE COMING .2. THE TOP 50 SOVIET PAPERS MOST-CITED IN THE 11130 1973-1988 SCIENCE-CITATION-INDEX AND A LOOK AT 1988 RESEARCH FRONTS 11131 SO CURRENT COMMENTS 11132 LA English 11133 DT Article 11134 RP GARFIELD, E, INST SCI INFORMAT,3501 MARKET ST,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104. 11135 NR 0 11136 TC 0 11137 PU INST SCI INFORM INC 11138 PI PHILADELPHIA 11139 PA 3501 MARKET ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19104 11140 J9 CURR COMMENT 11141 PD JUN 18 11142 PY 1990 11143 IS 25 11144 BP 3 11145 EP & 11146 PG 0 11147 SC Multidisciplinary Sciences 11148 GA DF961 11149 UT ISI:A1990DF96100001 11150 ER 11151 11152 PT J 11153 AU GARFIELD, E 11154 TI THE RUSSIANS ARE COMING .1. 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Libr. 13689 PY 1957 13690 VL 48 13691 IS 4 13692 BP 145 13693 EP 148 13694 PG 4 13695 SC Information Science & Library Science 13696 GA CEG57 13697 UT ISI:A1957CEG5700003 13698 ER 13699 13700 PT J 13701 AU GARFIELD, E 13702 TI BREAKING THE SUBJECT INDEX BARRIER - A CITATION INDEX FOR CHEMICAL 13703 PATENTS 13704 SO JOURNAL OF THE PATENT OFFICE SOCIETY 13705 LA English 13706 DT Article 13707 CR ADAIR WC, 1955, AM DOC, V6, P31 13708 CRANE EJ, 1955, CHEM ENG NEWS, V33, P2752 13709 GARFIELD E, 1955, SCIENCE, V122, P108 13710 HART HC, 1949, J PATENT OFFICE SOC, V31, P714 13711 SEIDEL AH, 1949, J PATENT OFFICE SOC, V31, P554 13712 NR 5 13713 TC 26 13714 PU PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFF SOC 13715 PI ARLINGTON 13716 PA PO BOX 2600, ARLINGTON, VA 22202 13717 SN 0096-3577 13718 J9 J PAT OFF SOC 13719 PY 1957 13720 VL 39 13721 IS 8 13722 BP 583 13723 EP 595 13724 PG 13 13725 SC Business; Information Science & Library Science; Law 13726 GA CDQ37 13727 UT ISI:A1957CDQ3700004 13728 ER 13729 13730 PT J 13731 AU ROCKWELL, HE 13732 HAYNE, RL 13733 GARFIELD, E 13734 TI A UNIQUE SYSTEM FOR RAPID ACCESS TO LARGE VOLUME OF PHARMACOLOGICAL 13735 DATA - APPLICATION TO PUBLISHED LITERATURE ON CHLORPROMAZINE 13736 SO FEDERATION PROCEEDINGS 13737 LA English 13738 DT Article 13739 NR 0 13740 TC 5 13741 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL 13742 PI BETHESDA 13743 PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 13744 SN 0014-9446 13745 J9 FED PROC 13746 PY 1957 13747 VL 16 13748 IS 3 13749 BP 726 13750 EP 731 13751 PG 6 13752 SC Biology 13753 GA WE228 13754 UT ISI:A1957WE22800015 13755 ER 13756 13757 PT J 13758 AU GARFIELD, E 13759 TI CITATION INDEXES FOR SCIENCE - NEW DIMENSION IN DOCUMENTATION THROUGH 13760 ASSOCIATION OF IDEAS 13761 SO SCIENCE 13762 LA English 13763 DT Article 13764 CR ADAIR WC, 1955, AM DOC, V6, P31 13765 ANDREW AM, 1953, ELECTRON ENG, V25, P471 13766 BEHNKE JA, 1954, SCIENCE, V120, P1055 13767 BITNER H, 1954, COMMUNICATION APR 13768 BRODMAN E, 1944, B MED LIB ASS, V32, P479 13769 BUSA R, 1952, NACHR DOK, V3, P14 13770 DENNIS W, 1954, SCI MONTHLY, V79, P180 13771 FUSSLER HH, 1949, LIBRARY Q, V19, P19 13772 GARFIELD E, UNPUBLISHED 13773 GARFIELD E, 1954, SCIENCE, V120, P1039 13774 GROSS PLK, 1927, SCIENCE, V66, P385 13775 LEHMAN HC, 1954, SCI MONTHLY, V78, P321 13776 SELYE H, 1946, J CLIN ENDOCRINOL, V6, P117 13777 SHAW RR, 1951, MACHINES BIBLIOGRAPH, P19 13778 THOMASSON P, 1955, SCIENCE, V121, P610 13779 ZIRKLE C, 1954, SCIENCE, V120, P189 13780 ZWORYKIN VK, 1947, P AM PHILOS SOC, V91, P139 13781 NR 17 13782 TC 295 13783 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE 13784 PI WASHINGTON 13785 PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 13786 SN 0036-8075 13787 J9 SCIENCE 13788 JI Science 13789 PY 1955 13790 VL 122 13791 IS 3159 13792 BP 108 13793 EP 111 13794 PG 4 13795 SC Multidisciplinary Sciences 13796 GA ZQ151 13797 UT ISI:A1955ZQ15100002 13798 ER 13799 13800 EF 13801 13802 13803 FN ISI Export Format 13804 VR 1.0 13805 PT J 13806 AU Colizza, V 13807 Barrat, A 13808 Barthelemy, M 13809 Vespignani, A 13810 TI The role of the airline transportation network in the prediction and 13811 predictability of global epidemics 13812 SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF 13813 AMERICA 13814 LA English 13815 DT Article 13816 DE complex systems; epidemiology; networks 13817 ID INFECTIOUS-DISEASE; MATHEMATICAL-MODEL; GEOGRAPHIC SPREAD; INFLUENZA; 13818 OUTBREAKS; TRAVEL 13819 AB The systematic study of large-scale networks has unveiled the 13820 ubiquitous presence of connectivity patterns characterized by 13821 large-scale heterogeneities and unbounded statistical fluctuations. 13822 These features affect dramatically the behavior of the diffusion 13823 processes occurring on networks, determining the ensuing statistical 13824 properties of their evolution pattern and dynamics. In this article, we 13825 present a stochastic computational framework for the forecast of global 13826 epidemics that considers the complete worldwide air travel 13827 infrastructure complemented with census population data. We address two 13828 basic issues in global epidemic modeling: (i) we study the role of the 13829 large scale properties of the airline transportation network in 13830 determining the global diffusion pattern of emerging diseases; and (ii) 13831 we evaluate the reliability of forecasts and outbreak scenarios with 13832 respect to the intrinsic stochasticity of disease transmission and 13833 traffic flows. To address these issues we define a set of quantitative 13834 measures able to characterize the level of heterogeneity and 13835 predictability of the epidemic pattern. These measures may be used for 13836 the analysis of containment policies and epidemic risk assessment. 13837 C1 Indiana Univ, Sch Informat, Bloomington, IN 47401 USA. 13838 Indiana Univ, Ctr Biocomplex, Bloomington, IN 47401 USA. 13839 Univ Paris 11, CNRS, Unite Mixte Rech 8627, F-91405 Orsay, France. 13840 RP Vespignani, A, Indiana Univ, Sch Informat, Bloomington, IN 47401 USA. 13841 EM alexv@indiana.edu 13842 CR ALBERT R, 2002, REV MOD PHYS, V74, P47 13843 ANDERSON RM, 1992, INFECT DIS HUMANS 13844 BAROYAN OV, 1969, B INT EPIDEMIOL ASS, V18, P22 13845 BARRAT A, 2004, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V101, P3747 13846 CHOWELL G, 2003, PHYS REV E 2, V68 13847 CLIFF A, 2004, BRIT MED BULL, V69, P87 13848 COHEN ML, 2000, NATURE, V406, P762 13849 CRAIS RF, 2004, HLTH CARE MANAGE SCI, V7, P127 13850 DICKMAN R, 1994, PHYS REV E, V50, P4404 13851 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2003, EVOLUTION NETWORKS B 13852 EUBANK S, 2004, NATURE, V429, P180 13853 FERGUSON NM, 2003, NATURE, V425, P681 13854 FLAHAULT A, 1991, MATH POPUL STUD, V3, P1 13855 GARDINER WC, 2004, HDB STOCHASTIC METHO 13856 GASTNER MT, 2004, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V101, P7499 13857 GILLESPIE DT, 2000, J CHEM PHYS, V113, P297 13858 GRAIS RF, 2003, EUR J EPIDEMIOL, V18, P1065 13859 GUIMERA R, 2005, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V102, P7794 13860 HETHCOTE HW, 1984, LECT NOTES BIOMATHS, V56, P1 13861 HUFNAGEL L, 2004, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V101, P15124 13862 KEELING MJ, 1999, P ROY SOC LOND B BIO, V266, P859 13863 KRETZSCHMAR M, 1996, MATH BIOSCI, V133, P165 13864 LLOYD AL, 2001, SCIENCE, V292, P1316 13865 LONGINI IM, 1988, MATH BIOSCI, V90, P367 13866 MARRO J, 1998, NONEQUILIBRIUM PHASE 13867 MEYERS LA, 2005, J THEOR BIOL, V232, P71 13868 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P3200 13869 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2003, EVOLUTION STRUCTURE 13870 RVACHEV LA, 1985, MATH BIOSCI, V75, P3 13871 ZIPF GK, 1949, HUMAN BEHAV PRINCIPL 13872 NR 30 13873 TC 24 13874 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES 13875 PI WASHINGTON 13876 PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA 13877 SN 0027-8424 13878 J9 PROC NAT ACAD SCI USA 13879 JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 13880 PD FEB 14 13881 PY 2006 13882 VL 103 13883 IS 7 13884 BP 2015 13885 EP 2020 13886 PG 6 13887 SC Multidisciplinary Sciences 13888 GA 013LU 13889 UT ISI:000235411600005 13890 ER 13891 13892 PT J 13893 AU Colizza, V 13894 Flammini, A 13895 Serrano, MA 13896 Vespignani, A 13897 TI Detecting rich-club ordering in complex networks 13898 SO NATURE PHYSICS 13899 LA English 13900 DT Article 13901 ID INTERNET TOPOLOGY 13902 AB Uncovering the hidden regularities and organizational principles of 13903 networks arising in physical systems ranging from the molecular level 13904 to the scale of large communication infrastructures is the key issue in 13905 understanding their fabric and dynamical properties(1-5). The 13906 'rich-club' phenomenon refers to the tendency of nodes with high 13907 centrality, the dominant elements of the system, to form tightly 13908 interconnected communities, and it is one of the crucial properties 13909 accounting for the formation of dominant communities in both computer 13910 and social sciences(4-8). Here, we provide the analytical expression 13911 and the correct null models that allow for a quantitative discussion of 13912 the rich-club phenomenon. The presented analysis enables the 13913 measurement of the rich-club ordering and its relation with the 13914 function and dynamics of networks in examples drawn from the 13915 biological, social and technological domains. 13916 C1 Indiana Univ, Sch Informat, Bloomington, IN 47406 USA. 13917 Indiana Univ, Dept Phys, Bloomington, IN 47406 USA. 13918 RP Vespignani, A, Indiana Univ, Sch Informat, Bloomington, IN 47406 USA. 13919 EM alexv@indiana.edu 13920 CR ALBERT R, 2002, REV MOD PHYS, V74, P47 13921 AMARAL LAN, 2004, EUR PHYS J B, V38, P147 13922 BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509 13923 BARRAT A, 2004, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V101, P3747 13924 BIANCONI G, EMERGENCE LARGE CLIN 13925 BOGUNA M, 2003, PHYS REV E 2, V68 13926 BOGUNA M, 2004, EUR PHYS J B, V38, P205 13927 COLIZZA V, 2005, PHYSICA A, V352, P1 13928 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2003, EVOLUTION NETWORKS B 13929 ERDOS P, 1959, PUBL MATH-DEBRECEN, V6, P290 13930 FALOUTSOS M, 1999, COMP COMM R, V29, P251 13931 GUIMERA R, 2005, NATURE, V433, P895 13932 GUIMERA R, 2005, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V102, P7794 13933 GUIMERA R, 2005, SCIENCE, V308, P697 13934 MASLOV S, 2002, SCIENCE, V296, P910 13935 MOLLOY M, 1995, RANDOM STRUCT ALGOR, V6, P161 13936 MOREIRA AA, 2002, PHYS REV LETT, V89 13937 NEWMAN MEJ, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64 13938 NEWMAN MEJ, 2002, PHYS REV LETT, V89 13939 NEWMAN MEJ, 2003, PHYS REV E 2, V67 13940 NEWMAN MEJ, 2003, SIAM REV, V45, P167 13941 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V87 13942 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2004, EVOLUTION STRUCTURE 13943 PRICE DJ, 1986, LITTLE SCI BIG SCI 13944 QIAN C, 2002, P IEEE INFOCOM NEW Y, V2, P608 13945 VAZQUEZ A, 2002, PHYS REV E 2, V65 13946 WASSERMAN S, 1994, SOCIAL NETWORK ANAL 13947 ZHOU S, 2004, IEEE COMMUN LETT, V8, P180 13948 NR 28 13949 TC 16 13950 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP 13951 PI LONDON 13952 PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND 13953 SN 1745-2473 13954 J9 NAT PHYS 13955 JI Nat. Phys. 13956 PD FEB 13957 PY 2006 13958 VL 2 13959 IS 2 13960 BP 110 13961 EP 115 13962 PG 6 13963 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 13964 GA 014FM 13965 UT ISI:000235464700021 13966 ER 13967 13968 PT J 13969 AU Vespignani, A 13970 TI Behind enemy lines 13971 SO NATURE PHYSICS 13972 LA English 13973 DT News Item 13974 ID SPREAD; EPIDEMIOLOGY; COMPUTERS; NETWORKS; VIRUSES 13975 AB Computer viruses can spread through networks with alarming speed. But 13976 there is hope that those fighting the plague can keep up with the pace. 13977 C1 Indiana Univ, Sch Informat, Dept Phys, Bloomington, IN 47406 USA. 13978 Indiana Univ, Ctr Biocomplex, Bloomington, IN 47406 USA. 13979 RP Vespignani, A, Indiana Univ, Sch Informat, Dept Phys, Bloomington, IN 13980 47406 USA. 13981 EM alexv@indiana.edu 13982 CR BALTHROP J, 2004, SCIENCE, V304, P527 13983 GOLDENBERG J, 2005, NAT PHYS, V1, P184 13984 HOFMEYR S, 1999, EVOLUTIONARY COMPUTA, V7, P45 13985 KEPHART JO, 1993, IEEE SPECTRUM, V30, P20 13986 LLOYD AL, 2001, SCIENCE, V292, P1316 13987 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P3200 13988 SHANNON C, 2004, IEEE SECUR PRIV, V2, P46 13989 NR 7 13990 TC 0 13991 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP 13992 PI LONDON 13993 PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND 13994 SN 1745-2473 13995 J9 NAT PHYS 13996 JI Nat. Phys. 13997 PD DEC 13998 PY 2005 13999 VL 1 14000 IS 3 14001 BP 135 14002 EP 136 14003 PG 2 14004 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 14005 GA 006HK 14006 UT ISI:000234888400009 14007 ER 14008 14009 PT S 14010 AU Dall'Asta, L 14011 Alvarez-Hamelin, I 14012 Barrat, A 14013 Vazquez, A 14014 Vespignani, A 14015 TI Traceroute-like exploration of unknown networks: A statistical analysis 14016 SO COMBINATORIAL AND ALGORITHMIC ASPECTS OF NETWORKING 14017 SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE 14018 LA English 14019 DT Article 14020 ID BETWEENNESS; CENTRALITY; INTERNET 14021 AB Mapping the Internet generally consists in sampling the network from a 14022 limited set of sources by using traceroute-like probes. This 14023 methodology has been argued to introduce uncontrolled sampling biases 14024 that might produce statistical properties of the sampled graph which 14025 sharply differ from the original ones. Here we explore these biases and 14026 provide a statistical analysis of their origin. We derive a mean-field 14027 analytical approximation for the probability of edge and vertex 14028 detection that allows us to relate the global topological properties of 14029 the underlying network with the statistical accuracy of the sampled 14030 graph. In particular we show that shortest path routed sampling allows 14031 a clear characterization of underlying graphs with scale-free topology. 14032 We complement the analytical discussion with a throughout numerical 14033 investigation of simulated mapping strategies in different network 14034 models. 14035 C1 Univ Paris 11, CNRS, UMR 8627, Phys Theor Lab, F-91405 Orsay, France. 14036 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 14037 RP Dall'Asta, L, Univ Paris 11, CNRS, UMR 8627, Phys Theor Lab, Batiment 14038 210, F-91405 Orsay, France. 14039 CR BALDI P, 2003, PROBABILSISTIC METHO 14040 BARABASAI AL, 1998, SCIENCE, V286, P509 14041 BARTHELEMY M, 2004, EUR PHYS J B, V38, P163 14042 BRANDES U, 2001, J MATH SOCIOL, V25, P163 14043 BROIDO A, 2001, P SPIE INT S CONV IT 14044 BURCH H, 1999, IEEE COMPUT, V32, P97 14045 CALDARELLI G, 2000, EUROPHYS LETT, V52, P386 14046 CHEN Q, 2002, P IEEE INFOCOM 2002 14047 CLAUSET A, 2003, ARXIVCONDMAT0312674 14048 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2001, PHYS REV E 1, V63 14049 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2003, EVOLUTION NETWORKS B 14050 ERDOS P, 1960, PUBL MATH I HUNG, V5, P17 14051 FALOUTSOS M, 1999, ACM SIGCOMM COMPUTER, V29, P251 14052 FREEMAN LC, 1977, SOCIOMETRY, V40, P35 14053 GOH KI, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V87 14054 GOVINDAN R, 2000, P IEEE INFOCOM, V3, P1371 14055 JIN C, 2000, CSETR43300 EECS DEPT 14056 LAKHINA A, 2002, BUCSTR2002021 BOST U 14057 MEDINA A, 2000, BUCSTR2000005 BOST U 14058 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V87 14059 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2004, EVOLUTION STRUCTURE 14060 PETERMANN T, 2004, EUR PHYS J B, V38, P201 14061 VAZQUEZ A, 2002, PHYS REV E 2, V65 14062 WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440 14063 WILLINGER W, 2002, P NATL ACAD SCI U S1, V99, P2573 14064 NR 25 14065 TC 2 14066 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN 14067 PI BERLIN 14068 PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY 14069 SN 0302-9743 14070 J9 LECT NOTE COMPUT SCI 14071 PY 2005 14072 VL 3405 14073 BP 140 14074 EP 153 14075 PG 14 14076 SC Computer Science, Theory & Methods 14077 GA BCT65 14078 UT ISI:000231145300013 14079 ER 14080 14081 PT J 14082 AU Vergassola, M 14083 Vespignani, A 14084 Dujon, B 14085 TI Cooperative evolution in protein complexes of yeast from comparative 14086 analyses of its interaction network 14087 SO PROTEOMICS 14088 LA English 14089 DT Article 14090 DE comparative analyses; evolution; protein-protein interaction networks; 14091 Saccharomyces cerevisiae 14092 ID SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; SIMPLE DEPENDENCE; DATA SETS; NUMBER; 14093 GENERATION 14094 AB A comparative analysis among Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the other 14095 four yeasts Candida glabrata, Kluyveromyces lactis, Debaryomyces 14096 hansenii, and Yarrowia lipolytica is presented. The broad evolutionary 14097 range spanned by the organisms allows to quantitatively demonstrate 14098 novel evolutionary effects in protein complexes. The evolution rates 14099 within cliques of interlinked proteins are found to bear strong 14100 multipoint correlations, witnessing a cooperative coevolution of 14101 complex subunits. The coevolution is found to be largely independent of 14102 the tendency of the subunits to have similar abundances. 14103 C1 Inst Pasteur, Dept Struct & Dynam Genomes, Unite Genom Microorganismes Pathogenes, CNRS URA 2171, F-757724 Paris, France. 14104 Univ Paris 11, Phys Theor Lab, CNRS, UMR 8627, Orsay, France. 14105 Univ Paris 06, Inst Pasteur, Unite Genet Mol Levures, UFR 927, Paris, France. 14106 Univ Paris 06, Inst Pasteur, Unite Genet Mol Levures, CNRS URA 2171, Paris, France. 14107 RP Vergassola, M, Inst Pasteur, Dept Struct & Dynam Genomes, Unite Genom 14108 Microorganismes Pathogenes, CNRS URA 2171, 28 Rue Dr Roux, F-757724 14109 Paris, France. 14110 EM massimo@pasteur.fr 14111 CR ALBERTS B, 1998, CELL, V92, P291 14112 ALTSCHUL SF, 1997, NUCLEIC ACIDS RES, V25, P3389 14113 BLOOM JD, 2003, BMC EVOL BIOL, V3 14114 DUJON B, 2004, NATURE, V430, P35 14115 FRASER HB, 2002, SCIENCE, V296, P750 14116 FRASER HB, 2003, BMC EVOL BIOL, V3 14117 GAVIN AC, 2002, NATURE, V415, P141 14118 GHAEMMAGHAMI S, 2003, NATURE, V425, P737 14119 GOH CS, 2000, J MOL BIOL, V299, P283 14120 HARTWELL LH, 1999, NATURE, V402, P47 14121 HO Y, 2002, NATURE, V415, P180 14122 ITO T, 2001, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V98, P4569 14123 JEONG H, 2001, NATURE, V411, P41 14124 JORDAN IK, 2003, BMC EVOL BIOL, V3 14125 MILO R, 2002, SCIENCE, V298, P824 14126 PAL C, 2001, GENETICS, V158, P927 14127 PAZOS F, 2002, PROTEINS, V47, P219 14128 PELLEGRINI M, 1999, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V96, P4285 14129 UETZ P, 2000, NATURE, V403, P623 14130 VALENCIA A, 2002, CURR OPIN STRUC BIOL, V12, P368 14131 VONMERING C, 2002, NATURE, V417, P399 14132 WILCOXON F, 1945, BIOMETRICS, V1, P80 14133 WUCHTY S, 2003, NAT GENET, V35, P176 14134 NR 23 14135 TC 2 14136 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH 14137 PI WEINHEIM 14138 PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY 14139 SN 1615-9853 14140 J9 PROTEOMICS 14141 JI Proteomics 14142 PD AUG 14143 PY 2005 14144 VL 5 14145 IS 12 14146 BP 3116 14147 EP 3119 14148 PG 4 14149 SC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology 14150 GA 956QW 14151 UT ISI:000231315900015 14152 ER 14153 14154 PT J 14155 AU Barrat, A 14156 Barthelemy, M 14157 Vespignani, A 14158 TI The effects of spatial constraints on the evolution of weighted complex 14159 networks 14160 SO JOURNAL OF STATISTICAL MECHANICS-THEORY AND EXPERIMENT 14161 LA English 14162 DT Article 14163 DE network dynamics; random graphs; networks 14164 ID SMALL-WORLD NETWORKS; SCALE-FREE; RANDOM GRAPHS; TOPOLOGY 14165 AB Motivated by the empirical analysis of the air transportation system, 14166 we de. ne a network model that includes geographical attributes along 14167 with topological and weight (traffic) properties. The introduction of 14168 geographical attributes is made by constraining the network in real 14169 space. Interestingly, the inclusion of geometrical features induces 14170 non-trivial correlations between the weights, the connectivity pattern 14171 and the actual spatial distances of vertices. The model also recovers 14172 the emergence of anomalous fluctuations in the betweenness-degree 14173 correlation function as first observed by Guimera a and Amaral (2004 14174 Eur. Phys. J. B 38 381). The presented results suggest that the 14175 interplay between weight dynamics and spatial constraints is a key 14176 ingredient in order to understand the formation of real-world weighted 14177 networks. 14178 C1 Univ Paris 11, Phys Theor Lab, CNRS, UMR 8627, F-91405 Orsay, France. 14179 Indiana Univ, Sch Informat, Bloomington, IN 47406 USA. 14180 Indiana Univ, Biocomplex Ctr, Bloomington, IN 47406 USA. 14181 RP Barrat, A, Univ Paris 11, Phys Theor Lab, CNRS, UMR 8627, Batiment 210, 14182 F-91405 Orsay, France. 14183 EM Alain.Barrat@th.u-psud.fr 14184 mbarthel@indiana.edu 14185 alexv@indiana.edu 14186 CR ALBERT R, 2000, NATURE, V406, P378 14187 ALBERT R, 2002, REV MOD PHYS, V74, P47 14188 ALMAAS E, 2004, NATURE, V427, P839 14189 AMARAL LAN, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P11149 14190 ANTAL T, 2004, CONDMAT0408285 14191 BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509 14192 BARRAT A, 2004, LECT NOTES COMPUT SC, V3243, P56 14193 BARRAT A, 2004, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V101, P3747 14194 BARRAT A, 2004, PHYS REV E 2, V70 14195 BARRAT A, 2004, PHYS REV LETT, V92 14196 BARRAT A, 2005, PHYS REV E 2, V71 14197 BARTHELEMY M, 2003, EUR PHYS J B, V38, P163 14198 BARTHELEMY M, 2003, EUROPHYS LETT, V63, P915 14199 BIANCONI G, CONDMAT0412399 14200 CALLAWAY DS, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P5468 14201 COHEN R, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P4626 14202 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2002, ADV PHYS, V51, P1079 14203 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2003, EVOLUTION NETWORKS B 14204 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2004, CONDMAT0408343 14205 FREEMAN LC, 1977, SOCIOMETRY, V40, P35 14206 GARLASCHELLI D, 2005, PHYSICA A, V350, P491 14207 GASTNER MT, 2004, CONDMAT0407680 14208 GASTNER MT, 2004, CONDMAT0409702 14209 GOH KI, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V87 14210 GORMAN SP, 2003, UNPUB ENV PLANNING B 14211 GRANOVET.MS, 1973, AM J SOCIOL, V78, P1360 14212 GUIMERA R, 2003, CONDMAT0312535 14213 GUIMERA R, 2004, EUR PHYS J B, V38, P381 14214 HELMY A, 2002, CSNI0207069 14215 KRAUSE AE, 2003, NATURE, V426, P282 14216 LAKHINA A, TECHNICAL REPORT 14217 LI C, 2003, CONDMAT0311333 14218 LI W, 2004, PHYS REV E 2, V69 14219 MANNA SS, 2002, PHYS REV E 2, V66 14220 MASUDA N, 2005, PHYS REV E 2, V71 14221 MOLLOY M, 1995, RANDOM STRUCT ALGOR, V6, P161 14222 MUKHERJEE G, 2005, CONDMAT0503697 14223 NEMETH G, 2003, PHYS REV E 2, V67 14224 NEWMAN MEJ, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64 14225 NEWMAN MEJ, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64 14226 NEWMAN MEJ, 2002, PHYS REV LETT, V89 14227 ONNELA JP, 2004, CONDMAT0408629 14228 PANDYA RVR, 2004, CONDMAT0406644 14229 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P3200 14230 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2004, EVOLUTION STRUCTURE 14231 VAZQUEZ A, 2002, PHYS REV E 2, V65 14232 WANG WX, 2005, CONDMAT0501215 14233 WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440 14234 WAXMAN BM, 1988, IEEE J SEL AREA COMM, V6, P1617 14235 XULVIBRUNET R, 2002, PHYS REV E 2, V66 14236 YOOK SH, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P5835 14237 YOOK SH, 2002, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V99, P13382 14238 NR 52 14239 TC 3 14240 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD 14241 PI BRISTOL 14242 PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND 14243 SN 1742-5468 14244 J9 J STAT MECH-THEORY EXP 14245 JI J. Stat. Mech.-Theory Exp. 14246 PD MAY 14247 PY 2005 14248 AR P05003 14249 DI ARTN P05003 14250 PG 20 14251 SC Mechanics; Physics, Mathematical 14252 GA 932WW 14253 UT ISI:000229586200013 14254 ER 14255 14256 PT J 14257 AU Dall'Asta, L 14258 Alvarez-Hamelin, I 14259 Barrat, A 14260 Vazquez, A 14261 Vespignani, A 14262 TI Statistical theory of Internet exploration 14263 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E 14264 LA English 14265 DT Article 14266 ID COMPLEX NETWORKS; BETWEENNESS; CENTRALITY 14267 AB The general methodology used to construct Internet maps consists in 14268 merging all the discovered paths obtained by sending data packets from 14269 a set of active computers to a set of destination hosts, obtaining a 14270 graphlike representation of the network. This technique, sometimes 14271 referred to as Internet tomography, spurs the issue concerning the 14272 statistical reliability of such empirical maps. We tackle this problem 14273 by modeling the network sampling process on synthetic graphs and by 14274 using a mean-field approximation to obtain expressions for the 14275 probability of edge and vertex detection in the sampled graph. This 14276 allows a general understanding of the origin of possible sampling 14277 biases. In particular, we find a direct dependence of the map 14278 statistical accuracy upon the topological properties (in particular, 14279 the betweenness centrality property) of the underlying network. In this 14280 framework, it appears that statistically heterogeneous network 14281 topologies are captured better than the homogeneous ones during the 14282 mapping process. Finally, the analytical discussion is complemented 14283 with a thorough numerical investigation of simulated mapping strategies 14284 in network models with varying topological properties. 14285 C1 Univ Paris 11, Phys Theor Lab, F-91405 Orsay, France. 14286 Univ Buenos Aires, Fac Ingn, RA-1063 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. 14287 Univ Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 14288 Indiana Univ, Sch Informat, Bloomington, IN 47408 USA. 14289 Indiana Univ, Dept Phys, Bloomington, IN 47408 USA. 14290 RP Dall'Asta, L, Univ Paris 11, Phys Theor Lab, Batiment 210, F-91405 14291 Orsay, France. 14292 CR ALBERT R, 2002, REV MOD PHYS, V74, P47 14293 BALDI P, 2003, MODELING INTERNET WE 14294 BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509 14295 BARTHELEMY M, 2004, EUR PHYS J B, V38, P163 14296 BRANDES U, 2001, J MATH SOCIOL, V25, P163 14297 BROIDO A, 2001, SAN DIEG P SPIE INT 14298 BURCH H, 1999, IEEE COMPUT, V32, P97 14299 CALDARELLI G, 2000, EUROPHYS LETT, V52, P386 14300 CHEN Q, 2002, P IEEE INFOCOM 2002 14301 CLAUSET A, 2005, PHYS REV LETT, V94 14302 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2001, PHYS REV E 1, V63 14303 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2003, EVOLUTION NETWORKS B 14304 ERDOS P, 1959, PUBL MATH-DEBRECEN, V6, P290 14305 FALOUTSOS M, 1999, COMP COMM R, V29, P251 14306 FREEMAN LC, 1977, SOCIOMETRY, V40, P35 14307 GOH KI, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V87 14308 GOVINDAN R, 2000, P IEEE INFOCOM TEL A, P1371 14309 GUILLAUME JL, 2005, IN PRESS P IEEE INFO 14310 JIN C, 2000, CSETR43300 EECS DEP 14311 LAKHINA A, 2002, BUCSTR2002021 DEP CO 14312 MEDINA A, 2000, BUCSTR2000005 14313 NEWMAN MEJ, 2002, PHYS REV LETT, V89 14314 NEWMAN MEJ, 2003, SIAM REV, V45, P167 14315 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V87 14316 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2004, EVOLUTION STRUCTURE 14317 PETERMANN T, 2004, EUR PHYS J B, V38, P201 14318 VAZQUEZ A, 2002, PHYS REV E 2, V65 14319 WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440 14320 WILLINGER W, 2002, P NATL ACAD SCI U S1, V99, P2573 14321 NR 29 14322 TC 6 14323 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 14324 PI COLLEGE PK 14325 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 14326 SN 1063-651X 14327 J9 PHYS REV E 14328 JI Phys. Rev. E 14329 PD MAR 14330 PY 2005 14331 VL 71 14332 IS 3 14333 PN Part 2 14334 AR 036135 14335 DI ARTN 036135 14336 PG 9 14337 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical 14338 GA 922EC 14339 UT ISI:000228818200045 14340 ER 14341 14342 PT J 14343 AU Colizza, V 14344 Flammini, A 14345 Maritan, A 14346 Vespignani, A 14347 TI Characterization and modeling of protein-protein interaction networks 14348 SO PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 14349 LA English 14350 DT Article 14351 DE protein interaction networks; complex networks; evolution modeling 14352 ID GROWING RANDOM NETWORKS; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; COMPLEX NETWORKS; 14353 YEAST GENOME; FUNCTIONAL-ORGANIZATION; STATISTICAL-MECHANICS; METABOLIC 14354 NETWORKS; EVOLVING NETWORKS; SIMPLE DEPENDENCE; EVOLUTIONARY RATE 14355 AB The recent availability of high-throughput gene expression and 14356 proteomics techniques has created an unprecedented opportunity for a 14357 comprehensive study of the structure and dynamics of many biological 14358 networks. Global proteomic interaction data, in particular, are 14359 synthetically represented as undirected networks exhibiting features 14360 far from the random paradigm which has dominated past effort in network 14361 theory. This evidence, along with the advances in the theory of complex 14362 networks, has triggered an intense research activity aimed at 14363 exploiting the evolutionary and biological significance of the 14364 resulting network's topology. Here we present a review of the results 14365 obtained in the characterization and modeling of the yeast 14366 Saccharomyces Cerevisiae protein interaction networks obtained with 14367 different experimental techniques. We provide a comparative assessment 14368 of the topological properties and discuss possible biases in 14369 interaction networks obtained with different techniques. We report on 14370 dynamical models based on duplication mechanisms that cast the protein 14371 interaction networks in the family of dynamically growing complex 14372 networks. Finally, we discuss various results and analysis correlating 14373 the networks' topology with the biological function of proteins. (c) 14374 2005 Published by Elsevier B.V. 14375 C1 Indiana Univ, Sch Informat & Biocomplex Ctr, Bloomington, IN 47408 USA. 14376 Univ Padua, INFM, I-35131 Padua, Italy. 14377 Univ Padua, Dept Phys, I-35131 Padua, Italy. 14378 RP Vespignani, A, Indiana Univ, Sch Informat & Biocomplex Ctr, 14379 Bloomington, IN 47408 USA. 14380 EM alessandro.vespignani@th.u-psud.fr 14381 CR ALBERT R, 2002, REV MOD PHYS, V74, P47 14382 ALON U, 2003, SCIENCE, V301, P1866 14383 BADER GD, 2002, NAT BIOTECHNOL, V20, P991 14384 BARABASI AL, 1999, PHYSICA A, V272, P173 14385 BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509 14386 BARABASI AL, 2004, NAT REV GENET, V5, P101 14387 BHAN A, 2002, BIOINFORMATICS, V18, P1486 14388 BIANCONI G, 2001, EUROPHYS LETT, V54, P436 14389 BIANCONI G, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P5632 14390 BIANCONI G, 2003, PHYS REV LETT, V90 14391 BLOOM JD, 2003, BMC EVOL BIOL, V3 14392 BOLLOBAS B, 2001, RANDOM GRAPHS 14393 BRODER A, 2000, COMPUT NETW, V33, P309 14394 BRUN C, 2003, GENOME BIOL, V5, R6 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NETHERLANDS 14484 SN 0378-4371 14485 J9 PHYSICA A 14486 JI Physica A 14487 PD JUL 1 14488 PY 2005 14489 VL 352 14490 IS 1 14491 BP 1 14492 EP 27 14493 PG 27 14494 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 14495 GA 927KR 14496 UT ISI:000229193300002 14497 ER 14498 14499 PT J 14500 AU Barthelemy, M 14501 Barrat, A 14502 Pastor-Satorras, R 14503 Vespignani, A 14504 TI Dynamical patterns of epidemic outbreaks in complex heterogeneous 14505 networks 14506 SO JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL BIOLOGY 14507 LA English 14508 DT Article 14509 DE complex networks; disease spreading; epidemic modeling 14510 ID SCALE-FREE NETWORKS; SEXUAL CONTACTS; TRANSMISSION 14511 AB We present a thorough inspection of the dynamical behavior of epidemic 14512 phenomena in populations with complex and heterogeneous connectivity 14513 patterns. We show that the growth of the epidemic prevalence is 14514 virtually instantaneous in all networks characterized by diverging 14515 degree fluctuations, independently of the structure of the connectivity 14516 correlation functions characterizing the population network. By means 14517 of analytical and numerical results, we show that the outbreak time 14518 evolution follows a precise hierarchical dynamics. Once reached the 14519 most highly connected hubs, the infection pervades the network in a 14520 progressive cascade across smaller degree classes. Finally, we show the 14521 influence of the initial conditions and the relevance of statistical 14522 results in single case studies concerning heterogeneous networks. The 14523 emerging theoretical framework appears of general interest in view of 14524 the recently observed abundance of natural networks with complex 14525 topological features and might provide useful insights for the 14526 development of adaptive strategies aimed at epidemic containment. (c) 14527 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 14528 C1 Ctr Etud Bruyeres Le Chatel, CEA, Dept Phys Theor & Appl, F-91680 Bruyeres Le Chatel, France. 14529 Univ Paris 11, UMR 8627, CNRS, Phys Theor Lab, F-91405 Orsay, France. 14530 Univ Politecn Catalunya, Dept Fis & Engn Nucl, ES-08034 Barcelona, Spain. 14531 Indiana Univ, Sch Informat, Bloomington, IN 47408 USA. 14532 Indiana Univ, Biocomplex Ctr, Bloomington, IN 47408 USA. 14533 RP Barthelemy, M, Ctr Etud Bruyeres Le Chatel, CEA, Dept Phys Theor & 14534 Appl, BP 12, F-91680 Bruyeres Le Chatel, France. 14535 EM marc.barthelemy@th.u-psud.fr 14536 CR ALBERT R, 2002, REV MOD PHYS, V74, P47 14537 AMARAL LAN, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P11149 14538 ANDERSON RM, 1992, INFECT DIS HUMANS 14539 BAILEY NTJ, 1975, MATH THEORY INFECT D 14540 BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509 14541 BARRAT A, 2004, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V101, P3747 14542 BARTHELEMY M, 2002, PHYSICA A, V319, P633 14543 BARTHELEMY M, 2004, PHYS REV LETT, V92 14544 BOGUNA M, 2002, PHYS REV E 2, V66 14545 BOGUNA M, 2003, LECT NOTES PHYS, V625 14546 BOGUNA M, 2003, PHYS REV LETT, V90 14547 BOLLOBAS B, 1985, RANDOM GRAPHS 14548 COHEN R, 2003, PHYS REV LETT, V90 14549 COLGATE SA, 1989, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V86, P4793 14550 DAILEY DJ, 2001, EPIDEMIC MODELLING I 14551 DERRIDA B, 1987, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V20, P5273 14552 DEZSO Z, 2002, PHYS REV E 2, V65 14553 DIEKMANN O, 2000, MATH EPIDEMIOLOGY IN 14554 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2003, EVOLUTION NETWORKS B 14555 ERDOS P, 1959, PUBL MATH-DEBRECEN, V6, P290 14556 EUBANK S, 2004, NATURE, V429, P180 14557 FERGUSON NM, 2003, NATURE, V425, P681 14558 GANTMACHER FR, 1974, THEORY MATRICES, V2 14559 GUIMERA R, 2003, CONDMAT0312535 14560 HETHCOTE HW, 1984, LECT NOTES BIOMATHS, V56, P1 14561 LILJEROS F, 2001, NATURE, V411, P907 14562 LLOYD AL, 2001, SCIENCE, V292, P1316 14563 MAY RM, 1984, MATH BIOSCI, V72, P83 14564 MAY RM, 1988, PHIL T R SOC LOND B, V321, P565 14565 MAY RM, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64 14566 MORENO Y, 2002, EUR PHYS J B, V26, P521 14567 MORENO Y, 2003, EUR PHYS J B, V31, P265 14568 MURRAY JD, 1993, MATH BIOL 14569 NEWMAN MEJ, 2002, PHYS REV E 2, V66 14570 NEWMAN MEJ, 2002, PHYS REV LETT, V89 14571 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V63 14572 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P3200 14573 SCHNEEBERGER A, 2004, SEX TRANSM DIS, V31, P380 14574 YORKE JA, 1978, SEX TRANSM DIS, V5, P51 14575 NR 39 14576 TC 33 14577 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD 14578 PI LONDON 14579 PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND 14580 SN 0022-5193 14581 J9 J THEOR BIOL 14582 JI J. Theor. Biol. 14583 PD JUL 21 14584 PY 2005 14585 VL 235 14586 IS 2 14587 BP 275 14588 EP 288 14589 PG 14 14590 SC Biology; Mathematical & Computational Biology 14591 GA 928BQ 14592 UT ISI:000229246500011 14593 ER 14594 14595 PT J 14596 AU Borner, K 14597 Dall'Asta, L 14598 Ke, WM 14599 Vespignani, A 14600 TI Studying the emerging global brain: Analyzing and visualizing the 14601 impact of co-authorship teams 14602 SO COMPLEXITY 14603 LA English 14604 DT Article 14605 DE weighted network analysis; co-author networks; citation analysis; 14606 information visualization 14607 ID NETWORKS 14608 AB This article introduces a suite of approaches and measures to study the 14609 impact of co-authorship teams based on the number of publications and 14610 their citations on a local and global scale. In particular, we present 14611 a novel weighted graph representation that encodes coupled author-paper 14612 networks as a weighted co-authorship graph. This weighted graph 14613 representation is applied to a dataset that captures the emergence of a 14614 new field of science and comprises 614 articles published by 1036 14615 unique authors between 1974 and 2004. To characterize the properties 14616 and evolution of this field, we first use four different measures of 14617 centrality to identify the impact of authors. A global statistical 14618 analysis is performed to characterize the distribution of paper 14619 production and paper citations and its correlation with the 14620 co-authorship team size. The size of co-authorship clusters over time 14621 is examined. Finally, a novel local, author-centered measure based on 14622 entropy is applied to determine the global evolution of the field and 14623 the identification of the contribution of a single author's impact 14624 across all of its co-authorship relations. A visualization of the 14625 growth of the weighted co-author network, and the results obtained from 14626 the statistical analysis indicate a drift toward a more cooperative, 14627 global collaboration process as the main drive in the production of 14628 scientific knowledge. (c) 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 14629 C1 Indiana Univ, SLIS, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. 14630 Univ Paris 11, Phys Theor Lab, F-91405 Orsay, France. 14631 Indiana Univ, Sch Informat, Bloomington, IN 47406 USA. 14632 Indiana Univ, Biocomplex Ctr, Bloomington, IN 47406 USA. 14633 RP Borner, K, Indiana Univ, SLIS, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. 14634 EM katy@indiana.edu 14635 CR ALMAAS E, 2004, NATURE, P427 14636 AMARAL LAN, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P11149 14637 BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509 14638 BARABASI AL, 2002, LINKED 14639 BARRAT A, 2004, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V101, P3747 14640 BATAGELJ V, 1998, CONNECTIONS, V21, P47 14641 BEAVER DD, 1978, SCIENTOMETRICS, V1, P65 14642 BLOOM H, 2000, GLOBAL BRAIN EVOLUTI 14643 BORNER K, 2003, VISUALIZING KNOWLEDG, P179 14644 BORNER K, 2004, P NATL ACAD SCI U S1, V101, P5266 14645 CRANE D, 1972, INVISIBLE COLL DIFFU 14646 CRONIN B, 1994, J AM SOC INFORM SCI, V45, P61 14647 DOROGOVSTEV SN, 2003, EVOLUTION NETWORKS 14648 FREEMAN LC, 1977, SOCIOMETRY, V40, P35 14649 GUIMERA R, 2004, TEAM ASSEMBLY MECH D 14650 KAMADA T, 1989, INFORM PROCESS LETT, V31, P7 14651 NEWMAN MEJ, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64 14652 NEWMAN MEJ, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64 14653 NEWMAN MEJ, 2004, P NATL ACAD SCI U S1, V101, P5200 14654 NEWMAN MEJ, 2004, PHYS REV E 2, V70 14655 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2004, EVOLUTION STRUCTURE 14656 RAMASCO JJ, 2004, PHYS REV E 2, V70 14657 WASSERMAN S, 1994, METHODS APPL STRUCTU, V8 14658 WHITE HD, 2001, SCIENTOMETRICS, V51, P607 14659 NR 24 14660 TC 2 14661 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 14662 PI HOBOKEN 14663 PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA 14664 SN 1076-2787 14665 J9 COMPLEXITY 14666 JI Complexity 14667 PD MAR-APR 14668 PY 2005 14669 VL 10 14670 IS 4 14671 BP 57 14672 EP 67 14673 PG 11 14674 SC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Multidisciplinary Sciences 14675 GA 917NJ 14676 UT ISI:000228469000006 14677 ER 14678 14679 PT J 14680 AU Barrat, A 14681 Barthelemy, M 14682 Vespignani, A 14683 TI Modeling the evolution of weighted networks 14684 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E 14685 LA English 14686 DT Article 14687 ID SMALL-WORLD NETWORKS; SCALE-FREE NETWORKS; EVOLVING NETWORKS; COMPLEX 14688 NETWORKS 14689 AB We present a general model for the growth of weighted networks in which 14690 the structural growth is coupled with the edges' weight dynamical 14691 evolution. The model is based on a simple weight-driven dynamics and a 14692 weights' reinforcement mechanism coupled to the local network growth. 14693 That coupling can be generalized in order to include the effect of 14694 additional randomness and nonlinearities which can be present in 14695 real-world networks. The model generates weighted graphs exhibiting the 14696 statistical properties observed in several real-world systems. In 14697 particular, the model yields a nontrivial time evolution of vertices' 14698 properties and scale-free behavior with exponents depending on the 14699 microscopic parameters characterizing the coupling rules. Very 14700 interestingly, the generated graphs spontaneously achieve a complex 14701 hierarchical architecture characterized by clustering and connectivity 14702 correlations varying as a function of the vertices' degree. 14703 C1 Univ Paris 11, Phys Theor Lab, CNRS, UMR 8627, F-91405 Orsay, France. 14704 Ctr Etud Bruyeres Le Chatel, CEA, Dept Phys Theor & Appl, F-91680 Bruyeres Le Chatel, France. 14705 Indiana Univ, Sch Informat, Bloomington, IN 47408 USA. 14706 RP Barrat, A, Univ Paris 11, Phys Theor Lab, CNRS, UMR 8627, Batiment 210, 14707 F-91405 Orsay, France. 14708 CR ALBERT R, 2000, NATURE, V406, P378 14709 ALBERT R, 2002, REV MOD PHYS, V74, P47 14710 ALMAAS E, 2004, NATURE, V427, P839 14711 AMARAL LAN, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P11149 14712 BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509 14713 BARABASI AL, 2002, PHYSICA A, V311, P590 14714 BARRAT A, UNPUB 14715 BARRAT A, 2004, LECT NOTES COMPUT SC, V3243, P56 14716 BARRAT A, 2004, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V101, P3747 14717 BARRAT A, 2004, PHYS REV LETT, V92 14718 BARTHELEMY M, UNPUB 14719 BIANCONI G, 2001, EUROPHYS LETT, V54, P436 14720 CALDARELLI G, 2002, PHYS REV LETT, V89 14721 CALLAWAY DS, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P5468 14722 COHEN R, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P4626 14723 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2002, ADV PHYS, V51, P1079 14724 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2003, EVOLUTION NETWORKS B 14725 GARLASCHELLI D, CONDMAT0310503 14726 GRANOVET.MS, 1973, AM J SOCIOL, V78, P1360 14727 GUIMERA R, CONDMAT0312535 14728 KRAUSE AE, 2003, NATURE, V426, P282 14729 LI C, CONDMAT0311333 14730 LI W, 2004, PHYS REV E 2, V69 14731 MASLOV S, 2002, SCIENCE, V296, P910 14732 NEWMAN MEJ, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64 14733 NEWMAN MEJ, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64 14734 NEWMAN MEJ, 2002, PHYS REV LETT, V89 14735 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P3200 14736 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V87 14737 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2004, EVOLUTION STRUCTURE 14738 PIMM SL, 2002, FOOD WEBS 14739 RAVASZ E, 2003, PHYS REV E 2, V67 14740 VAZQUEZ A, 2002, PHYS REV E 2, V65 14741 WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440 14742 YOOK SH, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P5835 14743 ZHENG DF, 2003, PHYS REV E 1, V67 14744 NR 36 14745 TC 42 14746 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 14747 PI COLLEGE PK 14748 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 14749 SN 1063-651X 14750 J9 PHYS REV E 14751 JI Phys. Rev. E 14752 PD DEC 14753 PY 2004 14754 VL 70 14755 IS 6 14756 PN Part 2 14757 AR 066149 14758 DI ARTN 066149 14759 PG 12 14760 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical 14761 GA 887IM 14762 UT ISI:000226299200056 14763 ER 14764 14765 PT J 14766 AU Barthelemy, M 14767 Barrat, A 14768 Pastor-Satorras, R 14769 Vespignani, A 14770 TI Characterization and modeling of weighted networks 14771 SO PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 14772 LA English 14773 DT Article 14774 DE disordered system; networks 14775 ID SMALL-WORLD NETWORKS 14776 AB We review the main tools which allow for the statistical 14777 characterization of weighted networks. We then present two case 14778 studies, the airline connection network and the scientific 14779 collaboration network which are representatives of critical 14780 infrastructure and social system, respectively. The main empirical 14781 results are (i) the broad distributions of various quantities and (ii) 14782 the existence of weight-topology correlations. These measurements show 14783 that weights are relevant and that in general the modeling of complex 14784 networks must go beyond topology. We review a model which provides an 14785 explanation for the features observed in several real-world networks. 14786 This model of weighted network formation relies on the dynamical 14787 coupling between topology and weights, considering the rearrangement of 14788 new links are introduced in the system. (C) 2004 Published by Elsevier 14789 B.V. 14790 C1 Ctr Etud Bruyeres Le Chatel, Dept Phys Theor & Appl, CEA, F-91680 Bruyeres Le Chatel, France. 14791 Univ Paris 11, CNRS, UMR 8627, Phys Theor Lab, F-91405 Orsay, France. 14792 Univ Politecn Catalunya, Dept Fis & Engn Nucl, ES-08034 Barcelona, Spain. 14793 RP Barthelemy, M, Ctr Etud Bruyeres Le Chatel, Dept Phys Theor & Appl, 14794 CEA, BP 12, F-91680 Bruyeres Le Chatel, France. 14795 EM Marc.Barthelemy@th.u-psud.fr 14796 CR ALBERT R, 2002, REV MOD PHYS, V74, P47 14797 ALMAAS E, 2004, NATURE, V427, P839 14798 AMARAL LAN, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P11149 14799 ANTAL T, CONDMAT0408285 14800 BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509 14801 BARABASI AL, 2002, PHYSICA A, V311, P590 14802 BARRAT A, 2004, CONDMAT0406238 14803 BARRAT A, 2004, CSNI0405070 14804 BARRAT A, 2004, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V101, P3747 14805 BARRAT A, 2004, PHYS REV LETT, V92 14806 BARTHELEMY M, 2003, PHYSICA A, V319, P633 14807 BARTHELEMY M, 2004, UNPUB 14808 DERRIDA B, 1987, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V20, P5273 14809 DOROGOVTSEV SN, CONDMAT0408343 14810 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2003, EVOLUTION NETWORKS B 14811 GARLASCHELLI D, 2003, CONDMAT0310503 14812 GRANOVET.MS, 1973, AM J SOCIOL, V78, P1360 14813 GUIMERA R, 2004, EUR PHYS J B, V38, P381 14814 HU B, 2004, CONDMAT0408125 14815 KRAUSE AE, 2003, NATURE, V426, P282 14816 LI C, 2003, CONDMAT0311333 14817 LI W, 2004, PHYS REV E 2, V69 14818 NEWMAN MEJ, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64 14819 NEWMAN MEJ, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64 14820 NEWMAN MEJ, 2002, PHYS REV LETT, V89 14821 ONNELA JP, 2003, PHYS REV E 2, V68 14822 PANDYA RVR, 2004, CONDMAT0406644 14823 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2004, EVOLUTION STRUCTURE 14824 WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440 14825 YOOK SH, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P5835 14826 ZHENG DF, 2003, PHYS REV E 1, V67 14827 ZHOU S, 2003, CSNI0303028 14828 NR 32 14829 TC 15 14830 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV 14831 PI AMSTERDAM 14832 PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS 14833 SN 0378-4371 14834 J9 PHYSICA A 14835 JI Physica A 14836 PD FEB 1 14837 PY 2005 14838 VL 346 14839 IS 1-2 14840 BP 34 14841 EP 43 14842 PG 10 14843 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 14844 GA 878YA 14845 UT ISI:000225682200006 14846 ER 14847 14848 PT S 14849 AU Barrat, A 14850 Barthelemy, M 14851 Vespignani, A 14852 TI Traffic-driven model of the World Wide Web graph 14853 SO ALGORITHMS AND MODELS FOR THE WEB-GRAPHS, PROCEEDINGS 14854 SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE 14855 LA English 14856 DT Article 14857 ID EVOLVING NETWORKS; DYNAMICS 14858 AB We propose a model for the World Wide Web graph that couples the 14859 topological growth with the traffic's dynamical evolution. The model is 14860 based on a simple traffic-driven dynamics and generates weighted 14861 directed graphs exhibiting the statistical properties observed in the 14862 Web. In particular, the model yields a non-trivial time evolution of 14863 vertices and heavy-tail distributions for the topological and traffic 14864 properties. The generated graphs exhibit a complex architecture with a 14865 hierarchy of cohesiveness levels similar to those observed in the 14866 analysis of real data. 14867 C1 Univ Paris 11, CNRS, Phys Theor Lab, UMR 8627, F-91405 Orsay, France. 14868 CEA, Ctr Etud Bruyeres Le Chatel, Dept Phys Theor & Appl, F-91680 Bruyeres Le Chatel, France. 14869 Indiana Univ, Sch Informat, Bloomington, IN 47408 USA. 14870 RP Barrat, A, Univ Paris 11, CNRS, Phys Theor Lab, UMR 8627, Batiment 210, 14871 F-91405 Orsay, France. 14872 CR ADAMIC IA, 2001, COMMUN ACM, V44, P55 14873 ALBERT R, 2002, REV MOD PHYS, V74, P47 14874 AMARAL LAN, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P11149 14875 BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509 14876 BARABASI AL, 2000, PHYSICA A, V281, P69 14877 BARABASI AL, 2002, PHYSICA A, V311, P590 14878 BARRAT A, CONDMAT0406238 14879 BARRAT A, 2004, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V101, P3747 14880 BARRAT A, 2004, PHSY REV LETT, V92 14881 BIANCONI G, 2001, EUROPHYS LETT, V54, P436 14882 BRODER A, 2000, P 9 WWW C 14883 COOPER C, 2001, LECT NOTES COMPUTER, V2161, P500 14884 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2000, EUROPHYS LETT, V52, P33 14885 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2003, EVOLUTION NETWORKS B 14886 ECKMANN JP, 2002, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V99, P5825 14887 GARLASCHELLI D, 2003, CONDMAT0310503 14888 GRANOVET.MS, 1973, AM J SOCIOL, V78, P1360 14889 GUIMERA R, 2003, UNPUB 14890 HUBERMAN BA, 1997, SCIENCE, V277, P535 14891 HUBERMAN BA, 1998, SCIENCE, V280, P95 14892 KRAPIVSKY PL, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P5401 14893 KUMAR R, 2000, P 41 IEEE S FDN COMP, P57 14894 LAURA L, 2002, P 2 INT WORKSH WEB D 14895 LAURA L, 2003, EUR S ALG 14896 MENCZER F, 2002, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V99, P14014 14897 MOSSA S, 2002, PHYS REV LETT, V88 14898 NEWMAN MEJ, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64 14899 NEWMAN MEJ, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64 14900 NEWMAN MEJ, 2002, PHYS REV LETT, V89 14901 PANDURANGAN G, 2002, LECT NOTES COMPUTER, V2387, P330 14902 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V87 14903 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2004, EVOLUTION STRUCTURE 14904 QUINCE C, 2004, ARXIVQBIOPE0402014 14905 RAVASZ E, 2003, PHYS REV E 2, V67 14906 TADIC B, 2001, PHYSICA A, V293, P273 14907 VAZQUEZ A, 2002, PHYS REV E 2, V65 14908 WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440 14909 YOOK SH, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P5835 14910 NR 38 14911 TC 4 14912 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN 14913 PI BERLIN 14914 PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY 14915 SN 0302-9743 14916 J9 LECT NOTE COMPUT SCI 14917 PY 2004 14918 VL 3243 14919 BP 56 14920 EP 67 14921 PG 12 14922 SC Computer Science, Theory & Methods 14923 GA BBB69 14924 UT ISI:000224583300005 14925 ER 14926 14927 PT J 14928 AU Barrat, A 14929 Barthelemy, M 14930 Vespignani, A 14931 TI Weighted evolving networks: Coupling topology and weight dynamics 14932 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 14933 LA English 14934 DT Article 14935 ID SMALL-WORLD NETWORKS 14936 AB We propose a model for the growth of weighted networks that couples the 14937 establishment of new edges and vertices and the weights' dynamical 14938 evolution. The model is based on a simple weight-driven dynamics and 14939 generates networks exhibiting the statistical properties observed in 14940 several real-world systems. In particular, the model yields a 14941 nontrivial time evolution of vertices' properties and scale-free 14942 behavior for the weight, strength, and degree distributions. 14943 C1 Univ Paris 11, Phys Theor Lab, CNRS, UMR 8627, F-91405 Orsay, France. 14944 Ctr Etud Bruyeres le Chatel, CEA, Dept Phys Theor & Appl, F-91680 Bruyeres Le Chatel, France. 14945 RP Barrat, A, Univ Paris 11, Phys Theor Lab, CNRS, UMR 8627, Batiment 210, 14946 F-91405 Orsay, France. 14947 CR ALBERT R, 2002, REV MOD PHYS, V74, P47 14948 ALMAAS E, 2004, NATURE, V427, P839 14949 AMARAL LAN, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P11149 14950 BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509 14951 BARABASI AL, 2002, PHYSICA A, V311, P590 14952 BARRAT A, IN PRESS 14953 BARRAT A, 2004, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V101, P3747 14954 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2003, EVOLUTION NETWORKS B 14955 GARLASCHELLI D, CONDMAT0310503 14956 GRANOVET.MS, 1973, AM J SOCIOL, V78, P1360 14957 GUIMERA R, CONDMAT0312535 14958 KRAUSE AE, 2003, NATURE, V426, P282 14959 LI C, CONDMAT0309236 14960 LI C, CONDMAT0311333 14961 NEWMAN MEJ, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64 14962 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2004, EVOLUTION STRUCTURE 14963 PIMM SL, 2002, FOOD WEBS 14964 WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440 14965 YOOK SH, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P5835 14966 ZHENG DF, 2003, PHYS REV E 1, V67 14967 NR 20 14968 TC 91 14969 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 14970 PI COLLEGE PK 14971 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 14972 SN 0031-9007 14973 J9 PHYS REV LETT 14974 JI Phys. Rev. Lett. 14975 PD JUN 4 14976 PY 2004 14977 VL 92 14978 IS 22 14979 AR 228701 14980 DI ARTN 228701 14981 PG 4 14982 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 14983 GA 826QU 14984 UT ISI:000221844400064 14985 ER 14986 14987 PT J 14988 AU Moreno, Y 14989 Nekovee, M 14990 Vespignani, A 14991 TI Efficiency and reliability of epidemic data dissemination in complex 14992 networks 14993 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E 14994 LA English 14995 DT Article 14996 AB We study the dynamics of epidemic spreading processes aimed at 14997 spontaneous dissemination of information updates in populations with 14998 complex connectivity patterns. The influence of the topological 14999 structure of the network in these processes is studied by analyzing the 15000 behavior of several global parameters, such as reliability, efficiency, 15001 and load. Large-scale numerical simulations of update-spreading 15002 processes show that while networks with homogeneous connectivity 15003 patterns permit a higher reliability, scale-free topologies allow for a 15004 better efficiency. 15005 C1 Univ Zaragoza, Dept Fis Teor, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain. 15006 Univ Zaragoza, Inst Biocomputac & Fis Sistemas Complejos, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain. 15007 BT Exact, Complex Res Grp, Martlesham IP5 3RE, Suffolk, England. 15008 Univ Paris 11, CNRS, UMR 8627, Phys Theor Lab, F-91405 Orsay, France. 15009 RP Moreno, Y, Univ Zaragoza, Dept Fis Teor, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain. 15010 CR ALBERT R, 2000, NATURE, V406, P378 15011 BARABASI AL, 1999, PHYSICA A, V272, P173 15012 BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509 15013 CALLAWAY DS, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P5468 15014 COHEN R, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P4626 15015 DALEY DJ, 2000, EPIDEMIC MODELING 15016 DEERING SE, 1990, ACM T COMPUT SYST, V8, P85 15017 DEMERS AJ, 1987, UNPUB P 6 ANN ACM S 15018 FOSTER I, 1999, GRID BLUEPRINT FUTUR 15019 KERMARREC AM, 2003, IEEE T PARALL DISTR, V14, P248 15020 KOSIUR D, 1998, IP MULTICASTING COMP 15021 LIU ZH, 2003, PHYS REV E 1, V67 15022 ORAM A, 2001, PEER TO PEER HARNESS 15023 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P3200 15024 VOGELS W, 2002, UNPUB P HOTNETS I PR 15025 WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440 15026 ZANETTE DH, 2001, PHYS REV E, V64 15027 NR 17 15028 TC 9 15029 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 15030 PI COLLEGE PK 15031 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 15032 SN 1063-651X 15033 J9 PHYS REV E 15034 JI Phys. Rev. E 15035 PD MAY 15036 PY 2004 15037 VL 69 15038 IS 5 15039 PN Part 2 15040 AR 055101 15041 DI ARTN 055101 15042 PG 4 15043 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical 15044 GA 826EZ 15045 UT ISI:000221813400001 15046 ER 15047 15048 PT J 15049 AU Caldarelli, G 15050 Erzan, A 15051 Vespignani, A 15052 TI Preface on "Applications of Networks" 15053 SO EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL B 15054 LA English 15055 DT Editorial Material 15056 NR 0 15057 TC 0 15058 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG 15059 PI NEW YORK 15060 PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA 15061 SN 1434-6028 15062 J9 EUR PHYS J B 15063 JI Eur. Phys. J. B 15064 PD MAR 15065 PY 2004 15066 VL 38 15067 IS 2 15068 BP 141 15069 EP 141 15070 PG 1 15071 SC Physics, Condensed Matter 15072 GA 821GB 15073 UT ISI:000221447300001 15074 ER 15075 15076 PT J 15077 AU Amaral, LAN 15078 Barrat, A 15079 Barabasi, AL 15080 Caldarelli, G 15081 De los Rios, P 15082 Erzan, A 15083 Kahng, B 15084 Mantegna, R 15085 Mendes, JFF 15086 Pastor-Satorras, R 15087 Vespignani, A 15088 TI Virtual Round Table on ten leading questions for network research 15089 SO EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL B 15090 LA English 15091 DT Editorial Material 15092 AB The following discussion is an edited summary of the public debate 15093 started during the conference "Growing Networks and Graphs in 15094 Statistical Physics, Finance, Biology and Social Systems" held in Rome 15095 in September 2003. Drafts documents were circulated electronically 15096 among experts in the field and additions and follow-up to the original 15097 discussion have been included. Among the scientists participating to 15098 the discussion L. A. N. Amaral, A. Barrat, A. L. Barabasi, G. 15099 Caldarelli, P. De Los Rios, A. Erzan, B. Kahng, R. Mantegna, J. F. F. 15100 Mendes, R. Pastor-Satorras, A. Vespignani are acknowledged for their 15101 contributions and editing. 15102 NR 0 15103 TC 12 15104 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG 15105 PI NEW YORK 15106 PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA 15107 SN 1434-6028 15108 J9 EUR PHYS J B 15109 JI Eur. Phys. J. B 15110 PD MAR 15111 PY 2004 15112 VL 38 15113 IS 2 15114 BP 143 15115 EP 145 15116 PG 3 15117 SC Physics, Condensed Matter 15118 GA 821GB 15119 UT ISI:000221447300002 15120 ER 15121 15122 PT J 15123 AU Caldarelli, G 15124 Pastor-Satorras, R 15125 Vespignani, A 15126 TI Structure of cycles and local ordering in complex networks 15127 SO EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL B 15128 LA English 15129 DT Article 15130 ID WORLD-WIDE-WEB; INTERNET; EVOLUTION; DYNAMICS; TOPOLOGY 15131 AB We study the properties of quantities aimed at the characterization of 15132 grid-like ordering in complex networks. These quantities are based on 15133 the global and local behavior of cycles of order four, which are the 15134 minimal structures able to identify rectangular clustering. The 15135 analysis of data from real networks reveals the ubiquitous presence of 15136 a statistically high level of grid-like ordering that is non-trivially 15137 correlated with the local degree properties. These observations provide 15138 new insights on the hierarchical structure of complex networks. 15139 C1 Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Fis, INFM, UdR Roma 1, I-00185 Rome, Italy. 15140 Univ Politecn Catalunya, Dept Fis & Engn Nucl, ES-08034 Barcelona, Spain. 15141 Univ Paris 11, CNRS, UMR 8627, Phys Theor Lab, F-91405 Orsay, France. 15142 RP Caldarelli, G, Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Fis, INFM, UdR Roma 15143 1, Ple A Moro 2, I-00185 Rome, Italy. 15144 EM romualdo.pastor@upc.es 15145 CR ALBERT R, 1999, NATURE, V401, P130 15146 ALBERT R, 2002, REV MOD PHYS, V74, P47 15147 BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509 15148 BARABASI AL, 2000, PHYSICA A, V281, P69 15149 BARABASI AL, 2002, PHYSICA A, V311, P590 15150 BIANCONI G, 2003, PHYS REV LETT, V90 15151 BOLLOBAS B, 1998, MODERN GRAPH THEORY 15152 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2002, ADV PHYS, V51, P1079 15153 ERDOS P, 1959, PUBL MATH-DEBRECEN, V6, P290 15154 FALOUTSOS M, 1999, COMP COMM R, V29, P251 15155 HOLME P, CONDMAT0210514 15156 HUBERMAN BA, 1999, NATURE, V401, P131 15157 JEONG H, 2001, NATURE, V411, P41 15158 MOLLOY M, 1995, RANDOM STRUCT ALGOR, V6, P161 15159 NEWMAN MEJ, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64 15160 NEWMAN MEJ, 2002, PHYS REV LETT, V89 15161 NEWMAN MEJ, 2003, HDB GRAPHS NETWORKS, P35 15162 NEWMAN MEJ, 2003, PHYS REV E 2, V68 15163 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V87 15164 RAVASZ E, 2003, PHYS REV E 2, V67 15165 VAZQUEZ A, 2002, CONDMAT0206084 15166 VAZQUEZ A, 2002, PHYS REV E 2, V65 15167 VAZQUEZ A, 2003, COMPLEXUS, V1, P38 15168 WAGNER A, 2001, MOL BIOL EVOL, V18, P1283 15169 WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440 15170 NR 25 15171 TC 17 15172 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG 15173 PI NEW YORK 15174 PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA 15175 SN 1434-6028 15176 J9 EUR PHYS J B 15177 JI Eur. Phys. J. B 15178 PD MAR 15179 PY 2004 15180 VL 38 15181 IS 2 15182 BP 183 15183 EP 186 15184 PG 4 15185 SC Physics, Condensed Matter 15186 GA 821GB 15187 UT ISI:000221447300007 15188 ER 15189 15190 PT J 15191 AU Boguna, M 15192 Pastor-Satorras, R 15193 Vespignani, A 15194 TI Cut-offs and finite size effects in scale-free networks 15195 SO EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL B 15196 LA English 15197 DT Article 15198 ID COMPLEX NETWORKS; DEGREE SEQUENCE; RANDOM GRAPHS; INTERNET 15199 AB We analyze the degree distribution's cut-off in finite size scale-free 15200 networks. We show that the cut-off behavior with the number of vertices 15201 N is ruled by the topological constraints induced by the connectivity 15202 structure of the network. Even in the simple case of uncorrelated 15203 networks, we obtain an expression of the structural cut-off that is 15204 smaller than the natural cut-off obtained by means of extremal theory 15205 arguments. The obtained results are explicitly applied in the case of 15206 the configuration model to recover the size scaling of tadpoles and 15207 multiple edges. 15208 C1 Univ Barcelona, Dept Fis Fonamental, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain. 15209 Univ Politecn Cataluna, Dept Fis & Engn Nucl, ES-08034 Barcelona, Spain. 15210 Univ Paris 11, CNRS, UMR 8627, Phys Theor Lab, F-91405 Orsay, France. 15211 RP Boguna, M, Univ Barcelona, Dept Fis Fonamental, Diagonal 647, E-08028 15212 Barcelona, Spain. 15213 EM mbogunya@ffn.ub.es 15214 CR AIELLO W, 2001, EXP MATH, V10, P53 15215 ALBERT R, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P5234 15216 ALBERT R, 2002, REV MOD PHYS, V74, P47 15217 AMARAL LAN, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P11149 15218 BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509 15219 BOGUNA M, 2003, LECT NOTES PHYS, V625 15220 BOGUNA M, 2003, PHYS REV E 2, V68 15221 BOGUNA M, 2003, PHYS REV LETT, V90 15222 BURDA Z, 2003, PHYS REV E 2, V67 15223 CALLAWAY DS, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P5468 15224 CHUNG F, 2002, ANN COMB, V6, P125 15225 COHEN R, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P4626 15226 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2002, ADV PHYS, V51, P1079 15227 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2002, PHYS REV E 2, V66 15228 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2003, EVOLUTION NETWORKS B 15229 KRAPIVSKY PL, 2002, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V35, P9517 15230 LEONE M, 2002, EUR PHYS J B, V28, P191 15231 MASLOV S, 2004, PHYSICA A, V333, P529 15232 MAY RM, 2001, PHYS REV E, V64 15233 MOLLOY M, 1995, RANDOM STRUCT ALGOR, V6, P161 15234 MOLLOY M, 1998, COMB PROBAB COMPUT, V7, P295 15235 MOREIRA AA, 2002, PHYS REV LETT, V89 15236 MORENO Y, 2002, EUR PHYS J B, V26, P521 15237 MOSSA S, 2002, PHYS REV LETT, V88 15238 NEWMAN MEJ, 2002, PHYS REV E, V64 15239 NEWMAN MEJ, 2002, PHYS REV LETT, V89 15240 NEWMAN MEJ, 2003, PHYS REV E 2, V67 15241 PARK J, 2003, PHYS REV E, V66 15242 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P3200 15243 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V87 15244 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2002, PHYS REV E 2A, V65 15245 VAZQUEZ A, 2003, PHYS REV E, V67 15246 NR 32 15247 TC 42 15248 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG 15249 PI NEW YORK 15250 PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA 15251 SN 1434-6028 15252 J9 EUR PHYS J B 15253 JI Eur. Phys. J. B 15254 PD MAR 15255 PY 2004 15256 VL 38 15257 IS 2 15258 BP 205 15259 EP 209 15260 PG 5 15261 SC Physics, Condensed Matter 15262 GA 821GB 15263 UT ISI:000221447300011 15264 ER 15265 15266 PT J 15267 AU Barthelemy, M 15268 Barrat, A 15269 Pastor-Satorras, R 15270 Vespignani, A 15271 TI Velocity and hierarchical spread of epidemic outbreaks in scale-free 15272 networks 15273 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 15274 LA English 15275 DT Article 15276 ID SMALL-WORLD NETWORKS; COMPLEX NETWORKS 15277 AB We study the effect of the connectivity pattern of complex networks on 15278 the propagation dynamics of epidemics. The growth time scale of 15279 outbreaks is inversely proportional to the network degree fluctuations, 15280 signaling that epidemics spread almost instantaneously in networks with 15281 scale-free degree distributions. This feature is associated with an 15282 epidemic propagation that follows a precise hierarchical dynamics. Once 15283 the highly connected hubs are reached, the infection pervades the 15284 network in a progressive cascade across smaller degree classes. The 15285 present results are relevant for the development of adaptive 15286 containment strategies. 15287 C1 CEA, Ctr Etud Bruyeres le Chatel, Dept Phys Theor & Appl, F-91680 Bruyeres Le Chatel, France. 15288 Univ Paris 11, CNRS, UMR 8627, Phys Theor Lab, F-91405 Orsay, France. 15289 Univ Politecn Catalunya, Dept Fis & Engn Nucl, ES-08034 Barcelona, Spain. 15290 RP Barthelemy, M, CEA, Ctr Etud Bruyeres le Chatel, Dept Phys Theor & 15291 Appl, BP12, F-91680 Bruyeres Le Chatel, France. 15292 CR ALBERT R, 2002, REV MOD PHYS, V74, P47 15293 AMARAL LAN, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P11149 15294 ANDERSON RM, 1992, INFECT DIS HUMANS 15295 BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509 15296 BOGUNA M, 2003, LECT NOTES PHYS, V625, P127 15297 COHEN R, 2003, PHYS REV LETT, V91 15298 DERRIDA B, 1987, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V20, P5273 15299 DEZSO Z, 2002, PHYS REV E 2, V65 15300 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2003, EVOLUTION NETWORKS B 15301 HETHCOTE HW, 1984, LECT NOTES BIOMATHS, V56, P1 15302 KUPERMAN M, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P2909 15303 LILJEROS F, 2001, NATURE, V411, P907 15304 LLOYD AL, 2001, SCIENCE, V292, P1316 15305 MAY RM, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64 15306 MOORE C, 2000, PHYS REV E B, V61, P5678 15307 MORENO Y, 2002, EUR PHYS J B, V26, P521 15308 MURRAY JD, 1993, MATH BIOL 15309 NEWMAN MEJ, 2002, PHYS REV E, V64 15310 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V63 15311 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P3200 15312 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2002, PHYS REV E 2A, V65 15313 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2003, EVOLUTION STRUCTURE 15314 NR 22 15315 TC 52 15316 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 15317 PI COLLEGE PK 15318 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 15319 SN 0031-9007 15320 J9 PHYS REV LETT 15321 JI Phys. Rev. Lett. 15322 PD APR 30 15323 PY 2004 15324 VL 92 15325 IS 17 15326 AR 178701 15327 DI ARTN 178701 15328 PG 4 15329 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 15330 GA 817LO 15331 UT ISI:000221179200069 15332 ER 15333 15334 PT J 15335 AU Barrat, A 15336 Barthelemy, M 15337 Pastor-Satorras, R 15338 Vespignani, A 15339 TI The architecture of complex weighted networks 15340 SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF 15341 AMERICA 15342 LA English 15343 DT Article 15344 ID SMALL-WORLD NETWORKS; BETWEENNESS 15345 AB Networked structures arise in a wide array of different contexts such 15346 as technological and transportation infrastructures, social phenomena, 15347 and biological systems. These highly interconnected systems have 15348 recently been the focus of a great deal of attention that has uncovered 15349 and characterized their topological complexity. Along with a complex 15350 topological structure, real networks display a large heterogeneity in 15351 the capacity and intensity of the connections. These features, however, 15352 have mainly not been considered in past studies where links are usually 15353 represented as binary states, i.e., either present or absent. Here, we 15354 study the scientific collaboration network and the world-wide 15355 air-transportation network, which are representative examples of social 15356 and large infrastructure systems, respectively. In both cases it is 15357 possible to assign to each edge of the graph a weight proportional to 15358 the intensity or capacity of the connections among the various elements 15359 of the network. We define appropriate metrics combining weighted and 15360 topological observables that enable us to characterize the complex 15361 statistical properties and heterogeneity of the actual strength of 15362 edges and vertices. This information allows us to investigate the 15363 correlations among weighted quantities and the underlying topological 15364 structure of the network. These results provide a better description of 15365 the hierarchies and organizational principles at the basis of the 15366 architecture of weighted networks. 15367 C1 Univ Paris 11, UMR CNRS 8627, Phys Theor Lab, F-91405 Orsay, France. 15368 CEA, Dept Phys Theor & Appl, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. 15369 Univ Politecn Catalunya, Dept Fis & Engn Nucl, ES-08034 Barcelona, Spain. 15370 RP Vespignani, A, Univ Paris 11, UMR CNRS 8627, Phys Theor Lab, Batiment 15371 210, F-91405 Orsay, France. 15372 EM alexv@th.u-psud.fr 15373 CR ALBERT R, 2000, NATURE, V406, P378 15374 ALBERT R, 2002, REV MOD PHYS, V74, P47 15375 AMARAL LAN, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P11149 15376 BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509 15377 BARABASI AL, 2002, PHYSICA A, V311, P590 15378 BRANDES U, 2001, J MATH SOCIOL, V25, P163 15379 CALLAWAY DS, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P5468 15380 CLARK J, 1998, 1 LOOK GRAPH THEORY 15381 COHEN R, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P4626 15382 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2003, EVOLUTION NETWORKS B 15383 FREEMAN LC, 1977, SOCIOMETRY, V40, P35 15384 GOH KI, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V87 15385 GUIMERA R, 2003, E PRINT ARCH 15386 LI W, 2003, E PRINT ARCH 15387 MASLOV S, 2002, SCIENCE, V296, P910 15388 NEWMAN MEJ, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64 15389 NEWMAN MEJ, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64 15390 NEWMAN MEJ, 2002, PHYS REV LETT, V89 15391 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P3200 15392 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V87 15393 RAVASZ E, 2003, PHYS REV E 2, V67 15394 VAZQUEZ A, 2002, PHYS REV E 2, V65 15395 WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440 15396 YOOK SH, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P5835 15397 ZHOU S, 2003, E PRINT ARCH 15398 NR 25 15399 TC 190 15400 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES 15401 PI WASHINGTON 15402 PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA 15403 SN 0027-8424 15404 J9 PROC NAT ACAD SCI USA 15405 JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 15406 PD MAR 16 15407 PY 2004 15408 VL 101 15409 IS 11 15410 BP 3747 15411 EP 3752 15412 PG 6 15413 SC Multidisciplinary Sciences 15414 GA 804QZ 15415 UT ISI:000220314500008 15416 ER 15417 15418 PT J 15419 AU Vespignani, A 15420 TI Evolution thinks modular 15421 SO NATURE GENETICS 15422 LA English 15423 DT Editorial Material 15424 ID PROTEIN-INTERACTION NETWORKS; PREDICTION 15425 AB Groups of interacting proteins define functional modules that govern a 15426 cell's activity. A new study suggests that specific interaction motifs 15427 and their constituents are highly conserved across species, identifying 15428 potential functional modules used in the evolutionary process. 15429 C1 Univ Paris 11, Phys Theor Lab, F-91405 Orsay, France. 15430 RP Vespignani, A, Univ Paris 11, Phys Theor Lab, Batiment 210, F-91405 15431 Orsay, France. 15432 CR BARABASI AL, 2002, LINKED 15433 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2003, EVOLUTION NETWORKS 15434 HARTWELL LH, 1999, NATURE, V402, P47 15435 HISHIGAKI H, 2001, YEAST, V18, P523 15436 HODGMAN TC, 2000, BIOINFORMATICS, V16, P10 15437 MILO R, 2002, SCIENCE, V298, P824 15438 OLTVAI ZN, 2002, SCIENCE, V298, P763 15439 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2003, J THEOR BIOL, V222, P199 15440 RAVASZ E, 2002, SCIENCE, V297, P1551 15441 VAZQUEZ A, 2003, COMPLEXUS, V1, P38 15442 VAZQUEZ A, 2003, NAT BIOTECHNOL, V21, P697 15443 WUCHTY S, 2003, NAT GENET, V35, P176 15444 NR 12 15445 TC 12 15446 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP 15447 PI NEW YORK 15448 PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA 15449 SN 1061-4036 15450 J9 NAT GENET 15451 JI Nature Genet. 15452 PD OCT 15453 PY 2003 15454 VL 35 15455 IS 2 15456 BP 118 15457 EP 119 15458 PG 2 15459 SC Genetics & Heredity 15460 GA 726WV 15461 UT ISI:000185625300005 15462 ER 15463 15464 PT J 15465 AU Bagnoli, F 15466 Cecconi, F 15467 Flammini, A 15468 Vespignani, A 15469 TI Short-period attractors and non-ergodic behavior in the deterministic 15470 fixed-energy sandpile model 15471 SO EUROPHYSICS LETTERS 15472 LA English 15473 DT Article 15474 ID SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY; ABSORBING PHASE-TRANSITIONS; CHARGE-DENSITY 15475 WAVES; ABELIAN SANDPILE; CONSERVED FIELD; AVALANCHES; LOCKING; EVENTS 15476 AB We study the asymptotic behaviour of the Bak, Tang, Wiesenfeld sandpile 15477 automata as a closed system with fixed energy. We explore the full 15478 range of energies characterizing the active phase. The model exhibits 15479 strong non-ergodic features by settling into limit-cycles whose period 15480 depends on the energy and initial conditions. The asymptotic activity 15481 rho(a) (topplings density) shows, as a function of energy density zeta, 15482 a devil's staircase behaviour de. ning a symmetric energy interval-set 15483 over which also the period lengths remain constant. The properties of 15484 the zeta-rho(a) phase diagram can be traced back to the basic 15485 symmetries underlying the model's dynamics. 15486 C1 Dipartimento Energet S Stecco, I-50139 Florence, Italy. 15487 Univ Roma La Sapienza, INFM, I-00185 Rome, Italy. 15488 Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Fis, I-00185 Rome, Italy. 15489 INFM, I-34014 Trieste, Italy. 15490 Int Sch Adv Studies SISSA ISAS, I-34014 Trieste, Italy. 15491 Univ Paris 11, Phys Theor Lab, UMR 8627, CNRS, F-91405 Orsay, France. 15492 RP Bagnoli, F, Dipartimento Energet S Stecco, Via S Marta 3, I-50139 15493 Florence, Italy. 15494 CR ALAVA M, 2002, J PHYS-CONDENS MAT, V14, P2353 15495 BAK P, 1986, PHYS TODAY, V39, P38 15496 BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381 15497 CECCONI F, 1998, PHYS REV E A, V57, P2703 15498 CHESSA A, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V80, P4217 15499 DEMENECH M, 1998, PHYS REV E A, V58, R2677 15500 DHAR D, CONDMAT990909 15501 DHAR D, 1999, PHYSICA A, V263, P4 15502 DICKMAN R, 1998, PHYS REV E A, V57, P5095 15503 ERZAN A, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V66, P2750 15504 GRINSTEIN G, 1999, NATO ASI B, V344 15505 HIGGINS MJ, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P3784 15506 HWA T, 1992, PHYS REV A, V45, P7002 15507 JENSEN HJ, 1999, SELF ORG CRITICALITY 15508 KTITAREV DV, 2000, PHYS REV E, V61, P81 15509 LORETO V, 1996, PHYS REV E, V53, P2087 15510 LUBECK S, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64 15511 LUBECK S, 2002, PHYS REV E 2A, V65 15512 MANNA SS, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, L363 15513 MARRO J, 1999, NONEQUILIBRIUM PHASE 15514 MIDDLETON AA, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V68, P1586 15515 MONTAKHAB A, 1998, PHYS REV E A, V58, P5608 15516 NARAYAN O, 1994, PHYS REV B, V49, P244 15517 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2000, PHYS REV E A, V62, R5875 15518 ROSSI M, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P1803 15519 SHUSTER HG, 1988, DETERMINISTIC CHAOS 15520 TANG C, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V60, P2347 15521 VESPIGNANI A, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V78, P4793 15522 VESPIGNANI A, 1998, PHYS REV E, V57, P6345 15523 VESPIGNANI A, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V81, P5676 15524 VESPIGNANI A, 2000, PHYS REV E A, V62, P4564 15525 NR 31 15526 TC 7 15527 PU E D P SCIENCES 15528 PI LES ULIS CEDEXA 15529 PA 7, AVE DU HOGGAR, PARC D ACTIVITES COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES 15530 ULIS CEDEXA, FRANCE 15531 SN 0295-5075 15532 J9 EUROPHYS LETT 15533 JI Europhys. Lett. 15534 PD AUG 15535 PY 2003 15536 VL 63 15537 IS 4 15538 BP 512 15539 EP 518 15540 PG 7 15541 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 15542 GA 709GU 15543 UT ISI:000184618100006 15544 ER 15545 15546 PT J 15547 AU Castellano, C 15548 Vilone, D 15549 Vespignani, A 15550 TI Incomplete ordering of the voter model on small-world networks 15551 SO EUROPHYSICS LETTERS 15552 LA English 15553 DT Article 15554 ID COMPLEX NETWORKS 15555 AB We investigate how the topology of small-world networks affects the 15556 dynamics of the voter model for opinion formation. We show that, 15557 contrary to what occurs on regular topologies with local interactions, 15558 the voter model on small-world networks does not display the emergence 15559 of complete order in the thermodynamic limit. The system settles in a 15560 stationary state with coexisting opinions whose lifetime diverges with 15561 the system size. Hence the nontrivial connectivity pattern leads to the 15562 counterintuitive conclusion that long-range connections inhibit the 15563 ordering process. However, for networks of finite size, for which full 15564 uniformity is reached, the ordering process takes a time shorter than 15565 on a regular lattice of the same size. 15566 C1 Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Fis, I-00185 Rome, Italy. 15567 INFM, Unita Roma 1, I-00185 Rome, Italy. 15568 Univ Paris 11, Phys Theor Lab, UMR 8627, CNRS, F-91405 Orsay, France. 15569 RP Castellano, C, Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Fis, P A Moro 2, 15570 I-00185 Rome, Italy. 15571 CR ALBERT R, 2002, REV MOD PHYS, V74, P47 15572 AXELROD R, 1997, COMPLEXITY COOPERATI 15573 AXELROD R, 1997, J CONFLICT RESOLUT, V41, P203 15574 AXTELL R, 1996, COMPUTATIONAL MATH O, V1, P123 15575 BARRAT A, 2000, EUR PHYS J B, V13, P547 15576 BARTHELEMY M, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V82, P3180 15577 BOYER D, 2003, PHYS REV E 2, V67 15578 BRAY AJ, 1994, ADV PHYS, V43, P357 15579 CALLAWAY DS, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P5468 15580 CASTELLANO C, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P3536 15581 COHEN R, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P4626 15582 DORNIC I, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V87 15583 FRACHEBOURG L, 1996, PHYS REV E, V53, P3009 15584 HOLYST JA, 2001, ANN REV COMPUTATIONA, V9 15585 LIGGETT TM, 1985, INTERACTING PARTICLE 15586 LILJEROS F, 2001, NATURE, V411, P907 15587 MARRO J, 1999, NONEQUILIBRIUM PHASE 15588 NEWMAN MEJ, 2000, J STAT PHYS, V101, P819 15589 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P3200 15590 REDNER S, 1998, EUR PHYS J B, V4, P131 15591 REDNER S, 2001, GUIDE 1ST PASSAGE PR 15592 SANCHEZ AD, 2002, PHYS REV LETT, V88 15593 STAUFFER D, 2002, JASSS, V5, P1 15594 STROGATZ SH, 2001, NATURE, V410, P268 15595 VAZQUEZ F, 2002, CONDMAT0209445 15596 WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440 15597 WATTS DJ, 1999, SMALL WORLDS DYNAMIC 15598 NR 27 15599 TC 22 15600 PU E D P SCIENCES 15601 PI LES ULIS CEDEXA 15602 PA 7, AVE DU HOGGAR, PARC D ACTIVITES COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES 15603 ULIS CEDEXA, FRANCE 15604 SN 0295-5075 15605 J9 EUROPHYS LETT 15606 JI Europhys. Lett. 15607 PD JUL 15608 PY 2003 15609 VL 63 15610 IS 1 15611 BP 153 15612 EP 158 15613 PG 6 15614 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 15615 GA 696HC 15616 UT ISI:000183880700023 15617 ER 15618 15619 PT J 15620 AU Vazquez, A 15621 Flammini, A 15622 Maritan, A 15623 Vespignani, A 15624 TI Global protein function prediction from protein-protein interaction 15625 networks 15626 SO NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY 15627 LA English 15628 DT Article 15629 ID SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; YEAST; COMPLEXES; GENOME 15630 AB Determining protein function is one of the most challenging problems of 15631 the post-genomic era. The availability of entire genome sequences and 15632 of high-throughput capabilities to determine gene coexpression patterns 15633 has shifted the research focus from the study of single proteins or 15634 small complexes to that of the entire proteome(1). In this context, the 15635 search for reliable methods for assigning protein function is of 15636 primary importance. There are various approaches available for deducing 15637 the function of proteins of unknown function using information derived 15638 from sequence similarity or clustering patterns of coregulated 15639 genes(2,3), phylogenetic profiles(4), protein-protein interactions 15640 (refs. 5-8 and Samanta, M. P. and Liang, S., unpublished data), and 15641 protein complexes(9,10). Here we propose the assignment of proteins to 15642 functional classes on the basis of their network of physical 15643 interactions as determined by minimizing the number of protein 15644 interactions among different functional categories. Function assignment 15645 is proteome-wide and is determined by the global connectivity pattern 15646 of the protein network. The approach results in multiple functional 15647 assignments, a consequence of the existence of multiple equivalent 15648 solutions. We apply the method to analyze the yeast Saccharomyces 15649 cerevisiae protein-protein interaction network(5). The robustness of 15650 the approach is tested in a system containing a high percentage of 15651 unclassified proteins and also in cases of deletion and insertion of 15652 specific protein interactions. 15653 C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 15654 SISSA, I-34014 Trieste, Italy. 15655 INFM, I-34014 Trieste, Italy. 15656 Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34100 Trieste, Italy. 15657 Univ Paris 11, Phys Theor Lab, UMR CNRS 8627, F-91405 Orsay, France. 15658 RP Vazquez, A, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 15659 CR *MIPS, MIPS COMPR YEAST GEN 15660 GAVIN AC, 2002, NATURE, V415, P141 15661 HARRINGTON CA, 2000, CURR OPIN MICROBIOL, V3, P285 15662 HISHIGAKI H, 2001, YEAST, V18, P523 15663 HO Y, 2002, NATURE, V415, P180 15664 HODGMAN TC, 2000, BIOINFORMATICS, V16, P10 15665 ITO T, 2001, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V98, P4569 15666 JEONG H, 2001, NATURE, V411, P41 15667 KIRKPATRICK S, 1983, SCIENCE, V220, P621 15668 MEYER ML, 2000, NAT BIOTECHNOL, V18, P1242 15669 PELLEGRINI M, 1999, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V96, P4285 15670 SCHWIKOWSKI B, 2000, NAT BIOTECHNOL, V18, P1257 15671 UETZ P, 2000, NATURE, V403, P623 15672 WAGNER A, 2000, NAT GENET, V24, P355 15673 WU FY, 1982, REV MOD PHYS, V54, P235 15674 ZHANG MQ, 1999, COMPUT CHEM, V23, P233 15675 NR 16 15676 TC 96 15677 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP 15678 PI NEW YORK 15679 PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA 15680 SN 1087-0156 15681 J9 NAT BIOTECHNOL 15682 JI Nat. Biotechnol. 15683 PD JUN 15684 PY 2003 15685 VL 21 15686 IS 6 15687 BP 697 15688 EP 700 15689 PG 4 15690 SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology 15691 GA 684RR 15692 UT ISI:000183220800030 15693 ER 15694 15695 PT J 15696 AU Percacci, R 15697 Vespignani, A 15698 TI Scale-free behavior of the Internet global performance 15699 SO EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL B 15700 LA English 15701 DT Article 15702 AB Measurements and data analysis have proved very effective in the study 15703 of the Internet's physical fabric and have shown heterogeneities and 15704 statistical fluctuations extending over several orders of magnitude. 15705 Here we focus on the relationship between the, Round-Trip-Time (RTT) 15706 and the geographical distance. We define dimensionless variables that 15707 contain information on the quality of Internet connections finding that 15708 their probability distributions are characterized by a slow power-law 15709 decay signalling the presence of scale-free features. These results 15710 point out the extreme heterogeneity of Internet delay since the 15711 transmission speed between different points of the network exhibits 15712 very large fluctuations' The associated scaling exponents appear to 15713 have fairly stable values in different data sets and thus define an 15714 invariant characteristic of the Internet that might be used in the 15715 future as a benchmark of the overall state of "health" of the Internet. 15716 C1 SISSA, Int Sch Adv Studies, ISAS, I-34014 Trieste, Italy. 15717 Univ Paris 11, Phys Theor Lab, F-91405 Orsay, France. 15718 RP Percacci, R, SISSA, Int Sch Adv Studies, ISAS, Via Beirut 4, I-34014 15719 Trieste, Italy. 15720 CR ALBERT R, 2002, REV MOD PHYS, V74, P47 15721 BARABASI AL, 2002, AREV MOD PHYS, V74, P47 15722 BOVY C, 2002, P PAM 2002 C FORT CO 15723 BROIDO A, 2001, SPIE INT S CONV IT C 15724 CROVELLA M, 2000, PERFORM EVALUATION, V42, P91 15725 FALOUTSOS M, 1999, COMP COMM R, V29, P251 15726 FLOYD S, 2001, IEEE ACM T NETWORK, V9, P392 15727 GOVINDAN R, 2000, P IEEE INFOCOM 2000 15728 HUFFAKER B, 2001, P PAM 2001 C AMST 23 15729 LEE C, 2001, 10 IEEE HET COMP WOR 15730 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V87 15731 PAXSON V, 1997, IEEE ACM T NETWORK, V5, P601 15732 VESPIGNANI A, 2002, PHYS REV E, V65 15733 WILLINGER W, 1996, STOCHASTIC NETWORKS, P339 15734 WILLINGER W, 2002, P NATL ACAD SCI U S1, V99, P2573 15735 WILLINGER W, 2002, P NATL ACAD SCI U S1, V99, P2573 15736 NR 16 15737 TC 3 15738 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG 15739 PI NEW YORK 15740 PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA 15741 SN 1434-6028 15742 J9 EUR PHYS J B 15743 JI Eur. Phys. J. B 15744 PD APR 15745 PY 2003 15746 VL 32 15747 IS 4 15748 BP 411 15749 EP 414 15750 PG 4 15751 SC Physics, Condensed Matter 15752 GA 686NF 15753 UT ISI:000183327300001 15754 ER 15755 15756 PT J 15757 AU Vazquez, A 15758 Boguna, M 15759 Moreno, Y 15760 Pastor-Satorras, R 15761 Vespignani, A 15762 TI Topology and correlations in structured scale-free networks 15763 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E 15764 LA English 15765 DT Article 15766 ID COMPLEX NETWORKS; INTERNET; DYNAMICS; ATTACK 15767 AB We study a recently introduced class of scale-free networks showing a 15768 high clustering coefficient and nontrivial connectivity correlations. 15769 We find that the connectivity probability distribution strongly depends 15770 on the fine details of the model. We solve exactly the case of low 15771 average connectivity, providing also exact expressions for the 15772 clustering and degree correlation functions. The model also exhibits a 15773 lack of small-world properties in the whole parameter range. We discuss 15774 the physical properties of these networks in the light of the present 15775 detailed analysis. 15776 C1 Scuola Int Super Studi Avanzati, I-34014 Trieste, Italy. 15777 INFM, I-34014 Trieste, Italy. 15778 Univ Barcelona, Dept Fis Fonamental, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain. 15779 Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34014 Trieste, Italy. 15780 Univ Politecn Catalunya, Dept Fis & Engn Nucl, ES-08034 Barcelona, Spain. 15781 Univ Paris 11, Phys Theor Lab, UMR CNRS 8627, F-91405 Orsay, France. 15782 RP Vazquez, A, Scuola Int Super Studi Avanzati, Via Beirut 4, I-34014 15783 Trieste, Italy. 15784 CR ABRAMOWITZ M, 1972, HDB MATH FUNCTIONS 15785 ALBERT R, 1999, NATURE, V401, P130 15786 ALBERT R, 2000, NATURE, V406, P378 15787 ALBERT R, 2002, REV MOD PHYS, V74, P47 15788 BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509 15789 BOGUNA M, 2002, PHYS REV E 2, V66 15790 BOGUNA M, 2003, PHYS REV LETT, V90 15791 CALDARELLI G, 2000, EUROPHYS LETT, V52, P386 15792 CALLAWAY DS, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P5468 15793 CHARTRAND G, 1986, GRAPHS DIGRAPHS 15794 COHEN R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P3682 15795 CRUCITTI P, CONDMAT0205601 15796 DEZSO Z, 2002, PHYS REV E, V65 15797 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2002, ADV PHYS, V51, P1079 15798 EGUILUZ VM, 2002, PHYS REV LETT, V89 15799 ERDOS P, 1960, PUBL MATH I HUNG, V5, P17 15800 FALOUTSOS M, 1999, COMP COMM R, V29, P251 15801 JEONG H, 2001, NATURE, V411, P41 15802 KLEMM K, 2002, PHYS REV E 2, V65 15803 KLEMM K, 2002, PHYS REV E 2A, V65 15804 LLOYD AL, 2001, SCIENCE, V292, P1316 15805 MARRO J, 1999, NONEQUILIBRIUM PHASE 15806 MAY RM, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64 15807 MONTOYA JM, 2002, J THEOR BIOL, V214, P405 15808 MORENO Y, 2002, EUR PHYS J B, V26, P521 15809 NEWMAN MEJ, 2002, PHYS REV LETT, V89 15810 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V63 15811 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P3200 15812 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V87 15813 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2002, PHYS REV E 2A, V65 15814 RAVASZ E, CONDMAT0206130 15815 SOLE RV, 2002, ADV COMPLEX SYST, V5, P43 15816 STROGATZ SH, 2001, NATURE, V410, P268 15817 VAZQUEZ A, 2002, PHYS REV E 2, V65 15818 VAZQUEZ A, 2003, COMPLEXUS, V1, P38 15819 WAGNER A, 2001, MOL BIOL EVOL, V18, P1283 15820 WARREN CP, 2002, PHYS REV E, V66 15821 WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440 15822 NR 38 15823 TC 30 15824 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 15825 PI COLLEGE PK 15826 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 15827 SN 1063-651X 15828 J9 PHYS REV E 15829 JI Phys. Rev. E 15830 PD APR 15831 PY 2003 15832 VL 67 15833 IS 4 15834 PN Part 2 15835 AR 046111 15836 DI ARTN 046111 15837 PG 10 15838 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical 15839 GA 677UD 15840 UT ISI:000182825400024 15841 ER 15842 15843 PT J 15844 AU Moreno, Y 15845 Pastor-Satorras, R 15846 Vazquez, A 15847 Vespignani, A 15848 TI Critical load and congestion instabilities in scale-free networks 15849 SO EUROPHYSICS LETTERS 15850 LA English 15851 DT Article 15852 ID COMPLEX NETWORKS; OVERLOAD BREAKDOWN; EVOLVING NETWORKS; 15853 PHASE-TRANSITION; INTERNET; MODEL; WEB 15854 AB We study the tolerance to congestion failures in communication networks 15855 with scale-free topology. The traffic load carried by each damaged 15856 element in the network must be partly or totally redistributed among 15857 the remaining elements. Overloaded elements might fail on their turn, 15858 triggering the occurrence of failure cascades able to isolate large 15859 parts of the network. We find a critical traffic load above which the 15860 probability of massive traffic congestions destroying the network 15861 communication capabilities is finite. 15862 C1 Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34100 Trieste, Italy. 15863 Univ Zaragoza, Dept Fis Teor, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain. 15864 Univ Politecn Catalunya, Dept Fis & Engn Nucl, ES-08034 Barcelona, Spain. 15865 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. 15866 Univ Paris 11, Phys Theor Lab, CNRS, UMR 8627, F-91405 Orsay, France. 15867 RP Moreno, Y, Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, POB 586, I-34100 Trieste, 15868 Italy. 15869 CR ALBERT R, 2000, NATURE, V406, P378 15870 ALBERT R, 2002, REV MOD PHYS, V74, P47 15871 BARABASI AL, 1999, PHYSICA A, V272, P173 15872 BARABASI AL, 2000, PHYSICA A, V281, P69 15873 BRODER A, 2000, COMPUT NETW, V33, P309 15874 BROIDO A, 2001, SPIE INT S CONV IT C 15875 CALDARELLI G, 2000, EUROPHYS LETT, V52, P386 15876 CALLAWAY DS, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P5468 15877 CHEN Q, 2002, P INFOCOM 2002 21 AN, V2 15878 COHEN R, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P4626 15879 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2002, ADV PHYS, V51, P1079 15880 FALOUTSOS M, 1999, COMP COMM R, V29, P251 15881 GOH KI, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V87 15882 GOVINDAN R, 2000, P IEEE INFOCOM 2000 15883 HOLME P, 2002, PHYS REV E 2, V65 15884 HOLME P, 2002, PHYS REV E 2A, V66 15885 JENSEN HJ, 1998, SELF ORG CRITICALITY 15886 LABOVITZ C, 1999, 29 ANN INT S FAULT T, V278 15887 LABOVITZ C, 1999, P INFOCOM 99 18 ANN, V1 15888 MAGNASCO MO, 2000, NLINAO0010051 15889 MARRO J, 1999, NONEQUILIBRIUM PHASE 15890 MORENO Y, 2002, EUROPHYS LETT, V58, P630 15891 NEWMAN MEJ, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64 15892 OHIRA T, 1998, PHYS REV E, V58, P193 15893 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P3200 15894 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V87 15895 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2002, HDB GRAPHS NETWORKS 15896 STROGATZ SH, 2001, NATURE, V410, P268 15897 TADIC B, 2002, CONDMAT02072287 15898 TAKAYASU M, 1996, PHYSICA A, V233, P924 15899 TRETYAKOV AY, 1998, PHYSICA A, V253, P315 15900 VAZQUEZ A, 2002, PHYS REV E 2, V65 15901 WATTS DJ, 2002, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V99, P5766 15902 WILLINGER W, 2002, P NATL ACAD SCI U S1, V99, P2573 15903 NR 34 15904 TC 37 15905 PU E D P SCIENCES 15906 PI LES ULIS CEDEXA 15907 PA 7, AVE DU HOGGAR, PARC D ACTIVITES COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES 15908 ULIS CEDEXA, FRANCE 15909 SN 0295-5075 15910 J9 EUROPHYS LETT 15911 JI Europhys. Lett. 15912 PD APR 15913 PY 2003 15914 VL 62 15915 IS 2 15916 BP 292 15917 EP 298 15918 PG 7 15919 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 15920 GA 665NK 15921 UT ISI:000182127200022 15922 ER 15923 15924 PT J 15925 AU Vilone, D 15926 Vespignani, A 15927 Castellano, C 15928 TI Ordering phase transition in the one-dimensional Axelrod model 15929 SO EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL B 15930 LA English 15931 DT Article 15932 AB We study the one-dimensional behavior of a cellular automaton aimed at 15933 the description of the formation and evolution of cultural domains. The 15934 model exhibits a non-equilibrium transition between a phase with all 15935 the system sharing the same culture and a disordered phase of 15936 coexisting regions with different cultural features. Depending on the 15937 initial distribution of the disorder the transition occurs at different 15938 values of the model parameters. This phenomenology is qualitatively 15939 captured by a mean-field approach, which maps the dynamics into a 15940 multi-species reaction-diffusion problem. 15941 C1 Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Fis, I-00185 Rome, Italy. 15942 Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34100 Trieste, Italy. 15943 INFM, Unita Roma 1, I-00185 Rome, Italy. 15944 RP Vilone, D, Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Fis, P A Moro 2, I-00185 15945 Rome, Italy. 15946 CR AXELROD R, 1997, COMPLEXITY COOPERATI 15947 AXELROD R, 1997, J CONFLICT RESOLUT, V41, P207 15948 AXTELL R, 1996, COMPUTATIONAL MATH O, V1, P123 15949 CASTELLANO C, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P3536 15950 DORNIC I, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V87 15951 JENSEN HJ, 1998, SELF ORG CRITICALITY 15952 KLEMM K, 2002, CONDMAT0205188 15953 LEE BP, 1995, J STAT PHYS, V80, P971 15954 LIGGETT TM, 1985, INTERACTING PARTICLE 15955 MARRO J, 1999, NONEQUILIBRIUM PHASE 15956 PELITI L, 1985, J PHYS-PARIS, V46, P1469 15957 REDNER S, 1997, NONEQUILIBRIUM STAT 15958 STROGATZ SH, 2001, NATURE, V410, P268 15959 WATTS DJ, 1999, SMALL WORLDS DYNAMIC 15960 NR 14 15961 TC 13 15962 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG 15963 PI NEW YORK 15964 PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA 15965 SN 1434-6028 15966 J9 EUR PHYS J B 15967 JI Eur. Phys. J. B 15968 PD DEC 15969 PY 2002 15970 VL 30 15971 IS 3 15972 BP 399 15973 EP 406 15974 PG 8 15975 SC Physics, Condensed Matter 15976 GA 643EZ 15977 UT ISI:000180850100016 15978 ER 15979 15980 PT J 15981 AU Boguna, M 15982 Pastor-Satorras, R 15983 Vespignani, A 15984 TI Absence of epidemic threshold in scale-free networks with degree 15985 correlations 15986 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 15987 LA English 15988 DT Article 15989 ID COMPLEX NETWORKS; DYNAMICS 15990 AB Random scale-free networks have the peculiar property of being prone to 15991 the spreading of infections. Here we provide for the 15992 susceptible-infected-susceptible model an exact result showing that a 15993 scale-free degree distribution with diverging second moment is a 15994 sufficient condition to have null epidemic threshold in unstructured 15995 networks with either assortative or disassortative mixing. Degree 15996 correlations result therefore irrelevant for the epidemic spreading 15997 picture in these scale-free networks. The present result is related to 15998 the divergence of the average nearest neighbor's degree, enforced by 15999 the degree detailed balance condition. 16000 C1 Univ Barcelona, Dept Fis Fonamental, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain. 16001 Univ Politecn Catalunya, Dept Fis & Engn Nucl, ES-08034 Barcelona, Spain. 16002 Univ Paris 11, CNRS, UMR 8627, Phys Theor Lab, F-91405 Orsay, France. 16003 RP Boguna, M, Univ Barcelona, Dept Fis Fonamental, Ave Diagonal 647, 16004 E-08028 Barcelona, Spain. 16005 CR ALBERT R, 2000, NATURE, V406, P378 16006 ALBERT R, 2002, REV MOD PHYS, V74, P47 16007 ANDERSON RM, 1992, INFECT DIS HUMANS 16008 BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509 16009 BOGUNA M, 2002, PHYS REV E 2, V66 16010 CALLAWAY DS, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P5468 16011 COHEN R, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P4626 16012 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2002, ADV PHYS, V51, P1079 16013 EGUILUZ VM, 2002, PHYS REV LETT, V89 16014 GANTMACHER FR, 1974, THEORY MATRICES, V2 16015 KLEMM K, 2002, PHYS REV E 2A, V65 16016 MASLOV S, 2002, SCIENCE, V296, P910 16017 MAY RM, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64 16018 MORENO Y, CONDMAT0201362 16019 NEWMAN MEJ, 2002, PHYS REV LETT, V89 16020 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V63 16021 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P3200 16022 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V87 16023 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2002, HDB GRAPHS NETWORKS, P113 16024 VAZQUEZ A, 2002, PHYS REV E 2, V65 16025 VAZQUEZ A, 2003, PHYS REV E, V65 16026 VOLCHENKOV D, 2002, PHYS REV E 2, V66 16027 WARREN CP, 2002, PHYS REV E, V66 16028 WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440 16029 NR 24 16030 TC 52 16031 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 16032 PI COLLEGE PK 16033 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 16034 SN 0031-9007 16035 J9 PHYS REV LETT 16036 JI Phys. Rev. Lett. 16037 PD JAN 17 16038 PY 2003 16039 VL 90 16040 IS 2 16041 AR 028701 16042 DI ARTN 028701 16043 PG 4 16044 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 16045 GA 636FP 16046 UT ISI:000180444200058 16047 ER 16048 16049 PT J 16050 AU Miguel, MC 16051 Vespignani, A 16052 Zaiser, M 16053 Zapperi, S 16054 TI Dislocation jamming and Andrade creep 16055 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 16056 LA English 16057 DT Article 16058 ID CRITICAL-DYNAMICS; SINGLE-CRYSTALS; DEFORMATION; SIMULATION; SLIP; FLOW 16059 AB We simulate the glide motion of an assembly of interacting dislocations 16060 under the action of an external shear stress and show that the 16061 associated plastic creep relaxation follows Andrade's law. Our results 16062 indicate that Andrade creep in plastically deforming crystals involves 16063 the correlated motion of dislocation structures near a dynamic 16064 transition separating a flowing from a jammed phase. Simulations in the 16065 presence of dislocation multiplication and noise confirm the robustness 16066 of this finding and highlight the importance of metastable structure 16067 formation for the relaxation process. 16068 C1 Univ Barcelona, Dipartimento Fis Fonamental, Fac Fis, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain. 16069 Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34100 Trieste, Italy. 16070 Univ Edinburgh, Ctr Mat Sci & Engn, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, Midlothian, Scotland. 16071 Univ Roma La Sapienza, INFM, Unita Rome 1, I-00185 Rome, Italy. 16072 Univ Roma La Sapienza, Ctr Stat Mech & Complex, Dipartimento Fis, I-00185 Rome, Italy. 16073 RP Miguel, MC, Univ Barcelona, Dipartimento Fis Fonamental, Fac Fis, Ave 16074 Diagonal 647, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain. 16075 CR AMODEO RJ, 1990, PHYS REV B B, V41, P6958 16076 AMODEO RJ, 1990, PHYS REV B, V41, P6968 16077 ANANTHAKRISHNA G, 1999, PHYS REV E A, V60, P5455 16078 ANDRADE END, 1910, P R SOC LOND A-CONTA, V84, P1 16079 ANDRADE END, 1914, P R SOC LOND A-CONTA, V90, P329 16080 BECKER R, 1932, Z PHYS, V79, P566 16081 BENGUS VZ, 1966, PHYS STATUS SOLIDI, V14, P215 16082 COTTRELL AH, 1996, PHIL MAG LETT, V73, P35 16083 COTTRELL AH, 1996, PHIL MAG LETT, V74, P375 16084 COTTRELL AH, 1997, PHIL MAG LETT, V75, P301 16085 DANNA G, 1997, J APPL PHYS, V82, P5983 16086 DANNA G, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P4096 16087 ESSMANN U, 1979, PHIL MAG A, V40, P731 16088 FRIEDEL J, 1967, DISLOCATIONS 16089 GROMA I, 1993, PHILOS MAG A, V67, P1459 16090 GROMA I, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V84, P1487 16091 HAHNER P, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V81, P2470 16092 HIRTH JP, 1992, THEORY DISLOCATIONS 16093 KOCKS UF, 1975, PROGR MATERIALS SCIE, V19, P1 16094 LEPINOUX J, 1987, SCRIPTA METALL, V21, P833 16095 LIU AJ, 1998, NATURE, V396, P21 16096 MIGUEL MC, 2001, NATURE, V410, P667 16097 MOTT NF, 1953, PHILOS MAG, V44, P741 16098 NABARRO FRN, 1992, THEORY CRYSTAL DISLO 16099 NABARRO FRN, 1997, PHIL MAG LETT, V75, P227 16100 NEUHAUSER H, 1983, DISLOCATIONS SOLIDS, V6, P319 16101 SEVILLANO JG, 1991, SCRIPTA METALL MATER, V25, P355 16102 ZAPPERI S, 2001, MAT SCI ENG A-STRUCT, V309, P348 16103 NR 28 16104 TC 17 16105 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 16106 PI COLLEGE PK 16107 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 16108 SN 0031-9007 16109 J9 PHYS REV LETT 16110 JI Phys. Rev. Lett. 16111 PD OCT 14 16112 PY 2002 16113 VL 89 16114 IS 16 16115 AR 165501 16116 DI ARTN 165501 16117 PG 4 16118 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 16119 GA 600HJ 16120 UT ISI:000178384300025 16121 ER 16122 16123 PT J 16124 AU Leone, M 16125 Vazquez, A 16126 Vespignani, A 16127 Zecchina, R 16128 TI Ferromagnetic ordering in graphs with arbitrary degree distribution 16129 SO EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL B 16130 LA English 16131 DT Article 16132 ID REPLICA SYMMETRY-BREAKING; MEAN-FIELD THEORY; K-SATISFIABILITY PROBLEM; 16133 LATTICE SPIN-GLASS; FINITE CONNECTIVITY; BETHE LATTICE; COMPLEX 16134 NETWORKS; DEGREE SEQUENCE; SYSTEMS; SIZE 16135 AB We present a detailed study of the phase diagram of the Ising model in 16136 random graphs with arbitrary degree distribution. By using the replica 16137 method we compute exactly the value of the critical temperature and the 16138 associated critical exponents as a function of the moments of the 16139 degree distribution. Two regimes of the degree distribution are of 16140 particular interest. In the case of a divergent second moment, the 16141 system is ferromagnetic at all temperatures. In the case of a finite 16142 second moment and a divergent fourth moment, there is a ferromagnetic 16143 transition characterized by non-trivial critical exponents. Finally, if 16144 the fourth moment is finite we recover the mean field exponents. These 16145 results are analyzed in detail for power-law distributed random graphs. 16146 C1 Scuola Int Super Studi Avanzati, I-34014 Trieste, Italy. 16147 INFM, I-34014 Trieste, Italy. 16148 Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34014 Trieste, Italy. 16149 RP Leone, M, Scuola Int Super Studi Avanzati, Via Beirut 4, I-34014 16150 Trieste, Italy. 16151 CR AIELLO W, 2000, P 32 ANN ACM S THEOR, P171 16152 ALBERT R, 2002, REV MOD PHYS, V74, P47 16153 ALEKSIEJUK A, CONDMAT0112312 16154 AMARAL LAN, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P11149 16155 BARABASI AL, 1999, PHYSICA A, V272, P173 16156 BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509 16157 CALLAWAY DS, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P5468 16158 CARLSON JM, 1988, EUROPHYS LETT, V5, P355 16159 COHEN R, CONDMAT0202259 16160 COHEN R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P3682 16161 DEDOMINICIS C, 1987, J PHYS A, V20, L1267 16162 DOROGOVTSEV SN, CONDMAT0106144 16163 FRANZ S, CONDMAT0103026 16164 FRANZ S, UNPUB 16165 GOLDSCHMIDT YY, 1990, J PHYS A, V23, L775 16166 KANTER I, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V58, P164 16167 KOROGOVTSEV SN, 2002, PHYSICA A, V310, P260 16168 LEONE M, 2001, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V34, P4615 16169 MEZARD M, 1987, EUROPHYS LETT, V3, P1067 16170 MEZARD M, 2001, EUR PHYS J B, V20, P217 16171 MOLLOY M, 1995, RANDOM STRUCT ALGOR, V6, P161 16172 MOLLOY M, 1998, COMB PROBAB COMPUT, V7, P295 16173 MONASSON R, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V76, P3881 16174 MONASSON R, 1997, PHYS REV E, V56, P1357 16175 MONASSON R, 1998, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V31, P513 16176 MORENO Y, 2002, EUROPHYS LETT, V57, P765 16177 NEWMAN MEJ, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64 16178 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V63 16179 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P3200 16180 RICCITERSENGHI F, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V63 16181 RIEGER H, 1992, PHYS REV B, V45, P9772 16182 STROGATZ SH, 2001, NATURE, V410, P268 16183 THOULESS DJ, 1986, PHYS REV LETT, V56, P1082 16184 VIANA L, 1985, J PHYS C SOLID STATE, V18, P3037 16185 NR 34 16186 TC 53 16187 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG 16188 PI NEW YORK 16189 PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA 16190 SN 1434-6028 16191 J9 EUR PHYS J B 16192 JI Eur. Phys. J. B 16193 PD JUL 16194 PY 2002 16195 VL 28 16196 IS 2 16197 BP 191 16198 EP 197 16199 PG 7 16200 SC Physics, Condensed Matter 16201 GA 588BB 16202 UT ISI:000177679600010 16203 ER 16204 16205 PT J 16206 AU Vazquez, A 16207 Pastor-Satorras, R 16208 Vespignani, A 16209 TI Large-scale topological and dynamical properties of the Internet 16210 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E 16211 LA English 16212 DT Article 16213 ID GROWING RANDOM NETWORKS; SMALL-WORLD NETWORKS; RANDOM GRAPHS; EVOLVING 16214 NETWORKS; COMPLEX NETWORKS; DEGREE SEQUENCE; WIDE-WEB; ATTACK; GROWTH 16215 AB We study the large-scale topological and dynamical properties of real 16216 Internet maps at the autonomous system level, collected in a 3-yr time 16217 interval. We find that the connectivity structure of the Internet 16218 presents statistical distributions settled in a well-defined stationary 16219 state. The large-scale properties are characterized by a scale-free 16220 topology consistent with previous observations. Correlation functions 16221 and clustering coefficients exhibit a remarkable structure due to the 16222 underlying hierarchical organization of the Internet. The study of the 16223 Internet time evolution shows a growth dynamics with aging features 16224 typical of recently proposed growing network models. We compare the 16225 properties of growing network models with the present real Internet 16226 data analysis. 16227 C1 SISSA, Int Sch Adv Studies, I-34014 Trieste, Italy. 16228 Univ Politecn Catalunya, Dept Fis & Engn Nucl, ES-08034 Barcelona, Spain. 16229 Int Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34100 Trieste, Italy. 16230 RP Vazquez, A, SISSA, Int Sch Adv Studies, Via Beirut 4, I-34014 Trieste, 16231 Italy. 16232 CR ADAMIC LA, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64 16233 ALBERT R, 2000, NATURE, V406, P378 16234 ALBERT R, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P5234 16235 ALBERT R, 2002, REV MOD PHYS, V74, P47 16236 AMARAL LAN, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P11149 16237 BARABASI AL, 1999, PHYSICA A, V272, P173 16238 BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509 16239 BIANCONI G, 2001, EUROPHYS LETT, V54, P436 16240 BOLLOBAS B, 1985, RANDOM GRAPHS 16241 BORNHOLDT S, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64 16242 CALDARELLI G, 2000, EUROPHYS LETT, V52, P386 16243 CALLAWAY DS, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P5468 16244 CHESWICK B, INTERNET MAPPING PRO 16245 COHEN R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P3682 16246 DOAR M, 1993, P IEEE INFOCOM 93 LO, P83 16247 DOROGOVTSEV SN, CONDMAT0009090 16248 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2000, EUROPHYS LETT, V52, P33 16249 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P4633 16250 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V63 16251 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2002, ADV PHYS, V51, P1079 16252 ERDOS P, 1960, PUBL MATH I HUNG, V5, P17 16253 FALOUTSOS M, 1999, COMP COMM R, V29, P251 16254 FLOYD S, 2001, IEEE ACM T NETWORK, V9, P392 16255 GOH KI, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V87 16256 GOH KI, 2002, PHYS REV LETT, V88 16257 GOVINDAN R, 1997, P IEEE INFOCOM, P850 16258 GOVINDAN R, 2000, P IEEE INFOCOM, V3, P1371 16259 HUBERMAN BA, 1999, NATURE, V401, P131 16260 JEONG H, CONDMAT0104131 16261 KRAPIVSKY PL, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P4629 16262 KRAPIVSKY PL, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V63 16263 MEDINA A, 2000, COMPUT COMMUN REV, V30, P18 16264 MOLLOY M, 1995, RANDOM STRUCT ALGOR, V6, P161 16265 MOLLOY M, 1998, COMB PROBAB COMPUT, V7, P295 16266 NEWMAN MEJ, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64 16267 NEWMAN MEJ, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64 16268 PANSIOT JJ, 1998, ACM COMPUTER COMMUNI, V28, P41 16269 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P3200 16270 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V87 16271 PUNIYANI AR, CONDMAT0107212 16272 SIMON HA, 1955, BIOMETRIKA, V42, P425 16273 STROGATZ SH, 2001, NATURE, V410, P268 16274 VUKADINOVIC D, 2002, LECT NOTES COMPUTER 16275 WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440 16276 WATTS DJ, 1999, SMALL WORLDS DYNAMIC 16277 YOOK SH, CONDMAT0107417 16278 ZEGURA EW, 1997, IEEE ACM T NETWORK, V5, P770 16279 NR 47 16280 TC 123 16281 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 16282 PI COLLEGE PK 16283 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 16284 SN 1063-651X 16285 J9 PHYS REV E 16286 JI Phys. Rev. E 16287 PD JUN 16288 PY 2002 16289 VL 65 16290 IS 6 16291 PN Part 2 16292 AR 066130 16293 DI ARTN 066130 16294 PG 12 16295 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical 16296 GA 572FM 16297 UT ISI:000176762900037 16298 ER 16299 16300 PT J 16301 AU Moreno, Y 16302 Pastor-Satorras, R 16303 Vespignani, A 16304 TI Epidemic outbreaks in complex heterogeneous networks 16305 SO EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL B 16306 LA English 16307 DT Article 16308 ID SMALL-WORLD NETWORKS; WIDE-WEB; TRANSMISSION DYNAMICS; INTERNET; 16309 PERCOLATION; TOPOLOGY; GRAPHS; MODEL; HIV 16310 AB We present a detailed analytical and numerical study for the spreading 16311 of infections with acquired immunity in complex population networks. We 16312 show that the large connectivity fluctuations usually found in these 16313 networks strengthen considerably the incidence of epidemic outbreaks. 16314 Scale-free networks, which are characterized by diverging connectivity 16315 fluctuations in the limit of a very large number of nodes, exhibit the 16316 lack of an epidemic threshold and always show a finite fraction of 16317 infected individuals. This particular weakness, observed also in models 16318 without immunity, defines a new epidemiological framework characterized 16319 by a highly heterogeneous response of the system to the introduction of 16320 infected individuals with different connectivity. The understanding of 16321 epidemics in complex networks might deliver new insights in the spread 16322 of information and diseases in biological and technological networks 16323 that often appear to be characterized by complex heterogeneous 16324 architectures. 16325 C1 Abdus Salam Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34100 Trieste, Italy. 16326 Univ Politecn Catalunya, Dept Fis & Engn Nucl, ES-08034 Barcelona, Spain. 16327 RP Moreno, Y, Abdus Salam Ctr Theoret Phys, POB 586, I-34100 Trieste, 16328 Italy. 16329 CR ABRAMOWITZ M, 1972, HDB MATH FUNCTIONS 16330 ALBERT R, 1999, NATURE, V401, P130 16331 ALBERT R, 2000, NATURE, V409, P542 16332 ALBERT R, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P5234 16333 AMARAL LAN, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P11149 16334 ANDERSON RM, 1992, INFECT DIS HUMANS 16335 BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509 16336 BARRAT A, 2000, EUR PHYS J B, V13, P547 16337 BARTHELEMY M, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V82, P3180 16338 BORNHOLDT S, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64 16339 CALDARELLI G, 2000, EUROPHYS LETT, V52, P386 16340 CALLAWAY DS, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P5468 16341 COHEN R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P3682 16342 DEMENEZES MA, 2000, EUROPHYS LETT, V50, P574 16343 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P4633 16344 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2001, CONDMAT0106144 16345 ERDOS P, 1960, PUBL MATH I HUNG, V5, P17 16346 FALOUTSOS M, 1999, COMP COMM R, V29, P251 16347 HETHCOTE HW, 1978, THEORETICAL POPULATI, V14, P338 16348 HETHCOTE HW, 1984, LECT NOTES BIOMATHS, V56, P1 16349 KRAPIVSKY PL, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P4629 16350 KUPERMAN M, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P2909 16351 LILJEROS F, 2001, NATURE, V411, P907 16352 LLOYD AL, 2001, SCIENCE, V292, P1316 16353 MARRO J, 1999, NONEQUILIBRIUM PHASE 16354 MAY RM, 1984, MATH BIOSCI, V72, P83 16355 MAY RM, 1987, NATURE, V326, P137 16356 MAY RM, 1988, PHIL T R SOC LOND B, V321, P565 16357 MAY RM, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64 16358 MOORE C, 2000, PHYS REV E B, V61, P5678 16359 MURRAY JD, 1993, MATH BIOL 16360 NEWMAN MEJ, 1999, PHYS REV E, V60, P5678 16361 PASTORSATORRAS FR, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V8725, P8701 16362 PASTORSATORRAS FR, 2002, PHYS REV E, V6503, P5108 16363 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V63 16364 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P3200 16365 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2002, PHYS REV E 2A, V65 16366 SIMON HA, 1955, BIOMETRIKA, V42, P425 16367 STROGATZ SH, 2001, NATURE, V410, P268 16368 TADIC B, 2001, PHYSICA A, V293, P273 16369 WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440 16370 WATTS DJ, 1999, SMALL WORLDS DYNAMIC 16371 NR 42 16372 TC 69 16373 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG 16374 PI NEW YORK 16375 PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA 16376 SN 1434-6028 16377 J9 EUR PHYS J B 16378 JI Eur. Phys. J. B 16379 PD APR 16380 PY 2002 16381 VL 26 16382 IS 4 16383 BP 521 16384 EP 529 16385 PG 9 16386 SC Physics, Condensed Matter 16387 GA 556QC 16388 UT ISI:000175859600017 16389 ER 16390 16391 PT J 16392 AU Pastor-Satorras, R 16393 Vespignani, A 16394 TI Epidemic dynamics in finite size scale-free networks 16395 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E 16396 LA English 16397 DT Article 16398 ID SMALL-WORLD NETWORKS; INTERNET 16399 AB Many real networks present a bounded scale-free behavior with a 16400 connectivity cutoff due to physical constraints or a finite network 16401 size. We study epidemic dynamics in bounded scale-free networks with 16402 soft and hard connectivity cutoffs. The finite size effects introduced 16403 by the cutoff induce an epidemic threshold that approaches zero at 16404 increasing sizes. The induced epidemic threshold is very small even at 16405 a relatively small cutoff, showing that the neglection of connectivity 16406 fluctuations in bounded scale-free networks leads to a strong 16407 overestimation of the epidemic threshold. We provide the expression for 16408 the infection prevalence and discuss its finite size corrections. The 16409 present paper shows that the highly heterogeneous nature of scale-free 16410 networks does not allow the use of homogeneous approximations even for 16411 systems of a relatively small number of nodes. 16412 C1 Univ Politecn Catalunya, Dept Fis & Engn Nucl, ES-08034 Barcelona, Spain. 16413 RP Pastor-Satorras, R, Univ Politecn Catalunya, Dept Fis & Engn Nucl, 16414 Campus Nord B4, ES-08034 Barcelona, Spain. 16415 CR ABRAMOWITZ M, 1972, HDB MATH FUNCTIONS 16416 ALBERT R, 1999, NATURE, V401, P130 16417 ALBERT R, 2002, REV MOD PHYS, V74, P47 16418 AMARAL LAN, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P11149 16419 ANDERSON RM, 1992, INFECT DIS HUMANS 16420 BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509 16421 CALDARELLI G, 2000, EUROPHYS LETT, V52, P386 16422 DEZSO Z, CONDMAT0107420 16423 DIEKMANN O, 2000, MATH EPIDEMIOLOGY IN 16424 DOROGOVTSEV SN, CONDMAT0106144 16425 FALOUTSOS M, 1999, COMP COMM R, V29, P251 16426 HETHCOTE HW, 1984, LECT NOTES BIOMATHS, V56, P1 16427 LILJEROS F, 2001, NATURE, V411, P907 16428 MARRO J, 1999, NONEQULIBRIUM PHASE 16429 MAY RM, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64 16430 MORENO Y, CONDMAT0107267 16431 PASTORSATORRAS R, CONDMAT0107066 16432 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V63 16433 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P3200 16434 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V87 16435 STROGATZ SH, 2001, NATURE, V410, P268 16436 WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440 16437 NR 22 16438 TC 44 16439 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 16440 PI COLLEGE PK 16441 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 16442 SN 1063-651X 16443 J9 PHYS REV E 16444 JI Phys. Rev. E 16445 PD MAR 16446 PY 2002 16447 VL 65 16448 IS 3 16449 PN Part 2A 16450 AR 035108 16451 DI ARTN 035108 16452 PG 4 16453 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical 16454 GA 533UN 16455 UT ISI:000174548900008 16456 ER 16457 16458 PT J 16459 AU Pastor-Satorras, R 16460 Vespignani, A 16461 TI Immunization of complex networks 16462 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E 16463 LA English 16464 DT Article 16465 ID SMALL-WORLD NETWORKS; INTERNET; DYNAMICS 16466 AB Complex networks such as the sexual partnership web or the Internet 16467 often show a high degree of redundancy and heterogeneity in their 16468 connectivity properties. This peculiar connectivity provides an ideal 16469 environment for the spreading of infective agents. Here we show that 16470 the random uniform immunization of individuals does not lead to the 16471 eradication of infections in all complex networks. Namely, networks 16472 with scale-free properties do not acquire global immunity from major 16473 epidemic outbreaks even in the presence of unrealistically high 16474 densities of randomly immunized individuals. The absence of any 16475 critical immunization threshold is due to the unbounded connectivity 16476 fluctuations of scale-free networks. Successful immunization strategies 16477 can be developed only by taking into account the inhomogeneous 16478 connectivity properties of scale-free networks. In particular, targeted 16479 immunization schemes, based on the nodes' connectivity hierarchy, 16480 sharply lower the network's vulnerability to epidemic attacks. 16481 C1 Univ Politecn Catalunya, Dept Fis & Engn Nucl, ES-08034 Barcelona, Spain. 16482 Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34100 Trieste, Italy. 16483 RP Pastor-Satorras, R, Univ Politecn Catalunya, Dept Fis & Engn Nucl, 16484 Campus Nord,Modul B4, ES-08034 Barcelona, Spain. 16485 CR ALBERT R, 1999, NATURE, V401, P130 16486 ALBERT R, 2000, NATURE, V406, P378 16487 AMARAL LAN, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P11149 16488 ANDERSON RM, 1992, INFECT DIS HUMANS 16489 BARABASI AL, 1999, PHYSICA A, V272, P173 16490 BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509 16491 BARRAT A, 2000, EUR PHYS J B, V13, P547 16492 BELLOVIN SM, 1993, COMPUT COMMUN, V23, P26 16493 CALDARELLI G, 2000, EUROPHYS LETT, V52, P386 16494 CALLAWAY DS, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P5468 16495 COHEN R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P3682 16496 DEZSO Z, CONDMAT0107420 16497 DIEKMANN O, 2000, MATH EPIDEMIOLOGY IN 16498 DOROGOVTSEV SN, CONDMAT0106144 16499 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P4633 16500 ERDOS P, 1960, PUBL MATH I HUNG, V5, P17 16501 FALOUTSOS M, 1999, COMP COMM R, V29, P251 16502 HETHCOTE HW, 1984, LECT NOTES BIOMATHS, V56, P1 16503 KEPHART JO, 1993, IEEE SPECTRUM, V30, P20 16504 LILJEROS F, 2001, NATURE, V411, P907 16505 LLOYD AL, 2001, SCIENCE, V292, P1316 16506 MARRO J, 1999, NONEQUILIBRIUM PHASE 16507 MAY RM, 1987, NATURE, V326, P137 16508 MAY RM, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V64 16509 PASTORSATORRAS R, UNPUB 16510 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV E 2, V63 16511 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P3200 16512 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V87 16513 STROGATZ SH, 2001, NATURE, V410, P268 16514 WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440 16515 NR 30 16516 TC 76 16517 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 16518 PI COLLEGE PK 16519 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 16520 SN 1063-651X 16521 J9 PHYS REV E 16522 JI Phys. Rev. E 16523 PD MAR 16524 PY 2002 16525 VL 65 16526 IS 3 16527 PN Part 2A 16528 AR 036104 16529 DI ARTN 036104 16530 PG 8 16531 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical 16532 GA 533UN 16533 UT ISI:000174548900027 16534 ER 16535 16536 PT J 16537 AU Pastor-Satorras, R 16538 Vazquez, A 16539 Vespignani, A 16540 TI Dynamical and correlation properties of the Internet 16541 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 16542 LA English 16543 DT Article 16544 ID SMALL-WORLD NETWORKS; TOPOLOGY 16545 AB The description of the Internet topology is an important open problem, 16546 recently tackled with the introduction of scale-free networks. We focus 16547 on the topological and dynamical properties of real Internet maps in a 16548 three-year time interval. We study higher order correlation functions 16549 as well as the dynamics of several quantities. We find that the 16550 Internet is characterized by nontrivial correlations among nodes and 16551 different dynamical regimes. We point out the importance of node 16552 hierarchy and aging in the Internet structure and growth. Our results 16553 provide hints towards the realistic modeling of the Internet evolution. 16554 C1 Univ Politecn Catalunya, Dept Fis & Engn Nucl, ES-08034 Barcelona, Spain. 16555 Scuola Int Super Studi Avanzati, SISSA, I-34014 Trieste, Italy. 16556 Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34100 Trieste, Italy. 16557 RP Pastor-Satorras, R, Univ Politecn Catalunya, Dept Fis & Engn Nucl, 16558 Campus Nord,Modul B4, ES-08034 Barcelona, Spain. 16559 CR ALBERT R, 2000, NATURE, V406, P378 16560 ALBERT R, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P5234 16561 AMARAL LAN, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P11149 16562 BARABASI AL, 1999, PHYSICA A, V272, P173 16563 BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509 16564 BIANCONI G, 2001, EUROPHYS LETT, V54, P436 16565 CALDARELLI G, 2000, EUROPHYS LETT, V52, P386 16566 CALLAWAY DS, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P5468 16567 CHESWICK B, INTENET MAPPING PROJ 16568 COHEN R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P3682 16569 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2000, EUROPHYS LETT, V52, P33 16570 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P4633 16571 DOROGOVTSEV SN, 2001, PHYS REV E, V63, P2510 16572 FALOUTSOS M, 1999, COMP COMM R, V29, P251 16573 JEONG H, CONDMAT0104131 16574 KRAPIVSKY PL, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P4629 16575 KRAPIVSKY PL, 2001, PHYS REV E, V63, P6612 16576 MEDINA A, 2000, COMPUT COMMUN REV, V30, P18 16577 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P3200 16578 STROGATZ SH, 2001, NATURE, V410, P268 16579 WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440 16580 ZEGURA EW, 1997, IEEE ACM T NETWORK, V5, P770 16581 NR 22 16582 TC 224 16583 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 16584 PI COLLEGE PK 16585 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 16586 SN 0031-9007 16587 J9 PHYS REV LETT 16588 JI Phys. Rev. Lett. 16589 PD DEC 17 16590 PY 2001 16591 VL 87 16592 IS 25 16593 AR 258701 16594 DI ARTN 258701 16595 PG 4 16596 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 16597 GA 504PZ 16598 UT ISI:000172866200061 16599 ER 16600 16601 PT J 16602 AU Dickman, R 16603 Alava, M 16604 Munoz, MA 16605 Peltola, J 16606 Vespignani, A 16607 Zapperi, S 16608 TI Critical behavior of a one-dimensional fixed-energy stochastic sandpile 16609 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E 16610 LA English 16611 DT Article 16612 ID SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY; ABELIAN SANDPILE; CRITICAL EXPONENTS; 16613 PHASE-TRANSITIONS; ABSORBING STATES; FIELD-THEORY; MODEL; UNIVERSALITY; 16614 AVALANCHES; EVENTS 16615 AB We study a one-dimensional fixed-energy version (that is, with no input 16616 or loss of particles) of Manna's stochastic sandpile model, The system 16617 has a continuous transition to an absorbing state at a critical value 16618 of the particle density, and exhibits the hallmarks of an 16619 absorbing-state phase transition, including finite-size scaling. 16620 Critical exponents are obtained from extensive simulations, which treat 16621 stationary and transient properties, and an associated interface 16622 representation. These exponents characterize the universality class of 16623 an absorbing-state phase transition with a static conserved density in 16624 one dimension; they differ from those expected at a linear-interface 16625 depinning transition in a medium with point disorder, and from those of 16626 directed percolation. 16627 C1 Univ Fed Minas Gerais, ICEx, Dept Fis, BR-30161970 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. 16628 Helsinki Univ Technol, Phys Lab, HUT-02105 Helsinki, Finland. 16629 Inst Carlos I Theoret & Computat Phys, Granada 18071, Spain. 16630 Dept Electromagnetismo & Fis Mat, Granada 18071, Spain. 16631 Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34100 Trieste, Italy. 16632 Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Fis Enrico Fermi, INFM, I-00185 Rome, Italy. 16633 RP Dickman, R, Univ Fed Minas Gerais, ICEx, Dept Fis, Caixa Postal 702, 16634 BR-30161970 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. 16635 CR ALAVA M, CONDMAT0002406 16636 ALAVA M, 2001, EUROPHYS LETT, V53, P569 16637 BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381 16638 BAK P, 1988, PHYS REV A, V38, P364 16639 BARABASI AL, 1995, FRACTAL CONCEPTS SUR 16640 CHESSA A, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V80, P4217 16641 DEMENECH M, 1998, PHYS REV E A, V58, R2677 16642 DHAR D, 1999, PHYSICA A, V263, P4 16643 DICKMAN R, CONDMAT9910454 16644 DICKMAN R, UNPUB 16645 DICKMAN R, 1998, PHYS REV E A, V57, P5095 16646 DICKMAN R, 2000, BRAZ J PHYS, V30, P27 16647 DICKMAN R, 2000, PHYS REV E A, V62, P7632 16648 DROSSEL B, 2000, PHYS REV E, V61, R2168 16649 FISHER ME, 1971, FENOMINI CRITICI 16650 FISHER ME, 1972, PHYS REV LETT, V28, P1516 16651 FISHER ME, 1988, FINITE SIZE SCALING 16652 GRASSBERGER P, 1982, Z PHYS B, V47, P465 16653 GRINSTEIN G, 1995, NATO ADV STUDY I B, V344 16654 HALPINHEALY T, 1995, PHYS REP, V254, P215 16655 IVASHKEVICH EV, 1994, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V27, P3643 16656 IVASHKEVICH EV, 1994, PHYSICA A, V209, P347 16657 JANSSEN HK, 1981, Z PHYS, V42, P141 16658 JANSSEN HK, 1985, Z PHYS B CON MAT, V58, P311 16659 KADANOFF LP, 1989, PHYS REV A, V39, P6524 16660 KARDAR M, 1998, PHYS REP, V301, P85 16661 LESCHHORN H, 1993, PHYSICA A, V195, P324 16662 LOPEZ JM, 1997, PHYS REV E, V56, P3993 16663 LOPEZ JM, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V83, P4594 16664 MANNA SS, 1990, J STAT PHYS, V59, P509 16665 MANNA SS, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, L363 16666 MARRO J, 1999, NONEQUILIBRIUM PHASE 16667 MONTAKHAB A, 1998, PHYS REV E A, V58, P5608 16668 MUNOZ MA, 1999, PHYS REV E B, V59, P6175 16669 MUNOZ MA, 2001, P 6 GRAN SEM COMP PH 16670 PACZUSKI M, 1994, EUROPHYS LETT, V27, P97 16671 PACZUSKI M, 1994, EUROPHYS LETT, V28, P295 16672 PARISI G, 1991, EUROPHYS LETT, V16, P321 16673 PARISI G, 1991, PHYSICA A, V179, P16 16674 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2000, PHYS REV E A, V62, R5875 16675 PRIEZZHEV VB, 1994, J STAT PHYS, V74, P955 16676 ROSSI M, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P1803 16677 TANG C, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V60, P2347 16678 TEBALDI C, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V83, P3952 16679 VESPIGNANI A, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V78, P4793 16680 VESPIGNANI A, 1998, PHYS REV E, V57, P6345 16681 VESPIGNANI A, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V81, P5676 16682 VESPIGNANI A, 2000, PHYS REV E A, V62, P4564 16683 NR 48 16684 TC 26 16685 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 16686 PI COLLEGE PK 16687 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 16688 SN 1063-651X 16689 J9 PHYS REV E 16690 JI Phys. Rev. E 16691 PD NOV 16692 PY 2001 16693 VL 64 16694 IS 5 16695 PN Part 2 16696 AR 056104 16697 DI ARTN 056104 16698 PG 7 16699 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical 16700 GA 496QH 16701 UT ISI:000172407100015 16702 ER 16703 16704 PT J 16705 AU Pastor-Satorras, R 16706 Vespignani, A 16707 TI Epidemic dynamics and endemic states in complex networks 16708 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E 16709 LA English 16710 DT Article 16711 ID SMALL-WORLD NETWORKS; WIDE-WEB; INTERNET; TOPOLOGY 16712 AB We study by analytical methods and large scale simulations a dynamical 16713 model for the spreading of epidemics in complex networks. in networks 16714 with exponentially bounded connectivity we recover the usual epidemic 16715 behavior with a threshold defining a critical point below that the 16716 infection prevalence is null. On the contrary, on a wide range of 16717 scale-free networks we observe the absence of an epidemic threshold and 16718 its associated critical behavior. This implies that scale-free networks 16719 are prone to the spreading and the persistence of infections whatever 16720 spreading rate the epidemic agents might possess. These results can 16721 help understanding. computer virus epidemics and other spreading 16722 phenomena on communication and social networks. 16723 C1 Univ Politecn Catalunya, Dept Fis & Engn Nucl, ES-08034 Barcelona, Spain. 16724 Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34100 Trieste, Italy. 16725 RP Pastor-Satorras, R, Univ Politecn Catalunya, Dept Fis & Engn Nucl, 16726 Campus Nord,Modul B4, ES-08034 Barcelona, Spain. 16727 CR ABRAMOWITZ M, 1972, HDB MATH FUNCTIONS 16728 ABRAMSON G, NLNAO0010012 16729 ALBERT R, 1999, NATURE, V401, P130 16730 ALBERT R, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P5234 16731 AMARAL LAN, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P11149 16732 BAILEY NTJ, 1975, MATH THEORY INFECT D 16733 BARABASI AL, 1999, PHYSICA A, V272, P173 16734 BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509 16735 BARRAT A, CONDMAT9903323 16736 BARRAT A, 2000, EUR PHYS J B, V13, P547 16737 BARTHELEMY M, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V82, P3180 16738 BOLLOBAS B, 1985, RANDOM GRAPHS 16739 BORNHOLDT S, CONDMAT0008465 16740 CALDARELLI G, 2000, EUROPHYS LETT, V52, P386 16741 CALLAWAY DS, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P5468 16742 COHEN R, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P4626 16743 DEMENEZES MA, 2000, EUROPHYS LETT, V50, P574 16744 DOROGOVTSEV SN, CONDMAT0011115 16745 ERDOS P, 1960, PUBL MATH I HUNG, V5, P17 16746 FALOUTSOS M, 1999, COMP COMM R, V29, P251 16747 HILL MK, 1997, UNDERSTANDING ENV PO 16748 HUBERMAN BA, 1999, NATURE, V401, P131 16749 JEONG H, 2000, NATURE, V407, P651 16750 KEPHART JO, 1993, IEEE SPECTRUM, V30, P20 16751 KEPHART JO, 1997, SCI AM, V277, P56 16752 KRAPIVSKY PL, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P4629 16753 MARRO J, 1999, NONEQUILIBRIUM PHASE 16754 MEDINA A, 2000, COMPUT COMMUN REV, V30, P18 16755 MONTOYA JM, CONDMAT0011195 16756 MOORE C, 2000, PHYS REV E B, V61, P5678 16757 MURRAY JD, 1993, MATH BIOL 16758 NEWMAN MEJ, 1999, PHYS REV E, V60, P5678 16759 PASTORSATORRAS R, IN PRESS PHYS REV LE 16760 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2001, PHYS REV LETT, V86, P3200 16761 SIMON HA, 1955, BIOMETRIKA, V42, P425 16762 TADIC B, 2001, PHYSICA A, V293, P273 16763 WASSERMAN S, 1994, SOCIAL NETWORK ANAL 16764 WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440 16765 WATTS DJ, 1999, SMALL WORLDS DYNAMIC 16766 WENG GZ, 1999, SCIENCE, V284, P92 16767 NR 40 16768 TC 164 16769 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 16770 PI COLLEGE PK 16771 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 16772 SN 1063-651X 16773 J9 PHYS REV E 16774 JI Phys. Rev. E 16775 PD JUN 16776 PY 2001 16777 VL 6306 16778 IS 6 16779 PN Part 2 16780 AR 066117 16781 DI ARTN 066117 16782 PG 8 16783 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical 16784 GA 442KU 16785 UT ISI:000169285300028 16786 ER 16787 16788 PT J 16789 AU Miguel, MC 16790 Vespignani, A 16791 Zapperi, S 16792 Weiss, J 16793 Grasso, JR 16794 TI Complexity in dislocation dynamics: model 16795 SO MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES 16796 MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING 16797 LA English 16798 DT Article 16799 DE dislocations; statistical modelling; fluctuations; ice single crystal 16800 ID SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY; ACOUSTIC-EMISSION; DEFORMATION 16801 AB We propose a numerical model to study the viscoplastic deformation of 16802 ice single crystals. We consider long-range elastic interactions among 16803 dislocations, the possibility of mutual annihilation, and a 16804 multiplication mechanism representing the activation of Frank-Read 16805 sources due to dislocation pinning. The overdamped equations of motion 16806 for a collection of dislocations are integrated numerically using 16807 different externally applied stresses. Using this approach we analyze 16808 the avalanche-like rearrangements of dislocations during the dynamic 16809 evolution. We observe a power law distribution of avalanche sizes which 16810 we compare with acoustic emission experiments in ice single crystals 16811 under creep deformation. We emphasize the connections of our model with 16812 nonequilibrium phase transitions and critical phenomena. (C) 2001 16813 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. 16814 C1 Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34100 Trieste, Italy. 16815 Univ La Sapienza, INFM, I-00185 Rome, Italy. 16816 Lab Glaciol & Geophys Environm, CNRS, F-38402 St Martin Dheres, France. 16817 LGIT, F-38041 Grenoble 9, France. 16818 RP Miguel, MC, Univ Barcelona, Dept Fis Fonamental, Fac Fis, Diagonal 647, 16819 E-08028 Barcelona, Spain. 16820 CR AMODEO RJ, 1990, PHYS REV B B, V41, P6958 16821 BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381 16822 BAKO B, 1999, PHYS REV B, V60, P122 16823 BERTOTTI G, 1994, J APPL PHYS, V75, P5490 16824 DICKMAN R, 2000, BRAZ J PHYS, V30, P27 16825 DOMB C, 1972, PHASE TRANSITION CRI, V1 16826 FIELD S, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V74, P1206 16827 FOURNET R, 1996, PHYS REV B, V53, P6283 16828 GARCIMARTIN A, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V79, P3202 16829 HAHNER P, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V81, P2470 16830 HIRTH JP, 1992, THEORY DISLOCATIONS 16831 MIGUEL MC, UNPUB 16832 NABARRO FRN, 1992, THEORY CRYSTAL DISLO 16833 PETRI A, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V73, P3423 16834 VESPIGNANI A, 1998, PHYS REV E, V57, P6345 16835 WEISS J, 1997, J PHYS CHEM B, V101, P6113 16836 WEISS J, 2000, J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA, V105, P433 16837 WEISS J, 2001, MAT SCI ENG A-STRUCT, V309, P360 16838 NR 18 16839 TC 9 16840 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA 16841 PI LAUSANNE 16842 PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND 16843 SN 0921-5093 16844 J9 MATER SCI ENG A-STRUCT MATER 16845 JI Mater. Sci. Eng. A-Struct. Mater. Prop. Microstruct. Process. 16846 PD JUL 15 16847 PY 2001 16848 VL 309 16849 SI Sp. Iss. SI 16850 BP 324 16851 EP 327 16852 PG 4 16853 SC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary 16854 GA 438GE 16855 UT ISI:000169044600066 16856 ER 16857 16858 PT J 16859 AU Weiss, J 16860 Grasso, JR 16861 Miguel, MC 16862 Vespignani, A 16863 Zapperi, S 16864 TI Complexity in dislocation dynamics: experiments 16865 SO MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES 16866 MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING 16867 LA English 16868 DT Article 16869 DE dislocation; acoustic emission; avalanches; critical phenomena; ice 16870 ID ACOUSTIC-EMISSION; SINGLE-CRYSTALS; DEFORMATION; ICE 16871 AB We present a statistical analysis of the acoustic emissions induced by 16872 dislocation motion during the creep of ice single crystals. The 16873 recorded acoustic waves provide an indirect measure of the inelastic 16874 energy dissipated during dislocation motion. Compression and torsion 16875 creep experiments indicate that viscoplastic deformation, even in the 16876 steady-state (secondary creep), is a complex and inhomogeneous process 16877 characterized by avalanches in the motion of dislocations. The 16878 distribution of avalanche sizes, identified with the acoustic wave 16879 amplitude (or the acoustic wave energy), is found to follow a power law 16880 with a cutoff at large amplitudes which depends on the creep stage 16881 (primary, secondary, tertiary). These results suggest that viscoplastic 16882 deformation in ice and possibly in other materials could be described 16883 in the framework of non-equilibrium critical phenomena. (C) 2001 16884 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. 16885 C1 Lab Glaciol & Geophys Environm, CNRS, F-38402 St Martin Dheres, France. 16886 LGIT, F-38041 Grenoble 9, France. 16887 Univ Barcelona, Fac Fis, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain. 16888 Abdus Salam ICTP, I-34100 Trieste, Italy. 16889 Univ La Sapienza, INFM, I-00185 Rome, Italy. 16890 RP Weiss, J, Lab Glaciol & Geophys Environm, CNRS, BP 96,54 Rue Moliere, 16891 F-38402 St Martin Dheres, France. 16892 CR ANANTHAKRISHNA G, 1999, PHYS REV E A, V60, P5455 16893 ASHBY MF, 1972, ACTA METALL, V20, P887 16894 ESHELBY JD, 1962, P ROY SOC LOND A MAT, V266, P222 16895 FRIEDEL J, 1964, DISLOCATIONS 16896 GROMA I, 1999, MODEL SIMUL MATER SC, V7, P795 16897 KIESEWETTER N, 1976, PHYS STATUS SOLIDI, V38, P569 16898 LEPINOUX J, 1987, SCRIPTA METALL, V21, P833 16899 MALEN K, 1974, PHYS STATUS SOLIDI B, V61, P637 16900 NEUHAUSER H, 1983, DISLOCATIONS SOLIDS, V6, P319 16901 ROUBY D, 1983, PHILOS MAG A, V47, P671 16902 THIBERT E, 1997, J PHYS CHEM B, V101, P3554 16903 WEISS J, 1997, J PHYS CHEM B, V101, P6113 16904 WEISS J, 2000, J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA, V105, P433 16905 NR 13 16906 TC 12 16907 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA 16908 PI LAUSANNE 16909 PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND 16910 SN 0921-5093 16911 J9 MATER SCI ENG A-STRUCT MATER 16912 JI Mater. Sci. Eng. A-Struct. Mater. Prop. Microstruct. Process. 16913 PD JUL 15 16914 PY 2001 16915 VL 309 16916 SI Sp. Iss. SI 16917 BP 360 16918 EP 364 16919 PG 5 16920 SC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary 16921 GA 438GE 16922 UT ISI:000169044600075 16923 ER 16924 16925 PT J 16926 AU Pastor-Satorras, R 16927 Vespignani, A 16928 TI Reaction-diffusion system with self-organized critical behavior 16929 SO EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL B 16930 LA English 16931 DT Article 16932 ID ABSORBING PHASE-TRANSITIONS; ABELIAN SANDPILE; CONSERVED FIELD; MODELS; 16933 EVENTS 16934 AB We describe the construction of a conserved reaction-diffusion system 16935 that exhibits self-organized critical (avalanche-like) behavior under 16936 the action of a slow addition of particles. The model provides an 16937 illustration of the general mechanism to generate self-organized 16938 criticality in conserving systems. Extensive simulations in d = 2 and 3 16939 reveal critical exponents compatible with the universality class of the 16940 stochastic Manna sandpile model. 16941 C1 Univ Politecn Catalunya, Dept Fis & Engn Nucl, ES-08034 Barcelona, Spain. 16942 Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34100 Trieste, Italy. 16943 RP Pastor-Satorras, R, Univ Politecn Catalunya, Dept Fis & Engn Nucl, 16944 Campus Nord,Modul B4, ES-08034 Barcelona, Spain. 16945 CR BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381 16946 BAK P, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P4083 16947 CARDY JL, 1988, CURRENT PHYSICS SOUR, V2 16948 CHESSA A, 1999, COMPUT PHYS COMMUN, V121, P299 16949 DEMENECH M, 1998, PHYS REV E A, V58, R2677 16950 DHAR D, 1999, PHYSICA A, V263, P4 16951 DICKMAN R, 1998, PHYS REV E A, V57, P5095 16952 DICKMAN R, 2000, BRAZ J PHYS, V30, P27 16953 DROSSEL B, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V69, P1629 16954 GRINSTEIN G, 1995, NATO ADV STUDY I B, V344 16955 JENSEN HJ, 1998, SELFORGANIZED CRITIC 16956 LUBECK S, 2000, PHYS REV E, V61, P204 16957 MANNA SS, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, L363 16958 MILSHTEIN E, 1998, PHYS REV E, V58, P303 16959 NAKANISHI K, 1997, PHYS REV E, V55, P4012 16960 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2000, PHYS REV E A, V62, R5875 16961 ROSSI M, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P1803 16962 TEBALDI C, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V83, P3952 16963 VANWIJLAND F, 1998, PHYSICA A, V251, P179 16964 VESPIGNANI A, 2000, PHYS REV E A, V62, P4564 16965 ZHANG YC, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V63, P470 16966 NR 21 16967 TC 6 16968 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG 16969 PI NEW YORK 16970 PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA 16971 SN 1434-6028 16972 J9 EUR PHYS J B 16973 JI Eur. Phys. J. B 16974 PD FEB 16975 PY 2001 16976 VL 19 16977 IS 4 16978 BP 583 16979 EP 587 16980 PG 5 16981 SC Physics, Condensed Matter 16982 GA 421MY 16983 UT ISI:000168069200011 16984 ER 16985 16986 PT J 16987 AU Pastor-Satorras, R 16988 Vespignani, A 16989 TI Epidemic spreading in scale-free networks 16990 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 16991 LA English 16992 DT Article 16993 ID SMALL-WORLD NETWORKS; INTERNET 16994 AB The Internet has a very complex connectivity recently modeled by the 16995 class of scale-free networks. This feature, which appears to be very 16996 efficient for a communications network, favors at the same time the 16997 spreading of computer viruses. We analyze real data from computer virus 16998 infections and find the average lifetime and persistence of viral 16999 strains on the Internet. We define a dynamical model for the spreading 17000 of infections on scale-free networks. finding the absence of an 17001 epidemic threshold and its associated critical behavior. This new 17002 epidemiological framework rationalizes data of computer viruses and 17003 could help in the understanding of other spreading phenomena on 17004 communication and social networks. 17005 C1 Univ Politecn Catalunya, Dept Fis & Engn Nucl, ES-08034 Barcelona, Spain. 17006 Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34100 Trieste, Italy. 17007 RP Pastor-Satorras, R, Univ Politecn Catalunya, Dept Fis & Engn Nucl, 17008 Campus Nord,Modul B4, ES-08034 Barcelona, Spain. 17009 CR ALBERT R, 1999, NATURE, V401, P130 17010 AMARAL LAN, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P11149 17011 BAILEY NTJ, 1975, MATH THEORY INFECT D 17012 BARABASI AL, 1999, PHYSICA A, V272, P173 17013 BARABASI AL, 1999, SCIENCE, V286, P509 17014 BARRAT A, 2000, EUR PHYS J B, V13, P57 17015 CALDARELLI G, 2000, EUROPHYS LETT, V52, P386 17016 COHEN FB, 1994, SHORT COURSE COMPUTE 17017 ERDOS P, 1960, PUBL MATH I HUNG, V5, P17 17018 FALOUTSOS M, 1999, COMP COMM R, V29, P251 17019 HILL MK, 1997, UNDERSTANDING ENV PO 17020 KEPHART JO, 1991, P 1991 IEEE COMP SOC, P343 17021 KEPHART JO, 1993, IEEE SPECTRUM, V30, P20 17022 KEPHART JO, 1997, SCI AM, V277, P56 17023 MARRO J, 1999, NONEQUILIBRIUM PHASE 17024 MEDINA A, 2000, COMPUT COMMUN REV, V30, P18 17025 MOORE C, 2000, PHYS REV E B, V61, P5678 17026 MURRAY JD, 1993, MATH BIOL 17027 MURRAY WH, 1988, COMPUT SECUR, V7, P130 17028 PASTORSATORRAS R, UNPUB 17029 SZABO G, 2000, PHYS REV E B, V62, P7474 17030 WASSERMAN S, 1994, SOCIAL NETWORK ANAL 17031 WATTS DJ, 1998, NATURE, V393, P440 17032 WHITE SR, 1998, P VIR B C MUN 1998 17033 NR 24 17034 TC 451 17035 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 17036 PI COLLEGE PK 17037 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 17038 SN 0031-9007 17039 J9 PHYS REV LETT 17040 JI Phys. Rev. Lett. 17041 PD APR 2 17042 PY 2001 17043 VL 86 17044 IS 14 17045 BP 3200 17046 EP 3203 17047 PG 4 17048 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 17049 GA 417ZX 17050 UT ISI:000167866300072 17051 ER 17052 17053 PT J 17054 AU Miguel, MC 17055 Vespignani, A 17056 Zapperi, S 17057 Weiss, J 17058 Grasso, JR 17059 TI Intermittent dislocation flow in viscoplastic deformation 17060 SO NATURE 17061 LA English 17062 DT Article 17063 ID ACOUSTIC-EMISSION; SINGLE-CRYSTALS; DYNAMICS; SIMULATION; PATTERNS; 17064 LINES; ICE 17065 AB The viscoplastic deformation (creep) of crystalline materials under 17066 constant stress involves the motion of a large number of interacting 17067 dislocations(1). Analytical methods and sophisticated 'dislocation 17068 dynamics' simulations have proved very effective in the study of 17069 dislocation patterning, and have led to macroscopic constitutive laws 17070 of plastic deformation(2-9). Yet, a statistical analysis of the 17071 dynamics of an assembly of interacting dislocations has not hitherto 17072 been performed. Here we report acoustic emission measurements on 17073 stressed ice single crystals, the results of which indicate that 17074 dislocations move in a scale-free intermittent fashion. This result is 17075 confirmed by numerical simulations of a model of interacting 17076 dislocations that successfully reproduces the main features of the 17077 experiment. We rnd that dislocations generate a slowly evolving 17078 configuration landscape which coexists with rapid collective 17079 rearrangements. These rearrangements involve a comparatively small 17080 fraction of the dislocations and lead to an intermittent behaviour of 17081 the net plastic response. This basic dynamical picture appears to be a 17082 generic feature in the deformation of many other materials(10-12). 17083 Moreover, it should provide a framework for discussing fundamental 17084 aspects of plasticity that goes beyond standard mean-field approaches 17085 that see plastic deformation as a smooth laminar flow. 17086 C1 Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34100 Trieste, Italy. 17087 Univ Barcelona, Fac Fis, Dept Fis Fonamental, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain. 17088 Univ La Sapienza, INFM, I-00185 Rome, Italy. 17089 CNRS, LGGE, F-38402 St Martin Dheres, France. 17090 LGIT, F-38041 Grenoble 9, France. 17091 RP Miguel, MC, Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, POB 586, I-34100 Trieste, 17092 Italy. 17093 CR AMODEO RJ, 1990, PHYS REV B B, V41, P6958 17094 ANANTHAKRISHNA G, 1999, PHYS REV E A, V60, P5455 17095 BECKER R, 1932, Z PHYS, V79, P566 17096 BENGUS VZ, 1966, PHYS STATUS SOLIDI, V14, P215 17097 DUVAL P, 1983, J PHYS CHEM-US, V87, P4066 17098 FOURNET R, 1996, PHYS REV B, V53, P6283 17099 GROMA I, 1993, PHILOS MAG A, V67, P1459 17100 HAHNER P, 1996, APPL PHYS A-MATER, V62, P473 17101 HAHNER P, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V81, P2470 17102 HIRTH JP, 1992, THEORY DISLOCATIONS 17103 JENSEN HJ, 1998, SELF ORG CRITICALITY 17104 KARDAR M, 1998, PHYS REP, V301, P85 17105 LEPINOUX J, 1987, SCRIPTA METALL, V21, P833 17106 NEUHAUSER H, 1983, DISLOCATIONS SOLIDS, V6, P319 17107 PETRENKO VF, 1994, 9412 US ARM COLD REG 17108 ROUBY D, 1983, PHILOS MAG A, V47, P671 17109 SEVILLANO JG, 1991, SCRIPTA METALL MATER, V25, P355 17110 THOMSON R, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V81, P3884 17111 WEISS J, 1997, J PHYS CHEM B, V101, P6113 17112 WEISS J, 2000, J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA, V105, P433 17113 ZAISER M, 1999, ACTA MATER, V47, P2463 17114 NR 21 17115 TC 78 17116 PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD 17117 PI LONDON 17118 PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND 17119 SN 0028-0836 17120 J9 NATURE 17121 JI Nature 17122 PD APR 5 17123 PY 2001 17124 VL 410 17125 IS 6829 17126 BP 667 17127 EP 671 17128 PG 6 17129 SC Multidisciplinary Sciences 17130 GA 418DJ 17131 UT ISI:000167875400040 17132 ER 17133 17134 PT J 17135 AU Pietronero, L 17136 Tosatti, E 17137 Tosatti, V 17138 Vespignani, A 17139 TI Explaining the uneven distribution of numbers in nature: the laws of 17140 Benford and Zipf 17141 SO PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 17142 LA English 17143 DT Article 17144 AB The distribution of first digits in numbers series obtained from very 17145 different origins shows a marked asymmetry in favor of small digits 17146 that goes under the name of Benford's law. We analyze in detail this 17147 property for different data sets and give a general explanation for the 17148 origin of the Benford's law in terms of multiplicative processes. We 17149 show that this law can be also generalized to series of numbers 17150 generated from more complex systems like the catalogs of seismic 17151 activity. Finally, we derive a relation between the generalized 17152 Benford's law and the popular Zipf's law which characterize the rank 17153 order statistics and has been extensively applied to many problems 17154 ranging from city population to linguistics. (C) 2001 Published by 17155 Elsevier Science B.V. 17156 C1 Univ Rome La Sapienza, Dipartimento Fis, I-00185 Rome, Italy. 17157 Univ Rome La Sapienza, Unita INFM, I-00185 Rome, Italy. 17158 SISSA, ISAS, I-34014 Trieste, Italy. 17159 SISSA, Unita INFM Trieste, I-34014 Trieste, Italy. 17160 Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, ICTP, I-34100 Trieste, Italy. 17161 RP Pietronero, L, Univ Rome La Sapienza, Dipartimento Fis, P A Moro 2, 17162 I-00185 Rome, Italy. 17163 CR BAK P, 1996, NATURE WORKS SCI SEL 17164 BENFORD F, 1938, P AM PHILOS SOC, V78, P551 17165 GELLMANN M, 1994, QUARK JAGUAR ADVENTU 17166 GUTENBERG B, 1944, B SEISMOL SOC AM, V34, P185 17167 HILL TP, 1998, AM SCI, V86, P358 17168 LEY E, 1996, AM STAT, V50, P311 17169 MANDELBROT BB, 1982, FRACTAL GEOMETRY NAT 17170 NEWCOMB S, 1881, AM J MATH, V4, P39 17171 NIGRINI M, 1996, J AM TAXATION ASS, V18, P72 17172 RAIMI R, 1969, SCI AM DEC, P109 17173 RAIMI RA, 1976, AM MATH MONTHLY, V83, P521 17174 RICHARDS SP, 1982, NUMBER YOUR THOUGHTS 17175 SCHATTE P, 1988, J INF PROCESS CYBERN, V24, P443 17176 VICSEK T, 1992, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO 17177 ZIPF GK, 1949, HUMAN BEHAV PRINCIPL 17178 NR 15 17179 TC 18 17180 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV 17181 PI AMSTERDAM 17182 PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS 17183 SN 0378-4371 17184 J9 PHYSICA A 17185 JI Physica A 17186 PD APR 1 17187 PY 2001 17188 VL 293 17189 IS 1-2 17190 BP 297 17191 EP 304 17192 PG 8 17193 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 17194 GA 413TP 17195 UT ISI:000167628300023 17196 ER 17197 17198 PT J 17199 AU Pastor-Satorras, R 17200 Vespignani, A 17201 TI Anomalous scaling in the Zhang model 17202 SO EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL B 17203 LA English 17204 DT Article 17205 ID SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY; ABELIAN SANDPILE; UNIVERSALITY; EVENTS 17206 AB We apply the moment analysis technique to analyze large scale 17207 simulations of the Zhang sandpile model. We find that this model shows 17208 different scaling behavior depending on the update mechanism used. With 17209 the standard parallel updating, the Zhang model violates the 17210 finite-size scaling hypothesis, and it also appears to be incompatible 17211 with the more general multifractal scaling form. This makes impossible 17212 its affiliation to any one of the known universality classes of 17213 sandpile models. With sequential updating, it shows scaling for the 17214 size and area distribution. The introduction of stochasticity into the 17215 toppling rules of the parallel Zhang model leads to a scaling behavior 17216 compatible with the Manna universality class. 17217 C1 Univ Barcelona, Fac Fis, Dept Fis Fonamental, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain. 17218 Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34100 Trieste, Italy. 17219 RP Pastor-Satorras, R, Univ Barcelona, Fac Fis, Dept Fis Fonamental, Av 17220 Diagonal 647, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain. 17221 CR BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381 17222 CARDY JL, 1988, CURRENT PHYSICS SOUR, V2 17223 CHESSA A, 1999, COMPUT PHYS COMMUN, V121, P299 17224 DEMENECH M, 1998, PHYS REV E A, V58, R2677 17225 DHAR D, 1999, PHYSICA A, V263, P4 17226 GIACOMETTI A, 1998, PHYS REV E, V58, P247 17227 GRINSTEIN G, 1995, NATO ADV STUDY I B, V344 17228 JENSEN HJ, 1998, SELF ORG CRITICALITY 17229 KADANOFF LP, 1989, PHYS REV A, V39, P6524 17230 LUBECK S, CONDMAT0008304 17231 LUBECK S, 1997, PHYS REV E, V56, P1590 17232 LUBECK S, 2000, PHYS REV E, V61, P204 17233 MANNA SS, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, L363 17234 MILSHTEIN E, 1998, PHYS REV E, V58, P303 17235 TEBALDI C, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V83, P3952 17236 VAZQUEZ A, CONDMAT0003420 17237 VESPIGNANI A, 1998, PHYS REV E, V57, P6345 17238 VESPIGNANI A, 2000, PHYS REV E A, V62, P4564 17239 ZHANG YC, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V63, P470 17240 NR 19 17241 TC 8 17242 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG 17243 PI NEW YORK 17244 PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA 17245 SN 1434-6028 17246 J9 EUR PHYS J B 17247 JI Eur. Phys. J. B 17248 PD NOV 17249 PY 2000 17250 VL 18 17251 IS 2 17252 BP 197 17253 EP 200 17254 PG 4 17255 SC Physics, Condensed Matter 17256 GA 381QH 17257 UT ISI:000165774100003 17258 ER 17259 17260 PT J 17261 AU Pastor-Satorras, R 17262 Vespignani, A 17263 TI Field theory of absorbing phase transitions with a nondiffusive 17264 conserved field 17265 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E 17266 LA English 17267 DT Article 17268 ID SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY; ABELIAN SANDPILE; CRITICAL-BEHAVIOR; MODEL; 17269 RENORMALIZATION; SYSTEMS; EVENTS; STATES 17270 AB We investigate the critical behavior of a reaction-diffusion system 17271 exhibiting a continuous absorbing-state phase transition. The 17272 reaction-diffusion system strictly conserves the total density of 17273 particles, represented as a nondiffusive conserved field, and allows an 17274 infinite number of absorbing configurations. Numerical results show 17275 that it belongs to a wide universality class that also includes 17276 stochastic sandpile models. We derive microscopically the field theory 17277 representing this universality class. 17278 C1 Univ Barcelona, Fac Fis, Dept Fis Fonamental, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain. 17279 Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34100 Trieste, Italy. 17280 RP Pastor-Satorras, R, Univ Barcelona, Fac Fis, Dept Fis Fonamental, Ave 17281 Diagonal 647, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain. 17282 CR ALBANO EV, 1992, J PHYS A, V25, P2557 17283 BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381 17284 CARDY J, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V77, P4780 17285 CARDY JL, 1980, J PHYS A, V13, L423 17286 CHESSA A, 1999, COMPUT PHYS COMMUN, V121, P299 17287 DEMENECH M, 1998, PHYS REV E A, V58, R2677 17288 DHAR D, 1999, PHYSICA A, V263, P4 17289 DICKMAN R, 1998, PHYS REV E A, V57, P5095 17290 GRASSBERGER P, 1979, ANN PHYS-NEW YORK, V122, P373 17291 GRASSBERGER P, 1995, PHYS LETT A, V200, P277 17292 JANSSEN HK, 1981, Z PHYS B CON MAT, V42, P151 17293 JANSSEN HK, 1999, EUR PHYS J B, V7, P137 17294 JENSEN HJ, 1998, SELF ORGANIZED CRITI 17295 JENSEN I, 1993, PHYS REV E, V48, P1710 17296 JENSEN I, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P1465 17297 KREE R, 1989, PHYS REV A, V39, P2214 17298 LEE BP, 1995, J STAT PHYS, V80, P971 17299 LUBECK S, 2000, PHYS REV E, V61, P204 17300 MANNA SS, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, L363 17301 MARRO J, 1999, NONEQUILIBRIUM PHASE 17302 MENDES JFF, 1994, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V27, P3019 17303 MILSHTEIN E, 1998, PHYS REV E, V58, P303 17304 MUNOZ MA, COMMUNICATION 17305 NAKANISHI K, 1997, PHYS REV E, V55, P4012 17306 PACZUSKI M, 1994, EUROPHYS LETT, V27, P97 17307 PACZUSKI M, 1994, EUROPHYS LETT, V28, P295 17308 ROSSI M, 2000, PHYS REV LETT, V85, P1803 17309 TEBALDI C, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V83, P3952 17310 VANWIJLAND F, 1998, PHYSICA A, V251, P179 17311 VESPIGNANI A, CONDMAT0003285 17312 VESPIGNANI A, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V81, P5676 17313 NR 31 17314 TC 10 17315 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 17316 PI COLLEGE PK 17317 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 17318 SN 1063-651X 17319 J9 PHYS REV E 17320 JI Phys. Rev. E 17321 PD NOV 17322 PY 2000 17323 VL 62 17324 IS 5 17325 PN Part A 17326 BP R5875 17327 EP R5878 17328 PG 4 17329 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical 17330 GA 374JH 17331 UT ISI:000165341700001 17332 ER 17333 17334 PT J 17335 AU Pastor-Satorras, R 17336 Vespignani, A 17337 TI Critical behavior and conservation in directed sandpiles 17338 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E 17339 LA English 17340 DT Article 17341 ID SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY; UPPER CRITICAL DIMENSION; ABELIAN SANDPILE; 17342 MODELS; UNIVERSALITY; EVENTS 17343 AB We perform large-scale simulations of directed sandpile models with 17344 both deterministic and stochastic toppling rules. Our results show the 17345 existence of two distinct universality classes. We also provide 17346 numerical simulations of directed models in the presence of bulk 17347 dissipation. The numerical results indicate that the way in which 17348 dissipation is implemented is irrelevant for the determination of the 17349 critical behavior. The analysis of the self-affine properties of 17350 avalanches shows the existence of a subset of superuniversal exponents, 17351 whose value is independent of the universality class. This feature is 17352 accounted for by means of a phenomenological description of the energy 17353 balance condition in these models. 17354 C1 Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34100 Trieste, Italy. 17355 RP Pastor-Satorras, R, Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, POB 586, I-34100 17356 Trieste, Italy. 17357 CR ALAVA M, CONDMAT0002406 17358 BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381 17359 BAK P, 1988, PHYS REV A, V38, P364 17360 CARDY JL, 1988, CURRENT PHYSICS SOUR, V2 17361 CHESSA A, 1998, PHYS REV E, V57, R6241 17362 CHESSA A, 1999, COMPUT PHYS COMMUN, V121, P299 17363 CHRISTENSEN K, 1993, PHYS REV E, V48, P3361 17364 DEMENECH M, 1998, PHYS REV E A, V58, R2677 17365 DHAR D, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V63, P1659 17366 DHAR D, 1999, PHYSICA A, V263, P4 17367 DICKMAN R, 1998, PHYS REV E A, V57, P5095 17368 DROSSEL B, 2000, PHYS REV E, V61, R2168 17369 GRADSHTEYN IS, 1979, TABLE INTEGRALS SERI 17370 GRASSBERGER P, 1995, PHYS LETT A, V200, P277 17371 HASTY J, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V81, P1722 17372 JENSEN HJ, 1998, SEFL ORG CRITICALITY 17373 KADANOFF LP, 1989, PHYS REV A, V39, P6524 17374 KINZEL W, 1983, PERCOLATION STRUCTUR, V5, CH18 17375 KLOSTER MN, CONDMAT0005528 17376 LAURITSEN KB, CONDMAT9903346 17377 LUBECK S, 1998, PHYS REV E A, V58, P2957 17378 LUBECK S, 2000, PHYS REV E, V61, P204 17379 MANNA SS, 1990, J STAT PHYS, V61, P923 17380 MANNA SS, 1990, PHYS REV E, V60, R5005 17381 MANNA SS, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, L363 17382 MARRO J, 1999, NONEQUILIBRIUM PHASE 17383 MILSHTEIN E, 1998, PHYS REV E, V58, P303 17384 PACZUSKI M, CONDMAT0005340 17385 PACZUSKI M, 1994, EUROPHYS LETT, V27, P97 17386 PACZUSKI M, 1994, EUROPHYS LETT, V28, P295 17387 PACZUSKI M, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V77, P111 17388 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2000, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V33, L33 17389 TADIC B, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V79, P1519 17390 TANG C, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V60, P2347 17391 TEBALDI C, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V83, P3952 17392 TSUCHIYA T, 1999, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V32, P1629 17393 VAZQUEZ A, CONDMAT0003420 17394 VESPIGNANI A, 1998, PHYS REV E, V57, P6345 17395 VESPIGNANI A, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V81, P5676 17396 VESPIGNANI A, 2000, PHYS REV E A, V62, P4564 17397 NR 40 17398 TC 11 17399 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 17400 PI COLLEGE PK 17401 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 17402 SN 1063-651X 17403 J9 PHYS REV E 17404 JI Phys. Rev. E 17405 PD NOV 17406 PY 2000 17407 VL 62 17408 IS 5 17409 PN Part A 17410 BP 6195 17411 EP 6205 17412 PG 11 17413 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical 17414 GA 374JH 17415 UT ISI:000165341700047 17416 ER 17417 17418 PT J 17419 AU Castellano, C 17420 Marsili, M 17421 Vespignani, A 17422 TI Nonequilibrium phase transition in a model for social influence 17423 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 17424 LA English 17425 DT Article 17426 AB We present extensive numerical simulations of the Axelrod's model for 17427 social influence, aimed at understanding the formation of cultural 17428 domains. This is a nonequilibrium model with short range interactions 17429 and a remarkably rich dynamical behavior. We study the phase diagram of 17430 the model and uncover a nonequilibrium phase transition separating an 17431 ordered (culturally polarized) phase from a disordered (culturally 17432 fragmented) one. The nature of the phase transition can be continuous 17433 or discontinuous depending on the model parameters. At the transition, 17434 the size of cultural regions is power-law distributed. 17435 C1 Univ Essen Gesamthsch, Fachbereich Phys, D-45117 Essen, Germany. 17436 INFM, Trieste SISSA Unit, I-34014 Trieste, Italy. 17437 Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34014 Trieste, Italy. 17438 RP Castellano, C, Univ Essen Gesamthsch, Fachbereich Phys, D-45117 Essen, 17439 Germany. 17440 CR ANDERSON PW, 1998, EC EVOLVING COMPLEX 17441 AXELROD R, 1997, COMPLEXITY COOPERATI 17442 AXELROD R, 1997, J CONFLICT RESOLUT, V41, P203 17443 AXTELL R, 1996, COMPUTATIONAL MATH O, V1, P123 17444 BIALAS P, 1997, NUCL PHYS B, V493, P505 17445 BRAY AJ, 1994, ADV PHYS, V43, P357 17446 FRACHEBOURG L, 1996, PHYS REV E, V53, P3009 17447 LIGGETT TM, 1985, INTERACTING PARTICLE 17448 MARSILI M, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V80, P2741 17449 SCHEUCHER M, 1988, J STAT PHYS, V53, P279 17450 STAUFFER D, 1985, INTRO PERCOLATION TH 17451 NR 11 17452 TC 56 17453 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 17454 PI COLLEGE PK 17455 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 17456 SN 0031-9007 17457 J9 PHYS REV LETT 17458 JI Phys. Rev. Lett. 17459 PD OCT 16 17460 PY 2000 17461 VL 85 17462 IS 16 17463 BP 3536 17464 EP 3539 17465 PG 4 17466 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 17467 GA 363YU 17468 UT ISI:000089865900051 17469 ER 17470 17471 PT J 17472 AU Vespignani, A 17473 Dickman, R 17474 Munoz, MA 17475 Zapperi, S 17476 TI Absorbing-state phase transitions in fixed-energy sandpiles 17477 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E 17478 LA English 17479 DT Review 17480 ID SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY; CHARGE-DENSITY WAVES; ANNIHILATING 17481 RANDOM-WALKS; TANG-WIESENFELD SANDPILE; ABELIAN SANDPILE; 17482 RENORMALIZATION-GROUP; DIRECTED PERCOLATION; CRITICAL EXPONENTS; 17483 QUENCHED DISORDER; CRITICAL-BEHAVIOR 17484 AB We study sandpile models as closed systems, with the conserved energy 17485 density zeta playing the role of an external parameter. The critical 17486 energy density zeta (c) marks a nonequilibrium phase transition between 17487 active and absorbing states. Several fixed-energy sandpiles are studied 17488 in extensive simulations of stationary and transient properties, as 17489 well as the dynamics of roughening in an interface-height 17490 representation. Our primary goal is to identify the universality 17491 classes of such models, in hopes of assessing the validity of two 17492 recently proposed approaches to sandpiles: a phenomenological continuum 17493 Langevin description with absorbing states, and a mapping to driven 17494 interface dynamics in random media. 17495 C1 Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, ICTP, I-34100 Trieste, Italy. 17496 Univ Fed Minas Gerais, ICEx, Dept Fis, BR-30161970 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. 17497 Univ Granada, Inst Carlos Theoret & Computat Phys 1, E-18071 Granada, Spain. 17498 Univ Granada, Dept Electromagnet & Fis Mat, E-18071 Granada, Spain. 17499 Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Fis, Sez Roma 1, INFM, I-00185 Rome, Italy. 17500 RP Vespignani, A, Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, ICTP, POB 586, I-34100 17501 Trieste, Italy. 17502 CR ALAVA M, CONDMAT0002406 17503 ALON U, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V76, P2746 17504 BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381 17505 BAK P, 1988, PHYS REV A, V38, P364 17506 BAKSNEPPEN SOC, 1994, EUROPHYS LETT, V27, P97 17507 BARBASI AL, 1995, FRACTAL CONCEPTS SUR 17508 BARRAT A, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V83, P1962 17509 BENHUR A, 1996, PHYS REV E, V53, P1317 17510 BISWAS P, 1998, PHYS REV E A, V58, P1266 17511 BRAY AJ, 1994, ADV PHYS, V43, P357 17512 CALFIERO R, 1998, PHYS REV E, V57, P5060 17513 CARDY J, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V77, P4780 17514 CARDY JL, 1980, J PHYS A, V13, L423 17515 CHESSA A, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V80, P4217 17516 CHESSA A, 1999, COMPUT PHYS COMMUN, V121, P299 17517 CHESSA A, 1999, PHYS REV E A, V59, R12 17518 DEMENECH M, 1998, PHYS REV E A, V58, R2677 17519 DHAR D, CONDMAT9909009 17520 DHAR D, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V63, P1659 17521 DHAR D, 1990, PHYS REV LETT, V64, P1613 17522 DHAR D, 1999, PHYSICA A, V270, P69 17523 DIAZGUILERA A, 1994, EUROPHYS LETT, V26, P177 17524 DICKMAN R, CONDMAT9909347 17525 DICKMAN R, UNPUB 17526 DICKMAN R, 1996, NONEQUILIBRIUM STAT 17527 DICKMAN R, 1998, PHYS REV E A, V57, P1263 17528 DICKMAN R, 1998, PHYS REV E A, V57, P5095 17529 DOI M, 1976, J PHYS A, V9, P1465 17530 FAMILY F, 1985, J PHYS A, V18, L75 17531 FISHER ME, 1971, P INT SUMM SCH E FER 17532 FISHER ME, 1972, PHYS REV LETT, V28, P1516 17533 GRASSBERGER P, COMMUNICATION 17534 GRASSBERGER P, 1982, Z PHYS B CON MAT, V47, P365 17535 GRASSBERGER P, 1984, J PHYS A, V17, L105 17536 GRASSBERGER P, 1989, J PHYS A, V22, L1103 17537 GRASSBERGER P, 1990, J PHYS-PARIS, V51, P1077 17538 GRASSBERGER P, 1995, PHYS LETT A, V200, P277 17539 GRINSTEIN G, 1995, NATO ADV STUDY I B, V344 17540 GRINSTEIN G, 1997, LECT NOTES PHYS, V493, P223 17541 HASTY J, 1997, J STAT PHYS, V86, P1179 17542 HINRICHSEN H, 1997, PHYS REV E A, V55, P219 17543 HWA T, 1992, PHYS REV A, V45, P7002 17544 HWANG W, 1998, PHYS REV E, V57, P6438 17545 IVASHKEVICH EV, 1994, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V27, P3643 17546 IVASHKEVICH EV, 1994, PHYSICA A, V209, P347 17547 JANSSEN HK, 1981, Z PHYS B CON MAT, V42, P151 17548 JANSSEN HK, 1989, Z PHYS B CON MAT, V73, P539 17549 JANSSEN HK, 1997, PHYS REV E B, V55, P6253 17550 JENSEN I, 1993, PHYS REV E, V48, P1710 17551 JENSEN I, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P1465 17552 JENSEN I, 1994, PHYS REV E, V50, P3623 17553 KERTESZ J, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V62, P2571 17554 KINZEL W, 1985, Z PHYS B CON MAT, V58, P229 17555 KOBAYASHI H, 1997, J PHYS SOC JPN, V66, P2367 17556 KTITAREV DV, 2000, PHYS REV E, V61, P81 17557 LAURITSEN KB, CONDMAT9903346 17558 LEE BP, 1995, J STAT PHYS, V80, P971 17559 LESCHHORN H, 1997, ANN PHYS-LEIPZIG, V6, P1 17560 LIGGET TM, 1985, INTERACTING PARTICLE 17561 LOPEZ JM, 1997, J PHYS I, V7, P1191 17562 LOPEZ JM, 1997, PHYS REV E, V56, P3993 17563 LOPEZ JM, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V83, P4594 17564 LUBECK S, 1997, PHYS REV E A, V56, P5138 17565 LUBECK S, 1997, PHYS REV E, V55, P4095 17566 LUBECK S, 2000, PHYS REV E, V61, P204 17567 MAJUMDAR SN, 1992, PHYSICA A, V185, P129 17568 MANNA SS, 1990, J STAT PHYS, V59, P509 17569 MANNA SS, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, L363 17570 MARRO J, 1999, NONEQUILIBRIUM PHASE 17571 MARSILI M, 1994, J STAT PHYS, V77, P733 17572 MASLOV S, 1996, PHYSICA A, V223, P1 17573 MEHTA A, 1996, PHYS REV E A, V53, P92 17574 MENDES JFF, 1994, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V27, P3019 17575 MENYHARD N, 1996, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V29, P7739 17576 MONTAKHAB A, 1998, PHYS REV E A, V58, P5608 17577 MOREIRA AG, 1996, PHYS REV E, V54, P3090 17578 MUNOZ MA, UNPUB 17579 MUNOZ MA, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V76, P451 17580 MUNOZ MA, 1998, J STAT PHYS, V91, P541 17581 MUNOZ MA, 1999, PHYS REV E B, V59, P6175 17582 NARAYAN O, 1993, PHYS REV B, V48, P7030 17583 NARAYAN O, 1994, PHYS REV B, V49, P244 17584 NOEST AJ, 1986, PHYS REV LETT, V57, P90 17585 NOEST AJ, 1988, PHYS REV B, V38, P2715 17586 PACZUSKI M, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V77, P111 17587 PANG NN, 1999, PHYS REV E A, V59, P234 17588 PARISI G, 1991, EUROPHYS LETT, V16, P321 17589 PARISI G, 1991, PHYSICA A, V179, P16 17590 PASTORSATORRAS R, COMMUNICATION 17591 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2000, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V33, L33 17592 PELITI L, 1985, J PHYS-PARIS, V46, P1469 17593 PIETRONERO L, 1991, PHYSICA A, V173, P129 17594 PIETRONERO L, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P1690 17595 PRIEZZHEV VB, CONDMAT9904054 17596 PRIEZZHEV VB, 1994, J STAT PHYS, V74, P955 17597 SARMA D, 1996, PHYS REV E, V53, P359 17598 SORNETTE D, 1995, J PHYS I, V5, P325 17599 TADIC B, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V79, P1519 17600 TAKAYASU H, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V68, P3060 17601 TANG C, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V60, P2347 17602 TEBALDI C, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V83, P3952 17603 VESPIGNANI A, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V78, P4793 17604 VESPIGNANI A, 1998, PHYS REV E, V57, P6345 17605 VESPIGNANI A, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V81, P5676 17606 ZAPPERI S, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V75, P4071 17607 ZHANG SD, 1999, PHYS REV E, V60, P259 17608 ZHANG YC, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V63, P470 17609 NR 107 17610 TC 66 17611 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 17612 PI COLLEGE PK 17613 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 17614 SN 1063-651X 17615 J9 PHYS REV E 17616 JI Phys. Rev. E 17617 PD OCT 17618 PY 2000 17619 VL 62 17620 IS 4 17621 PN Part A 17622 BP 4564 17623 EP 4582 17624 PG 19 17625 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical 17626 GA 365XY 17627 UT ISI:000089976800018 17628 ER 17629 17630 PT J 17631 AU Rossi, M 17632 Pastor-Satorras, R 17633 Vespignani, A 17634 TI Universality class of absorbing phase transitions with a conserved field 17635 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 17636 LA English 17637 DT Article 17638 ID SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY; CRITICAL-BEHAVIOR; ABELIAN SANDPILE; 1/F 17639 NOISE; MODEL; SYSTEMS; STATES; PERCOLATION; LATTICE; EVENTS 17640 AB We investigate the critical behavior of systems exhibiting a continuous 17641 absorbing phase transition in the presence of a conserved field coupled 17642 to the order parameter. The results obtained point out the existence of 17643 a new universality class of nonequilibrium phase transitions that 17644 characterizes a vast set of systems including conserved threshold 17645 transfer processes and stochastic sandpile models. 17646 C1 SISSA, Int Sch Adv Studies, I-34014 Trieste, Italy. 17647 Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34100 Trieste, Italy. 17648 RP Rossi, M, SISSA, Int Sch Adv Studies, Via Beirut 2-4, I-34014 Trieste, 17649 Italy. 17650 CR ALBANO EV, 1992, J PHYS A, V25, P2557 17651 BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381 17652 CARDY J, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V77, P4780 17653 CARDY JL, 1980, J PHYS A, V13, L423 17654 CHESSA A, 1999, COMPUT PHYS COMMUN, V121, P299 17655 CHRISTENSEN K, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V77, P107 17656 DEMENECH M, 1998, PHYS REV E A, V58, R2677 17657 DHAR D, 1999, PHYSICA A, V263, P4 17658 DICKMAN R, 1998, PHYS REV E A, V57, P5095 17659 DICKMAN R, 2000, BRAZ J PHYS, V30, P27 17660 GRASSBERGER P, 1979, ANN PHYS-NEW YORK, V122, P373 17661 GRASSBERGER P, 1982, Z PHYS B CON MAT, V47, P365 17662 GRASSBERGER P, 1983, MATH BIOSCI, V63, P157 17663 JANSSEN HK, 1981, Z PHYS B CON MAT, V42, P151 17664 JANSSEN HK, 1985, Z PHYS B CON MAT, V58, P311 17665 JENSEN HJ, 1990, PHYS REV LETT, V64, P3103 17666 JENSEN HJ, 1998, SELF ORGANIZED CRITI 17667 JENSEN I, 1993, PHYS REV E, V48, P1710 17668 JENSEN I, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P1465 17669 LUBECK S, 2000, PHYS REV E, V61, P204 17670 MANNA SS, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, L363 17671 MARRO J, 1999, NONEQUILIBRIUM PHASE 17672 MENDES JFF, 1994, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V27, P3019 17673 MUNOZ MA, 1999, PHYS REV E B, V59, P6175 17674 TEBALDI C, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V83, P3952 17675 VANWIJLAND F, 1998, PHYSICA A, V251, P179 17676 VESPIGNANI A, CONDMAT0003285 17677 VESPIGNANI A, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V81, P5676 17678 NR 28 17679 TC 76 17680 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 17681 PI COLLEGE PK 17682 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 17683 SN 0031-9007 17684 J9 PHYS REV LETT 17685 JI Phys. Rev. Lett. 17686 PD AUG 28 17687 PY 2000 17688 VL 85 17689 IS 9 17690 BP 1803 17691 EP 1806 17692 PG 4 17693 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 17694 GA 348BW 17695 UT ISI:000088965300006 17696 ER 17697 17698 PT J 17699 AU Pastor-Satorras, R 17700 Vespignani, A 17701 TI Corrections to scaling in the forest-fire model 17702 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E 17703 LA English 17704 DT Article 17705 ID SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY; SANDPILE; EVENTS 17706 AB We present a systematic study of corrections to scaling in the 17707 self-organized critical forest-fire model. The analysis of the 17708 steady-state condition for the density of trees allows us to pinpoint 17709 the presence of these corrections, which take the form of subdominant 17710 exponents modifying the standard finite-size scaling form. Applying an 17711 extended version of the moment analysis technique, we find the scaling 17712 region of the model and compute nontrivial corrections to scaling. 17713 C1 Int Ctr Theoret Phys, Condensed Matter Sect, I-34100 Trieste, Italy. 17714 RP Pastor-Satorras, R, Int Ctr Theoret Phys, Condensed Matter Sect, POB 17715 586, I-34100 Trieste, Italy. 17716 CR BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381 17717 BAK P, 1990, PHYS LETT A, V147, P297 17718 CARDY J, 1996, SCALING RENORMALIZAT 17719 CARDY JL, 1988, FINITE SIZE SCALING, V2 17720 CHESSA A, 1999, COMPUT PHYS COMMUN, V121, P299 17721 CHESSA A, 1999, PHYS REV E A, V59, R12 17722 CHRISTENSEN K, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P2737 17723 CLAR S, 1996, J PHYS-CONDENS MAT, V8, P6803 17724 DEMENECH M, 1998, PHYS REV E A, V58, R2677 17725 DROSSEL B, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V69, P1629 17726 DROSSEL B, 1994, PHYS REV E, V50, P1009 17727 GRASSBERGER P, 1993, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V26, P2081 17728 JENSEN HJ, 1998, SELF ORGANIZED CRITI 17729 JOHANSEN A, 1994, PHYSICA D, V78, P186 17730 LUBECK S, 2000, PHYS REV E, V61, P204 17731 PASTORSATORRAS R, 2000, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V33, L33 17732 PRESS WH, 1992, NUMERICAL RECIPES C 17733 SCHENK K, CONDMAT9904356 17734 TEBALDI C, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V83, P3952 17735 NR 19 17736 TC 11 17737 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 17738 PI COLLEGE PK 17739 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 17740 SN 1063-651X 17741 J9 PHYS REV E 17742 JI Phys. Rev. E 17743 PD MAY 17744 PY 2000 17745 VL 61 17746 IS 5 17747 PN Part A 17748 BP 4854 17749 EP 4859 17750 PG 6 17751 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical 17752 GA 314RH 17753 UT ISI:000087071000028 17754 ER 17755 17756 PT J 17757 AU Dickman, R 17758 Munoz, MA 17759 Vespignani, A 17760 Zapperi, S 17761 TI Paths to self-organized criticality 17762 SO BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICS 17763 LA English 17764 DT Review 17765 ID SUPERCONDUCTING VORTEX AVALANCHES; KINETIC CRITICAL PHENOMENON; 17766 ANNIHILATING RANDOM-WALKS; UPPER CRITICAL DIMENSION; ABELIAN SANDPILE 17767 MODEL; CHARGE-DENSITY WAVES; FOREST-FIRE MODEL; ABSORBING STATES; 17768 ACOUSTIC-EMISSION; CRITICAL-BEHAVIOR 17769 AB We present a pedagogical introduction to self-organized criticality 17770 (SOC), unraveling its connections with nonequilibrium phase 17771 transitions. There are several paths from a conventional critical point 17772 to SOC. They begin with an absorbing-state phase transition (directed 17773 percolation is a familiar example), and impose supervision or driving 17774 on the system; two commonly used methods are extremal dynamics, and 17775 driving at a rate approaching zero. We illustrate this in sandpiles, 17776 where SOC is a consequence of slow driving in a system exhibiting an 17777 absorbing-state phase transition with a conserved density. Other paths 17778 to SOC, in driven interfaces, the Bak-Sneppen model, and self-organized 17779 directed percolation, are also examined. We review the status of 17780 experimental realizations of SOC in Light of these observations. 17781 C1 Univ Fed Minas Gerais, ICEx, Dept Fis, BR-30161970 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. 17782 Inst Carlos I Theoret & Computat Phys, Granada 18071, Spain. 17783 Dept Electromagnetismo & Fis Mat, Granada 18071, Spain. 17784 Int Ctr Theoret Phys, Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34100 Trieste, Italy. 17785 Ecole Phys & Chim Ind, PMMH, F-75231 Paris 05, France. 17786 RP Dickman, R, Univ Fed Minas Gerais, ICEx, Dept Fis, Caixa Postal 702, 17787 BR-30161970 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. 17788 CR ALI AA, 1995, PHYS REV E A, V51, R2705 17789 ALI AA, 1995, PHYS REV E, V52, P4804 17790 BAGNOLI F, 1997, PHYS REV E, V55, P3970 17791 BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381 17792 BAK P, 1988, PHYS REV A, V38, P364 17793 BAK P, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P4083 17794 BAK P, 1996, NATURE WORKS 17795 BARABASI AL, 1995, FRACTAL CONCEPTS SUR 17796 BARKHAUSEN H, 1919, PHYS Z, V20, P401 17797 BASSLER KE, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V81, P3761 17798 BEAN CP, 1964, REV MOD PHYS, V36, P31 17799 BENHUR A, 1996, PHYS REV E, V53, P1317 17800 BERTOTTI G, 1994, J APPL PHYS, V75, P5490 17801 BEZUIDENHOUT C, 1990, ANN PROBAB, V18, P1462 17802 BRETZ M, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V69, P2431 17803 BROEKER HM, CONDMAT9902195 17804 CANNELLI G, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P3923 17805 CARDY J, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V77, P4780 17806 CARDY J, 1996, SCALING RENORMALIZAT, CH10 17807 CARDY JL, 1985, J PHYS A, V18, L267 17808 CARLSON JM, 1994, REV MOD PHYS, V66, P657 17809 CARRILLO L, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V81, P1889 17810 CHEN K, 1991, PHYS REV A, V43, P625 17811 CHESSA A, 1998, PHYS REV E, V57, R6241 17812 CHESSA A, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V80, P4217 17813 CHESSA A, 1999, PHYS REV E A, V59, R12 17814 CILIBERTO S, 1994, J PHYS I, V4, P223 17815 CLAR S, 1994, PHYS REV E A, V50, P1009 17816 CLAR S, 1996, J PHYS-CONDENS MAT, V8, P6803 17817 DEGENNES PG, 1966, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY ME 17818 DEMENECH M, 1998, PHYS REV E A, V58, R2677 17819 DHAR D, CONDMAT9909009 17820 DHAR D, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V63, P1659 17821 DIAZGUILERA A, 1994, EUROPHYS LETT, V26, P177 17822 DICKMAN R, UNPUB 17823 DICKMAN R, 1996, NONEQUILIBRIUM STAT 17824 DICKMAN R, 1998, PHYS REV E A, V57, P5095 17825 DROSSEL B, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V69, P1629 17826 DURIN G, 1995, FRACTALS, V3, P351 17827 ERZAN A, 1995, REV MOD PHYS, V67, P545 17828 FIELD S, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V74, P1206 17829 FLYVBJERG H, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P4087 17830 FRETTE V, 1996, NATURE, V379, P49 17831 GABRIELLE A, CONDMAT9910425 17832 GARCIMARTIN A, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V79, P3202 17833 GOPAL AD, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V75, P2610 17834 GRASSBERGER P, 1982, Z PHYS B, V47, P465 17835 GRASSBERGER P, 1984, J PHYS A, V17, L105 17836 GRASSBERGER P, 1989, J PHYS A, V22, L1103 17837 GRASSBERGER P, 1990, J PHYS-PARIS, V51, P1077 17838 GRASSBERGER P, 1995, PHYS LETT A, V200, P277 17839 GRASSBERGER P, 1996, PHYSICA A, V224, P169 17840 GRINSTEIN G, 1991, J APPL PHYS 2B, V69, P5441 17841 GRINSTEIN G, 1995, NATO ADV STUDY I B, V344 17842 GRINSTEIN G, 1997, LECT NOTES PHYS, V493, P223 17843 GUARINO A, 1998, EUR PHYS J B, V6, P13 17844 HANSEN A, 1987, J PHYS A, V20, L873 17845 HARRIS TE, 1974, ANN PROBAB, V2, P969 17846 HASTY J, 1997, J STAT PHYS, V86, P1179 17847 HAVLIN S, 1993, GROWTH PATTERNS PHYS 17848 HINRICHSEN H, 1997, PHYS REV E A, V55, P219 17849 HWA T, 1992, PHYS REV A, V45, P7002 17850 HWANG W, 1998, PHYS REV E, V57, P6438 17851 JAEGER HM, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V62, P40 17852 JAEGER HM, 1996, REV MOD PHYS, V68, P1259 17853 JANSSEN HK, 1981, Z PHYS, V42, P141 17854 JANSSEN HK, 1985, Z PHYS B CON MAT, V58, P311 17855 JENSEN I, 1993, PHYS REV E, V48, P1710 17856 JENSEN I, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P1465 17857 JENSEN I, 1994, PHYS REV E, V50, P3623 17858 JENSEN I, 1996, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V29, P7013 17859 JOVANOVIC B, 1994, PHYS REV E, V50, P2403 17860 KADANOFF LP, 1989, PHYS REV A, V39, P6524 17861 KARDAR M, 1986, PHYS REV LETT, V56, P889 17862 KINZEL W, 1985, Z PHYS B CON MAT, V58, P229 17863 KIRCHNER JW, 1998, NATURE, V395, P337 17864 LAURITSEN KB, CONDMAT9903346 17865 LESCHHORN H, 1997, ANN PHYS-LEIPZIG, V6, P1 17866 LIGGETT TM, 1985, INTERACTING PARTICLE 17867 LIPOWSKI A, CONDMAT9910029 17868 LIPOWSKI A, 1999, PHYS REV E A, V60, P1516 17869 LUBECK S, 1997, PHYS REV E A, V56, P5138 17870 LUBECK S, 1997, PHYS REV E, V55, P4095 17871 LUBECK S, 1997, PHYS REV E, V56, P1590 17872 MACHTA J, 1993, PHYS REV E, V47, P4581 17873 MAES C, 1998, PHYS REV B, V57, P4987 17874 MALAMUD BD, 1998, SCIENCE, V281, P1840 17875 MANNA SS, 1990, J STAT PHYS, V59, P509 17876 MANNA SS, 1990, J STAT PHYS, V61, P923 17877 MANNA SS, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, L363 17878 MARRO J, 1999, NONEQUILIBRIUM PHASE 17879 MASLOV S, 1996, PHYSICA A, V223, P1 17880 MENYHARD N, 1996, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V29, P7739 17881 MONTAKHAB A, 1998, PHYS REV E A, V58, P5608 17882 MUNOZ MA, 1999, PHYS REV E B, V59, P6175 17883 NARAYAN O, 1993, PHYS REV B, V48, P7030 17884 NARAYAN O, 1994, PHYS REV B, V49, P244 17885 OLSON CJ, 1997, PHYS REV B, V56, P6175 17886 PACZUSKI M, 1996, PHYS REV E A, V53, P414 17887 PACZUSKI M, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V77, P111 17888 PARISI G, 1991, EUROPHYS LETT, V16, P321 17889 PERSSON BNJ, 1998, SLIDING FRICTION 17890 PETRI A, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V73, P3423 17891 PIETRONERO L, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P1690 17892 ROUX S, 1994, J PHYS I, V4, P515 17893 RUNDLE JB, 1995, P SANT FE I WORKSH R 17894 RUNDLE JB, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V76, P4285 17895 SNEPPEN K, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V69, P3539 17896 SNEPPEN K, 1995, PHYSICA A, V221, P168 17897 SOCOLAR JES, 1993, PHYS REV E, V47, P2366 17898 SOLE RV, 1997, NATURE, V388, P764 17899 SORNETTE D, 1995, J PHYS I, V5, P325 17900 SORNETTE D, 1998, EUR PHYS J B, V1, P353 17901 SPASOJEVIC D, 1996, PHYS REV E, V54, P2531 17902 TAKAYASU H, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V63, P2563 17903 TAKAYASU H, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V68, P3060 17904 URBACH JS, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V75, P276 17905 VERGELES M, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V75, P1969 17906 VESPIGNANI A, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V78, P4793 17907 VESPIGNANI A, 1998, PHYS REV E, V57, P6345 17908 VESPIGNANI A, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V81, P5676 17909 VICSEK T, 1992, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO 17910 WEISS J, 1997, J PHYS CHEM B, V101, P6113 17911 WILKINSON D, 1983, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V16, P3365 17912 ZAITSEV SI, 1992, PHYSICA A, V189, P411 17913 ZAPPERI S, 1997, NATURE, V388, P658 17914 ZAPPERI S, 1998, PHYS REV B, V58, P6353 17915 ZAPPERI S, 1999, PHYS REV E A, V59, P5049 17916 NR 128 17917 TC 84 17918 PU SOCIEDADE BRASILEIRA FISICA 17919 PI SAO PAULO 17920 PA CAIXA POSTAL 66328, 05315-970 SAO PAULO, BRAZIL 17921 SN 0103-9733 17922 J9 BRAZ J PHYS 17923 JI Braz. J. Phys. 17924 PD MAR 17925 PY 2000 17926 VL 30 17927 IS 1 17928 BP 27 17929 EP 41 17930 PG 15 17931 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 17932 GA 301TB 17933 UT ISI:000086325400004 17934 ER 17935 17936 PT J 17937 AU Pastor-Satorras, R 17938 Vespignani, A 17939 TI Universality classes in directed sandpile models 17940 SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS A-MATHEMATICAL AND GENERAL 17941 LA English 17942 DT Letter 17943 ID SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY; NOISE 17944 AB We perform large-scale numerical simulations of a directed version of 17945 the two-state stochastic sandpile model. Numerical results show that 17946 this stochastic model defines a new universality class with respect to 17947 the Abelian directed sandpile. The physical origin of the different 17948 critical behaviour has to be ascribed to the presence of multiple 17949 topplings in the stochastic model. These results provide new insight 17950 into the long-debated question of universality in Abelian and 17951 stochastic sandpiles. 17952 C1 Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34100 Trieste, Italy. 17953 RP Pastor-Satorras, R, Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, POB 586, I-34100 17954 Trieste, Italy. 17955 CR BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381 17956 CHESSA A, 1998, CONDMAT9811365 17957 CHESSA A, 1998, PHYS REV E, V57, R6421 17958 CHESSA A, 1999, COMPUT PHYS COMMUN, V121, P299 17959 CHESSA A, 1999, PHYS REV E A, V59, R12 17960 DEMENECH M, 1998, PHYS REV E A, V58, R2677 17961 DHAR D, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V63, P1659 17962 DHAR D, 1999, PHYSICA A, V263, P4 17963 DIAZGUILERA A, 1992, PHYS REV A, V45, P8551 17964 DICKMAN R, 1998, PHYS REV E A, V57, P5095 17965 GRASSBERGER P, 1990, J PHYS-PARIS, V51, P1077 17966 GRASSBERGER P, 1995, PHYS LETT A, V200, P277 17967 HASTY J, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V81, P1722 17968 JENSEN HJ, 1998, SELF ORG CRITICALITY 17969 KADANOFF LP, 1989, PHYS REV A, V39, P6524 17970 LAURITSEN KB, 1996, PHYS REV E, V54, P2483 17971 LAURITSEN KB, 1999, CONDMAT9903346 17972 LUBECK S, 1998, PHYS REV E A, V58, P2957 17973 MANNA SS, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, L363 17974 MILSHTEIN E, 1998, PHYS REV E, V58, P303 17975 PACZUSKI M, 1994, EUROPHYS LETT, V27, P97 17976 PACZUSKI M, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V77, P111 17977 PASTORSATORRAS R, UNPUB 17978 TADIC B, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V79, P1519 17979 TEBALDI C, 1999, CONDMAT9903270 17980 TEBALDI C, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V83, P3952 17981 TSUCHIYA T, 1999, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V32, P1629 17982 VESPIGNANI A, 1995, PHYS REV E, V51, P1711 17983 VESPIGNANI A, 1998, PHYS REV E, V57, P6345 17984 VESPIGNANI A, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V81, P5676 17985 NR 30 17986 TC 16 17987 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD 17988 PI BRISTOL 17989 PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND 17990 SN 0305-4470 17991 J9 J PHYS-A-MATH GEN 17992 JI J. Phys. A-Math. Gen. 17993 PD JAN 28 17994 PY 2000 17995 VL 33 17996 IS 3 17997 BP L33 17998 EP L39 17999 PG 7 18000 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Mathematical 18001 GA 283AW 18002 UT ISI:000085254800001 18003 ER 18004 18005 PT J 18006 AU Chessa, A 18007 Vespignani, A 18008 Zapperi, S 18009 TI Critical exponents in stochastic sandpile models 18010 SO COMPUTER PHYSICS COMMUNICATIONS 18011 LA English 18012 DT Article 18013 ID SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY; UPPER CRITICAL DIMENSION; UNIVERSALITY; 18014 BEHAVIOR 18015 AB We present large scale simulations of a stochastic sandpile model in 18016 two dimensions. We use momentum analysis to evaluate critical exponents 18017 and finite size scaling method to consistently test the obtained 18018 results. The general picture resulting from our analysis allows us to 18019 characterize the large scale behavior of the present model with great 18020 accuracy. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. 18021 C1 Univ Cagliari, Dipartimento Fis, I-09124 Cagliari, Italy. 18022 Univ Cagliari, Unita INFM, I-09124 Cagliari, Italy. 18023 ICTP, Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theorect Phys, I-34100 Trieste, Italy. 18024 ESPCI, PMMH, F-75234 Paris 05, France. 18025 RP Chessa, A, Univ Cagliari, Dipartimento Fis, Via Osped 72, I-09124 18026 Cagliari, Italy. 18027 CR BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381 18028 BENHUR A, 1996, PHYS REV E, V53, P1317 18029 CHESSA A, 1998, PHYS REV E, V57, R6241 18030 CORRAL A, 1997, PHYS REV E A, V55, P2434 18031 DEMENECH M, 1998, PHYS REV E A, V58, R2677 18032 DHAR D, CONDMAT9808047 18033 DIAZGUILERA A, 1994, EUROPHYS LETT, V26, P177 18034 DICKMAN R, 1998, PHYS REV E A, V57, P5095 18035 GRASSBERGER P, 1990, J PHYS-PARIS, V51, P1077 18036 LUBECK S, 1997, PHYS REV E A, V56, P5138 18037 LUBECK S, 1997, PHYS REV E, V55, P4095 18038 LUBECK S, 1997, PHYS REV E, V56, P1590 18039 MANNA SS, 1990, J STAT PHYS, V59, P509 18040 MANNA SS, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, L363 18041 MANNA SS, 1991, PHYSICA A, V179, P249 18042 MILSHTEIN E, 1998, PHYS REV E, V58, P303 18043 PIETRONERO L, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P1690 18044 PRIEZZHEV VB, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V76, P2093 18045 VESPIGNANI A, CONDMAT9806249 18046 VESPIGNANI A, 1995, PHYS REV E, V51, P1711 18047 VESPIGNANI A, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V78, P4793 18048 NR 21 18049 TC 16 18050 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV 18051 PI AMSTERDAM 18052 PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS 18053 SN 0010-4655 18054 J9 COMPUT PHYS COMMUN 18055 JI Comput. Phys. Commun. 18056 PD SEP-OCT 18057 PY 1999 18058 VL 122 18059 SI Sp. Iss. SI 18060 BP 299 18061 EP 302 18062 PG 4 18063 SC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Mathematical 18064 GA 263LP 18065 UT ISI:000084126400071 18066 ER 18067 18068 PT J 18069 AU Barrat, A 18070 Vespignani, A 18071 Zapperi, S 18072 TI Fluctuations and correlations in sandpile models 18073 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 18074 LA English 18075 DT Article 18076 ID SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY; NON-BOLTZMANN FLUCTUATIONS; LATTICE 18077 THRESHOLD SYSTEMS; UPPER CRITICAL DIMENSION; NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS; 18078 AVALANCHES; EXPONENTS; DYNAMICS; EVENTS; NOISE 18079 AB We perform numerical simulations of the sandpile model for nonvanishing 18080 driving fields it and dissipation rates epsilon. Unlike simulations 18081 performed in the slow driving limit, the unique time scale present in 18082 our system allows us to measure unambiguously the response and 18083 correlation functions. We discuss the dynamic scaling of the model and 18084 show that fluctuation-dissipation relations are not obeyed in this 18085 system. 18086 C1 Univ Paris 11, Phys Theor Lab, UMR 8627, F-91405 Orsay, France. 18087 Int Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34100 Trieste, Italy. 18088 Ecole Super Phys & Chim Ind Ville Paris, PMMH, F-75231 Paris, France. 18089 RP Barrat, A, Univ Paris 11, Phys Theor Lab, UMR 8627, Batiment 210, 18090 F-91405 Orsay, France. 18091 CR BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381 18092 BAK P, 1988, PHYS REV A, V38, P364 18093 BARRAT A, IN PRESS 18094 CHESSA A, 1998, PHYS REV E, V57, R6241 18095 CHESSA A, 1999, PHYS REV E A, V59, R12 18096 CUGLIANDOLO LF, 1997, PHYS REV E, V55, P3898 18097 DEMENECH M, 1998, PHYS REV E A, V58, R2677 18098 DHAR D, 1990, PHYS REV LETT, V64, P1613 18099 DIAZGUILERA A, 1992, PHYS REV A, V45, P8551 18100 DICKMAN R, 1998, PHYS REV E A, V57, P5095 18101 GIACOMETTI A, 1998, PHYS REV E, V58, P247 18102 GRASSBERGER P, 1990, J PHYS-PARIS, V51, P1077 18103 HWA T, 1992, PHYS REV A, V45, P7002 18104 KUTNJAKURBANC B, 1996, PHYS REV E, V54, P6109 18105 LAURITSEN KB, IN PRESS 18106 LUBECK S, 1997, PHYS REV E A, V56, P5138 18107 LUBECK S, 1997, PHYS REV E, V55, P4095 18108 LUBECK S, 1997, PHYS REV E, V56, P1590 18109 MANNA SS, 1990, J STAT PHYS, V59, P509 18110 MANNA SS, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, L363 18111 MANNA SS, 1991, PHYSICA A, V179, P249 18112 MONTAKHAB A, 1998, PHYS REV E A, V58, P5608 18113 NARAYAN O, 1994, PHYS REV B, V49, P244 18114 PACZUSKI M, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V77, P111 18115 PIETRONERO L, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P1690 18116 PRIEZZHEV VB, 1994, J STAT PHYS, V74, P955 18117 RUNDLE JB, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V75, P1658 18118 RUNDLE JB, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V78, P3798 18119 VESPIGNANI A, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V78, P4793 18120 VESPIGNANI A, 1998, PHYS REV E, V57, P6345 18121 VESPIGNANI A, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V81, P5676 18122 XU HJ, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V78, P3797 18123 ZAPPERI S, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V75, P4071 18124 NR 33 18125 TC 6 18126 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 18127 PI COLLEGE PK 18128 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 18129 SN 0031-9007 18130 J9 PHYS REV LETT 18131 JI Phys. Rev. Lett. 18132 PD SEP 6 18133 PY 1999 18134 VL 83 18135 IS 10 18136 BP 1962 18137 EP 1965 18138 PG 4 18139 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 18140 GA 232WK 18141 UT ISI:000082392800016 18142 ER 18143 18144 PT J 18145 AU Zapperi, S 18146 Ray, P 18147 Stanley, HE 18148 Vespignani, A 18149 TI Analysis of damage clusters in fracture processes 18150 SO PHYSICA A 18151 LA English 18152 DT Article 18153 DE fracture and cracks; phase transitions; avalanches 18154 ID SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY; ACOUSTIC-EMISSION; ELECTRICAL BREAKDOWN; 18155 BURST AVALANCHES; NUCLEATION; MODELS; MEDIA; PRECURSORS; TRANSITION; 18156 BEHAVIOR 18157 AB We present numerical simulations of two-dimensional models of electric 18158 breakdown and fracture in disordered systems subject to an increasing 18159 external stress. We provide a geometrical characterization of the 18160 damage by studying the scaling behavior of connected bonds clusters, 18161 The average cluster size and the lattice conductivity show features 18162 characteristic of a first order phase transition. The obtained results 18163 are discussed within the spinodal nucleation scenario recently proposed 18164 for fractures. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights 18165 reserved. 18166 C1 Int Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34100 Trieste, Italy. 18167 Ecole Super Phys & Chim Ind, PMMH, F-75231 Paris 05, France. 18168 Boston Univ, Ctr Polymer Studies, Boston, MA 02215 USA. 18169 Boston Univ, Dept Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA. 18170 RP Vespignani, A, Int Ctr Theoret Phys, POB 586, I-34100 Trieste, Italy. 18171 CR BARDHAN KK, 1994, NONLINEARITY BREAKDO 18172 CANNELLI G, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P3923 18173 CHAKRABARTI BK, 1997, STAT PHYSICS FRACTUR 18174 DEARCANGELIS L, 1985, J PHYS LETT, V46, L585 18175 DEARCANGELIS L, 1989, PHYS REV B, V39, P2678 18176 DIODATI P, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V67, P2239 18177 DUXBURY PM, 1986, PHYS REV LETT, V57, P1052 18178 ENGLMAN R, 1990, PHYSICA A, V168, P665 18179 GARCIMARTIN A, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V79, P3202 18180 GOLUBOVIC L, 1991, PHYS REV A, V43, P5223 18181 GOLUBOVIC L, 1995, PHYS REV E A, V51, P2799 18182 GRIFFITH AA, 1920, PHILOS T R SOC A, V221, P163 18183 GUARINO A, 1998, EUR PHYS J B, V6, P13 18184 HANSEN A, 1994, PHYS LETT A, V184, P394 18185 HEERMANN DW, 1982, PHYS REV LETT, V49, P1262 18186 HEMMER PC, 1992, J APPL MECH-T ASME, V59, P909 18187 KAHNG B, 1988, PHYS REV B, V37, P7625 18188 KLOSTER M, 1997, PHYS REV E A, V56, P2615 18189 LEUNG KT, 1997, EUROPHYS LETT, V38, P589 18190 LEUNG KT, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V80, P1916 18191 MAES C, 1998, PHYS REV B, V57, P4987 18192 MONETTE L, 1994, INT J MOD PHYS B, V8, P1417 18193 PETRI A, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V73, P3423 18194 RAY P, 1996, PHYSICA A, V229, P26 18195 RAY TS, 1990, J STAT PHYS, V61, P891 18196 ROUX S, 1988, J STAT PHYS, V52, P237 18197 SELINGER RLB, 1991, J CHEM PHYS, V95, P9128 18198 UNGER C, 1985, PHYS REV B, V31, P6127 18199 WEISS J, 1997, J PHYS CHEM B, V101, P6113 18200 ZAPPERI S, 1997, NATURE, V388, P658 18201 ZAPPERI S, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V78, P1408 18202 ZAPPERI S, 1999, PHYS REV E A, V59, P5049 18203 NR 32 18204 TC 5 18205 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV 18206 PI AMSTERDAM 18207 PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS 18208 SN 0378-4371 18209 J9 PHYSICA A 18210 JI Physica A 18211 PD AUG 1 18212 PY 1999 18213 VL 270 18214 IS 1-2 18215 BP 57 18216 EP 62 18217 PG 6 18218 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 18219 GA 231PQ 18220 UT ISI:000082319300010 18221 ER 18222 18223 PT J 18224 AU Ivashkevich, EV 18225 Povolotsky, AM 18226 Vespignani, A 18227 Zapperi, S 18228 TI Dynamical real space renormalization group applied to sandpile models 18229 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E 18230 LA English 18231 DT Article 18232 ID SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY; FOREST-FIRE MODEL; 2-DIMENSIONAL ABELIAN 18233 SANDPILE; HEIGHT CORRELATIONS; CRITICAL EXPONENTS; CRITICAL-BEHAVIOR; 18234 ABSORBING-STATE; UNIVERSALITY; AVALANCHES; AUTOMATON 18235 AB A general framework for the renormalization group analysis of 18236 self-organized critical sandpile models is formulated. The usual real 18237 space renormalization scheme for lattice models when applied to 18238 nonequilibrium dynamical models must be supplemented by feedback 18239 relations coming from the stationarity conditions. On the basis of 18240 these ideas the dynamically driven renormalization group is applied to 18241 describe the boundary and bulk critical behavior of sandpile models. A 18242 detailed description of the branching nature of sandpile avalanches is 18243 given in terms of the generating functions of the underlying branching 18244 process. [S1063-651X(99)06006-7]. 18245 C1 Joint Inst Nucl Res, Bogoliubov Lab Theoret Phys, Dubna 141980, Russia. 18246 Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34100 Trieste, Italy. 18247 ESPCI, PMMH, F-75234 Paris, France. 18248 RP Ivashkevich, EV, Joint Inst Nucl Res, Bogoliubov Lab Theoret Phys, 18249 Dubna 141980, Russia. 18250 CR BAK P, 1988, PHYS REV A, V38, P364 18251 BAK P, 1990, PHYS LETT A, V147, P297 18252 BAK P, 1993, FRACTALS DISORDERED, V2 18253 BENHUR A, 1996, PHYS REV E, V53, P1317 18254 BENHUR A, 1996, PHYS REV E, V54, P1426 18255 CARDY JL, 1972, PHASE TRANSITION CRI, V11 18256 DEOLIVEIRA MJ, 1997, PHYS REV E A, V55, P6377 18257 DHAR D, 1990, PHYS REV LETT, V64, P1613 18258 DICKMAN R, 1988, PHYS REV A, V38, P2588 18259 DICKMAN R, 1998, PHYS REV E A, V57, P5095 18260 DOMB C, 1972, PHASE TRANSITION CRI, V1 18261 DOMB C, 1983, PHASE TRANSITION CRI, V7 18262 DROSSEL B, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V69, P1629 18263 GRASSBERGER P, 1990, J PHYS-PARIS, V51, P1077 18264 GRINSTEIN G, 1995, NATO ADV STUDY I B, V344 18265 HASTY J, 1997, J STAT PHYS, V86, P1179 18266 HASTY J, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V81, P1722 18267 IVASHKEVICH EV, 1994, J PHYS A, V27, L585 18268 IVASHKEVICH EV, 1994, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V27, P3643 18269 IVASHKEVICH EV, 1994, PHYSICA A, V209, P347 18270 IVASHKEVICH EV, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V76, P3368 18271 KATZ S, 1983, PHYS REV B, V28, P1655 18272 LORETO V, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V75, P465 18273 LUBECK S, 1997, PHYS REV E, V55, P4095 18274 LUBECK S, 1997, PHYS REV E, V56, P1590 18275 MAJUMDAR SN, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, L357 18276 MANDELBROT BB, 1983, FRACTAL GEOMETRY NAT 18277 MANNA SS, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, L363 18278 MILSHTEIN E, 1998, PHYS REV E, V58, P303 18279 NIEMEIJER T, 1972, PHASE TRANSITION CRI, V6 18280 PIETRONERO L, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P1690 18281 PRIEZZHEV VB, 1994, J STAT PHYS, V74, P955 18282 PRIEZZHEV VB, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V76, P2093 18283 SCHMITTMANN B, 1972, PHASE TRANSITION CRI, V17 18284 STELLA AL, 1995, PHYS REV E A, V52, P72 18285 TOME T, 1997, PHYS REV E, V55, P4000 18286 VESPIGNANI A, 1995, PHYS REV E, V51, P1711 18287 VESPIGNANI A, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V77, P4560 18288 VESPIGNANI A, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V78, P4793 18289 VESPIGNANI A, 1998, PHYS REV E, V57, P6345 18290 VICSEK T, 1992, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO 18291 ZHANG YC, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V63, P470 18292 NR 42 18293 TC 4 18294 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 18295 PI COLLEGE PK 18296 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 18297 SN 1063-651X 18298 J9 PHYS REV E 18299 JI Phys. Rev. E 18300 PD AUG 18301 PY 1999 18302 VL 60 18303 IS 2 18304 PN Part A 18305 BP 1239 18306 EP 1251 18307 PG 13 18308 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical 18309 GA 230CU 18310 UT ISI:000082234900023 18311 ER 18312 18313 PT J 18314 AU Zapperi, S 18315 Ray, P 18316 Stanley, HE 18317 Vespignani, A 18318 TI Comment on "first-order transition in the breakdown of disordered 18319 media" - Zapperi et al. reply 18320 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 18321 LA English 18322 DT Article 18323 ID FRACTURE PRECURSORS 18324 C1 ESPCI, PMMH, F-75231 Paris 05, France. 18325 Inst Math Sci, Chennai 600113, India. 18326 Boston Univ, Ctr Polymer Studies, Boston, MA 02215 USA. 18327 Boston Univ, Dept Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA. 18328 Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34100 Trieste, Italy. 18329 RP Zapperi, S, ESPCI, PMMH, 10 Rue Vauquelin, F-75231 Paris 05, France. 18330 CR CALDARELLI G, 1999, PHYS REV LETT, V83, P1483 18331 DUXBURY PM, 1986, PHYS REV LETT, V57, P1052 18332 GARCIMARTIN A, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V79, P3202 18333 GUARINO A, 1998, EUR PHYS J B, V6, P13 18334 RAISANEN VI, 1998, PHYS REV B, V58, P14288 18335 ZAPPERI S, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V78, P1408 18336 ZAPPERI S, 1999, PHYS REV E A, V59, P5049 18337 NR 7 18338 TC 0 18339 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 18340 PI COLLEGE PK 18341 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 18342 SN 0031-9007 18343 J9 PHYS REV LETT 18344 JI Phys. Rev. Lett. 18345 PD AUG 16 18346 PY 1999 18347 VL 83 18348 IS 7 18349 BP 1484 18350 EP 1484 18351 PG 1 18352 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 18353 GA 227EY 18354 UT ISI:000082066600054 18355 ER 18356 18357 PT J 18358 AU Zapperi, S 18359 Ray, P 18360 Stanley, HE 18361 Vespignani, A 18362 TI Avalanches in breakdown and fracture processes 18363 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E 18364 LA English 18365 DT Article 18366 ID SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY; ACOUSTIC-EMISSION; DIELECTRIC-BREAKDOWN; 18367 ELECTRICAL BREAKDOWN; BURST AVALANCHES; PHASE-TRANSITION; FUSE 18368 NETWORKS; NUCLEATION; DISORDER; DYNAMICS 18369 AB We investigate the breakdown of disordered networks under the action of 18370 an increasing external-mechanical or electrical-force. We perform a 18371 mean-field analysis and estimate scaling exponents for the approach to 18372 the instability. By simulating two-dimensional models of electric 18373 breakdown and fracture we observe that the breakdown is preceded by 18374 avalanche events. The avalanches can be described by scaling laws, and 18375 the estimated values of the exponents are consistent with those found 18376 in mean-field theory. The breakdown point is characterized by a 18377 discontinuity in the macroscopic properties of the material, such as 18378 conductivity or elasticity, indicative of a first-order transition. The 18379 scaling laws suggest an analogy with the behavior expected in spinodal 18380 nucleation. [S1063-651X(99)09205-3]. 18381 C1 Ecole Super Phys & Chim Ind, PMMH, F-75231 Paris 05, France. 18382 Inst Math Sci, Madras 600113, Tamil Nadu, India. 18383 Boston Univ, Ctr Polymer Studies, Boston, MA 02215 USA. 18384 Boston Univ, Dept Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA. 18385 Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, ICTP, I-34100 Trieste, Italy. 18386 RP Zapperi, S, Ecole Super Phys & Chim Ind, PMMH, 10 Rue Vauquelin, 18387 F-75231 Paris 05, France. 18388 CR ACHARYYA M, 1996, PHYS REV E A, V53, P140 18389 ACHARYYA M, 1996, PHYSICA A, V224, P287 18390 BARDHAN KK, 1994, NONLINEARITY BREAKDO 18391 BUCHEL A, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V77, P1520 18392 CALDARELLI G, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V77, P2503 18393 CANNELLI G, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P3923 18394 CHAKRABARTI BK, 1997, STAT PHYSICS FRACTUR 18395 CILIBERTO S, 1994, J PHYS I, V4, P223 18396 DAHMEN K, 1996, PHYS REV B, V53, P14872 18397 DANIELS HE, 1945, PROC R SOC LON SER-A, V183, P405 18398 DEARCANGELIS L, 1985, J PHYS LETT, V46, L585 18399 DEARCANGELIS L, 1989, PHYS REV B, V39, P2678 18400 DIODATI P, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V67, P2239 18401 DUXBURY PM, 1986, PHYS REV LETT, V57, P1052 18402 ENGLMAN R, 1990, PHYSICA A, V168, P665 18403 FIELD S, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V74, P1206 18404 GARCIMARTIN A, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V79, P3202 18405 GOLUBOVIC L, 1991, PHYS REV A, V43, P5223 18406 GRIFFITH AA, 1920, PHILOS T R SOC A, V221, P163 18407 GUARINO A, 1998, EUR PHYS J B, V6, P13 18408 GUNTON JD, 1983, PHASE TRANSITIONS CR, V8 18409 GUTENBERG B, 1944, B SEISMOL SOC AM, V34, P185 18410 HANSEN A, 1994, PHYS LETT A, V184, P394 18411 HANSEN A, 1994, TRENDS STAT PHYS, V1, P213 18412 HEERMANN DW, 1982, PHYS REV LETT, V49, P1262 18413 HEMMER PC, 1992, J APPL MECH-T ASME, V59, P909 18414 HERRMANN HJ, 1990, STAT MODELS FRACTURE 18415 KAHNG B, 1988, PHYS REV B, V37, P7625 18416 KIRKPATRICK S, 1973, REV MOD PHYS, V45, P574 18417 KLOSTER M, 1997, PHYS REV E A, V56, P2615 18418 LEUNG KT, 1997, EUROPHYS LETT, V38, P589 18419 LIEBOWITZ H, 1968, FRACTURE ADV TREATIS, V1 18420 MAES C, 1998, PHYS REV B, V57, P4987 18421 MONETTE L, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V63, P2336 18422 MONETTE L, 1994, INT J MOD PHYS B, V8, P1417 18423 PETRI A, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V73, P3423 18424 PHOENIX SL, 1973, ADV APPL PROBAB, V5, P200 18425 PRESS WH, 1991, COMPUT PHYS, V5, P514 18426 RAISANEN VI, 1998, PHYS REV B, V58, P14288 18427 RAY P, 1996, PHYSICA A, V229, P26 18428 RAY TS, 1990, J STAT PHYS, V61, P891 18429 ROUX S, 1988, J STAT PHYS, V52, P237 18430 RUNDLE J, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V80, P5698 18431 RUNDLE JB, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V63, P171 18432 RUNDLE JB, 1995, P SANT FE I WORKSH R 18433 RUNDLE JB, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V76, P4285 18434 SELINGER RLB, 1991, J CHEM PHYS, V95, P9128 18435 SELINGER RLB, 1991, PHYS REV A, V43, P4396 18436 SETHNA JP, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P3347 18437 SORNETTE D, 1998, EUR PHYS J B, V1, P353 18438 SUKI B, 1994, NATURE, V368, P615 18439 THOMPSON AH, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V58, P29 18440 TZSCHICHHOLZ F, 1995, PHYS REV E, V51, P1961 18441 UNGER C, 1984, PHYS REV B, V29, P2698 18442 UNGER C, 1985, PHYS REV B, V31, P6127 18443 VASCONCELOS GL, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V76, P4865 18444 WANG ZG, 1991, PHYS REV B, V44, P378 18445 WEISS J, 1997, J PHYS CHEM B, V101, P6113 18446 ZAPPERI S, 1997, NATURE, V388, P658 18447 ZAPPERI S, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V78, P1408 18448 ZAPPERI S, 1998, PHYS REV B, V58, P6353 18449 NR 61 18450 TC 47 18451 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 18452 PI COLLEGE PK 18453 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 18454 SN 1063-651X 18455 J9 PHYS REV E 18456 JI Phys. Rev. E 18457 PD MAY 18458 PY 1999 18459 VL 59 18460 IS 5 18461 PN Part A 18462 BP 5049 18463 EP 5057 18464 PG 9 18465 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical 18466 GA 197TX 18467 UT ISI:000080382700050 18468 ER 18469 18470 PT J 18471 AU Munoz, MA 18472 Dickman, R 18473 Vespignani, A 18474 Zapperi, S 18475 TI Avalanche and spreading exponents in systems with absorbing states 18476 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E 18477 LA English 18478 DT Article 18479 ID SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY; SURFACE-REACTION MODEL; ANNIHILATING 18480 RANDOM-WALKS; BAK-SNEPPEN MODEL; DIRECTED PERCOLATION; 18481 CRITICAL-BEHAVIOR; FIELD-THEORY; PHASE-TRANSITIONS; PUNCTUATED 18482 EQUILIBRIUM; INFINITE NUMBERS 18483 AB We present generic scaling laws relating spreading critical exponents 18484 and avalanche exponents (in the sense of self-organized criticality) in 18485 general systems with absorbing states. Using these scaling laws we 18486 present a collection of the state-of-the-art exponents for directed 18487 percolation, dynamical percolation, and other universality classes. 18488 This collection of results should help to elucidate the connections of 18489 self-organized criticality and systems with absorbing states. In 18490 particular, some nonuniversality in avalanche exponents is predicted 18491 for systems with many absorbing states. [S1063-651X(99)06205-4]. 18492 C1 Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34100 Trieste, Italy. 18493 Univ La Sapienza, Dipartimento Fis, I-00185 Rome, Italy. 18494 Univ La Sapienza, Unita INFM, I-00185 Rome, Italy. 18495 Univ Fed Santa Catarina, Dept Fis, BR-88040900 Florianopolis, SC, Brazil. 18496 Ecole Super Phys & Chim Ind, PMMH, F-75231 Paris 05, France. 18497 RP Munoz, MA, Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, POB 586, I-34100 Trieste, 18498 Italy. 18499 CR ADLER J, 1987, PHYS REV B, V35, P7046 18500 ADLER J, 1988, PHYS REV B, V37, P7529 18501 BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381 18502 BAK P, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P4083 18503 BARABASI AL, 1995, FRACTAL CONCEPTS SUR 18504 BARABASI AL, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V76, P1481 18505 BUNDE A, 1991, FRACTALS DISORDERED 18506 CARDY J, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V77, P4780 18507 CARDY JL, 1985, J PHYS A, V18, L267 18508 CHESSA A, 1999, PHYS REV E A, V59, R12 18509 CLAR S, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V75, P2722 18510 DEUTSCHER G, 1983, ANN ISRAEL PHYSICAL, V5 18511 DICKMAN R, 1998, PHYS REV E A, V57, P5095 18512 DOMANY E, 1984, PHYS REV LETT, V53, P311 18513 FROJDH P, 1998, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V31, P2311 18514 GRASSBERGER P, CONDMAT9808095 18515 GRASSBERGER P, 1979, ANN PHYS-NEW YORK, V122, P373 18516 GRASSBERGER P, 1982, Z PHYS B CON MAT, V47, P365 18517 GRASSBERGER P, 1983, MATH BIOSCI, V63, P157 18518 GRASSBERGER P, 1985, J PHYS A, V18, L215 18519 GRASSBERGER P, 1995, J STAT PHYS, V79, P13 18520 GRASSBERGER P, 1995, PHYS LETT A, V200, P277 18521 HARRIS TE, 1974, ANN PROBAB, V2, P969 18522 HAVLIN S, 1984, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V17, L427 18523 JANSSEN HK, 1981, Z PHYS B CON MAT, V42, P151 18524 JANSSEN HK, 1985, Z PHYS B CON MAT, V58, P311 18525 JENSEN I, 1990, PHYS REV A, V41, P3411 18526 JENSEN I, 1992, PHYS REV A, V45, R563 18527 JENSEN I, 1993, PHYS REV E, V48, P1710 18528 JENSEN I, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P1465 18529 JENSEN I, 1994, INT J MOD PHYS B, V8, P3299 18530 JENSEN I, 1994, PHYS REV E, V50, P3623 18531 JENSEN I, 1996, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V29, P7013 18532 JOVANOVIC B, 1994, PHYS REV E, V50, P2403 18533 KERTESZ J, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V62, P2571 18534 KIM MH, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V73, P2579 18535 LAURITSEN KB, 1997, PHYSICA A, V247, P1 18536 LAURITSEN KB, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V81, P2104 18537 LIGGETT TM, 1985, INTERACTING PARTICLE 18538 MARRO J, 1997, LECT NOTE PHYS, V493, P223 18539 MASLOV S, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V74, P562 18540 MENDES JFF, 1994, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V27, P3019 18541 MUNOZ MA, REPORT 18542 MUNOZ MA, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V76, P451 18543 MUNOZ MA, 1997, PHYS REV E A, V56, P5101 18544 MUNOZ MA, 1997, PHYSICA D, V103, P485 18545 MUNOZ MA, 1998, J STAT PHYS, V91, P541 18546 PACZUSKI M, 1994, EUROPHYS LETT, V27, P97 18547 PACZUSKI M, 1996, PHYS REV E A, V53, P414 18548 SORNETTE D, 1996, PHYS REV E A, V54, P3334 18549 TAKAYASU H, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V68, P3060 18550 VESPIGNANI A, 1998, PHYS REV LETT, V81, P5676 18551 VOIGT CA, 1997, PHYS REV E, V56, P6241 18552 ZIFF RM, 1986, PHYS REV LETT, V56, P2553 18553 NR 54 18554 TC 50 18555 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 18556 PI COLLEGE PK 18557 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 18558 SN 1063-651X 18559 J9 PHYS REV E 18560 JI Phys. Rev. E 18561 PD MAY 18562 PY 1999 18563 VL 59 18564 IS 5 18565 PN Part B 18566 BP 6175 18567 EP 6179 18568 PG 5 18569 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical 18570 GA 197TZ 18571 UT ISI:000080382900084 18572 ER 18573 18574 PT J 18575 AU Chessa, A 18576 Stanley, HE 18577 Vespignani, A 18578 Zapperi, S 18579 TI Universality in sandpiles 18580 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E 18581 LA English 18582 DT Article 18583 ID SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY; MODEL; NOISE 18584 AB We perform extensive numerical simulations of different versions of the 18585 sandpile model. We find that previous claims about universality classes 18586 are unfounded, since the method previously employed to analyze the data 18587 suffered from a systematic bias. We identify the correct scaling 18588 behavior and provide evidences suggesting that sandpiles with 18589 stochastic and deterministic toppling rules belong to the same 18590 universality class. [S1063-651X(99)50701-0]. 18591 C1 Univ Cagliari, Dipartimento Fis, I-09124 Cagliari, Italy. 18592 Univ Cagliari, Unita INFM, I-09124 Cagliari, Italy. 18593 Boston Univ, Ctr Polymer Studies, Boston, MA 02215 USA. 18594 Boston Univ, Dept Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA. 18595 Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34100 Trieste, Italy. 18596 Ecole Super Phys & Chim Ind Ville Paris, PMMH, F-75231 Paris 05, France. 18597 RP Chessa, A, Univ Cagliari, Dipartimento Fis, Via Osped 72, I-09124 18598 Cagliari, Italy. 18599 CR AMARAL LAN, 1997, PHYS REV E A, V56, P231 18600 BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381 18601 BENHUR A, 1996, PHYS REV E, V53, P1317 18602 CHESSA A, 1998, PHYS REV E, V57, R6241 18603 CHRISTENSEN K, 1991, J STAT PHYS, V63, P653 18604 CILIBERTO S, 1994, J PHYS I, V4, P223 18605 DEMENECH M, 1998, PHYS REV E A, V58, R2677 18606 DHAR D, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V63, P1659 18607 DIAZGUILERA A, 1994, EUROPHYS LETT, V26, P177 18608 DICKMAN R, 1998, PHYS REV E A, V57, P5095 18609 DURIN G, 1995, FRACTALS, V3, P351 18610 FIELD S, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V74, P1206 18611 GARCIMARTIN A, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V79, P3202 18612 GRASSBERGER P, 1990, J PHYS-PARIS, V51, P1077 18613 GUTENBERG B, 1956, ANN GEOFIS, V9, P1 18614 LUBECK S, 1997, PHYS REV E A, V56, P5138 18615 LUBECK S, 1997, PHYS REV E, V55, P4095 18616 LUBECK S, 1997, PHYS REV E, V56, P1590 18617 MANNA SS, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, L363 18618 MILSHTEIN E, CONDMAT9805206 18619 MILSHTEIN E, 1998, PHYS REV E, V58, P303 18620 PIETRONERO L, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P1690 18621 SPASOJEVIC D, 1996, PHYS REV E, V54, P2531 18622 VESPIGNANI A, CONDMAT9806249 18623 VESPIGNANI A, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V78, P4793 18624 VESPIGNANI A, 1998, PHYS REV E, V57, P6345 18625 ZHANG YC, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V63, P470 18626 NR 27 18627 TC 31 18628 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 18629 PI COLLEGE PK 18630 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 18631 SN 1063-651X 18632 J9 PHYS REV E 18633 JI Phys. Rev. E 18634 PD JAN 18635 PY 1999 18636 VL 59 18637 IS 1 18638 PN Part A 18639 BP R12 18640 EP R15 18641 PG 4 18642 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical 18643 GA 158JH 18644 UT ISI:000078111900004 18645 ER 18646 18647 PT J 18648 AU Vespignani, A 18649 Dickman, R 18650 Munoz, MA 18651 Zapperi, S 18652 TI Driving, conservation, and absorbing states in sandpiles 18653 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 18654 LA English 18655 DT Article 18656 ID SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY; CRITICAL-BEHAVIOR; PHASE-TRANSITIONS; 18657 MODEL; EXPONENTS; LATTICE 18658 AB We use a phenomenological field theory, reflecting the symmetries and 18659 conservation laws of sandpiles, to compare the driven dissipative 18660 sandpile, widely studied in the context of self-organized criticality, 18661 with the corresponding fixed-energy model. The latter displays an 18662 absorbing-state phase transition with upper critical dimension d(c) = 18663 4. We show that the driven model exhibits a fundamentally different 18664 approach to the critical point, and compute a subset of critical 18665 exponents. We present numerical simulations in support of our 18666 theoretical predictions. 18667 C1 Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34100 Trieste, Italy. 18668 Univ Fed Santa Catarina, Dept Fis, BR-88040900 Florianopolis, SC, Brazil. 18669 Univ Rome La Sapienza, Dipartimento Fis, I-00185 Rome, Italy. 18670 Univ Rome La Sapienza, Unita INFM, I-00185 Rome, Italy. 18671 ESPCI, PMMH, F-75231 Paris 05, France. 18672 RP Vespignani, A, Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, POB 586, I-34100 18673 Trieste, Italy. 18674 CR BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381 18675 BARABASI AL, 1995, FRACTAL CONCEPTS SUR 18676 CARDY J, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V77, P4780 18677 CHESSA A, CONDMAT9808263 18678 CHESSA A, 1998, PHYS REV E, V57, R6241 18679 DHAR D, CONDMAT9808047 18680 DHAR D, 1990, PHYS REV LETT, V64, P1613 18681 DIAZGUILERA A, 1994, EUROPHYS LETT, V26, P177 18682 DICKMAN R, 1996, NONEQUILIBRIUM STAT 18683 DICKMAN R, 1998, PHYS REV E A, V57, P5095 18684 GRASSBERGER P, COMMUNICATION 18685 GRASSBERGER P, 1979, ANN PHYS-NEW YORK, V122, P373 18686 GRASSBERGER P, 1982, Z PHYS B CON MAT, V47, P365 18687 GRASSBERGER P, 1995, PHYS LETT A, V200, P277 18688 GRINSTEIN G, 1995, NATO ASI B, V344 18689 HARRIS TE, 1974, ANN PROBAB, V2, P969 18690 HARRIS TE, 1989, THEORY BRANCHING PRO 18691 JENSEN I, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P1465 18692 KINZEL W, 1985, Z PHYS B CON MAT, V58, P229 18693 LAURITSEN KB, COMMUNICATION 18694 LUBECK S, 1997, PHYS REV E, V55, P4095 18695 LUBECK S, 1998, PHYS REV E A, V58, P2957 18696 MANNA SS, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, L363 18697 MARRO J, 1998, NONEQUILIBRIUM PHASE 18698 MILSHTEIN E, 1998, PHYS REV E, V58, P303 18699 MUNOZ MA, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V76, P451 18700 MUNOZ MA, 1998, J STAT PHYS, V91, P541 18701 PACZUSKI M, 1994, EUROPHYS LETT, V27, P97 18702 SORNETTE D, 1995, J PHYS I, V5, P325 18703 TANG C, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V60, P2347 18704 VESPIGNANI A, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V78, P4793 18705 NR 31 18706 TC 63 18707 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 18708 PI COLLEGE PK 18709 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 18710 SN 0031-9007 18711 J9 PHYS REV LETT 18712 JI Phys. Rev. Lett. 18713 PD DEC 21 18714 PY 1998 18715 VL 81 18716 IS 25 18717 BP 5676 18718 EP 5679 18719 PG 4 18720 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 18721 GA 150HT 18722 UT ISI:000077659500050 18723 ER 18724 18725 PT J 18726 AU Chessa, A 18727 Marinari, E 18728 Vespignani, A 18729 Zapperi, S 18730 TI Mean-field behavior of the sandpile model below the upper critical 18731 dimension 18732 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E 18733 LA English 18734 DT Article 18735 ID SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY 18736 AB We present results of large scale numerical simulations of the Bak, 18737 Tang, and Wiesenfeld [Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 381 (1987); Phys. Rev. A 38, 18738 364 (1988)] sandpile model. We analyze the critical behavior of the 18739 model in Euclidean dimensions 2 less than or equal to d less than or 18740 equal to 6. We consider a dissipative generalization of the model and 18741 study the avalanche size and duration distributions for different 18742 values of the lattice size and dissipation. We find that the scaling 18743 exponents in d=4 significantly differ from mean-field predictions, thus 18744 Suggesting an upper critical dimension d(c)greater than or equal to 5. 18745 Using the relations among the dissipation rate epsilon and the finite 18746 lattice size L, we find that a subset of the exponents displays 18747 mean-field values below the upper critical dimensions. This behavior is 18748 explained in terms of conservation laws. 18749 C1 Univ Cagliari, Dipartimento Fis, I-09124 Cagliari, Italy. 18750 INFM, Sez Cagliari, I-09124 Cagliari, Italy. 18751 INFN, Sez Cagliari, I-09124 Cagliari, Italy. 18752 Abdus Salam Int Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34100 Trieste, Italy. 18753 Boston Univ, Ctr Polymer Studies, Boston, MA 02215 USA. 18754 Boston Univ, Dept Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA. 18755 RP Chessa, A, Univ Cagliari, Dipartimento Fis, Via Osped 72, I-09124 18756 Cagliari, Italy. 18757 CR BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381 18758 BENHUR A, 1996, PHYS REV E, V53, P1317 18759 CHESSA A, UNPUB 18760 CHRISTENSEN K, 1993, PHYS REV E, V48, P3361 18761 DHAR D, 1990, PHYS REV LETT, V64, P1613 18762 DIAZGUILERA A, 1994, EUROPHYS LETT, V26, P177 18763 DICKMAN R, IN PRESS PHYS REV E 18764 DICKMAN R, 1996, NONEQUILIBRIUM STAT 18765 GRINSTEIN G, 1995, NATO ADV STUDY I B, V344 18766 LUBECK S, 1997, PHYS REV E A, V56, P5138 18767 LUBECK S, 1997, PHYS REV E, V55, P4095 18768 LUBECK S, 1997, PHYS REV E, V56, P1590 18769 MANNA SS, 1990, J STAT PHYS, V59, P509 18770 MANNA SS, 1990, J STAT PHYS, V61, P923 18771 PRIEZZHEV VB, 1994, J STAT PHYS, V74, P955 18772 SORNETTE D, 1995, J PHYS I, V5, P325 18773 VESPIGNANI A, IN PRESS PHYS REV E 18774 VESPIGNANI A, 1995, PHYS REV E, V51, P1711 18775 VESPIGNANI A, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V78, P4793 18776 ZAPPERI S, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V75, P4071 18777 ZHANG YC, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V63, P470 18778 NR 21 18779 TC 10 18780 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 18781 PI COLLEGE PK 18782 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 18783 SN 1063-651X 18784 J9 PHYS REV E 18785 JI Phys. Rev. E 18786 PD JUN 18787 PY 1998 18788 VL 57 18789 IS 6 18790 BP R6241 18791 EP R6244 18792 PG 4 18793 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical 18794 GA ZU947 18795 UT ISI:000074252400004 18796 ER 18797 18798 PT J 18799 AU Vespignani, A 18800 Zapperi, S 18801 TI How self-organized criticality works: A unified mean-field picture 18802 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E 18803 LA English 18804 DT Article 18805 ID FOREST-FIRE MODEL; CRITICAL-BEHAVIOR; SANDPILE MODELS; 18806 BRANCHING-PROCESSES; NONEQUILIBRIUM SYSTEMS; PHASE-TRANSITIONS; ABELIAN 18807 SANDPILE; AVALANCHES; RENORMALIZATION; PERCOLATION 18808 AB We present a unified dynamical mean-field theory, based on the single 18809 site approximation to the master-equation, for stochastic 18810 self-organized critical models. In particular, we analyze in detail the 18811 properties of sandpile and forest-fire (FF) models. In analogy with 18812 other nonequilibrium critical phenomena, we identify an order parameter 18813 with the density of ''active'' sites, and control parameters with the 18814 driving rates. Depending on the values of the control parameters, the 18815 system is shown to reach a subcritical (absorbing) or supercritical 18816 (active) stationary state. Criticality is analyzed in terms of the 18817 singularities of the zero-field susceptibility. In the limit of 18818 vanishing control parameters, the stationary state displays scaling 18819 characteristics of self-organized criticality (SOC). We show that this 18820 limit corresponds to the breakdown of space-time locality in the 18821 dynamical rules of the models. We define a complete set of critical 18822 exponents, describing the scaling of order parameter, response 18823 functions, susceptibility and correlation length in the subcritical and 18824 supercritical states. In the subcritical state, the response of the 18825 system to small perturbations takes place in avalanches. We analyze 18826 their scaling behavior in relation with branching processes. In 18827 sandpile models, because of conservation laws, a critical exponents 18828 subset displays mean-field values (nu=1/2 and gamma=1) in any 18829 dimensions. We treat bull; and boundary dissipation and introduce a 18830 critical exponent relating dissipation and finite size effects. We 18831 present numerical simulations that confirm our results. In the case of 18832 the forest-fire model, our approach can distinguish between different 18833 regimes (SOC-FF and deterministic FF) studied in the literature, and 18834 determine the full spectrum of critical exponents. 18835 C1 Int Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34100 Trieste, Italy. 18836 Boston Univ, Ctr Polymer Studies, Boston, MA 02215 USA. 18837 Boston Univ, Dept Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA. 18838 RP Vespignani, A, Int Ctr Theoret Phys, POB 586, I-34100 Trieste, Italy. 18839 CR BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381 18840 BAK P, 1988, PHYS REV A, V38, P364 18841 BAK P, 1990, PHYS LETT A, V147, P297 18842 BAK P, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P4083 18843 BENHUR A, 1996, PHYS REV E, V53, P1317 18844 BROKER HM, 1997, PHYS REV E A, V56, R4918 18845 BROKER HM, 1997, PHYS REV E, V56, P3944 18846 CALDARELLI G, UNPUB 18847 CHABANOL ML, 1997, PHYS REV E A, V56, R2343 18848 CHESSA A, UNPUB 18849 CHRISTENSEN K, 1993, PHYS REV E, V48, P3361 18850 CHRISTENSEN K, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P2737 18851 CLAR S, 1994, PHYS REV E A, V50, P1009 18852 CLAR S, 1996, J PHYS-CONDENS MAT, V8, P6803 18853 DHAR D, 1990, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V23, P4333 18854 DHAR D, 1990, PHYS REV LETT, V64, P1613 18855 DIAZGUILERA A, 1992, PHYS REV A, V45, P8551 18856 DICKMAN R, 1986, PHYS REV A, V34, P4246 18857 DROSSEL B, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P3739 18858 DURIN G, 1995, FRACTALS, V3, P351 18859 ESSAM JW, 1972, PHASE TRANSITIONS CR, V2 18860 FIELD S, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V74, P1206 18861 FLYVBJERG H, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P4087 18862 FRETTE V, 1996, NATURE, V379, P49 18863 GARCIAPELAYO R, 1994, PHYS REV E A, V49, P4903 18864 GIL L, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V76, P3991 18865 GRASSBERGER P, 1979, ANN PHYS-NEW YORK, V122, P373 18866 GRASSBERGER P, 1990, J PHYS-PARIS, V51, P1077 18867 GRASSBERGER P, 1993, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V26, P2081 18868 GRASSBERGER P, 1994, PHYS REV E, V49, P2436 18869 GRASSBERGER P, 1996, PHYSICA A, V224, P169 18870 GRINSTEIN G, 1990, PHYS REV LETT, V64, P1927 18871 GRINSTEIN G, 1995, NATO ADV STUDY I B, V344 18872 GUTENBERG B, 1956, ANN GEOFIS, V9, P1 18873 HARRIS TE, 1989, THEORY BRANCHING PRO 18874 HASTY J, 1997, J STAT PHYS, V86, P1179 18875 HENLEY CL, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P2741 18876 HWA T, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V62, P1813 18877 IVASHKEVICH EV, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V76, P3368 18878 JAEGER HM, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V62, P40 18879 JANOWSKY SA, 1993, J PHYS A, V26, L973 18880 KADANOFF LP, 1989, PHYS REV A, V39, P6524 18881 KATORI M, 1996, PHYSICA A, V229, P461 18882 LAURITSEN KB, 1996, PHYS REV E, V54, P2483 18883 LILLY MP, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P4186 18884 LORETO V, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V75, P465 18885 LUBECK S, 1997, PHYS REV E, V55, P4095 18886 LUBECK S, 1997, PHYS REV E, V56, P1590 18887 MANNA SS, 1990, J STAT PHYS, V59, P509 18888 MANNA SS, 1990, J STAT PHYS, V61, P923 18889 MANNA SS, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, L363 18890 MENDES JFF, 1994, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V27, P3019 18891 MIDDLETON AA, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V74, P742 18892 MUNOZ MA, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V76, P451 18893 OLAMI Z, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V68, P1244 18894 PACZUSKI M, 1996, PHYS REV E A, V53, P414 18895 PATZLAFF H, 1994, PHYS LETT A, V189, P187 18896 PETRI A, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V73, P3423 18897 PIETRONERO L, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P1690 18898 PRIEZZHEV VB, 1994, J STAT PHYS, V74, P955 18899 SCHMITTMANN B, 1995, PHASE TRANSITIONS CR, V17 18900 SORNETTE D, 1992, J PHYS I, V2, P2065 18901 SORNETTE D, 1995, J PHYS I, V5, P325 18902 STELLA AL, 1995, PHYS REV E A, V52, P72 18903 SUKI B, 1994, NATURE, V368, P615 18904 TANG C, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V60, P2347 18905 VERGELES M, 1997, PHYS REV E, V55, P1998 18906 VESPIGNANI A, UNPUB 18907 VESPIGNANI A, 1995, PHYS REV E, V51, P1711 18908 VESPIGNANI A, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V77, P4560 18909 VESPIGNANI A, 1997, J STAT PHYS, V88, P47 18910 VESPIGNANI A, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V78, P4793 18911 WILKINSON D, 1983, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V16, P3365 18912 ZAPPERI S, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V75, P4071 18913 ZHANG YC, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V63, P470 18914 NR 75 18915 TC 111 18916 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 18917 PI COLLEGE PK 18918 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 18919 SN 1063-651X 18920 J9 PHYS REV E 18921 JI Phys. Rev. E 18922 PD JUN 18923 PY 1998 18924 VL 57 18925 IS 6 18926 BP 6345 18927 EP 6362 18928 PG 18 18929 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical 18930 GA ZU947 18931 UT ISI:000074252400020 18932 ER 18933 18934 PT J 18935 AU Vespignani, A 18936 Zapperi, S 18937 Loreto, V 18938 TI Dynamically driven renormalization group applied to self-organized 18939 critical systems 18940 SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS B 18941 LA English 18942 DT Article 18943 ID FOREST-FIRE MODEL; CRITICAL-BEHAVIOR; SANDPILE MODELS; SIMULATION; 18944 DIMENSIONS; STATES 18945 AB The Dynamically Driven Renormalization Group is a general framework 18946 developed to study the critical properties of nonequilibrium systems 18947 with stationary states. In particular this renormalization scheme 18948 allows the systematic analysis of several models showing self-organised 18949 criticality in terms of usual concepts of phase transitions and 18950 critical phenomena. 18951 C1 Leiden Univ, Inst Lorentz, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands. 18952 Boston Univ, Ctr Polymer Studies, Boston, MA 02215 USA. 18953 Boston Univ, Dept Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA. 18954 ENEA, Res Ctr, I-80055 Napoli, Italy. 18955 RP Vespignani, A, Leiden Univ, Inst Lorentz, POB 9506, NL-2300 RA Leiden, 18956 Netherlands. 18957 CR BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381 18958 BAK P, 1988, PHYS REV A, V38, P364 18959 BAK P, 1990, PHYS LETT A, V147, P297 18960 BAK P, 1993, FRACTALS DISORDERED, V2 18961 BENHUR A, 1996, PHYS REV E, V54, P1426 18962 CHRISTENSEN K, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P2737 18963 CLAR S, 1994, PHYS REV E A, V50, P1009 18964 CRESWICK RJ, 1992, INTRO RENORMALIZATIO 18965 DOMB C, 1972, PHASE TRANSITION CRI, V1 18966 DOMB C, 1983, PHASE TRANSITION CRI, V7 18967 DROSSEL B, COMMUNICATION 18968 DROSSEL B, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V69, P1629 18969 DROSSEL B, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P3739 18970 ERZAN A, 1995, REV MOD PHYS, V67, P545 18971 GRASSBERGER P, 1990, J PHYS-PARIS, V51, P1077 18972 GRASSBERGER P, 1991, J STAT PHYS, V63, P685 18973 GRINSTEIN G, 1995, NATO ADV STUDY I B, V344 18974 IVASHKEVICH EV, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V76, P3368 18975 KATZ S, 1983, PHYS REV B, V28, P1655 18976 KATZ S, 1984, J STAT PHYS, V34, P497 18977 LORETO V, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V75, P465 18978 MANDELBROT BB, 1983, FRACTAL GEOMETRY NAT 18979 MANNA SS, 1990, J STAT PHYS, V59, P509 18980 MANNA SS, 1991, PHYSICA A, V179, P249 18981 MOSSNER WK, 1992, PHYSICA A, V190, P205 18982 PIETRONERO L, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P1690 18983 STELLA AL, 1995, PHYS REV E A, V52, P72 18984 VESPIGNANI A, 1995, PHYS REV E, V51, P1711 18985 VESPIGNANI A, 1997, J STAT PHYS, V88, P47 18986 VICSEK T, 1992, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO 18987 ZHANG YC, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V63, P470 18988 NR 31 18989 TC 0 18990 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD 18991 PI SINGAPORE 18992 PA JOURNAL DEPT PO BOX 128 FARRER ROAD, SINGAPORE 9128, SINGAPORE 18993 SN 0217-9792 18994 J9 INT J MOD PHYS B 18995 JI Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 18996 PD MAY 30 18997 PY 1998 18998 VL 12 18999 IS 12-13 19000 BP 1407 19001 EP 1417 19002 PG 11 19003 SC Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter; Physics, Mathematical 19004 GA ZT481 19005 UT ISI:000074092200015 19006 ER 19007 19008 PT J 19009 AU Dickman, R 19010 Vespignani, A 19011 Zapperi, S 19012 TI Self-organized criticality as an absorbing-state phase transition 19013 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E 19014 LA English 19015 DT Article 19016 ID REGGEON FIELD-THEORY; CRITICAL-BEHAVIOR; CELLULAR-AUTOMATA; 2 19017 DIMENSIONS; AVALANCHES; SYSTEMS; DYNAMICS; LATTICE; MODELS; NOISE 19018 AB We explore the connection between self-organized criticality and phase 19019 transitions in models with absorbing states. sandpile models are found 19020 to exhibit criticality only when a pair of relevant parameters - 19021 dissipation epsilon and driving field h - are set to their critical 19022 values. The critical values of epsilon and h are both equal to zero. 19023 The first result is due to the absence of saturation (no bound on 19024 energy) in the sandpile model, while the second result is common to 19025 other absorbing-state transitions. The original definition of the 19026 sandpile model places it at the point (epsilon = 0,h = 0(+)): it is 19027 critical by definition. We argue power-law avalanche distributions are 19028 a general feature of models with infinitely many absorbing 19029 configurations, when they are subject to slow driving at the critical 19030 point. Our assertions are supported by simulations of the sandpile at 19031 epsilon=h=0 and fixed energy density zeta (no drive, periodic 19032 boundaries), and of the slowly driven pair contact process. We 19033 formulate a held theory for the sandpile model, in which the order 19034 parameter is coupled to a conserved energy density, which plays the 19035 role of an effective creation rate. 19036 C1 CUNY Herbert H Lehman Coll, Dept Phys & Astron, Bronx, NY 10468 USA. 19037 Int Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34100 Trieste, Italy. 19038 Boston Univ, Ctr Polymer Studies, Boston, MA 02215 USA. 19039 Boston Univ, Dept Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA. 19040 RP Dickman, R, Univ Fed Santa Catarina, Dept Fis, Campus Univ, BR-88040900 19041 Florianopolis, SC, Brazil. 19042 CR BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381 19043 BAK P, 1988, PHYS REV A, V38, P364 19044 BAK P, 1996, NATURE WORKS 19045 CARDY JL, 1980, J PHYS A, V13, L423 19046 CLAR S, 1996, J PHYS-CONDENS MAT, V8, P6803 19047 DIAZGUILERA A, 1992, PHYS REV A, V45, P8551 19048 DIAZGUILERA A, 1994, EUROPHYS LETT, V26, P177 19049 DICKMAN R, UNPUB 19050 DICKMAN R, 1996, NONEQUILIBRIUM STAT 19051 DICKMAN R, 1996, PHYS REV E, V53, P2223 19052 DURIN G, 1995, FRACTALS, V3, P351 19053 FIELD S, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V74, P1206 19054 GRASSBERGER P, 1979, ANN PHYS-NEW YORK, V122, P373 19055 GRASSBERGER P, 1990, J PHYS-PARIS, V51, P1077 19056 GRINSTEIN G, 1995, NATO ADV STUDY I B, V344 19057 GUTENBERG B, 1956, ANN GEOFIS, V9, P1 19058 HARRIS TE, 1974, ANN PROBAB, V2, P969 19059 JANSSEN HK, 1981, Z PHYS B CON MAT, V42, P151 19060 JENSEN I, 1993, PHYS REV E, V48, P1710 19061 JENSEN I, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P1465 19062 KADANOFF LP, 1989, PHYS REV A, V39, P6524 19063 KATORI M, 1996, PHYSICA A, V229, P461 19064 KINZEL W, 1985, Z PHYS B CON MAT, V58, P229 19065 LILLY MP, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P4186 19066 LUBECK S, 1997, CONDMAT9708055 19067 LUBECK S, 1997, PHYS REV E, V55, P4095 19068 LUBECK S, 1997, PHYS REV E, V56, P1590 19069 MANNA SS, 1990, J STAT PHYS, V59, P509 19070 MANNA SS, 1990, J STAT PHYS, V61, P923 19071 MANNA SS, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, L363 19072 MANNA SS, 1991, PHYSICA A, V179, P249 19073 MARRO J, 1997, NONEQUILIBRIUM PHASE 19074 MENDES JFF, 1994, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V27, P3019 19075 MUNOZ MA, IN PRESS J STAT PHYS 19076 MUNOZ MA, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V76, P451 19077 MUNOZ MA, 1997, PHYSICA D, V103, P485 19078 PACZUSKI M, 1996, PHYS REV E A, V53, P414 19079 PELITI L, 1985, J PHYS-PARIS, V46, P1469 19080 PETRI A, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V73, P3423 19081 PRIEZZHEV VB, 1994, J STAT PHYS, V74, P955 19082 SAHIMI M, 1993, REV MOD PHYS, V65, P1393 19083 SORNETTE D, 1995, J PHYS I, V5, P325 19084 SPASOJEVIC D, 1996, PHYS REV E, V54, P2531 19085 SUKI B, 1994, NATURE, V368, P615 19086 VESPIGNANI A, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V77, P4560 19087 VESPIGNANI A, 1997, J STAT PHYS, V88, P47 19088 VESPIGNANI A, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V78, P4793 19089 ZAPPERI S, UNPUB 19090 ZAPPERI S, 1997, NATURE, V388, P658 19091 NR 49 19092 TC 78 19093 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 19094 PI COLLEGE PK 19095 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 19096 SN 1063-651X 19097 J9 PHYS REV E 19098 JI Phys. Rev. E 19099 PD MAY 19100 PY 1998 19101 VL 57 19102 IS 5 19103 PN Part A 19104 BP 5095 19105 EP 5105 19106 PG 11 19107 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical 19108 GA ZP582 19109 UT ISI:000073767900034 19110 ER 19111 19112 PT J 19113 AU Chessa, A 19114 Marinari, E 19115 Vespignani, A 19116 TI Energy constrained sandpile models 19117 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 19118 LA English 19119 DT Article 19120 ID SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY; NOISE 19121 AB We study two driven dynamical systems with conserved energy. The two 19122 automata contain the basic dynamical rules of the Bak, Tang, and 19123 Wiesenfeld sandpile model. In addition a global constraint on the 19124 energy contained in the lattice is imposed. In the limit of an 19125 infinitely slow driving of the system, the conserved energy E becomes 19126 the only parameter governing the dynamical behavior of the system. Both 19127 models show scale-fret behavior at a critical value E-c of the fixed 19128 energy. The scaling with respect to the relevant scaling field points 19129 out that the developing of critical correlations is in a different 19130 universality class than self-organized critical sandpiles. Despite this 19131 difference, the activity (avalanche) probability distributions appear 19132 to coincide with the one of the standard self-organized critical 19133 sandpile. 19134 C1 Univ Cagliari, Dipartimento Fis, I-09124 Cagliari, Italy. 19135 INFM, Cagliari, Italy. 19136 Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Cagliari, Italy. 19137 Int Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34100 Trieste, Italy. 19138 RP Chessa, A, Univ Cagliari, Dipartimento Fis, Via Osped 72, I-09124 19139 Cagliari, Italy. 19140 CR BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381 19141 BAK P, 1988, PHYS REV A, V38, P364 19142 BENHUR A, 1996, PHYS REV E, V53, P1317 19143 CHESSA A, IN PRESS 19144 CHESSA A, 1998, CONDMAT9802123 19145 DICKMAN R, IN PRESS 19146 DICKMAN R, 1996, NONEQUILIBRIUM STAT 19147 DURIN G, 1995, FRACTALS, V3, P351 19148 GRASSBERGER P, 1990, J PHYS-PARIS, V51, P1077 19149 GRINSTEIN G, 1995, SCALE INVARIANCE I B, V344 19150 GUTENBERG B, 1956, ANN GEOFIS, V9, P1 19151 LUBECK S, 1997, PHYS REV E, V55, P4095 19152 LUBECK S, 1997, PHYS REV E, V56, P1590 19153 MANNA SS, 1990, J STAT PHYS, V59, P509 19154 MANNA SS, 1991, PHYSICA A, V179, P249 19155 PETRI A, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V73, P3423 19156 SORNETTE D, 1995, J PHYS I, V5, P325 19157 SPASOJEVIC D, 1996, PHYS REV E, V54, P2531 19158 VESPIGNANI A, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V78, P4793 19159 ZAPPERI S, 1997, NATURE, V388, P658 19160 NR 20 19161 TC 18 19162 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 19163 PI COLLEGE PK 19164 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 19165 SN 0031-9007 19166 J9 PHYS REV LETT 19167 JI Phys. Rev. Lett. 19168 PD MAY 11 19169 PY 1998 19170 VL 80 19171 IS 19 19172 BP 4217 19173 EP 4220 19174 PG 4 19175 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 19176 GA ZM538 19177 UT ISI:000073550200027 19178 ER 19179 19180 PT J 19181 AU Cafiero, R 19182 Vespignani, A 19183 Zapperi, S 19184 Pietronero, L 19185 TI Universality and scale invariant dynamics in laplacian fractal growth 19186 SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS B 19187 LA English 19188 DT Article 19189 ID DIFFUSION-LIMITED AGGREGATION; RENORMALIZATION-GROUP APPROACH; INVASION 19190 PERCOLATION; DIELECTRIC-BREAKDOWN; BRANCHED GROWTH; CLUSTERS; MODELS; 19191 MEDIA 19192 AB The individuation of the scale invariant dynamics in Laplacian fractal 19193 growth processes, like diffusion-limited aggregation (DLA), is an 19194 important problem whose solution would clarify some crucial issues 19195 concerning the origin of fractal properties and the identification of 19196 universality classes for such models. Here, we develop a real space 19197 renormalization group scheme to study the dynamic evolution of DLA in a 19198 restricted space of relevant parameters. In particular, we investigate 19199 the effect of a sticking probability P-s and an effective noise 19200 reduction parameter S. The renormalization equations flow towards an 19201 attractive fixed point corresponding to the scale invariant DLA 19202 dynamics (P-s* = 1, S* similar or equal to 2.0). The existence of a 19203 non-trivial fixed point value for S, shows that noise is spontaneously 19204 generated by the DLA growth process, and that screening, which is at 19205 the origin of fractal properties, persists at all scales. 19206 C1 Max Planck Inst Phys Complex Syst, D-01187 Dresden, Germany. 19207 Int Ctr Theoret Phys, I-34100 Trieste, Italy. 19208 Boston Univ, Ctr Polymer Studies, Boston, MA 02215 USA. 19209 Boston Univ, Dept Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA. 19210 Univ Rome La Sapienza, Dipartimento Fis, I-00185 Rome, Italy. 19211 Univ Rome La Sapienza, Unita INFM, I-00185 Rome, Italy. 19212 RP Cafiero, R, Max Planck Inst Phys Complex Syst, Thnitzer Str 38, D-01187 19213 Dresden, Germany. 19214 CR AMITRANO C, 1993, FRACTALS, V1, P840 19215 BARKER PW, 1990, PHYS REV A, V42, P6289 19216 CAFIERO R, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P3939 19217 CAFIERO R, 1996, PHYS REV E, V54, P1406 19218 CAFIERO R, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V79, P1503 19219 DEANGELIS R, 1991, EUROPHYS LETT, V16, P417 19220 DEARCANGELIS L, 1989, PHYS REV B, V40, P877 19221 ECKMANN JP, 1989, PHYS REV A, V39, P3185 19222 EDEN M, 1961, 4 BERK S MATH STAT P, P223 19223 ERZAN A, 1995, REV MOD PHYS, V67, P861 19224 EVERTSZ C, 1990, PHYS REV A, V41, P1830 19225 FAMILY F, 1986, J PHYS A, V19, L733 19226 HALSEY TC, 1992, PHYS REV A, V46, P7793 19227 HALSEY TC, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P1228 19228 HASTINGS MB, CONDMAT9607007 19229 HASTINGS MB, CONDMAT9607021 19230 JULLIEN R, 1984, J PHYS A, V17, L639 19231 KERTESZ J, 1986, J PHYS A, V19, L257 19232 MANDELBROT BB, 1995, EUROPHYS LETT, V32, P199 19233 MARSILI M, 1994, J STAT PHYS, V77, P733 19234 MEAKIN P, 1983, PHYS REV A, V27, P1495 19235 MEAKIN P, 1983, PHYS REV LETT, V51, P1119 19236 MEAKIN P, 1988, PHASE TRANSITIONS CR, V12, P335 19237 MOUKARZEL C, 1992, PHYSICA A, V188, P469 19238 NAGATANI T, 1987, J PHYS A, V20, L381 19239 NAGATANI T, 1987, PHYS REV A, V36, P5812 19240 NEIMEYER L, 1984, PHYS REV LETT, V52, P1033 19241 NITTMANN J, 1986, NATURE, V321, P663 19242 PIETRONERO L, 1990, PHYSICA A, V119, P249 19243 VESPIGNANI A, 1993, FRACTALS, V1, P1002 19244 VICSEK T, 1992, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO 19245 WANG XR, 1989, J PHYS A, V22, L507 19246 WANG XR, 1989, PHYS REV A, V39, P5974 19247 WILKINSON D, 1983, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V16, P3365 19248 WITTEN TA, 1981, PHYS REV LETT, V47, P1400 19249 NR 35 19250 TC 0 19251 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD 19252 PI SINGAPORE 19253 PA JOURNAL DEPT PO BOX 128 FARRER ROAD, SINGAPORE 9128, SINGAPORE 19254 SN 0217-9792 19255 J9 INT J MOD PHYS B 19256 JI Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 19257 PD DEC 10 19258 PY 1997 19259 VL 11 19260 IS 30 19261 BP 3595 19262 EP 3619 19263 PG 25 19264 SC Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter; Physics, Mathematical 19265 GA YP694 19266 UT ISI:000071304600006 19267 ER 19268 19269 PT J 19270 AU Vespignani, A 19271 Zapperi, S 19272 Loreto, V 19273 TI Dynamically driven renormalization group 19274 SO JOURNAL OF STATISTICAL PHYSICS 19275 LA English 19276 DT Article 19277 DE renormalization group; nonequilibrium steady states; driven dynamical 19278 systems; self-organized criticality 19279 ID FOREST-FIRE MODEL; SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY; MEAN-FIELD THEORY; 19280 CRITICAL-BEHAVIOR; SANDPILE MODELS; LATTICE GAS; DIMENSIONS; SYSTEMS; 19281 STATES; SCHEME 19282 AB We present a detailed discussion of a novel dynamical renormalization 19283 group scheme: the dynamically driven renormalization group (DDRG). This 19284 is a general renormalization method developed for dynamical systems 19285 with nonequilibrium critical steady state. The method is based on a 19286 real-space renormalization scheme driven by a dynamical steady-state 19287 condition which acts as a feedback on the transformation equations. 19288 This approach has been applied to open nonlinear systems such as 19289 self-organized critical phenomena, and it allows the analytical 19290 evaluation of scaling dimensions and critical exponents. Equilibrium 19291 models at the critical point can also be considered. The explicit 19292 application to some models and the corresponding results are discussed. 19293 C1 BOSTON UNIV,CTR POLYMER STUDIES,BOSTON,MA 02215. 19294 BOSTON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02215. 19295 UNIV ROMA LA SAPIENZA,DIPARTIMENTO FIS,I-00185 ROME,ITALY. 19296 RP Vespignani, A, LEIDEN UNIV,INST LORENTZ,POB 9506,NL-2300 RA 19297 LEIDEN,NETHERLANDS. 19298 CR ACHIAM Y, 1978, PHYS REV LETT, V41, P128 19299 AMIT DJ, 1984, FIELD THEORY RENORMA 19300 BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381 19301 BAK P, 1988, PHYS REV A, V38, P364 19302 BAK P, 1989, NETURE, V342, P7800 19303 BAK P, 1990, PHYS LETT A, V147, P297 19304 BAK P, 1993, FRACTALS DISORDERED, V2 19305 BENHUR A, 1996, PHYS REV E, V54, P1426 19306 BURKHARDT TW, 1982, REAL SPACE RENORMALI 19307 CHRISTENSEN K, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P2737 19308 CLAR S, 1994, PHYS REV E A, V50, P1009 19309 CRESWICK RJ, 1992, INTRO RENORMALIZATIO 19310 DHAR D, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V63, P1659 19311 DHAR D, 1990, PHYS REV LETT, V64, P1613 19312 DICKMAN R, 1988, PHYS REV A, V38, P2588 19313 DOMB C, 1972, PHASE TRANSITION CRI, V1 19314 DOMB C, 1983, PHASE TRANSITION CRI, V7 19315 DROSSEL B, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V69, P1629 19316 DROSSEL B, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P3739 19317 ERZAN A, 1995, REV MOD PHYS, V67, P545 19318 GLAUBER RJ, 1963, J MATH PHYS, V4, P294 19319 GRASSBERGER P, 1990, J PHYS-PARIS, V51, P1077 19320 GRASSBERGER P, 1991, J STAT PHYS, V63, P685 19321 GRASSBERGER P, 1993, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V26, P2081 19322 GRINSTEIN G, 1995, SCALE INVARIANCE I B, V344 19323 HENLEY CL, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P2741 19324 HUANG K, 1987, STATISTICAL MECHANIC 19325 IVASHKEVICH EV, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V76, P3368 19326 KADANOFF LP, 1966, PHYSICS, V2, P263 19327 KADANOFF LP, 1976, ANN PHYS-NEW YORK, V100, P359 19328 KADANOFF LP, 1990, PHYSICA A, V163, P1 19329 KADANOFF LP, 1991, PHYS TODAY, V44, P9 19330 KATZ S, 1983, PHYS REV B, V28, P1655 19331 KATZ S, 1984, J STAT PHYS, V34, P497 19332 KEIZER J, 1987, STAT THERMODYNAMICS 19333 LORETO V, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V75, P465 19334 LORETO V, 1996, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V29, P2981 19335 MA SK, 1976, MODERN THEORY CRITIC 19336 MAJUMDAR SN, 1992, PHYSICA A, V185, P129 19337 MANDELBROT BB, 1983, FRACTAL GEOMETRY NAT 19338 MANNA SS, 1991, PHYSICA A, V179, P249 19339 MAZENKO GF, 1982, REAL SPACE RENORMALI, P87 19340 MIGDAL AA, 1975, SOV PHYS JETP, V42, P413 19341 MOSSNER WK, 1992, PHYSICA A, V190, P205 19342 NIEMEIJER T, 1976, FRACTAL GEOMETRY NAT, V6 19343 PARISI G, 1988, STAT FIELD THEORY 19344 PIETRONERO L, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P1690 19345 PRENTIS JJ, 1995, J PHYS A, V528, P5469 19346 SCHMITTMANN B, 1995, PHASE TRANSITION CRI, V17 19347 STELLA AL, 1995, PHYS REV E A, V52, P72 19348 SUZUKI M, 1974, PROG THEOR PHYS, V51, P1257 19349 SUZUKI M, 1979, DYNAMICAL CRITICAL P, V104 19350 SUZUKI M, 1979, PROG THEOR PHYS, V61, P864 19351 VESPIGNANI A, 1995, PHYS REV E, V51, P1711 19352 VICSEK T, 1992, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO 19353 YEOMANS JM, 1992, STAT MECH PHASE TRAN 19354 ZHANG YC, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V63, P470 19355 NR 57 19356 TC 10 19357 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP 19358 PI NEW YORK 19359 PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 19360 SN 0022-4715 19361 J9 J STATIST PHYS 19362 JI J. Stat. Phys. 19363 PD JUL 19364 PY 1997 19365 VL 88 19366 IS 1-2 19367 BP 47 19368 EP 79 19369 PG 33 19370 SC Physics, Mathematical 19371 GA XT833 19372 UT ISI:A1997XT83300003 19373 ER 19374 19375 PT J 19376 AU Zapperi, S 19377 Vespignani, A 19378 Stanley, HE 19379 TI Plasticity and avalanche behaviour in microfracturing phenomena 19380 SO NATURE 19381 LA English 19382 DT Article 19383 ID SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY; ACOUSTIC-EMISSION; FUSE NETWORKS; POWER 19384 LAWS; DYNAMICS 19385 AB Inhomogeneous materials, such as plaster or concrete, subjected to an 19386 external elastic stress display sudden movements owing to the formation 19387 and propagation of microfractures. Studies of acoustic emission from 19388 these systems reveal power-law behaviour(1). Similar behaviour in 19389 damage propagation has also been seen in acoustic emission resulting 19390 from volcanic activity(2) and hydrogen precipitation in niobium(3). It 19391 has been suggested that the underlying fracture dynamics in these 19392 systems might display self-organized criticality(4), implying that 19393 long-ranged correlations between fracture events lead to a scale-free 19394 cascade of 'avalanches'. A hierarchy of avalanche events is also 19395 observed in a wide range of other systems, such as the dynamics of 19396 random magnets(5) and high-temperature superconductors(6) in magnetic 19397 fields, lung inflation(7) and seismic behaviour characterized by the 19398 Gutenberg-Richter law(8). The applicability of self-organized 19399 criticality to microfracturing has been questioned(9,10), however, as 19400 power laws alone are not unequivocal evidence for it. Here we present a 19401 scalar model of microfracturing which generates power-law behaviour in 19402 properties related to acoustic emission, and a scale-free hierarchy of 19403 avalanches characteristic of self-organized criticality. The geometric 19404 structure of the fracture surfaces agrees with that seen 19405 experimentally. We find that the critical steady state exhibits plastic 19406 macroscopic behaviour, which is commonly observed in real materials. 19407 C1 BOSTON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02215. 19408 LEIDEN UNIV,INST LORENTZ,NL-2300 RA LEIDEN,NETHERLANDS. 19409 RP Zapperi, S, BOSTON UNIV,CTR POLYMER STUDIES,BOSTON,MA 02215. 19410 CR BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381 19411 CALDARELLI G, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V77, P2503 19412 CANNELLI G, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P3923 19413 CANNELLI G, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P2307 19414 CHEN WF, 1982, PLASTICITY REINFORCE 19415 COTE PJ, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V67, P1334 19416 DEARCANGELIS L, 1985, J PHYS LETT, V46, L585 19417 DEARCANGELIS L, 1989, PHYS REV B, V39, P2678 19418 DIODATI P, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V67, P2239 19419 FIELD S, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V74, P1206 19420 GUTENBERG B, 1944, B SEISMOL SOC AM, V34, P185 19421 HERRMANN HJ, 1990, STAT MODELS FRACTURE 19422 HERRMANN HJ, 1991, EUROPHYS LETT, V10, P514 19423 LANDAU LD, 1960, THEORY ELASTICITY 19424 MILTENBERGER P, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P3604 19425 OKUZONO T, 1995, PHYS REV E, V51, P1246 19426 OMORI F, 1894, J COLL SCI IMP U TOK, V7, P111 19427 PETRI A, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V73, P3423 19428 PRESS WH, 1991, COMPUT PHYS, V5, P154 19429 SAHIMI M, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V77, P3689 19430 SORNETTE D, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V68, P612 19431 SORNETTE D, 1994, J PHYS I, V4, P209 19432 SORNETTE D, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P2306 19433 STROEVEN P, 1990, ENG FRACT MECH, V35, P775 19434 STROEVEN P, 1993, INTERFACES CEMENTOUS, P187 19435 SUKI B, 1994, NATURE, V368, P615 19436 TILLEMANS HJ, 1995, PHYSICA A, V217, P261 19437 TZSCHICHHOLZ F, 1995, PHYS REV E, V51, P1961 19438 WILSHIRE B, 1983, ENG APPROACHES HIGH 19439 NR 29 19440 TC 64 19441 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD 19442 PI LONDON 19443 PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW 19444 SN 0028-0836 19445 J9 NATURE 19446 JI Nature 19447 PD AUG 14 19448 PY 1997 19449 VL 388 19450 IS 6643 19451 BP 658 19452 EP 660 19453 PG 3 19454 SC Multidisciplinary Sciences 19455 GA XQ863 19456 UT ISI:A1997XQ86300044 19457 ER 19458 19459 PT J 19460 AU Vespignani, A 19461 Zapperi, S 19462 TI Order parameter and scaling fields in self-organized criticality 19463 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 19464 LA English 19465 DT Article 19466 ID CRITICAL EXPONENTS; CRITICAL-BEHAVIOR; SANDPILE MODELS; LATTICE; 19467 SIMULATION; DIMENSIONS; AUTOMATON 19468 AB We present a unified dynamical mean-held theory for stochastic 19469 self-organized critical models. We, use a single site approximation, 19470 and we include the details of different models by using effective 19471 parameters and constraints. We identify the order parameter and the 19472 relevant scaling fields in order to describe the critical behavior in 19473 terms of the usual concepts of nonequilibrium lattice models with 19474 steady states. We point out the inconsistencies of previous mean-field 19475 approaches, which lead to different predictions. Numerical simulations 19476 confirm the validity of our results beyond mean-field theory. 19477 C1 BOSTON UNIV,CTR POLYMER STUDIES,BOSTON,MA 02215. 19478 BOSTON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02215. 19479 RP Vespignani, A, LEIDEN UNIV,INST LORENTZ,POB 9506,NL-2300 RA 19480 LEIDEN,NETHERLANDS. 19481 CR BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381 19482 BAK P, 1988, PHYS REV A, V38, P364 19483 CALDARELLI G, UNPUB 19484 CALDARELLI G, 1996, EUROPHYS LETT, V35, P481 19485 CHRISTENSEN K, 1993, PHYS REV E, V48, P3361 19486 CHRISTENSEN K, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P2737 19487 CLAR S, 1996, J PHYS-CONDENS MAT, V8, P6803 19488 DHAR D, 1990, PHYS REV LETT, V64, P1613 19489 DICKMAN R, 1986, PHYS REV A, V34, P4246 19490 DICKMAN R, 1988, PHYS REV A, V38, P2588 19491 DICKMAN R, 1989, J STAT PHYS, V55, P997 19492 GRASSBERGER P, 1979, ANN PHYS-NEW YORK, V122, P373 19493 GRASSBERGER P, 1990, J PHYS-PARIS, V51, P1077 19494 GRINSTEIN G, 1995, NATO ADV STUDY I B, V344 19495 LAURITSEN KB, 1996, PHYS REV E, V54, P2483 19496 MANDELBROT BB, 1983, FRACTAL GEOMETRY NAT 19497 MANNA SS, 1990, J STAT PHYS, V59, P509 19498 MANNA SS, 1990, J STAT PHYS, V61, P923 19499 MANNA SS, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, L363 19500 MANNA SS, 1991, PHYSICA A, V179, P249 19501 MENDES JFF, 1994, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V27, P3019 19502 MUNOZ MA, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V76, P451 19503 PIETRONERO L, 1991, PHYSICA A, V173, P129 19504 SCHMITTMANN B, 1995, PHASE TRANSITION CRI, V17 19505 SORNETTE D, 1995, J PHYS I, V5, P325 19506 STELLA AL, 1995, PHYS REV E A, V52, P72 19507 TANG C, 1988, J STAT PHYS, V51, P797 19508 TANG C, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V60, P2347 19509 TOME T, 1994, PHYSICA A, V212, P99 19510 VERGELES M, 1997, PHYS REV E, V55, P1998 19511 VESPIGNANI A, UNPUB 19512 VESPIGNANI A, 1995, PHYS REV E, V51, P1711 19513 VESPIGNANI A, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V77, P4560 19514 ZHANG YC, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V63, P470 19515 NR 34 19516 TC 61 19517 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 19518 PI COLLEGE PK 19519 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 19520 SN 0031-9007 19521 J9 PHYS REV LETT 19522 JI Phys. Rev. Lett. 19523 PD JUN 23 19524 PY 1997 19525 VL 78 19526 IS 25 19527 BP 4793 19528 EP 4796 19529 PG 4 19530 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 19531 GA XJ269 19532 UT ISI:A1997XJ26900031 19533 ER 19534 19535 PT J 19536 AU Zapperi, S 19537 Ray, P 19538 Stanley, HE 19539 Vespignani, A 19540 TI First-order transition in the breakdown of disordered media 19541 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 19542 LA English 19543 DT Article 19544 ID SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY; ACOUSTIC-EMISSION; ELECTRICAL BREAKDOWN; 19545 NUCLEATION; EARTHQUAKES; FRACTURE; DYNAMICS; GROWTH; SOLIDS; MODEL 19546 AB We study the approach to global breakdown in disordered media driven by 19547 increasing external forces. We first analyze the problem by mean-field 19548 theory, showing that the failure process can be described as a 19549 first-order phase transition, similarly to the case of thermally 19550 activated fracture in homogeneous media. Then we quantitatively confirm 19551 the predictions of the mean-field theory using numerical simulations of 19552 discrete models. Widely distributed avalanches and the corresponding 19553 mean-field scaling are explained by the long-range nature of elastic 19554 interactions. We discuss the analogy of our results to driven 19555 disordered first-order transitions and spinodal nucleation in magnetic 19556 systems. 19557 C1 BOSTON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02215. 19558 INST MATH SCI,MADRAS 600113,TAMIL NADU,INDIA. 19559 LEIDEN UNIV,INST LORENTZ,NL-2300 RA LEIDEN,NETHERLANDS. 19560 RP Zapperi, S, BOSTON UNIV,CTR POLYMER STUDIES,BOSTON,MA 02215. 19561 CR ACHARYYA M, 1996, PHYS REV E A, V53, P140 19562 ACHARYYA M, 1996, PHYSICA A, V224, P287 19563 ANIFRANI JC, 1995, J PHYS I, V5, P631 19564 BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381 19565 BARDHAN KK, 1994, NONLINEARITY BREAKDO 19566 BUCHEL A, CONDMAT9610008 19567 BUCHEL A, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V77, P1520 19568 CALDARELLI G, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V77, P2503 19569 CANNELLI G, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P3923 19570 DAHMEN K, 1996, PHYS REV B, V53, P14872 19571 DANIELS HE, 1945, PROC R SOC LON SER-A, V183, P405 19572 DEARCANGELIS L, 1985, J PHYS LETT, V46, L585 19573 DEARCANGELIS L, 1989, PHYS REV B, V39, P2678 19574 DIODATI P, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V67, P2239 19575 DUXBURY PM, 1986, PHYS REV LETT, V57, P1052 19576 GOLUBOVIC L, 1991, PHYS REV A, V43, P5223 19577 GOLUBOVIC L, 1995, PHYS REV E A, V51, P2799 19578 GRIFFITH AA, 1920, PHILOS T R SOC A, V221, P163 19579 GUNTON JD, 1983, PHASE TRANSITIONS CR, V8 19580 HEERMANN DW, 1982, PHYS REV LETT, V49, P1262 19581 HEMMER PC, 1992, J APPL MECH-T ASME, V59, P909 19582 HERRMANN HJ, 1990, STAT MODELS FRACTURE 19583 KAHNG B, 1988, PHYS REV B, V37, P7625 19584 KIRKPATRICK S, 1973, REV MOD PHYS, V45, P574 19585 MONETTE L, 1994, INT J MOD PHYS B, V8, P1417 19586 OLAMI Z, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V68, P1244 19587 PETRI A, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V73, P3423 19588 PHOENIX SL, 1973, ADV APPL PROBAB, V5, P200 19589 RAY P, 1996, PHYSICA A, V229, P26 19590 RAY TS, 1990, J STAT PHYS, V61, P891 19591 RUNDLE JB, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V63, P171 19592 RUNDLE JB, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V76, P4285 19593 SAHIMI M, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V77, P3689 19594 SELINGER RLB, 1991, J CHEM PHYS, V95, P9128 19595 SELINGER RLB, 1991, PHYS REV A, V43, P4396 19596 SETHNA JP, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P3347 19597 SORNETTE D, 1989, J PHYS A, V22, L243 19598 SORNETTE D, 1992, J PHYS I, V2, P2089 19599 SORNETTE D, 1994, J PHYS I, V4, P209 19600 STRAUVEN H, IN PRESS 19601 TILLEMANS HJ, 1995, PHYSICA A, V217, P261 19602 TZSCHICHHOLZ F, 1995, PHYS REV E, V51, P1961 19603 UNGER C, 1984, PHYS REV B, V29, P2698 19604 UNGER C, 1985, PHYS REV B, V31, P6127 19605 VESPIGNANI A, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V77, P4560 19606 ZAPPERI S, IN PRESS 19607 ZAPPERI S, 1996, MATER RES SOC SYMP P, V409, P355 19608 NR 47 19609 TC 98 19610 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 19611 PI COLLEGE PK 19612 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 19613 SN 0031-9007 19614 J9 PHYS REV LETT 19615 JI Phys. Rev. Lett. 19616 PD FEB 24 19617 PY 1997 19618 VL 78 19619 IS 8 19620 BP 1408 19621 EP 1411 19622 PG 4 19623 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 19624 GA WK157 19625 UT ISI:A1997WK15700003 19626 ER 19627 19628 PT J 19629 AU Loreto, V 19630 Pietronero, L 19631 Vespignani, A 19632 Zapperi, S 19633 TI Renormalization group approach to the critical behavior of the 19634 forest-fire model - Reply 19635 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 19636 LA English 19637 DT Article 19638 C1 LEIDEN UNIV,INST LORENTZ,NL-2300 RA LEIDEN,NETHERLANDS. 19639 BOSTON UNIV,CTR POLYMER STUDIES,BOSTON,MA 02215. 19640 BOSTON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02215. 19641 RP Loreto, V, UNIV ROMA LA SAPIENZA,DIPARTIMENTO FIS,P A MORO 2,I-00185 19642 ROME,ITALY. 19643 CR BURKHARDT TW, 1982, REAL SPACE RENORMALI 19644 DROSSEL B, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V76, P936 19645 DROSSEL B, 1997, PHYS REV LETT, V78, P1392 19646 LORETO V, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V75, P465 19647 VESPIGNANI A, IN PRESS J STAT PHYS 19648 VESPIGNANI A, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V77, P4560 19649 NR 6 19650 TC 0 19651 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 19652 PI COLLEGE PK 19653 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 19654 SN 0031-9007 19655 J9 PHYS REV LETT 19656 JI Phys. Rev. Lett. 19657 PD FEB 17 19658 PY 1997 19659 VL 78 19660 IS 7 19661 BP 1393 19662 EP 1393 19663 PG 1 19664 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 19665 GA WH917 19666 UT ISI:A1997WH91700051 19667 ER 19668 19669 PT J 19670 AU Piccioni, M 19671 Cafiero, R 19672 Vespignani, A 19673 TI Monte Carlo fixed scale transformation for nonlocal fractal growth 19674 models 19675 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E 19676 LA English 19677 DT Article 19678 ID DIFFUSION-LIMITED AGGREGATION; DIELECTRIC-BREAKDOWN MODEL; PERCOLATION 19679 AB The fixed scale transformation (FST) is a theoretical framework 19680 developed for the evaluation of scaling dimensions in a vast class of 19681 complex systems showing fractal geometric correlations. For models with 19682 long range interactions, such as Laplacian growth models, the 19683 identification by analytical methods of the transformation's basic 19684 elements is a very difficult task. Here we present a Monte Carlo 19685 renormalization approach which allows the direct numerical evaluation 19686 of the FST transfer matrix, overcoming the usual problems of analytical 19687 and numerical treatments. The scheme is explicitly applied to the 19688 diffusion limited aggregation case where a scale invariant regime is 19689 identified and the fractal dimension is computed. The Monte Carlo FST 19690 represents an alternative tool which can be easily generalized to other 19691 fractal growth models with nonlocal interactions. 19692 C1 INFM,UNITA ROMA 1,ROME,ITALY. 19693 LEIDEN UNIV,INST LORENTZ,NL-2300 RA LEIDEN,NETHERLANDS. 19694 RP Piccioni, M, UNIV ROMA LA SAPIENZA,DIPARTIMENTO FIS,PIAZZALE ALDO MORO 19695 2,I-00185 ROME,ITALY. 19696 CR BINDER K, 1992, MONTE CARLO METHODS 19697 CAFIERO R, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P3939 19698 CALDARELLI G, 1988, PHYSICA A, V151, P207 19699 DEANGELIS R, 1991, EUROPHYS LETT, V16, P417 19700 ERZAN A, 1995, REV MOD PHYS, V67, P545 19701 EVERTSZ C, 1990, PHYS REV A, V41, P1830 19702 HANSEN A, 1990, EUROPHYS LETT, V13, P341 19703 HOSHEN J, 1976, PHYS REV B, V14, P3428 19704 PIETRONERO L, 1988, PHYSICA A, V151, P207 19705 STAUFFER D, 1985, INTRO PERCOLATION TH 19706 TREMBLAY RR, 1991, PHYS REV A, V44, P7985 19707 VICSEK T, 1992, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO 19708 WILKINSON D, 1983, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V16, P3365 19709 WITTEN TA, 1981, PHYS REV LETT, V47, P1400 19710 NR 14 19711 TC 2 19712 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 19713 PI COLLEGE PK 19714 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 19715 SN 1063-651X 19716 J9 PHYS REV E 19717 JI Phys. Rev. E 19718 PD JAN 19719 PY 1997 19720 VL 55 19721 IS 1 19722 PN Part B 19723 BP 1170 19724 EP 1173 19725 PG 4 19726 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical 19727 GA WD546 19728 UT ISI:A1997WD54600065 19729 ER 19730 19731 PT J 19732 AU Vespignani, A 19733 Zapperi, S 19734 Loreto, V 19735 TI Renormalization of nonequilibrium systems with critical stationary 19736 states 19737 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 19738 LA English 19739 DT Article 19740 ID FOREST-FIRE MODEL; SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY; MEAN-FIELD THEORY; 19741 CRITICAL-BEHAVIOR; SANDPILE MODELS; LATTICE GAS 19742 AB We introduce the general formulation of a renormalization method 19743 suitable to study the critical properties of nonequilibrium systems 19744 with steady states: the dynamically driven renormalization group. We 19745 renormalize the time evolution operator by computing the rescaled time 19746 transition rate between coarse grained states. The obtained 19747 renormalization equations are coupled to a stationarity condition which 19748 provides the approximate nonequilibrium statistical weights of 19749 steady-state configurations to be used in the calculations. in this way 19750 we are able to write recursion relations for the parameter evolution 19751 under scale change, from which we can extract numerical values for the 19752 critical exponents. This general framework allows the systematic 19753 analysis of several models showing self-organized criticality in terms 19754 of usual concepts of phase transitions and critical phenomena. 19755 C1 BOSTON UNIV,CTR POLYMER STUDIES,BOSTON,MA 02215. 19756 BOSTON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02215. 19757 ENEA,RES CTR,I-80055 PORTICI,NAPOLI,ITALY. 19758 RP Vespignani, A, LEIDEN UNIV,INST LORENTZ,POB 9506,NL-2300 RA 19759 LEIDEN,NETHERLANDS. 19760 CR BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381 19761 BAK P, 1988, PHYS REV A, V38, P364 19762 BAK P, 1990, PHYS LETT A, V147, P297 19763 BAK P, 1993, FRACTALS DISORDERED, V2 19764 CHRISTENSEN K, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P2737 19765 CLAR S, 1994, PHYS REV E A, V50, P1009 19766 CRESWICK RJ, 1992, INTRO RENORMALIZATIO 19767 DICKMAN R, 1988, PHYS REV A, V38, P2588 19768 DOMB C, 1972, PHASE TRANSITION CRI, V1 19769 DOMB C, 1983, PHASE TRANSITION CRI, V7 19770 DROSSEL B, COMMUNICATION 19771 DROSSEL B, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V69, P1629 19772 DROSSEL B, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P3739 19773 ERZAN A, 1995, REV MOD PHYS, V67, P545 19774 GRASSBERGER P, 1991, J STAT PHYS, V63, P685 19775 GRINSTEIN G, 1995, NATO ADV STUDY I B, V344 19776 IVASHKEVICH EV, 1996, PHYS REV LETT, V76, P3368 19777 KATZ S, 1983, PHYS REV B, V28, P1655 19778 KATZ S, 1984, J STAT PHYS, V34, P497 19779 KEIZER J, 1987, STAT THERMODYNAMICS 19780 LORETO V, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V75, P465 19781 MANDELBROT BB, 1983, FRACTAL GEOMETRY NAT 19782 MOSSNER WK, 1992, PHYSICA A, V190, P205 19783 NIEMEIJER T, 1972, PHASE TRANSITIONS CR, V6 19784 PATZLAFF H, 1994, PHYS LETT A, V189, P187 19785 PIETRONERO L, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P1690 19786 SCHMITTMANN B, 1983, PHASE TRANSITION CRI, V17 19787 VESPIGNANI A, IN PRESS 19788 VESPIGNANI A, 1995, PHYS REV E, V51, P1711 19789 VICSEK T, 1992, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO 19790 NR 30 19791 TC 16 19792 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 19793 PI COLLEGE PK 19794 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 19795 SN 0031-9007 19796 J9 PHYS REV LETT 19797 JI Phys. Rev. Lett. 19798 PD NOV 25 19799 PY 1996 19800 VL 77 19801 IS 22 19802 BP 4560 19803 EP 4563 19804 PG 4 19805 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 19806 GA VU502 19807 UT ISI:A1996VU50200020 19808 ER 19809 19810 PT J 19811 AU Caldarelli, G 19812 Vespignani, A 19813 TI Fixed scale transformation approach for born model of fractures 19814 SO FRACTALS-AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL ON THE COMPLEX GEOMETRY OF NATURE 19815 LA English 19816 DT Article 19817 ID DIFFUSION-LIMITED AGGREGATION; FRACTAL GROWTH 19818 AB We use the Fixed Scale Transformation theoretical approach to study the 19819 problem of fractal growth in fractures generated by using the Born 19820 Model. In this case the application of the method is more complex 19821 because of the vectorial nature of the model considered. In particular, 19822 one needs a careful choice of the lattice path integral for the 19823 fracture evolution and the identification of the appropriate way to 19824 take effectively into account screening effects. The good agreement of 19825 our results with computer simulations shows the validity and 19826 flexibility of the FST method in the study of fractal patterns 19827 evolution. 19828 C1 YALE UNIV,DEPT MATH,NEW HAVEN,CT 06520. 19829 RP Caldarelli, G, SCUOLA INT SUPER STUDI AVANZATI,ISAS,V BEIRUT 19830 2-4,I-34014 TRIESTE,ITALY. 19831 CR CAFIERO R, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P3939 19832 CALDARELLI G, 1994, PHYS REV E A, V49, P2673 19833 DEANGELIS R, 1991, EUROPHYS LETT, V16, P417 19834 ERZAN A, 1995, REV MOD PHYS 19835 LOUIS E, 1987, EUROPHYS LETT, V3, P871 19836 NIEMEYER L, 1984, PHYS REV LETT, V52, P1033 19837 PIETRONERO L, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V61, P861 19838 PIETRONERO L, 1988, PHYSICA A, V151, P207 19839 VESPIGNANI A, 1990, PHYSICA A, V168, P723 19840 WITTEN TA, 1981, PHYS REV LETT, V47, P1400 19841 YAN H, 1989, EUROPHYS LETT, V10, P7 19842 NR 11 19843 TC 0 19844 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD 19845 PI SINGAPORE 19846 PA JOURNAL DEPT PO BOX 128 FARRER ROAD, SINGAPORE 9128, SINGAPORE 19847 SN 0218-348X 19848 J9 FRACTALS 19849 JI Fractals-Interdiscip. J. Complex Geom. Nat. 19850 PD DEC 19851 PY 1995 19852 VL 3 19853 IS 4 19854 BP 829 19855 EP 837 19856 PG 9 19857 SC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Multidisciplinary Sciences 19858 GA VB886 19859 UT ISI:A1995VB88600019 19860 ER 19861 19862 PT J 19863 AU Vespignani, A 19864 Petri, A 19865 Alippi, A 19866 Paparo, G 19867 Costantini, M 19868 TI Long range correlation on properties of aftershock relaxation signals 19869 SO FRACTALS-AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL ON THE COMPLEX GEOMETRY OF NATURE 19870 LA English 19871 DT Article 19872 ID SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY; ACOUSTIC-EMISSION; 1/F NOISE; MODELS 19873 AB Relaxation processes taking place after microfracturing of laboratory 19874 samples give rise to ultrasonic acoustic emission signals. Statistical 19875 analysis of the resulting time series has revealed many features which 19876 are characteristic of critical phenomena. In particular, the 19877 autocorrelation functions obey a power-law behavior, implying a power 19878 spectrum of the kind 1/f. Also the amplitude distribution N(V) of such 19879 signals follows a power law, and the obtained exponents are consistent 19880 with those found in other experiments: N(V) dV similar or equal to 19881 V--gamma dV, with gamma = 1.7 +/- 0.2. We also analyzed the 19882 distribution N(tau) of the delay time tau between two consecutive 19883 acoustic emission events. We found that a N(tau) distribution rather 19884 close to a power law constitutes a common feature of all the recorded 19885 signals. These experimental results can be considered as a striking 19886 evidence for a critical dynamics underlying the microfracturing 19887 processes. 19888 C1 YALE UNIV,DEPT MATH,NEW HAVEN,CT 06520. 19889 UNIV PERUGIA,DIPARTIMENTO FIS,IST NAZL FIS NUCL,SEZ PERUGIA,I-06100 PERUGIA,ITALY. 19890 CONSORZIO RIC GRAN SASSO,I-67010 ASSERGI,LAQUILA,ITALY. 19891 UNIV ROMA LA SAPIENZA,DIPARTIMENTO FIS,I-00185 ROME,ITALY. 19892 CNR,IST ACUST OM CORBINO,I-00189 ROME,ITALY. 19893 CR BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381 19894 BAK P, 1988, PHYS REV A, V38, P364 19895 BAK P, 1989, NETURE, V342, P7800 19896 BAK P, 1993, FRACTALS DISORDERED, V2 19897 CAFIERO R, 1995, EUROPHYS LETT, V29, P111 19898 CANNELLI G, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P3923 19899 CHRISTENSEN K, 1991, J STAT PHYS, V63, P653 19900 CHRISTENSEN K, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V68, P2417 19901 DERUBEIS V, PREPRINT 19902 DIODATI P, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V67, P2239 19903 GUTENBERG B, 1956, ANN GEOFIS, V9, P1 19904 HIRATA T, 1987, J GEOPHYS RES-SOLID, V92, P6215 19905 HUANG J, 1988, EARTH PLANET SC LETT, V91, P223 19906 ISHIMOTO M, 1939, B EARTHQ RES I TOKYO, V17, P443 19907 KERTESZ J, 1990, J PHYS A, V23, L433 19908 LORD AE, 1981, PHYSICAL ACOUSTICS, V15 19909 MANDELBROT BB, 1983, FRACTAL GEOMETRY NAT 19910 MCDONALD DKC, 1962, NOISE FLUCTUATIONS 19911 MOGI K, 1962, B EARTHQ RES I TOKIO, V40, P815 19912 MOGI K, 1962, B EARTHQ RES I TOKYO, V40, P125 19913 MOGI K, 1963, B EARTHQ RES I TOKYO, V41, P595 19914 OMORI F, 1894, REP EARTH INV COMM, V2, P103 19915 PACZUSKI M, 1994, EUROPHYS LETT, V27, P97 19916 PETRI A, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V73, P3423 19917 PIETRONERO L, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P1690 19918 SORNETTE D, 1994, J PHYS I, V4, P209 19919 TZSCHICHHOLZ F, 1994, PHYS REV B, V49, P15035 19920 UTSU T, 1969, J FS HOKKAIDO U 7, V3, P129 19921 VICSEK T, 1994, FRACTALS NATURAL SCI 19922 NR 29 19923 TC 8 19924 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD 19925 PI SINGAPORE 19926 PA JOURNAL DEPT PO BOX 128 FARRER ROAD, SINGAPORE 9128, SINGAPORE 19927 SN 0218-348X 19928 J9 FRACTALS 19929 JI Fractals-Interdiscip. J. Complex Geom. Nat. 19930 PD DEC 19931 PY 1995 19932 VL 3 19933 IS 4 19934 BP 839 19935 EP 847 19936 PG 9 19937 SC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Multidisciplinary Sciences 19938 GA VB886 19939 UT ISI:A1995VB88600020 19940 ER 19941 19942 PT J 19943 AU Loreto, V 19944 Pietronero, L 19945 Vespignani, A 19946 Zapperi, S 19947 TI Renormalization group approach for forest fire models 19948 SO FRACTALS-AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL ON THE COMPLEX GEOMETRY OF NATURE 19949 LA English 19950 DT Article 19951 ID SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY; SANDPILE MODELS 19952 AB We introduce a Renormalization scheme for the one- and two-dimensional 19953 Forest-Fire models in order to characterize the nature of the critical 19954 state and its scale invariant dynamics. We show the existence of a 19955 relevant scaling field associated with a repulsive fixed point. These 19956 models are therefore critical in the usual sense because the fixed 19957 point value of the control parameter is crucial in order to get 19958 criticality and it is not just the expression of a time scale 19959 separation. This general scheme allows us to calculate analytically the 19960 critical exponents for the one- and two-dimensional cases. The results 19961 obtained are in good agreement with exact or numerical results. 19962 C1 YALE UNIV,DEPT MATH,NEW HAVEN,CT 06520. 19963 BOSTON UNIV,CTR POLYMER STUDIES,BOSTON,MA 02215. 19964 BOSTON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02215. 19965 RP Loreto, V, UNIV ROMA LA SAPIENZA,DIPARTIMENTO FIS,PIAZZALE ALDO MORO 19966 2,I-00185 ROME,ITALY. 19967 CR BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381 19968 BAK P, 1988, PHYS REV A, V38, P364 19969 BAK P, 1990, PHYS LETT A, V147, P297 19970 CAFIERO R, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P3939 19971 CAFIERO R, 1995, EUROPHYS LETT, V29, P111 19972 CHRISTENSEN K, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P2737 19973 CLAR S, 1994, PHYS REV E A, V50, P1009 19974 DROSSEL B, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V69, P1629 19975 DROSSEL B, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P3739 19976 ERZAN A, UNPUB REV MOD PHYS 19977 GRASSBERGER P, 1991, J STAT PHYS, V63, P685 19978 GRASSBERGER P, 1993, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V26, P2081 19979 LORETO V, UNPUB J PHYS 19980 MOSSNER WK, 1992, PHYSICA A, V190, P205 19981 PIETRONERO L, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P1690 19982 VESPIGNANI A, 1995, PHYS REV E, V51, P1711 19983 NR 16 19984 TC 1 19985 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD 19986 PI SINGAPORE 19987 PA JOURNAL DEPT PO BOX 128 FARRER ROAD, SINGAPORE 9128, SINGAPORE 19988 SN 0218-348X 19989 J9 FRACTALS 19990 JI Fractals-Interdiscip. J. Complex Geom. Nat. 19991 PD SEP 19992 PY 1995 19993 VL 3 19994 IS 3 19995 BP 445 19996 EP 452 19997 PG 8 19998 SC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Multidisciplinary Sciences 19999 GA VB883 20000 UT ISI:A1995VB88300005 20001 ER 20002 20003 PT J 20004 AU Loreto, V 20005 Vespignani, A 20006 Zapperi, S 20007 TI Renormalization scheme for forest-fire models 20008 SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS A-MATHEMATICAL AND GENERAL 20009 LA English 20010 DT Article 20011 ID SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY; DIFFUSION-LIMITED AGGREGATION; PERCOLATION 20012 AB We introduce a renormalization scheme for forest-fire models in order 20013 to characterize the nature of the critical state and its 20014 scale-invariant dynamics. We study one- and two-dimensional models 20015 defining a characterization of the phase space that allows us to 20016 describe the evolution of the dynamics under a scale transformation. We 20017 show the existence of a relevant critical parameter associated with a 20018 repulsive fixed point in the phase space, From the 20019 renormalization-group point of view these models are therefore critical 20020 in the usual sense, because the fixed-point value of the control 20021 parameter is crucial in order to get criticality. This general scheme 20022 allows us to calculate analytically the critical exponent nu which 20023 describes the approach to the critical point along the repulsive 20024 direction and the exponent tau that characterizes the distribution of 20025 forest clusters at the critical point. We obtain nu = 1.0, tau = 1.0 20026 and nu = 0.65, tau = 1.16, respectively, for the one- and 20027 two-dimensional cases, in very good agreement with exact and numerical 20028 results. 20029 C1 LEIDEN UNIV,INST LORENTZ,2300 RA LEIDEN,NETHERLANDS. 20030 BOSTON UNIV,CTR POLYMER STUDIES,BOSTON,MA 02215. 20031 BOSTON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02215. 20032 RP Loreto, V, UNIV ROMA LA SAPIENZA,DIPARTIMENTO FIS,PIAZZALE A MORO 20033 2,I-00185 ROME,ITALY. 20034 CR BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381 20035 BAK P, 1988, PHYS REV A, V38, P364 20036 BAK P, 1989, J GEOPHYS RES-SOLID, V94, P15635 20037 BAK P, 1990, PHYS LETT A, V147, P297 20038 BAK P, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P4083 20039 BAK P, 1993, RICERCHE ECONOMICHE, V47, P3 20040 BENHUR A, 1996, UNPUB PHYS REV E 20041 CAFIERO R, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P3939 20042 CHRISTENSEN K, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P2737 20043 CLAR S, 1994, PHYS REV E A, V50, P1009 20044 DROSSEL B, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V69, P1629 20045 DROSSEL B, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P3739 20046 DROSSEL B, 1994, PHYSICA A, V204, P212 20047 ERZAN A, 1995, REV MOD PHYS, V67, P545 20048 GRASSBERGER P, 1991, J STAT PHYS, V63, P685 20049 GRASSBERGER P, 1993, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V26, P2081 20050 HENLEY CL, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P2741 20051 LORETO V, 1995, PHYS REV LETT, V75, P465 20052 MOSSNER WK, 1992, PHYSICA A, V190, P205 20053 NIEMEYER L, 1984, PHYS REV LETT, V52, P1033 20054 PIETRONERO L, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V61, P861 20055 PIETRONERO L, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P1690 20056 VESPIGNANI A, UNPUB J STAT PHYS 20057 VESPIGNANI A, 1995, PHYS REV E, V51, P1711 20058 WILKINSON D, 1983, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V16, P3365 20059 WITTEN TA, 1981, PHYS REV LETT, V47, P1400 20060 NR 26 20061 TC 9 20062 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD 20063 PI BRISTOL 20064 PA TECHNO HOUSE, REDCLIFFE WAY, BRISTOL, ENGLAND BS1 6NX 20065 SN 0305-4470 20066 J9 J PHYS-A-MATH GEN 20067 JI J. Phys. A-Math. Gen. 20068 PD JUN 21 20069 PY 1996 20070 VL 29 20071 IS 12 20072 BP 2981 20073 EP 3004 20074 PG 24 20075 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Mathematical 20076 GA UU803 20077 UT ISI:A1996UU80300008 20078 ER 20079 20080 PT J 20081 AU KAUFMAN, H 20082 VESPIGNANI, A 20083 MANDELBROT, BB 20084 WOOG, L 20085 TI PARALLEL DIFFUSION-LIMITED AGGREGATION 20086 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E 20087 LA English 20088 DT Article 20089 ID OFF-LATTICE; CLUSTERS; DLA 20090 AB We present methods for simulating very large diffusion-limited 20091 aggregation (DLA) clusters using parallel processing (PDLA). With our 20092 techniques, we have been able to simulate clusters of up to 130 million 20093 particles. The time required for generating a 100 million particle PDLA 20094 is approximately 13 h. The fractal behavior of these ''parallel'' 20095 clusters changes from a multiparticle aggregation dynamics to the usual 20096 DLA dynamics. The transition is described by simple scaling assumptions 20097 that define a characteristic cluster size separating the two dynamical 20098 regimes. We also use DLA clusters as seeds for parallel processing. In 20099 this case, the transient regime disappears and the dynamics converges 20100 from the early stage to that of DLA. 20101 C1 IBM CORP,THOMAS J WATSON RES CTR,YORKTOWN HTS,NY 10598. 20102 RP KAUFMAN, H, YALE UNIV,DEPT MATH,NEW HAVEN,CT 06520. 20103 CR AMITRANO C, 1993, FRACTALS, V1, P840 20104 CAFIERO R, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P3939 20105 EVERTSZ C, 1990, PHYS REV A, V41, P1830 20106 FOLEY J, 1990, COMPUTER GRAPHICS PR 20107 HALSEY TC, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P1228 20108 MANDELBROT BB, 1992, PHYSICA A, V191, P95 20109 MANDELBROT BB, 1995, EUROPHYS LETT, V29, P599 20110 MEAKIN P, 1988, PHASE TRANSITIONS CR, V12, P335 20111 OSSADNIK P, 1992, PHYS REV A, V45, P1058 20112 OSSADNIK P, 1993, PHYSICA A, V195, P319 20113 PIETRONERO L, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V61, P861 20114 TOLMAN S, 1989, PHYS REV A, V40, P428 20115 VICSEK T, 1992, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO 20116 VICSEK T, 1994, FRACTALS NATURAL SCI 20117 VOSS RF, 1984, PHYS REV B, V30, P334 20118 VOSS RF, 1993, FRACTALS, V1, P141 20119 WITTEN TA, 1981, PHYS REV LETT, V47, P1400 20120 YEKUTIELI I, 1994, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V27, P275 20121 NR 18 20122 TC 16 20123 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 20124 PI COLLEGE PK 20125 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 20126 SN 1063-651X 20127 J9 PHYS REV E 20128 JI Phys. Rev. E 20129 PD NOV 20130 PY 1995 20131 VL 52 20132 IS 5 20133 PN Part B 20134 BP 5602 20135 EP 5609 20136 PG 8 20137 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical 20138 GA TG337 20139 UT ISI:A1995TG33700057 20140 ER 20141 20142 PT J 20143 AU PIETRONERO, L 20144 VESPIGNANI, A 20145 TI FRACTALS, SELF-ORGANIZED-CRITICALITY AND THE FIXED SCALE TRANSFORMATION 20146 SO CHAOS SOLITONS & FRACTALS 20147 LA English 20148 DT Article 20149 AB DLA Fractal growth models and the sand pile models are both 20150 characterized by a non linear irreversible dynamics that evolves 20151 spontaneously in a critical state. These phenomena pose questions of 20152 new type for which novel theoretical concepts are necessary. We argue 20153 that the approach of the Fixed Scale Transformation contains some of 20154 the essential theoretical elements to treat these problems and to 20155 compute their properties analytically. Its original application to 20156 DLA-like problems has been made more systematic by the analysis of the 20157 scale invariant growth dynamics. Recently these concepts have been also 20158 developed for an analytical study of the critical properties of 20159 sandpile models. 20160 RP PIETRONERO, L, UNIV ROMA LA SAPIENZA,DIPARTIMENTO FIS,PIAZZALE A MORO 20161 2,I-00185 ROME,ITALY. 20162 CR BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381 20163 CAFIERO R, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P3939 20164 CRESWICK RJ, 1992, RENORMALIZATION GROU 20165 MANNA SS, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, L363 20166 PIETRONERO L, PREPRINT 20167 PIETRONERO L, UNPUB REV MODERN PHY 20168 PIETRONERO L, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V61, P861 20169 PIETRONERO L, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V66, P2336 20170 VICSEK T, 1992, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO 20171 NR 9 20172 TC 2 20173 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD 20174 PI OXFORD 20175 PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB 20176 SN 0960-0779 20177 J9 CHAOS SOLITON FRACTAL 20178 JI Chaos Solitons Fractals 20179 PY 1995 20180 VL 6 20181 BP 471 20182 EP 480 20183 PG 10 20184 SC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, 20185 Multidisciplinary; Physics, Mathematical 20186 GA TF140 20187 UT ISI:A1995TF14000054 20188 ER 20189 20190 PT J 20191 AU ZARATTI, F 20192 RUIZ, I 20193 PIETRONERO, L 20194 VESPIGNANI, A 20195 TI FIXED SCALE TRANSFORMATION APPLIED TO FRACTAL AGGREGATION WITH LEVY 20196 FLIGHT PARTICLE TRAJECTORIES 20197 SO CHAOS SOLITONS & FRACTALS 20198 LA English 20199 DT Article 20200 ID DIFFUSION-LIMITED AGGREGATION 20201 AB We extend the Fixed Scale Transformation (FST) method, developed for 20202 Laplacian fractal growth, to the case of aggregation phenomena based on 20203 diffusing particles following Levy-flight walk. We compute analytically 20204 the clusters fractal dimension for different values of the exponent 20205 governing the Levy-flight trajectories. The results obtained are in 20206 very good agreement with the numerical simulations and show 20207 analytically how the different screening effects present in the 20208 Levy-flight diffusion change the aggregates fractal dimension. 20209 C1 UNIV TOMAS FRIAS,DEPT FIS,POTOSI,BOLIVIA. 20210 UNIV ROMA LA SAPIENZA,DIPARTIMENTO FIS,I-00185 ROME,ITALY. 20211 RP ZARATTI, F, UNIV MAYOR SAN ANDRES,INST INVEST FIS,LA PAZ,BOLIVIA. 20212 CR CAFIERO R, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P3939 20213 ERZAN A, 1994, REV MOD PHYS 20214 MEAKIN P, 1984, KINETICS AGGREGATION 20215 MEAKIN P, 1984, PHYS REV B, V29, P3722 20216 PIETRONERO L, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V61, P861 20217 PIETRONERO L, 1995, CHAOS SOLITON FRACT, V6, P471 20218 VICSEK T, 1991, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO 20219 WITTEN TA, 1981, PHYS REV LETT, V47, P1400 20220 WITTEN TA, 1981, PHYS REV LETT, V47, P1400 20221 ZARATTI F, 1993, PREPRINT 20222 NR 10 20223 TC 0 20224 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD 20225 PI OXFORD 20226 PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB 20227 SN 0960-0779 20228 J9 CHAOS SOLITON FRACTAL 20229 JI Chaos Solitons Fractals 20230 PY 1995 20231 VL 6 20232 BP 585 20233 EP 591 20234 PG 7 20235 SC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, 20236 Multidisciplinary; Physics, Mathematical 20237 GA TF140 20238 UT ISI:A1995TF14000066 20239 ER 20240 20241 PT J 20242 AU MANDELBROT, BB 20243 VESPIGNANI, A 20244 KAUFMAN, H 20245 TI CROSSCUT ANALYSIS OF LARGE RADIAL DLA - DEPARTURES FROM SELF-SIMILARITY 20246 AND LACUNARITY EFFECTS 20247 SO EUROPHYSICS LETTERS 20248 LA English 20249 DT Article 20250 ID DIFFUSION-LIMITED AGGREGATION; DIELECTRIC-BREAKDOWN; ACTIVE ZONE; 20251 CLUSTERS; MODEL 20252 AB In order to understand better the morphology and the asymptotic 20253 behavior in Diffusion-Limited Aggregation (DLA), we studied a large 20254 number of very large off-lattice circular clusters. We inspected both 20255 dynamical and geometric asymptotic properties via the scaling behavior 20256 of the transverse growth crosscuts, ie. the one-dimensional cuts by 20257 circles. The emerging picture corresponds qualitatively and 20258 quantitatively to the scenario of infinite drift that starts from the 20259 familiar five-armed shape for small sizes and proceeds through 20260 increasingly tight multi-armed shapes. The transverse crosscuts show 20261 quantitatively how the lacunarity of circular clusters becomes 20262 increasingly compact with size. Finally, we find the transverse-cut 20263 dimensions to be in agreement for clusters grown in circular and 20264 cylindrical geometry, suggesting that the question of universality is 20265 best addressed on the crosscut. 20266 C1 IBM CORP,THOMAS J WATSON RES CTR,YORKTOWN HTS,NY 10598. 20267 RP MANDELBROT, BB, YALE UNIV,DEPT MATH,NEW HAVEN,CT 06520. 20268 CR AMITRANO C, 1993, FRACTALS, V1, P840 20269 ARNEODO A, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V68, P3456 20270 ERZAN A, 1995, REV MOD PHYS, V67, P545 20271 EVERTSZ C, 1990, PHYS REV A, V41, P1830 20272 HALSEY TC, 1992, PHYS REV A, V46, P7793 20273 MANDELBROT BB, 1982, FRACTAL GEOMETRY NAT 20274 MANDELBROT BB, 1992, PHYSICA A, V191, P95 20275 MANDELBROT BB, 1994, J PHYS A, V27, L237 20276 MANDELBROT BB, 1995, EUROPHYS LETT, V29, P599 20277 MANDELBROT BB, 1995, FRACTAL GEOMETRY STO 20278 MEAKIN P, 1988, PHASE TRANSITIONS CR, V12, P335 20279 NIEMEYER L, 1984, PHYS REV LETT, V52, P1033 20280 OSSADNIK P, 1993, PHYSICA A, V195, P319 20281 PICCIONI M, UNPUB 20282 PLISCHKE M, 1984, PHYS REV LETT, V53, P415 20283 VICSEK T, 1989, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO 20284 VOSS RF, 1993, FRACTALS, V1, P141 20285 WITTEN TA, 1981, PHYS REV LETT, V47, P1400 20286 YEKUTIELI L, 1994, J PHYS A, V27, P275 20287 NR 19 20288 TC 18 20289 PU EDITIONS PHYSIQUE 20290 PI LES ULIS CEDEX 20291 PA Z I DE COURTABOEUF AVE 7 AV DU HOGGAR, BP 112, 91944 LES ULIS CEDEX, 20292 FRANCE 20293 SN 0295-5075 20294 J9 EUROPHYS LETT 20295 JI Europhys. Lett. 20296 PD OCT 20 20297 PY 1995 20298 VL 32 20299 IS 3 20300 BP 199 20301 EP 204 20302 PG 6 20303 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 20304 GA TC610 20305 UT ISI:A1995TC61000002 20306 ER 20307 20308 PT J 20309 AU ERZAN, A 20310 PIETRONERO, L 20311 VESPIGNANI, A 20312 TI THE FIXED-SCALE TRANSFORMATION APPROACH TO FRACTAL GROWTH 20313 SO REVIEWS OF MODERN PHYSICS 20314 LA English 20315 DT Review 20316 ID DIFFUSION-LIMITED-AGGREGATION; RENORMALIZATION-GROUP-APPROACH; 20317 SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY; DIELECTRIC-BREAKDOWN MODEL; CLUSTER-CLUSTER 20318 AGGREGATION; REGGEON FIELD-THEORY; STATE POTTS-MODEL; DIRECTED 20319 PERCOLATION; INVASION PERCOLATION; CRITICAL EXPONENTS 20320 AB Irreversible fractal-growth models like diffusion-limited aggregation 20321 (DLA) and the dielectric breakdown model (DBM) have confronted us with 20322 theoretical problems of a new type for which standard concepts like 20323 field theory and renormalization group do not seem to be suitable. The 20324 fixed-scale transformation (FST) is a theoretical scheme of a novel 20325 type that can deal with such problems in a reasonably systematic way. 20326 The main idea is to focus on the irreversible dynamics at a given scale 20327 and to compute accurately the nearest-neighbor correlations at this 20328 scale by suitable lattice path integrals. The next basic step is to 20329 identify the scale-invariant dynamics that refers to coarse-grained 20330 variables of arbitrary scale. The use of scale-invariant growth rules 20331 allows us to generalize these correlations to coarse-grained cells of 20332 any size and therefore to compute the fractal dimension. The basic 20333 point is to split the long-time limit (t-->infinity) for the dynamical 20334 process at a given scale that produces the asymptotically frozen 20335 structure, from the large-scale limit (r-->infinity) which defines the 20336 scale-invariant dynamics. In addition, by working at a fixed scale with 20337 respect to dynamical evolution, it is possible to include the 20338 fluctuations of boundary conditions and to reach;a remarkable level of 20339 accuracy for a real-space method. This new framework is able to explain 20340 the self-organized critical nature and the origin of fractal structures 20341 in irreversible-fractal-growth models, it also provides a rather 20342 systematic procedure for the analytical calculation of the fractal 20343 dimension and other critical exponents. The FST method can be naturally 20344 extended to a variety of equilibrium and nonequilibrium models that 20345 generate fractal structures. 20346 C1 UNIV ROMA LA SAPIENZA,DIPARTIMENTO FIS,I-00185 ROME,ITALY. 20347 LEIDEN UNIV,INST LORENTZ,2300 RA LEIDEN,NETHERLANDS. 20348 RP ERZAN, A, ISTANBUL TECH UNIV,FAC SCI & LETTERS,DEPT PHYS,ISTANBUL 20349 80626,TURKEY. 20350 CR ABARBANEL HDI, 1976, PHYS REV D, V14, P632 20351 AMIT DJ, 1978, FIELD THEORY RENORMA 20352 ARNEODO A, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V61, P2281 20353 ARNEODO A, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V63, P984 20354 BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381 20355 BAK P, 1988, PHYS REV A, V38, P364 20356 BAK P, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P4083 20357 BALL RC, 1984, PHYS REV A, V29, P2966 20358 BARKER PW, 1990, PHYS REV A, V42, P6289 20359 BAXTER RJ, 1988, J PHYS A, V21, P3193 20360 BENAVRAHAM D, 1991, PHYS REV A, V43, P7093 20361 BENZI R, 1984, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V17, P3521 20362 BLUMENFELD R, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V62, P2927 20363 BOHR T, 1988, EUROPHYS LETT, V6, P445 20364 BURKHARDT TW, 1982, REAL SPACE RENORMALI 20365 CAFIERO R, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P3939 20366 CALDARELLI G, 1994, PHYS REV E A, V49, P2673 20367 CALDARELLI G, 1995, PHYSICA A, V215, P223 20368 CARDY JL, 1980, J PHYS A, V13, L423 20369 CHAYES JT, 1986, CRITICAL PHENOMENA R, P1090 20370 CHENDLER R, 1982, J FLUID MECH, V119, P249 20371 COLEMAN PH, 1992, PHYS REP, V213, P311 20372 CONIGLIO A, 1980, J PHYS A, V13, P2775 20373 CONIGLIO A, 1982, J PHYS A, V15, P1873 20374 CONIGLIO A, 1986, PHYS REV LETT, V57, P1016 20375 CONIGLIO A, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V62, P3054 20376 CONIGLIO A, 1990, PHYSICA A, V163, P325 20377 DEANGELIS R, 1991, EUROPHYS LETT, V16, P417 20378 DEDOMINICIS C, 1975, LETT NUOVO CIMENTO, V12, P567 20379 DEDOMINICIS C, 1975, PHYS REV B, V12, P4945 20380 DEDOMINICIS C, 1976, J PHYS-PARIS, V37, P247 20381 DEDOMINICIS C, 1977, PHYS REV B, V18, P353 20382 DEDOMINICIS C, 1977, PHYS REV LETT, V38, P505 20383 DEGENNES PG, 1979, SCALING CONCEPTS POL 20384 DENNIJS M, 1983, PHYS REV B, V27, P1674 20385 DENNIJS MPM, 1979, J PHYS A, V12, P1857 20386 DERRIDA B, 1985, J PHYS-PARIS, V46, P1623 20387 DICKMAN R, 1986, PHYS REV A, V34, P4246 20388 DISTASIO M, 1994, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V27, P317 20389 DUPLANTIER B, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V63, P2536 20390 ECKMANN JP, 1989, PHYS REV A, V29, P3185 20391 ECKMANN JP, 1990, PHYS REV LETT, V65, P52 20392 EDEN M, 1961, 4TH P BERK S MATH ST, V4, P223 20393 ELDERFIELD D, 1985, J PHYS A, V18, P2591 20394 ELDERFIELD D, 1985, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V18, L767 20395 ELDERFIELD D, 1985, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V18, L773 20396 ERZAN A, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, P1875 20397 ERZAN A, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V66, P2750 20398 ERZAN A, 1992, EUROPHYS LETT, V20, P595 20399 ERZAN A, 1992, PHYSICA A, V185, P66 20400 ESSAM JW, 1988, J PHYS A, V21, P3815 20401 EVERTSZ C, 1989, THESIS U GRONINGEN 20402 EVERTSZ C, 1990, PHYS REV A, V41, P1830 20403 FEDER J, 1988, FRACTALS 20404 FISHER ME, 1967, REP PROGR PHYS, V30, P615 20405 FURNBERG L, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V61, P2117 20406 GLAUBER RJ, 1963, J MATH PHYS, V4, P294 20407 GRASSBERGER P, 1979, ANN PHYS-NEW YORK, V122, P373 20408 GRASSBERGER P, 1982, Z PHYS B, V47, P465 20409 GRASSBERGER P, 1986, FRACTALS PHYSICS, P273 20410 GRASSBERGER P, 1992, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V25, P5475 20411 GUNTON JD, 1979, LECTURE NOTES PHYSIC, V1, P104 20412 GUOLD H, 1983, PHYS REV LETT, V50, P686 20413 HALPERIN BI, 1972, PHYS REV LETT, V29, P1548 20414 HALPINHEALY T, 1955, PHYS REP, V254, P215 20415 HALSEY TC, 1992, PHYS REV A, V46, P7793 20416 HALSEY TC, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P1228 20417 HOHENBERG PC, 1977, REV MOD PHYS, V49, P425 20418 HOLSCHNEIDER M, 1988, J STAT PHYS, V50, P953 20419 HONDA K, 1986, J PHYS SOC JPN, V55, P707 20420 HUNER M, 1994, PHYSICA A, V212, P314 20421 JANSSEN HK, 1979, LECT NOTE PHYS, V104, P26 20422 JULLIEN R, 1987, AGGREGATIONN FRACTAL 20423 KADANOFF LP, 1967, REV MOD PHYS, V39, P395 20424 KANEKO K, 1985, COLLAPSE TORI GENESI 20425 KARDAR M, 1986, PHYS REV LETT, V56, P889 20426 KERTESZ J, 1986, J PHYS A, V19, L257 20427 KINZEL W, 1983, ANN ISRAEL PHYSICAL, V5, P425 20428 KIRKALDY JS, 1992, REP PROG PHYS, V55, P723 20429 KOLB M, 1983, PHYS REV LETT, V51, P1123 20430 LEYVRAZ F, 1986, GROWTH FORM, P136 20431 LIGGETT TM, 1985, INTERACTING PARTICLE 20432 LUIS E, 1987, EUROPHYS LETT, V3, P871 20433 MANDELBROT BB, 1974, J FLUID MECH, V62, P331 20434 MANDELBROT BB, 1982, FRACTAL GEOMETRY NAT 20435 MANDELBROT BB, 1990, NATURE, V348, P143 20436 MANDELBROT BB, 1992, PHYSICA A, V191, P95 20437 MANDELBROT BB, 1995, IN PRESS EUROPHYS LE 20438 MARSILI M, 1991, PHYSICA A, V175, P9 20439 MARSILI M, 1994, J STAT PHYS, V77, P733 20440 MAZENKO GF, 1979, LECTURE NOTES PHYSIC, V104, P97 20441 MEAKIN P, 1983, PHYS REV LETT, V51, P1119 20442 MEAKIN P, 1984, PHYS REV B, V29, P3722 20443 MEAKIN P, 1988, PHASE TRANSITIONS CR, V12, P335 20444 MEAKIN P, 1989, FRACTALS PHYSICAL OR, P137 20445 MEINHARDT H, 1992, REP PROG PHYS, V55, P797 20446 MIGDAL AA, 1974, PHYS LETT B, V48, P239 20447 MIGDAL AA, 1974, ZH EKSP TEOR FIZ, V67, P84 20448 MOUKARZEL C, 1992, PHYSICA A, V188, P469 20449 MUTHUKUMAR M, 1983, PHYS REV LETT, V50, P839 20450 NAGATANI T, 1987, J PHYS A, V20, L381 20451 NAGATANI T, 1987, PHYS REV A, V36, P5812 20452 NICOLIS G, 1977, SELF ORG NONEQUILIBR 20453 NIEMEYER L, 1984, PHYS REV LETT, V52, P1038 20454 NITTMANN J, 1986, NATURE, V321, P663 20455 OHONO K, 1992, PHYS REV A, V46, P3400 20456 OSSADNIK P, 1992, PHYS REV A, V45, P1058 20457 PALADIN G, 1987, PHYS REP, V156, P145 20458 PARISI G, 1985, J STAT PHYS, V41, P1 20459 PELITI L, 1985, J PHYS-PARIS, V46, P1469 20460 PICCIONI M, 1995, UNPUB 20461 PIETRONERO L, 1984, J STAT PHYS, V36, P811 20462 PIETRONERO L, 1986, FRACTALS PHYSICS 20463 PIETRONERO L, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V61, P861 20464 PIETRONERO L, 1988, PHYSICA A, V151, P207 20465 PIETRONERO L, 1990, PHYS REV A, V42, P7496 20466 PIETRONERO L, 1990, PHYSICA A, V170, P64 20467 PIETRONERO L, 1990, PHYSICA A, V170, P81 20468 PIETRONERO L, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V66, P2336 20469 PIETRONERO L, 1991, PHYSICA A, V173, P22 20470 PIETRONERO L, 1993, FRACTALS, V1, P41 20471 PIETRONERO L, 1993, J FRACTALS, V1, P650 20472 PIETRONERO L, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P1690 20473 PIETRONERO L, 1995, PREPRINT 20474 PIETRONERO L, 1995, STOCHASTIC PROCESSES, P581 20475 RINTOUL MD, 1992, J PHYS A, V25, L945 20476 ROUX S, 1989, J PHYS A, V19, P3693 20477 SCHLOGL F, 1972, Z PHYS, V253, P147 20478 SCHWARZER S, 1990, PHYS REV LETT, V65, P603 20479 SHAPIR Y, 1986, J PHYS PARIS LETT, V46, L529 20480 SIDORETTI S, 1992, PHYSICA A, V185, P202 20481 SIEBESMA AP, 1988, PHYSICA A, V156, P613 20482 SMOLUCHOWSKI MV, 1916, PHYS Z, V17, P585 20483 STANLEY HE, 1971, INTRO PHASE TRANSITI 20484 STANLEY HE, 1982, REAL SPACE RENORMALI 20485 STANLEY HE, 1986, GROWTH FORM FRACTAL 20486 STAUFFER D, 1985, INTRO PERCOLATION TH 20487 STELL G, 1987, PHASE TRANSITIONS CR, P205 20488 STELLA AL, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V62, P1067 20489 SUZUKI M, 1979, LECTURE NOTES PHYSIC, V104, P75 20490 SYKES MF, 1972, J PHYS A, V5, P653 20491 TANG C, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V60, P2347 20492 TREMBLAY RR, 1989, PHYS REV A, V40, P5377 20493 TURKEVICH LA, 1985, PHYS REV LETT, V55, P1026 20494 VANDERZANDE C, 1992, PHYSICA A, V185, P235 20495 VANNIMENUS J, 1984, PHYS REV B, V30, P391 20496 VESPIGNANI A, 1990, PHYSICA A, V168, P723 20497 VESPIGNANI A, 1991, PHYSICA A, V173, P1 20498 VESPIGNANI A, 1993, FRACTALS, V1, P1002 20499 VESPIGNANI A, 1995, PHYS REV E, V51, P1711 20500 VICSEK T, 1984, PHYS REV LETT, V52, P1669 20501 VICSEK T, 1985, PHYS REV A, V32, P1122 20502 VICSEK T, 1992, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO 20503 WANG XR, 1989, J PHYS A, V22, L507 20504 WANG XR, 1989, PHYS REV A, V39, P5974 20505 WATTS MG, 1975, J PHYS A, V8, P61 20506 WHITE SR, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V68, P3487 20507 WILKINSON D, 1983, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V16, P3365 20508 WILSON KG, 1974, PHYS REP, V12, P75 20509 WITTEN TA, 1981, PHYS REV LETT, V47, P1400 20510 WITTEN TA, 1983, PHYS REV B, V27, P5685 20511 WOLFRAM S, 1983, REV MOD PHYS, V55, P601 20512 WOLFRAM S, 1983, REV MOD PHYS, V55, P601 20513 YAN H, 1989, EUROPHYS LETT, V10, P7 20514 ZARATTI F, 1995, UNPUB 20515 ZHANG YC, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V63, P473 20516 ZIFF RM, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V69, P2670 20517 NR 167 20518 TC 85 20519 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 20520 PI COLLEGE PK 20521 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 20522 SN 0034-6861 20523 J9 REV MOD PHYS 20524 JI Rev. Mod. Phys. 20525 PD JUL 20526 PY 1995 20527 VL 67 20528 IS 3 20529 BP 545 20530 EP 604 20531 PG 60 20532 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 20533 GA RW066 20534 UT ISI:A1995RW06600001 20535 ER 20536 20537 PT J 20538 AU LORETO, V 20539 PIETRONERO, L 20540 VESPIGNANI, A 20541 ZAPPERI, S 20542 TI RENORMALIZATION-GROUP APPROACH TO THE CRITICAL-BEHAVIOR OF THE 20543 FOREST-FIRE MODEL 20544 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 20545 LA English 20546 DT Article 20547 ID SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY 20548 AB We introduce a renormalization scheme for the one- and two-dimensional 20549 forest-fire model in order to characterize the nature of the critical 20550 state and its scale invariant dynamics. We show the existence of a 20551 relevant scaling field associated with a repulsive fixed point. This 20552 model is therefore critical in the usual sense because the control 20553 parameter has to be tuned to its critical value in order to get 20554 criticality. It turns out that this is not just the condition for a 20555 time scale separation. The critical exponents are computed analytically 20556 and we obtain nu = 1.0, tau = 1.0 and nu = 0.65, tau = 1.16, 20557 respectively, for the one- and two-dimensional cases, in very good 20558 agreement with numerical simulations. 20559 C1 LEIDEN UNIV,INST LORENTZ,2300 RA LEIDEN,NETHERLANDS. 20560 BOSTON UNIV,CTR POLYMER STUDIES,BOSTON,MA 02215. 20561 BOSTON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02215. 20562 RP LORETO, V, UNIV ROMA LA SAPIENZA,DIPARTIMENTO FIS,PIAZZALE ALDO MORO 20563 2,I-00185 ROME,ITALY. 20564 CR BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381 20565 BAK P, 1988, PHYS REV A, V38, P364 20566 BAK P, 1990, PHYS LETT A, V147, P297 20567 CAFIERO R, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P3939 20568 CAFIERO R, 1995, EUROPHYS LETT, V29, P111 20569 CHRISTENSEN K, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P2737 20570 CLAR S, 1994, PHYS REV E A, V50, P1009 20571 DROSSEL B, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V69, P1629 20572 DROSSEL B, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P3739 20573 DROSSEL B, 1994, PHYSICA A, V204, P212 20574 ERZAN A, IN PRESS FIXED SCALE 20575 GRASSBERGER P, 1991, J STAT PHYS, V63, P685 20576 GRASSBERGER P, 1993, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V26, P2081 20577 LORETO V, IN PRESS RENORMALIZE 20578 MOSSNER WK, 1992, PHYSICA A, V190, P205 20579 PIETRONERO L, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V61, P861 20580 PIETRONERO L, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P1690 20581 VESPIGNANI A, 1995, PHYS REV E, V51, P1711 20582 NR 18 20583 TC 33 20584 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 20585 PI COLLEGE PK 20586 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 20587 SN 0031-9007 20588 J9 PHYS REV LETT 20589 JI Phys. Rev. Lett. 20590 PD JUL 17 20591 PY 1995 20592 VL 75 20593 IS 3 20594 BP 465 20595 EP 468 20596 PG 4 20597 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 20598 GA RK330 20599 UT ISI:A1995RK33000028 20600 ER 20601 20602 PT J 20603 AU CALDARELLI, G 20604 VESPIGNANI, A 20605 PIETRONERO, L 20606 TI FIXED SCALE TRANSFORMATION FOR FRACTURE GROWTH-PROCESSES GOVERNED BY 20607 VECTORIAL FIELDS 20608 SO PHYSICA A 20609 LA English 20610 DT Article 20611 ID DIFFUSION-LIMITED AGGREGATION 20612 AB We use the Fixed Scale Transformation (FST) approach to study the 20613 problem of fractal growth in fracture patterns generated by using the 20614 Born Model, The application of the method to this model is very complex 20615 because of the vectorial nature of the system considered. In 20616 particular, the implementation of this scheme requires a careful choice 20617 of the fracture path and the identification of the appropriate way to 20618 take into account screening effects, The good agreements of our results 20619 with computer simulations shows the validity and flexibility of the FST 20620 method which represents a general theoretical approach for the study of 20621 fractal patterns evolution. 20622 C1 YALE UNIV,DEPT MATH,NEW HAVEN,CT 06520. 20623 UNIV ROMA LA SAPIENZA,DIPARTIMENTO FIS,I-00185 ROME,ITALY. 20624 RP CALDARELLI, G, ISAS,SISSA,V BEIRUT 2-4,I-34014 GRIGNANO TRIESTE,ITALY. 20625 CR CAFIERO R, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P3939 20626 CALDARELLI G, 1994, PHYS REV E A, V49, P2673 20627 DEANGELIS R, 1991, EUROPHYS LETT, V16, P417 20628 ERZAN A, 1995, REV MOD PHYS 20629 HERRING RD, 1990, SCH COUNSELOR, V38, P13 20630 LOUIS E, 1987, EUROPHYS LETT, V3, P871 20631 NIEMEYER L, 1984, PHYS REV LETT, V52, P1033 20632 PIETRONERO L, 1987, PHYSICA A, V151, P207 20633 PIETRONERO L, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V61, P861 20634 VESPIGNANI A, 1990, PHYSICA A, V168, P723 20635 WITTEN TA, 1981, PHYS REV LETT, V47, P1400 20636 YAN H, 1989, EUROPHYS LETT, V10, P7 20637 NR 12 20638 TC 1 20639 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV 20640 PI AMSTERDAM 20641 PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS 20642 SN 0378-4371 20643 J9 PHYSICA A 20644 JI Physica A 20645 PD MAY 1 20646 PY 1995 20647 VL 215 20648 IS 3 20649 BP 223 20650 EP 232 20651 PG 10 20652 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 20653 GA QX194 20654 UT ISI:A1995QX19400001 20655 ER 20656 20657 PT J 20658 AU MANDELBROT, BB 20659 KAUFMAN, H 20660 VESPIGNANI, A 20661 YEKUTIELI, I 20662 LAM, CH 20663 TI DEVIATIONS FROM SELF-SIMILARITY IN PLANE DLA AND THE INFINITE DRIFT 20664 SCENARIO 20665 SO EUROPHYSICS LETTERS 20666 LA English 20667 DT Article 20668 ID DIFFUSION-LIMITED AGGREGATION; ACTIVE ZONE; GROWING CLUSTERS; EDEN MODEL 20669 AB The behavior of very large clusters of diffusion-limited aggregation 20670 (DLA) was investigated to help discriminate between the two geometric 20671 scenarios recently described by Mandelbrot: finite transient and 20672 infinite drift. Using 50 DLA clusters of I million particles, we follow 20673 the increase during growth of the maximum radius of the clusters and of 20674 various relative moments. One can distinguish two regions: an inactive 20675 completely grown core and an active growing region. In the growing 20676 region, scale factors were defined the moments of the atoms distances 20677 from the original ''seed''. They do not cross-over to the behavior 20678 characteristic of self-similarity for finite sizes and support the 20679 novel ''drift'', scenario that postulate an infinite continuing 20680 ''transient''. The moment's ''misbehavior'' may help understand the 20681 disagreement between previous estimates of the clusters' fractal 20682 dimension. 20683 C1 IBM CORP,THOMAS J WATSON RES CTR,YORKTOWN HTS,NY 10598. 20684 UNIV PITTSBURGH,DEPT PHYS & ASTRON,PITTSBURGH,PA 15260. 20685 HONG KONG POLYTECH,DEPT APPL PHYS,KOWLOON,HONG KONG. 20686 RP MANDELBROT, BB, YALE UNIV,DEPT MATH,BOX 208283,NEW HAVEN,CT 06520. 20687 CR LAM CH, IN PRESS 20688 MANDELBROT BB, 1982, FRACTAL GEOMETRY NAT 20689 MANDELBROT BB, 1992, PHYSICA A, V191, P95 20690 MEAKIN P, 1985, PHYS REV LETT, V54, P2053 20691 MEAKIN P, 1988, PHASE TRANSITIONS CR, V12, P335 20692 OSSADNIK P, 1993, PHYSICA A, V195, P319 20693 PIETRONERO L, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V61, P861 20694 PLISCHKE M, 1984, PHYS REV LETT, V53, P415 20695 VICSEK T, 1989, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO 20696 VOSS RF, 1993, FRACTALS, V1, P141 20697 WITTEN TA, 1981, PHYS REV LETT, V47, P1400 20698 YEKUTIELI I, 1994, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V27, P275 20699 NR 12 20700 TC 20 20701 PU EDITIONS PHYSIQUE 20702 PI LES ULIS CEDEX 20703 PA Z I DE COURTABOEUF AVE 7 AV DU HOGGAR, BP 112, 91944 LES ULIS CEDEX, 20704 FRANCE 20705 SN 0295-5075 20706 J9 EUROPHYS LETT 20707 JI Europhys. Lett. 20708 PD MAR 10 20709 PY 1995 20710 VL 29 20711 IS 8 20712 BP 599 20713 EP 604 20714 PG 6 20715 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 20716 GA QN883 20717 UT ISI:A1995QN88300002 20718 ER 20719 20720 PT J 20721 AU VESPIGNANI, A 20722 ZAPPERI, S 20723 PIETRONERO, L 20724 TI RENORMALIZATION APPROACH TO THE SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICAL-BEHAVIOR OF 20725 SANDPILE MODELS 20726 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E 20727 LA English 20728 DT Article 20729 ID DIFFUSION-LIMITED AGGREGATION; CRITICAL EXPONENTS; PHASE-TRANSITIONS; 20730 UNIVERSALITY; DYNAMICS; SYSTEMS; NOISE 20731 C1 YALE UNIV,DEPT MATH,NEW HAVEN,CT 06520. 20732 BOSTON UNIV,CTR POLYMER STUDIES,BOSTON,MA 02215. 20733 BOSTON UNIV,DEPT PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02215. 20734 RP VESPIGNANI, A, UNIV ROMA LA SAPIENZA,DIPARTIMENTO FIS,PIAZZALE ALDO 20735 MORO 2,I-00185 ROME,ITALY. 20736 CR BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381 20737 BAK P, 1988, PHYS REV A, V38, P364 20738 BAK P, 1989, NATURE, V342, P780 20739 BAK P, 1993, FRACTALS DISORDERED, V2 20740 BAK P, 1993, RICERCHE ECONOMICHE, V47, P3 20741 BURKHARDT TW, 1982, REAL SPACE RENORMALI 20742 CAFIERO R, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P3939 20743 CAFIERO R, 1995, EUROPHYS LETT, V29, P111 20744 CALDARELLI G, COMMUNICATION 20745 CHRISTENSEN K, 1991, J STAT PHYS, V61, P653 20746 CHRISTENSEN K, 1992, PHYS REV A, V46, P1829 20747 CRESWICK RJ, 1992, INTRO RENORMALIZATIO 20748 DHAR D, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V63, P1659 20749 DHAR D, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V64, P1613 20750 DIAZGUILERA A, 1992, PHYS REV A, V45, P8551 20751 DIAZGUILERA A, 1994, EUROPHYS LETT, V26, P177 20752 ERZAN A, UNPUB 20753 GRASSBERGER P, 1990, J PHYS-PARIS, V51, P1077 20754 HWA T, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V62, P1813 20755 KADANOFF LP, 1989, PHYS REV A, V39, P6524 20756 KADANOFF LP, 1990, PHYSICA A, V163, P1 20757 KADANOFF LP, 1991, PHYS TODAY, V44, P9 20758 LORETO V, UNPUB 20759 MAJUMDAR SN, 1992, PHYSICA A, V185, P129 20760 MANNA SS, 1990, J STAT PHYS, V59, P509 20761 MANNA SS, 1990, J STAT PHYS, V61, P923 20762 MANNA SS, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, L363 20763 MANNA SS, 1991, PHYSICA A, V179, P249 20764 OLAMI Z, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V68, P1244 20765 PACZUSKI M, 1994, EUROPHYS LETT, V27, P97 20766 PIETRONERO L, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V61, P861 20767 PIETRONERO L, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V66, P2336 20768 PIETRONERO L, 1991, PHYSICA A, V173, P129 20769 PIETRONERO L, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P1690 20770 SORNETTE D, 1992, J PHYS I, V2, P2065 20771 TANG C, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V60, P2347 20772 VICSEK T, 1992, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO 20773 WITTEN TA, 1981, PHYS REV LETT, V47, P1400 20774 ZHANG YC, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V63, P470 20775 NR 39 20776 TC 71 20777 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 20778 PI COLLEGE PK 20779 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 20780 SN 1063-651X 20781 J9 PHYS REV E 20782 JI Phys. Rev. E 20783 PD MAR 20784 PY 1995 20785 VL 51 20786 IS 3 20787 PN Part A 20788 BP 1711 20789 EP 1724 20790 PG 14 20791 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical 20792 GA QP252 20793 UT ISI:A1995QP25200016 20794 ER 20795 20796 PT J 20797 AU CAFIERO, R 20798 LORETO, V 20799 PIETRONERO, L 20800 VESPIGNANI, A 20801 ZAPPERI, S 20802 TI LOCAL RIGIDITY AND SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY FOR AVALANCHES 20803 SO EUROPHYSICS LETTERS 20804 LA English 20805 DT Article 20806 ID FOREST-FIRE MODEL; FRACTAL GROWTH; RELAXATION 20807 AB The general conditions for a sandpile system to evolve spontaneously 20808 into a critical state characterized by a power law distribution of 20809 avalanches or bursts are identified as: a) the existence of a 20810 stationary state with a global conservation law; b) long-range 20811 correlations in the continuum limit (i.e. Laplacian diffusive field); 20812 c) the existence of a local rigidity for the microscopic dynamics. 20813 These conditions permit a classification of the models that have been 20814 considered up to now and the identification of the local rigidity as a 20815 new basic parameter that can lead to various possible scenarios ranging 20816 continuously from SOC behaviour to standard diffusion. 20817 RP CAFIERO, R, UNIV ROMA I LA SAPIENZA,DIPARTIMENTO FIS,P A MORO 2,I-00185 20818 ROME,ITALY. 20819 CR BAK P, COMMUNICATION 20820 BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381 20821 BAK P, 1988, PHYS REV A, V38, P364 20822 BAK P, 1990, PHYS LETT A, V147, P297 20823 BAK P, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V71, P4083 20824 DIAZGUILERA A, 1994, EUROPHYS LETT, V26, P177 20825 DROSSEL B, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V69, P1629 20826 ERZAN A, IN PRESS REV MOD PHY 20827 LORETO V, UNPUB PHYS REV LETT 20828 MA SK, 1976, MODERN THEORY CRITIC 20829 OLAMI Z, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V68, P1244 20830 PARISI G, 1991, PHYSICA A, V179, P16 20831 PIETRONERO L, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V61, P861 20832 PIETRONERO L, 1990, PHYSICA A, V170, P81 20833 PIETRONERO L, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V66, P2336 20834 PIETRONERO L, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P1690 20835 VICKSEK T, 1989, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO 20836 ZHANG YC, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V63, P470 20837 NR 18 20838 TC 18 20839 PU EDITIONS PHYSIQUE 20840 PI LES ULIS CEDEX 20841 PA Z I DE COURTABOEUF AVE 7 AV DU HOGGAR, BP 112, 91944 LES ULIS CEDEX, 20842 FRANCE 20843 SN 0295-5075 20844 J9 EUROPHYS LETT 20845 JI Europhys. Lett. 20846 PD JAN 10 20847 PY 1995 20848 VL 29 20849 IS 2 20850 BP 111 20851 EP 116 20852 PG 6 20853 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 20854 GA QC369 20855 UT ISI:A1995QC36900001 20856 ER 20857 20858 PT J 20859 AU PETRI, A 20860 PAPARO, G 20861 VESPIGNANI, A 20862 ALIPPI, A 20863 COSTANTINI, M 20864 TI EXPERIMENTAL-EVIDENCE FOR CRITICAL-DYNAMICS IN MICROFRACTURING PROCESSES 20865 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 20866 LA English 20867 DT Article 20868 ID SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY; ACOUSTIC-EMISSION; 1/F NOISE 20869 C1 UNIV ROMA LA SAPIENZA,DIPARTIMENTO FIS,I-00185 ROME,ITALY. 20870 UNIV ROMA LA SAPIENZA,DIPARTIMENTO ENERGET,I-00161 ROME,ITALY. 20871 RP PETRI, A, CNR,IST ACUST OM CORBINO,VIA CASSIA 1216,I-00189 ROME,ITALY. 20872 CR BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381 20873 BAK P, 1988, PHYS REV A, V38, P364 20874 BAK P, 1989, NETURE, V342, P7800 20875 BAK P, 1993, FRACTALS DISORDERED, V2 20876 CANNELLI G, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P3923 20877 CHRISTENSEN K, 1991, J STAT PHYS, V63, P653 20878 CHRISTENSEN K, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V68, P2417 20879 DIODATI P, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V67, P2239 20880 GUTENBERG B, 1956, ANN GEOFIS, V9, P1 20881 HIRATA T, 1987, J GEOPHYS RES-SOLID, V92, P6215 20882 HUANG J, 1988, EARTH PLANET SC LETT, V91, P223 20883 ISHIMOTO M, 1939, B EARTHQ RES I TOKYO, V17, P443 20884 KERTESZ J, 1990, J PHYS A, V23, L433 20885 LORD AE, 1981, PHYSICAL ACOUSTICS, V15 20886 MCDONALD DKC, 1962, NOISE FLUCTUATIONS 20887 MOGI K, 1962, B EARTHQ RES I TOKIO, V40, P815 20888 MOGI K, 1962, B EARTHQ RES I TOKYO, V40, P125 20889 MOGI K, 1962, B EARTHQ RES I TOKYO, V40, P831 20890 MOGI K, 1963, B EARTHQ RES I TOKYO, V41, P595 20891 MOGI K, 1967, TECTONOPHYSICS, V5, P35 20892 OMORI F, 1894, REP EARTH INV COMM, V2, P103 20893 OMORI F, 1969, TOKUJI UTSU, V3, P129 20894 PACZUSKI M, IN PRESS 20895 PIETRONERO L, 1994, PHYS REV LETT, V72, P1690 20896 SORNETTE A, 1989, EUROPHYS LETT, V9, P197 20897 NR 25 20898 TC 99 20899 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 20900 PI COLLEGE PK 20901 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 20902 SN 0031-9007 20903 J9 PHYS REV LETT 20904 JI Phys. Rev. Lett. 20905 PD DEC 19 20906 PY 1994 20907 VL 73 20908 IS 25 20909 BP 3423 20910 EP 3426 20911 PG 4 20912 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 20913 GA PX387 20914 UT ISI:A1994PX38700024 20915 ER 20916 20917 PT J 20918 AU CALDARELLI, G 20919 CASTELLANO, C 20920 VESPIGNANI, A 20921 TI FRACTAL AND TOPOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF DIRECTED FRACTURES 20922 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E 20923 LA English 20924 DT Article 20925 ID DIFFUSION-LIMITED AGGREGATION; DIELECTRIC-BREAKDOWN; ELASTIC NETWORKS; 20926 MODEL; GROWTH 20927 AB We use the Born model for the energy of elastic networks to simulate 20928 ''directed'' fracture growth. We define directed fractures as crack 20929 patterns showing a preferential evolution direction imposed by the type 20930 of stress and boundary conditions applied. This type of fracture allows 20931 a more realistic description of some kinds of experimental cracks and 20932 presents several advantages in order to distinguish between the various 20933 growth regimes. By choosing this growth geometry it is also possible to 20934 use without ambiguity the box-counting method to obtain the fractal 20935 dimension for different subsets of the patterns and for a wide range of 20936 the internal parameters of the model. We find a continuous dependence 20937 of the fractal dimension of the whole patterns and of their backbones 20938 on the ratio between the central- and noncentral-force contributions. 20939 For the chemical distance we find a one-dimensional behavior 20940 independent of the relevant parameters, which seems to be a common 20941 feature for fractal growth processes. 20942 C1 UNIV ROMA LA SAPIENZA,DIPARTIMENTO FIS,I-00185 ROME,ITALY. 20943 UNIV NAPLES,DIPARTIMENTO SCI FIS,I-80125 NAPLES,ITALY. 20944 RP CALDARELLI, G, SCUOLA INT SUPER STUDI AVANZATI,VIA BEIRUT 2-4,I-34014 20945 GRIGNANO,ITALY. 20946 CR EVERTSZ C, 1990, PHYS REV A, V41, P1830 20947 FENG S, 1984, PHYS REV LETT, V52, P216 20948 HERRMANN HJ, 1990, STATISTICAL MODELS F 20949 HERRMANN HJ, 1991, PHYS SCR T, V38, P13 20950 HORVATH VK, 1991, CHAOS SOLITON FRACT, V1, P395 20951 LANDAU LD, 1960, ELASTICITY 20952 LOUIS E, 1987, EUROPHYS LETT, V3, P871 20953 MEAKIN P, 1984, J PHYS A, V17, L975 20954 MEAKIN P, 1989, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V22, P1393 20955 NIEMEYER L, 1984, PHYS REV LETT, V52, P1033 20956 OSSADNIK P, 1993, HLRZ10L9I REP 20957 PIETRONERO L, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V61, P861 20958 PIETRONERO L, 1988, PHYSICA A, V151, P207 20959 SEN PN, 1977, PHYS REV B, V15, P4030 20960 VICSEK T, 1992, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO 20961 WITTEN TA, 1981, PHYS REV LETT, V47, P1400 20962 YAN H, 1989, EUROPHYS LETT, V10, P7 20963 NR 17 20964 TC 20 20965 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 20966 PI COLLEGE PK 20967 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 20968 SN 1063-651X 20969 J9 PHYS REV E 20970 JI Phys. Rev. E 20971 PD APR 20972 PY 1994 20973 VL 49 20974 IS 4 20975 PN Part A 20976 BP 2673 20977 EP 2679 20978 PG 7 20979 SC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical 20980 GA NJ379 20981 UT ISI:A1994NJ37900027 20982 ER 20983 20984 PT J 20985 AU PIETRONERO, L 20986 VESPIGNANI, A 20987 ZAPPERI, S 20988 TI RENORMALIZATION SCHEME FOR SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY IN SANDPILE MODELS 20989 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 20990 LA English 20991 DT Article 20992 ID UNIVERSALITY 20993 AB We introduce a renormalization scheme of novel type that allows us to 20994 characterize the critical state and the scale invariant dynamics in 20995 sandpile models. The attractive fixed point clarifies the nature of 20996 self-organization in these systems. Universality classes can be 20997 identified and the critical exponents can be computed analytically. We 20998 obtain tau = 1.253 for the avalanche exponent and z = 1.234 for the 20999 dynamical exponent. These results are in good agreement with computer 21000 simulations. The method can be naturally extended to other problems 21001 with nonequilibrium stationary states. 21002 RP PIETRONERO, L, UNIV ROMA LA SAPIENZA,DIPARTIMENTO FIS,PIAZZALE A MORO 21003 2,I-00185 ROME,ITALY. 21004 CR BAK P, BNL49030 REP 21005 BAK P, 1987, PHYS REV LETT, V59, P381 21006 BAK P, 1988, PHYS REV A, V38, P364 21007 BAK P, 1993, FRACTALS DISORDERED, V2 21008 CAFIERO R, 1993, PHYS REV LETT, V70, P3939 21009 CHRISTENSEN K, 1992, PHYS REV A, V46, P1829 21010 DHAR D, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V63, P1659 21011 DHAR D, 1990, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V23, P4333 21012 DHAR D, 1990, PHYS REV LETT, V64, P161 21013 ERZAN A, IN PRESS FIXED SCALE 21014 GRASSBERGER P, 1990, J PHYS-PARIS, V51, P1077 21015 KADANOFF LP, 1989, PHYS REV A, V39, P6524 21016 KADANOFF LP, 1990, PHYSICA A, V163, P1 21017 KADANOFF LP, 1991, PHYS TODAY, V44, P9 21018 MANNA SS, 1990, J STAT PHYS, V59, P509 21019 MANNA SS, 1990, J STAT PHYS, V61, P923 21020 MANNA SS, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, L363 21021 MANNA SS, 1991, PHYSICA A, V179, P249 21022 OLAMI Z, 1992, PHYS REV LETT, V68, P1244 21023 PACZUSKI M, IN PRESS 21024 PIETRONERO L, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V61, P861 21025 PIETRONERO L, 1991, PHYS REV LETT, V66, P2336 21026 PIETRONERO L, 1991, PHYSICA A, V173, P22 21027 SORNETTE D, 1992, J PHYS I, V2, P2065 21028 VESPIGNANI A, IN PRESS 21029 VICSEK T, 1992, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO 21030 ZHANG YC, 1989, PHYS REV LETT, V63, P470 21031 NR 27 21032 TC 103 21033 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 21034 PI COLLEGE PK 21035 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 21036 SN 0031-9007 21037 J9 PHYS REV LETT 21038 JI Phys. Rev. Lett. 21039 PD MAR 14 21040 PY 1994 21041 VL 72 21042 IS 11 21043 BP 1690 21044 EP 1693 21045 PG 4 21046 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 21047 GA NA492 21048 UT ISI:A1994NA49200030 21049 ER 21050 21051 PT J 21052 AU DISTASIO, M 21053 PIETRONERO, L 21054 STELLA, A 21055 VESPIGNANI, A 21056 TI FIXED-SCALE TRANSFORMATION APPROACH TO LINEAR AND BRANCHED POLYMERS 21057 SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS A-MATHEMATICAL AND GENERAL 21058 LA English 21059 DT Article 21060 ID DIFFUSION-LIMITED AGGREGATION; FRACTAL GROWTH; PERCOLATION; 21061 RENORMALIZATION; LATTICE 21062 AB The radius exponent of two- and three-dimensional self-avoiding walks 21063 and branched polymers are computed in the fixed-scale transformation 21064 framework. The method requires the knowledge of the critical fugacity 21065 k(c), but from this non-universal parameter it is possible to compute 21066 the universal critical exponent. The results obtained are within 1% of 21067 exact or numerical values. This confirms the versatility and 21068 quantitative power of this new theoretical approach and gives the 21069 opportunity to provide a discussion of the analogies and differences 21070 between the real space renormalization group and the fixed-scale 21071 transformation method. 21072 C1 UNIV ROMA LA SAPIENZA,DIPARTIMENTO FIS,I-00185 ROME,ITALY. 21073 UNIV BOLOGNA,DIPARTIMENTO FIS,BOLOGNA,ITALY. 21074 RP DISTASIO, M, ISAS,SISSA,VIA BEIRUT 2,I-34100 MIRAMARE,ITALY. 21075 CR BURKHARDT TW, 1982, REAL SPACE RENORMALI 21076 DEGENNES PG, 1979, SCALING CONCEPTS POL 21077 DERRIDA B, 1985, J PHYS-PARIS, V46, P1623 21078 FAMILY F, 1980, J PHYS A, V13, L325 21079 FAMILY F, 1980, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V13, L403 21080 FLORY PJ, 1971, PRINCIPLES POLYM CHE 21081 GUTTMANN AJ, 1978, J PHYS A, V11, P949 21082 HERRMANN HJ, 1986, GROWTH FORM 21083 LEGUILLOU JC, 1980, PHYS REV B, V21, P3976 21084 NENHUIS B, 1982, PHYS REV LETT, V49, P1062 21085 NIEMEYER L, 1984, PHYS REV LETT, V52, P1038 21086 PIETRONERO L, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V61, P861 21087 PIETRONERO L, 1988, PHYSICA A, V151, P207 21088 PIETRONERO L, 1990, PHYSICA A, V170, P64 21089 PIETRONERO L, 1991, NONLINEAR PHENOMENA 21090 SYKES MF, 1972, J PHYS A, V5, P653 21091 VESPIGNANI A, 1991, PHYSICA A, V173, P21 21092 VICSEK T, 1989, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO 21093 WATTS MG, 1975, J PHYS A, V8, P61 21094 WITTEN TA, 1981, PHYS REV LETT, V47, P1400 21095 NR 20 21096 TC 2 21097 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD 21098 PI BRISTOL 21099 PA TECHNO HOUSE, REDCLIFFE WAY, BRISTOL, ENGLAND BS1 6NX 21100 SN 0305-4470 21101 J9 J PHYS-A-MATH GEN 21102 JI J. Phys. A-Math. Gen. 21103 PD JAN 21 21104 PY 1994 21105 VL 27 21106 IS 2 21107 BP 317 21108 EP 326 21109 PG 10 21110 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Mathematical 21111 GA MV126 21112 UT ISI:A1994MV12600016 21113 ER 21114 21115 PT J 21116 AU CAFIERO, R 21117 PIETRONERO, L 21118 VESPIGNANI, A 21119 TI PERSISTENCE OF SCREENING AND SELF-CRITICALITY IN THE SCALE-INVARIANT 21120 DYNAMICS OF DIFFUSION-LIMITED AGGREGATION 21121 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 21122 LA English 21123 DT Article 21124 ID RENORMALIZATION-GROUP APPROACH; FRACTAL GROWTH; ANISOTROPY; PATTERNS 21125 AB The origin of fractal properties in diffusion limited aggregation is 21126 related to the persistence of screening in the scale invariant growth 21127 regime. This effect is described by the effective noise reduction 21128 parameter S spontaneously generated by the scale invariant dynamics. 21129 The renormalization of this parameter under scale transformation shows 21130 the following: (i) The fixed point is attractive, implying the 21131 self-critical nature of the process. (ii) The fixed point value S* is 21132 of the order of unity, showing that the small scale growth rules are 21133 already close to the scale invariant ones and that screening effects 21134 persist in the asymptotic regime. 21135 RP CAFIERO, R, UNIV ROMA LA SAPIENZA,DIPARTIMENTO FIS,PIAZZALE A MORO 21136 2,I-00185 ROME,ITALY. 21137 CR AMAR MB, 1991, NATO ASI SER B, V276, P345 21138 BARKER PW, 1990, PHYS REV A, V42, P6289 21139 CAFIERO R, IN PRESS 21140 DEANGELIS R, 1991, EUROPHYS LETT, V16, P417 21141 ECKMANN JP, 1989, PHYS REV A, V39, P3185 21142 ECKMANN JP, 1990, PHYS REV LETT, V65, P52 21143 KERTESZ J, 1986, J PHYS A, V19, L257 21144 MOUKARZEL C, 1992, PHYSICA A, V188, P469 21145 NAGATANI T, 1987, J PHYS A, V20, L381 21146 NAGATANI T, 1987, PHYS REV A, V36, P5812 21147 NITTMANN J, 1986, NATURE, V321, P663 21148 PIETRONERO L, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V61, P861 21149 PIETRONERO L, 1988, PHYSICA A, V151, P207 21150 PIETRONERO L, 1990, PHYSICA A, V170, P64 21151 PIETRONERO L, 1992, PHYSICA A, V191, P85 21152 VICSEK T, 1992, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO 21153 WANG XR, 1989, J PHYS A, V22, L507 21154 WANG XR, 1989, PHYS REV A, V39, P5974 21155 WANG XZ, 1992, PHYS REV A, V46, P5038 21156 NR 19 21157 TC 31 21158 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC 21159 PI COLLEGE PK 21160 PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA 21161 SN 0031-9007 21162 J9 PHYS REV LETT 21163 JI Phys. Rev. Lett. 21164 PD JUN 21 21165 PY 1993 21166 VL 70 21167 IS 25 21168 BP 3939 21169 EP 3942 21170 PG 4 21171 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 21172 GA LH554 21173 UT ISI:A1993LH55400026 21174 ER 21175 21176 PT J 21177 AU VESPIGNANI, A 21178 CAFIERO, R 21179 PIETRONERO, L 21180 TI ASYMPTOTIC SCREENING IN THE SCALE INVARIANT GROWTH RULES FOR LAPLACIAN 21181 FRACTALS 21182 SO PHYSICA A 21183 LA English 21184 DT Article 21185 ID DIFFUSION-LIMITED AGGREGATION; ANISOTROPY; PATTERNS 21186 AB A key element in the fixed scale transformation approach to fractal 21187 growth is the use of the asymptotic scale invariant dynamics of the 21188 growth process. This is a non-universal element, analogous to the 21189 critical probability or temperature in percolation or Ising problems. 21190 The essential property to generate fractal structure is the persistence 21191 of screening effects in the asymptotic regime. To investigate this 21192 problem we use a renormalization procedure in which the noise reduction 21193 parameter is the critical one. The approach is based on the growth 21194 process itself and shows a non-trivial fixed point where the screening 21195 properties are preserved. This result guarantees the existence of the 21196 asymptotic fractal structure and clearly defines the basic elements of 21197 the growth rules used in the fixed scale transformation method. 21198 RP VESPIGNANI, A, UNIV ROME LA SAPIENZA,DIPARTIMENTO FIS,P A MORO 21199 2,I-00185 ROME,ITALY. 21200 CR BARKER PW, 1990, PHYS REV A, V42, P6289 21201 CAFIERO R, 1992, PREPRINT 21202 DEANGELIS R, 1991, EUROPHYS LETT, V16, P417 21203 DISTASIO M, 1992, PREPRINT 21204 ECKMANN JP, 1989, PHYS REV A, V39, P3185 21205 ERZAN A, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, P1875 21206 KERTESZ J, 1986, J PHYS A, V19, L257 21207 MEAKIN P, 1989, PHASE TRANSITIONS CR, V11 21208 MOUKARZEL C, 1992, HLRZ1692 PREPR 21209 NIEMEYER L, 1984, PHYS REV LETT, V52, P1038 21210 NITTMANN J, 1986, NATURE, V321, P663 21211 PIETRONERO L, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V61, P861 21212 PIETRONERO L, 1988, PHYSICA A, V151, P207 21213 PIETRONERO L, 1990, PHYSICA A, V170, P64 21214 SELINGER RLB, 1989, PREPRINT 21215 WITTEN TA, 1981, PHYS REV LETT, V47, P1400 21216 NR 16 21217 TC 0 21218 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV 21219 PI AMSTERDAM 21220 PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS 21221 SN 0378-4371 21222 J9 PHYSICA A 21223 JI Physica A 21224 PD DEC 15 21225 PY 1992 21226 VL 191 21227 IS 1-4 21228 BP 128 21229 EP 133 21230 PG 6 21231 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 21232 GA KF666 21233 UT ISI:A1992KF66600021 21234 ER 21235 21236 PT J 21237 AU SIDORETTI, S 21238 VESPIGNANI, A 21239 TI FIXED SCALE TRANSFORMATION APPLIED TO CLUSTER CLUSTER AGGREGATION IN 21240 2-DIMENSIONS AND 3-DIMENSIONS 21241 SO PHYSICA A 21242 LA English 21243 DT Article 21244 ID DIFFUSION-LIMITED AGGREGATION 21245 AB Recently it has been introduced a new theoretical framework named fixed 21246 scale transformation (FST), which appears particularly suitable to 21247 study the growth of fractal structures. This method allows the first 21248 study of the process of cluster-cluster aggregation (CCA). The FST 21249 approach can in fact be generalized in a natural and relatively simple 21250 way to the case of CCA. Here we present detailed results for the 21251 analytical calculation of the fractal dimension of the aggregates. For 21252 CCA in two dimensions the computed value is D = 1.39 and in three 21253 dimensions is D = 1.9, to be compared with the simulation results that 21254 are respectively D = 1.45 and D = 1.8. Furthermore the approximation 21255 scheme of the FST can be implemented in a systematic way to estimate 21256 quantitatively higher Order corrections and to study variation of the 21257 original model. This application is of particular relevance because CCA 21258 has eluded all the standard theoretical approach and in particular it 21259 cannot even be formulated from the point of view of renormalization 21260 group methods. 21261 RP SIDORETTI, S, UNIV ROME LA SAPIENZA,DIPARTIMENTO FIS,P LE A MORO 21262 2,I-00185 ROME,ITALY. 21263 CR ERNST MH, 1986, FRACTALS PHYSICS, P289 21264 ERZAN A, 1992, PHYSICA A, V185, P66 21265 KOLB M, 1983, PHYS REV LETT, V51, P1123 21266 LEYVRAZ F, 1986, GROWTH FORM, P136 21267 MEAKIN P, 1983, PHYS REV LETT, V51, P1119 21268 NIEMEYER L, 1984, PHYS REV LETT, V52, P1038 21269 PIETRONERO L, IN PRESS NONLINEAR P 21270 PIETRONERO L, PREPRINT 21271 PIETRONERO L, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V61, P861 21272 PIETRONERO L, 1988, PHYSICA A, V40, P5377 21273 SMOLUCHOWSKI MV, 1916, PHYS Z, V17, P585 21274 VESPIGNANI A, 1991, PHYSICA A, V173, P1 21275 VICSEK T, 1984, PHYS REV LETT, V52, P1669 21276 VICSEK T, 1985, PHYS REV A, V32, P1122 21277 VICSEK T, 1989, FRACTAL GROWTH PHENO 21278 WITTEN TA, 1981, PHYS REV LETT, V47, P1400 21279 NR 16 21280 TC 1 21281 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV 21282 PI AMSTERDAM 21283 PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS 21284 SN 0378-4371 21285 J9 PHYSICA A 21286 JI Physica A 21287 PD JUN 15 21288 PY 1992 21289 VL 185 21290 IS 1-4 21291 BP 202 21292 EP 210 21293 PG 9 21294 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 21295 GA JC914 21296 UT ISI:A1992JC91400028 21297 ER 21298 21299 PT J 21300 AU DEANGELIS, R 21301 MARSILI, M 21302 PIETRONERO, L 21303 VESPIGNANI, A 21304 WIESMANN, HJ 21305 TI UNIVERSALITY OF GROWTH RULES IN FRACTAL GROWTH 21306 SO EUROPHYSICS LETTERS 21307 LA English 21308 DT Article 21309 ID DIFFUSION-LIMITED AGGREGATION; DIELECTRIC-BREAKDOWN MODEL 21310 AB We consider the problem of the universality of growth rules in 21311 fractal-growth models and introduce a theoretical scheme that allows us 21312 to address this question. In particular we show that growth defined 21313 per site and rules that include diagonal process renormalize 21314 asymptotically into effective growth rules of simple bond type. 21315 Therefore, we identify the general nature of the asymptotic, 21316 scale-invariant growth dynamics for coarse-grained variables. 21317 C1 ASEA BROWN BOVERI CORP RES,CH-5405 BADEN,SWITZERLAND. 21318 RP DEANGELIS, R, UNIV ROME LA SAPIENZA,DIPARTMENTO FIS,PIAZZALE A MORO 21319 2,I-00185 ROME,ITALY. 21320 CR DEANGELIS R, PREPRINT 21321 ERZAN A, 1991, J PHYS A, V24, P1875 21322 EVERTSZ C, 1990, PHYS REV A, V41, P1830 21323 MEAKIN P, 1989, FRACTALS PHYSICAL OR, P137 21324 NAGATANI T, 1987, PHYS REV A, V36, P5812 21325 NIEMEYER L, 1984, PHYS REV LETT, V52, P1033 21326 PIETRONERO L, PREPRINT 21327 PIETRONERO L, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V61, P861 21328 PIETRONERO L, 1988, PHYSICA A, V151, P207 21329 PIETRONERO L, 1990, PHYS REV A, V42, P7496 21330 WITTEN TA, 1981, PHYS REV LETT, V47, P1400 21331 NR 11 21332 TC 13 21333 PU EDITIONS PHYSIQUE 21334 PI LES ULIS CEDEX 21335 PA Z I DE COURTABOEUF AVE 7 AV DU HOGGAR, BP 112, 91944 LES ULIS CEDEX, 21336 FRANCE 21337 SN 0295-5075 21338 J9 EUROPHYS LETT 21339 JI Europhys. Lett. 21340 PD OCT 1 21341 PY 1991 21342 VL 16 21343 IS 5 21344 BP 417 21345 EP 422 21346 PG 6 21347 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 21348 GA GJ340 21349 UT ISI:A1991GJ34000001 21350 ER 21351 21352 PT J 21353 AU VERGASSOLA, M 21354 VESPIGNANI, A 21355 TI NONCONSERVATIVE CHARACTER OF THE INTERSECTION OF SELF-SIMILAR CASCADES 21356 SO PHYSICA A 21357 LA English 21358 DT Article 21359 ID FULLY-DEVELOPED TURBULENCE; MODEL 21360 AB When a self-similar cascade is interested, the resulting cascade 21361 process generating the intersection set is in general non-conservative, 21362 i.e. in the fragmentation process the related measure is not conserved. 21363 It is shown that the non-conservative character of a cascade 21364 invalidates the experimental analysis of the process. In particular it 21365 is possible to have self-similar cascades which do not show any fractal 21366 or multifractal behaviour when the box-counting analysis is performed. 21367 In the case of fractals the most relevant example is provided by 21368 processes having negative dimensions. With respect to multifractals, 21369 our results show that a strict interpretation of dissipation in a fully 21370 developed turbulent fluid as a result of a self-similar cascade is 21371 untenable. 21372 C1 OBSERV NICE,CNRS,F-06003 NICE,FRANCE. 21373 RP VERGASSOLA, M, UNIV ROME LA SAPIENZA,DIPARTMENTO FIS,P MORO 2,I-00185 21374 ROME,ITALY. 21375 CR BENZI R, 1984, J PHYS A-MATH GEN, V17, P3521 21376 EVERSTSZ C, 1989, THESIS U GRONINGEN 21377 FRISCH U, 1978, J FLUID MECH, V87, P719 21378 JENSEN MH, 1991, PHYS REV A, V43, P798 21379 MANDELBROT B, 1976, LECT NOTES MATH, V565, P127 21380 MANDELBROT B, 1989, FRACTALS PHYSICAL OR 21381 MANDELBROT BB, 1974, J FLUID MECH, V62, P331 21382 MANDELBROT BB, 1982, FRACTAL GEOMETRY NAT 21383 MENEVEAU C, 1987, NUCL PHYS B S, V2, P49 21384 PALADIN G, 1987, PHYS REP, V156, P147 21385 PARISI G, 1985, TURBULENCE PREDICTAB 21386 PIETRONERO L, 1987, PHYSICA A, V144, P257 21387 PIETRONERO L, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V61, P861 21388 PIETRONERO L, 1988, PHYSICA A, V151, P207 21389 SCHERTZER D, 1990, FRACTALS PHYSICAL OR 21390 SIEBESMA AP, 1989, THESIS U GRONINGEN 21391 NR 16 21392 TC 1 21393 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV 21394 PI AMSTERDAM 21395 PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS 21396 SN 0378-4371 21397 J9 PHYSICA A 21398 JI Physica A 21399 PD JUN 1 21400 PY 1991 21401 VL 174 21402 IS 2-3 21403 BP 425 21404 EP 437 21405 PG 13 21406 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 21407 GA FU466 21408 UT ISI:A1991FU46600013 21409 ER 21410 21411 PT J 21412 AU VESPIGNANI, A 21413 PIETRONERO, L 21414 TI FIXED SCALE TRANSFORMATION APPLIED TO DIFFUSION LIMITED AGGREGATION AND 21415 DIELECTRIC-BREAKDOWN MODEL IN 3-DIMENSIONS 21416 SO PHYSICA A 21417 LA English 21418 DT Article 21419 ID FRACTAL GROWTH 21420 AB We extend the method of the fixed scale transformation (FST) to the 21421 case of fractal growth in three dimensions and apply it to diffusion 21422 limited aggregation and to the dielectric breakdown model for different 21423 values of the parameter eta. The scheme is formally similar to the 21424 two-dimensional case with the following technical complications: (i) 21425 The basis configurations for the fine graining process are five 21426 (instead of two) and consist of 2 x 2 cells. (ii) The treatment of the 21427 fluctuations of boundary conditions is far more complex and requires 21428 new schemes of approximations. In order to test the convergency of the 21429 theoretical results we consider three different schemes of increasing 21430 complexity. For DBM in three dimensions the computed values of the 21431 fractal dimension for eta = 1, 2 and 3 result to be in very good 21432 agreement with corresponding values obtained by computer simulations. 21433 These results provide an important test for the FST method as a new 21434 theoretical tool to study irreversible fractal growth. 21435 RP VESPIGNANI, A, UNIV ROME LA SAPIENZA,DIPARTMENTO FIS,PIAZZALE A MORO 21436 2,I-00185 ROME,ITALY. 21437 CR DEANGELIS R, IN PRESS 21438 ERZAN A, 1991, IN PRESS J PHYS A 21439 EVERTSZ C, 1990, PHYS REV A, V41, P1830 21440 MEAKIN P, 1989, FRACTALS PHYSICAL OR 21441 PIETRONERO L, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V61, P861 21442 PIETRONERO L, 1988, PHYSICA A, V151, P207 21443 PIETRONERO L, 1990, PHYSICA A, V170, P64 21444 PIETRONERO L, 1990, PHYSICA A, V170, P81 21445 TOLMAN S, 1989, PHYSICA A, V158, P801 21446 TREMBLAY RR, 1989, PHYS REV A, V40, P5377 21447 VESPIGNANI A, 1990, PHYSICA A, V168, P723 21448 NR 11 21449 TC 11 21450 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV 21451 PI AMSTERDAM 21452 PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS 21453 SN 0378-4371 21454 J9 PHYSICA A 21455 JI Physica A 21456 PD APR 15 21457 PY 1991 21458 VL 173 21459 IS 1-2 21460 BP 1 21461 EP 21 21462 PG 21 21463 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 21464 GA FL190 21465 UT ISI:A1991FL19000001 21466 ER 21467 21468 PT J 21469 AU VESPIGNANI, A 21470 PIETRONERO, L 21471 TI EFFECT OF EMPTY CONFIGURATIONS IN THE FIXED SCALE TRANSFORMATION THEORY 21472 OF FRACTAL GROWTH 21473 SO PHYSICA A 21474 LA English 21475 DT Article 21476 RP VESPIGNANI, A, UNIV ROME LA SAPIENZA,DEPARTIMENTO FIS,PIAZZALE A MORO 21477 2,I-00185 ROME,ITALY. 21478 CR DEANGELIS R, PREPRINT 21479 MARSILI M, UNPUB PHYSICA A 21480 NIEMEYER L, 1984, PHYS REV LETT, V52, P1033 21481 PIETRONERO L, UNPUB PHYS REV LETT 21482 PIETRONERO L, 1988, PHYS REV LETT, V61, P861 21483 PIETRONERO L, 1988, PHYSICA A, V151, P207 21484 VESPIGNANI A, UNPUB 21485 WITTEN TA, 1981, PHYS REV LETT, V47, P1400 21486 NR 8 21487 TC 9 21488 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV 21489 PI AMSTERDAM 21490 PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS 21491 SN 0378-4371 21492 J9 PHYSICA A 21493 JI Physica A 21494 PD OCT 1 21495 PY 1990 21496 VL 168 21497 IS 2 21498 BP 723 21499 EP 735 21500 PG 13 21501 SC Physics, Multidisciplinary 21502 GA EH667 21503 UT ISI:A1990EH66700005 21504 ER 21505 21506 EF 21507 21508 21509 FN ISI Export Format 21510 VR 1.0 21511 PT J 21512 AU Pattison, P 21513 Wasserman, S 21514 Robins, G 21515 Kanfer, AM 21516 TI Statistical evaluation of algebraic constraints for social networks 21517 SO JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICAL PSYCHOLOGY 21518 LA English 21519 DT Article 21520 ID STOCHASTIC BLOCKMODELS; SOCIOMETRIC RELATIONS; LOGISTIC REGRESSIONS; 21521 INFORMANT ACCURACY; MULTIPLE NETWORKS; DIRECTED-GRAPHS; LOGIT-MODELS; 21522 HOMOMORPHISMS; CONFORMITY; SEMIGROUPS 21523 AB A multirelational social network on a set of individuals may be 21524 represented as a collection of binary relations. Compound relations 21525 constructed from this collection represent various labeled paths 21526 linking individuals in the network. Since many models of interest for 21527 social networks can be formulated in terms of orderings among these 21528 labeled paths, we consider the problem of evaluating an hypothesized 21529 set of orderings, termed algebraic constraints. Each constraint takes 21530 the form of an hypothesized inclusion relation for a pair of labeled 21531 paths. In this paper, we establish conditions under which sets of such 21532 constraints may be regarded as partial algebras. We describe the 21533 structure of constraint sets and show that each corresponds to a subset 21534 of consistent relation bundles between pairs of individuals. We thereby 21535 construct measures of fit for;a given constraint set. Then, we show 21536 how, in combination with the assumption of various conditional uniform 21537 multigraph distributions, these measures lead to a flexible approach to 21538 the evaluation of fit of an hypothesized constraint set. Several 21539 applications are presented and some possible extensions of the approach 21540 are briefly discussed. (C) 2000 Academic Press. 21541 C1 Univ Melbourne, Dept Psychol, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia. 21542 Univ Illinois, Chicago, IL 60680 USA. 21543 Deakin Univ, Geelong, Vic 3217, Australia. 21544 RP Pattison, P, Univ Melbourne, Dept Psychol, Parkville, Vic 3052, 21545 Australia. 21546 CR ANDERSON CJ, 1992, SOC NETWORKS, V14, P137 21547 ARABIE P, 1992, ANNU REV PSYCHOL, V43, P169 21548 BIRKHOFF G, 1967, LATTICE THEORY 21549 BOLLOBAS B, 1985, RANDOM GRAPHS 21550 BONACHCH P, 1983, SOC NETWORKS, V5, P173 21551 BOORMAN SA, 1976, AM J SOCIOL, V81, P1384 21552 BOYD JP, 1969, J MATH PSYCHOL, V6, P139 21553 BOYD JP, 1990, SOCIAL SEMIGROUPS UN 21554 BREIGER RL, 1975, J MATH PSYCHOL, V12, P328 21555 BREIGER RL, 1978, SOCIOLOGICAL METHODS, V7, P213 21556 CARTWRIGHT D, 1979, PERSPECTIVES SOCIAL, P25 21557 DEVRIES H, 1993, PSYCHOMETRIKA, V58, P53 21558 ERDOS P, 1960, PUBL MATH I HUNG, V5, P17 21559 FIENBERG SE, 1981, SOCIOL METHODOL, P156 21560 FIENBERG SE, 1985, J AM STAT ASSOC, V80, P51 21561 FRANK O, 1986, J AM STAT ASSOC, V81, P832 21562 FRANK O, 1993, ANN DISCR M, V55, P349 21563 GODEHARDT E, 1988, GRAPHS STRUCTURAL MO 21564 GOOD IJ, 1987, J AM STAT ASSOC, V82, P125 21565 GOOD P, 1994, PERMUTATION TESTS PR 21566 GRANOVET.MS, 1973, AM J SOCIOL, V78, P1360 21567 HOLLAND PW, 1975, SOCIOL METHODOL, P1 21568 HOLLAND PW, 1981, J AM STAT ASSOC, V76, P33 21569 HUBERT LJ, 1978, PSYCHOMETRIKA, V43, P31 21570 KATZ L, 1953, PSYCHOMETRIKA, V18, P249 21571 KATZ L, 1957, ANN MATH STAT, V28, P442 21572 KIM KH, 1984, J MATH PSYCHOL, V28, P448 21573 KRACKHARDT D, 1988, SOC NETWORKS, V10, P359 21574 LEHMANN E, 1986, TESTING STAT HYPOTHE 21575 LORRAIN F, 1971, J MATH SOCIOL, V1, P49 21576 MANTEL N, 1967, CANCER RES, V27, P209 21577 PATTISON P, 1995, J MATH PSYCHOL, V39, P57 21578 PATTISON P, 1999, BRIT J MATH STAT P 2, V52, P169 21579 PATTISON PE, 1982, J MATH PSYCHOL, V25, P87 21580 PATTISON PE, 1993, ALGEBRAIC MODELS SOC 21581 ROBINS G, 1994, THESIS U MELBOURNE 21582 ROBINS G, 1997, UNPUB GROUP EFFECTIV 21583 ROBINS G, 1999, PSYCHOMETRIKA, V64, P371 21584 ROMNEY AK, 1984, SOC NETWORKS, V6, P59 21585 ROMNEY AK, 1986, AM ANTHROPOL, V88, P313 21586 SCHWARTZ JE, 1984, SOC NETWORKS, V6, P103 21587 SNIJDERS TAB, 1987, SOC NETWORKS, V9, P249 21588 SNIJDERS TAB, 1991, PSYCHOMETRIKA, V56, P397 21589 STRAUSS D, 1990, J AM STAT ASSOC, V85, P204 21590 STRAUSS D, 1992, AM STAT, V46, P321 21591 VANDEBUNT G, 1995, P INT C SOC NETW 6 1, V1 21592 WANG YJ, 1987, J AM STAT ASSOC, V82, P8 21593 WASSERMAN S, IN PRESS MULTIVARIAT 21594 WASSERMAN S, 1977, J MATH SOCIOL, V5, P61 21595 WASSERMAN S, 1984, SOC NETWORKS, V6, P177 21596 WASSERMAN S, 1987, PSYCHOMETRIKA, V52, P3 21597 WASSERMAN S, 1987, SOC NETWORKS, V9, P1 21598 WASSERMAN S, 1994, SOCIAL NETWORK ANAL 21599 WASSERMAN S, 1996, PSYCHOMETRIKA, V61, P401 21600 WHITE D, 1984, PRACTICING ANTHR, V6, P10 21601 WHITE D, 1996, SOC NETWORKS, V18, P20 21602 WHITE DR, 1983, SOC NETWORKS, V5, P193 21603 WHITE DR, 1988, SOCIAL STRUCTURES NE, P380 21604 WHITE HC, 1963, ANAT KINSHIP MATH MO 21605 WHITE HC, 1976, AM J SOCIOL, V81, P730 21606 NR 60 21607 TC 4 21608 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC 21609 PI SAN DIEGO 21610 PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA 21611 SN 0022-2496 21612 J9 J MATH PSYCHOL 21613 JI J. Math. Psychol. 21614 PD DEC 21615 PY 2000 21616 VL 44 21617 IS 4 21618 BP 536 21619 EP 568 21620 PG 33 21621 SC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences, 21622 Mathematical Methods; Psychology, Mathematical 21623 GA 389JU 21624 UT ISI:000166235500002 21625 ER 21626 21627 PT J 21628 AU Pattison, P 21629 Wasserman, S 21630 TI Logit models and logistic regressions for social networks: II. 21631 Multivariate relations 21632 SO BRITISH JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICAL & STATISTICAL PSYCHOLOGY 21633 LA English 21634 DT Article 21635 ID STATISTICAL-ANALYSIS; MULTIPLE NETWORKS; BLOCKMODELS; EVOLUTION; 21636 GRAPHS; ROLES 21637 AB The research described here builds on our previous work by generalizing 21638 the univariate models described there to models for multivariate 21639 relations. This family, labelled p*, generalizes the Markov random 21640 graphs of Frank and Strauss, which were further developed by them and 21641 others, building on Besag's ideas on estimation. These models were 21642 first used to model random variables embedded in lattices by Ising, and 21643 have been quite common in the study of spatial data. Here, they are 21644 applied to the statistical analysis of multigraphs, in general, and the 21645 analysis of multivariate social networks, in particular. In this paper, 21646 we show how to formulate models for multivariate social networks by 21647 considering a range of theoretical claims about social structure. We 21648 illustrate the models by developing structural models for several 21649 multivariate networks. 21650 C1 Univ Melbourne, Dept Psychol, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia. 21651 Univ Illinois, Chicago, IL 60680 USA. 21652 RP Pattison, P, Univ Melbourne, Dept Psychol, Parkville, Vic 3052, 21653 Australia. 21654 CR BESAG J, 1975, STATISTICIAN, V24, P179 21655 BESAG JE, 1972, J ROY STAT SOC B MET, V34, P75 21656 BESAG JE, 1974, J ROYAL STAT SOC B, V36, P196 21657 BESAG JE, 1977, BIOMETRIKA, V64, P616 21658 BESAG JE, 1997, B INT STAT ASS, V47, P77 21659 BOORMAN SA, 1976, AM J SOCIOL, V81, P1384 21660 BOYD JP, 1991, SOCIAL SEMIGROUPS UN 21661 BREIGER RL, 1975, J MATH PSYCHOL, V12, P328 21662 COLEMAN JS, 1966, MED INNOVATION DIFFU 21663 CONTRACTOR N, 1999, 1999 INT NETW SOC NE 21664 COX DR, 1996, MULTIVARIATE DEPENDE 21665 CROUCH B, 1998, 1998 INT NETW SOC NE 21666 DAVIS JA, 1968, SOCIOMETRY, V31, P102 21667 DIGGLE PJ, 1996, ADV BIOMETRY 21668 DOREIAN P, 1980, SOC NETWORKS, V2, P235 21669 DOREIAN P, 1986, SOC NETWORKS, V8, P33 21670 EDWARDS D, 1995, INTRO GRAPHICAL MODE 21671 FIENBERG SE, 1981, INTERPRETING MULTIVA, P289 21672 FIENBERG SE, 1981, SOCIOL METHODOL, P156 21673 FIENBERG SE, 1985, J AM STAT ASSOC, V80, P51 21674 FRANK O, 1986, J AM STAT ASSOC, V81, P832 21675 FRANK O, 1986, UNPUB ANAL COMPOSITI 21676 FRANK O, 1987, OPERATIONS RES P, P455 21677 FRANK O, 1991, STAT NEERL, V45, P283 21678 FRANK O, 1993, ANN DISCR M, V55, P349 21679 FRANK O, 1997, MATH INFORMATIQUE SC, V137, P11 21680 GALASKIEWICZ J, 1978, SOC SCI RES, V7, P89 21681 GEYER CJ, 1992, J ROY STAT SOC B MET, V54, P657 21682 HOLLAND PW, 1973, J MATH SOCIOL, V3, P85 21683 HOLLAND PW, 1981, J AM STAT ASSOC, V76, P33 21684 HUBERT LJ, 1978, PSYCHOMETRIKA, V43, P31 21685 IACOBUCCI D, 1987, PSYCHOL BULL, V102, P293 21686 IACOBUCCI D, 1989, SOC NETWORKS, V11, P315 21687 ISING E, 1925, Z PHYS, V31, P253 21688 JOHNSEN EC, 1986, SOC NETWORKS, V8, P257 21689 KATZ L, 1953, PSYCHOMETRIKA, V18, P249 21690 KENT D, 1978, RISE MEDICI FACTION 21691 LAURITZEN S, 1996, GRAPHICAL MODELS 21692 LAZEGA E, 1998, 1998 INT NETW SOC NE 21693 LEE NH, 1969, SEARCH ABORTIONIST 21694 LEIFER EM, 1988, AM SOCIOL REV, V53, P865 21695 LOMI A, 1998, 1998 INT NETW SOC NE 21696 LORRAIN F, 1971, J MATH SOCIOL, V1, P49 21697 MANDEL MJ, 1983, AM SOCIOL REV, V48, P376 21698 MAYER AC, 1977, SOCIAL NETWORKS DEV, P293 21699 MERTON RK, 1957, SOCIAL THEORY SOCIAL 21700 MICHAELSON AG, 1990, THESIS U CALIFORNIA 21701 NADEL SF, 1957, THEORY SOCIAL STRUCT 21702 PADGETT JF, 1993, AM J SOCIOL, V98, P1259 21703 PARSONS T, 1966, STRUCTURE SOCIAL ACT 21704 PATTISON P, IN PRESS J MATH PSYC 21705 PATTISON P, 1989, MATH THEORETICAL SYS, P139 21706 PATTISON P, 1993, ALGEBRAIC MODELS SOC 21707 PATTISON P, 1995, J MATH PSYCHOL, V39, P57 21708 PREISLER HK, 1993, APPL STAT-J ROY ST C, V42, P501 21709 RENNOLLS K, 1995, P 1995 INT C SOC NET, V1, P151 21710 ROBINS GL, 1998, THESIS U MELBOURNE 21711 STRAUSS D, 1986, SIAM REV, V28, P513 21712 STRAUSS D, 1990, J AM STAT ASSOC, V85, P204 21713 STRAUSS D, 1992, AM STAT, V46, P321 21714 VICKERS M, 1981, REPRESENTING CLASSRO 21715 VICKERS M, 1981, THESIS U MELBOURNE 21716 WALKER ME, 1995, THESIS U ILLINOIS 21717 WASSERMAN S, IN PRESS LECT NOTES 21718 WASSERMAN S, 1987, SOC NETWORKS, V9, P1 21719 WASSERMAN S, 1994, SOCIAL NETWORK ANAL 21720 WASSERMAN S, 1996, PSYCHOMETRIKA, V61, P401 21721 WASSERMAN SS, 1978, ADV APPL PROBAB, V10, P803 21722 WELLMAN B, 1991, SOC NETWORKS, V13, P223 21723 WHITE HC, 1963, ANATOMY KINSHIP MATH 21724 WHITE HC, 1976, AM J SOCIOL, V81, P730 21725 WHITE HC, 1977, J MATH PSYCHOL, V16, P121 21726 WHITTAKER J, 1990, GRAPHICAL MODELS APP 21727 WINSHIP C, 1983, SOCIOL METHODOL, P314 21728 NR 74 21729 TC 30 21730 PU BRITISH PSYCHOLOGICAL SOC 21731 PI LEICESTER 21732 PA ST ANDREWS HOUSE, 48 PRINCESS RD EAST, LEICESTER LE1 7DR, LEICS, ENGLAND 21733 SN 0007-1102 21734 J9 BRIT J MATH STATIST PSYCHOL 21735 JI Br. J. Math. Stat. Psychol. 21736 PD NOV 21737 PY 1999 21738 VL 52 21739 PN Part 2 21740 BP 169 21741 EP 193 21742 PG 25 21743 SC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Psychology, Mathematical; 21744 Psychology, Experimental; Statistics & Probability 21745 GA 262VE 21746 UT ISI:000084087500002 21747 ER 21748 21749 PT J 21750 AU Robins, G 21751 Pattison, P 21752 Wasserman, S 21753 TI Logit models and logistic regressions for social networks: III. Valued 21754 relations 21755 SO PSYCHOMETRIKA 21756 LA English 21757 DT Article 21758 DE social networks; p(*) models; autologistic models; pseudo-likelihood 21759 estimation 21760 ID STATISTICAL-ANALYSIS 21761 AB This paper generalizes the p* model for dichotomous social network data 21762 (Wasserman & Pattison, 1996) to the polytomous case. The generalization 21763 is achieved by transforming valued social networks into three-way 21764 binary arrays. This data transformation requires a modification of the 21765 Hammersley-Clifford theorem that underpins the p* class of models. We 21766 demonstrate that, provided that certain (non-observed) data patterns 21767 are excluded from consideration, a suitable version of the theorem can 21768 be developed. We also show that the approach amounts to a model for 21769 multiple logits derived from a pseudo-likelihood function. Estimation 21770 within this model is analogous to the separate fitting of multinomial 21771 baseline logits, except that the Hammersley-Clifford theorem requires 21772 the equating of certain parameters across logits. The paper describes 21773 how to convert a valued network into a data array suitable for fitting 21774 the model and provides some illustrative empirical examples. 21775 C1 Deakin Univ, Sch Psychol, Fac Hlth & Behav Sci, Geelong, Vic 3217, Australia. 21776 Univ Melbourne, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia. 21777 Univ Illinois, Chicago, IL 60680 USA. 21778 RP Robins, G, Deakin Univ, Sch Psychol, Fac Hlth & Behav Sci, Geelong, Vic 21779 3217, Australia. 21780 CR AGRESTI A, 1990, CATEGORICAL DATA ANA 21781 ANDERSON CJ, IN PRESS SOCIAL NETW 21782 ANDERSON CJ, 1995, SOCIOL METHOD RES, V24, P96 21783 BEARMAN P, 1997, AM J SOCIOL, V102, P1383 21784 BEGG CB, 1984, BIOMETRIKA, V71, P11 21785 BESAG J, 1974, J R STAT SOC B, V36, P192 21786 BESAG J, 1975, STATISTICIAN, V24, P179 21787 BESAG J, 1977, B INT STAT I, V47, P77 21788 BESAG J, 1989, BIOMETRIKA, V76, P633 21789 BESAG JE, 1972, J ROY STAT SOC B MET, V34, P75 21790 BESAG JE, 1977, BIOMETRIKA, V64, P616 21791 CROUCH B, 1998, INT C SOC NETW BARC 21792 FAUST K, 1993, SOCIOL METHODOL, P177 21793 FRANK O, 1986, J AM STAT ASSOC, V81, P832 21794 GEYER CJ, 1992, J ROY STAT SOC B MET, V54, P657 21795 HAMMERSLEY JM, 1971, MARKOV FIELDS FINITE 21796 HOSMER DW, 1989, APPL LOGISTIC REGRES 21797 ISING E, 1925, Z PHYS, V31, P253 21798 JOHNSEN EC, 1986, SOC NETWORKS, V8, P257 21799 LAURIZEN SL, 1996, GRAPHICAL MODELS 21800 LAZEGA E, 1998, UNPUB SOCIAL NETWORK 21801 NORUSIS MJ, 1990, SPSS ADV STAT USERS 21802 PATTISON P, IN PRESS BRIT J MATH 21803 PREISLER HK, 1993, APPL STAT-J ROY ST C, V42, P501 21804 RENNOLLS K, 1995, P 1995 INT C SOC NET, V1, P151 21805 ROBINS GL, 1995, INT SOC NETW C LOND 21806 ROBINS GL, 1997, INT SUNB SOC NETW C 21807 ROBINS GL, 1998, THESIS U MELBOURNE A 21808 STRAUSS D, 1990, J AM STAT ASSOC, V85, P204 21809 STRAUSS D, 1992, AM STAT, V46, P321 21810 VICKERS M, 1981, REPRESENTING CLASSRO 21811 VICKERS M, 1981, THESIS U MELBOURNE 21812 WASSERMAN S, 1986, BRIT J MATH STAT PSY, V39, P41 21813 WASSERMAN S, 1987, PSYCHOMETRIKA, V52, P3 21814 WASSERMAN S, 1990, J MATH SOCIOL, V15, P11 21815 WASSERMAN S, 1994, SOCIAL NETWORK ANAL 21816 WASSERMAN S, 1996, PSYCHOMETRIKA, V61, P401 21817 WASSERMAN S, 1999, SPRINGER LECT NOTES 21818 WASSERMAN SS, 1989, SOCIOL METHODOL, P1 21819 WONG GY, 1995, UNPUB EXPONENTIAL MO 21820 NR 40 21821 TC 26 21822 PU PSYCHOMETRIC SOC 21823 PI WILLIAMSBURG 21824 PA COLLEGE OF WILLIAM AND MARY DEPT PSYCHOLOGY, WILLIAMSBURG, VA 23185 USA 21825 SN 0033-3123 21826 J9 PSYCHOMETRIKA 21827 JI Psychometrika 21828 PD SEP 21829 PY 1999 21830 VL 64 21831 IS 3 21832 BP 371 21833 EP 394 21834 PG 24 21835 SC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences, 21836 Mathematical Methods; Psychology, Mathematical 21837 GA 236TG 21838 UT ISI:000082614200007 21839 ER 21840 21841 PT J 21842 AU Anderson, CJ 21843 Wasserman, S 21844 Crouch, B 21845 TI A p* primer: logit models for social networks 21846 SO SOCIAL NETWORKS 21847 LA English 21848 DT Article 21849 ID STATISTICAL-ANALYSIS; SOCIOMETRIC RELATIONS; MULTIPLE NETWORKS; 21850 LONELINESS; GRAPHS; BLOCKMODELS 21851 AB A major criticism of the statistical models for analyzing social 21852 networks developed by Holland, Leinhardt, and others [Holland, P.W., 21853 Leinhardt, S., 1977. Notes on the statistical analysis of social 21854 network data; Holland, P.W., Leinhardt, S., 1981. An exponential family 21855 of probability distributions for directed graphs. Journal of the 21856 American Statistical Association. 76, pp. 33-65 (with discussion); 21857 Fienberg, S.E., Wasserman, S., 1981. Categorical data analysis of 21858 single sociometric relations. In: Leinhardt,S. (Ed.), Sociological 21859 Methodology 1981, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, pp. 156-192; Fienberg, 21860 S.E., Meyer, M.M., Wasserman, S., 1985. Statistical analysis of 21861 multiple sociometric relations. Journal of the American Statistical 21862 Association, 80, pp. 51-67; Wasserman, S., Weaver, S., 1985. 21863 Statistical analysis of binary relational data: Parameter estimation. 21864 Journal of Mathematical Psychology. 29, pp. 406-427; Wasserman, S., 21865 1987. Conformity of two sociometric relations. Psychometrika. 52, pp. 21866 3-18] is the very strong independence assumption made on interacting 21867 individuals or units within a network or group. This limiting 21868 assumption is no longer necessary given recent developments on models 21869 for random graphs made by Frank and Strauss [Frank, O., Strauss, D., 21870 1986. Markov graphs. Journal of the American Statistical Association. 21871 81, pp. 832-842] and Strauss and Ikeda [Strauss, D., Ikeda, M., 1990. 21872 Pseudolikelihood estimation for social networks. Journal of the 21873 American Statistical Association. 85, pp. 204-212]. The resulting 21874 models are extremely flexible and easy to fit to data. Although 21875 Wasserman and Pattison [Wasserman, S., Pattison, P., 1996. Logit models 21876 and logistic regressions for social networks: I. An introduction to 21877 Markov random graphs and p*. Psychometrika. 60, pp. 401-426] present a 21878 derivation and extension of these models, this paper is a primer on how 21879 to use these important breakthroughs to model the relationships between 21880 actors (individuals, units) within a single network and provides an 21881 extension of the models to multiple networks. The models for multiple 21882 networks permit researchers to study how groups are similar and/or how 21883 they are different. The models for single and multiple networks and the 21884 modeling process are illustrated using friendship data from elementary 21885 school children from a study by Parker and Asher [Parker, J.G., Asher, 21886 S.R., 1993. Friendship and friendship quality in middle childhood: 21887 Links with peer group acceptance and feelings of loneliness and social 21888 dissatisfaction. Developmental Psychology. 29, pp. 611-621].(C) 1999 21889 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. 21890 C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Educ Psychol, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. 21891 Univ Illinois, Dept Psychol, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. 21892 Univ Illinois, Dept Stat, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. 21893 Univ Illinois, Beckman Inst Adv Sci & Technol, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. 21894 RP Anderson, CJ, Univ Illinois, Dept Educ Psychol, 230 Educ Bldg,1310 S 21895 6th St, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. 21896 CR AGRESTI A, 1996, INTRO CATEGORICAL DA 21897 AGRESTI, 1990, CATEGORICAL DATA ANA 21898 ARABIE P, 1978, J MATH PSYCHOL, V17, P21 21899 ARABIE P, 1982, CLASSIFYING SOCIAL D 21900 ARABIE P, 1992, ANNU REV PSYCHOL, V43, P169 21901 ARROW H, 1994, THESIS U ILLINOIS 21902 ARROW H, 1997, J PERS SOC PSYCHOL, V72, P75 21903 ASHER SR, 1984, CHILD DEV, V55, P1456 21904 ASHER SR, 1985, J CONSULT CLIN PSYCH, V53, P500 21905 BESAG J, 1974, J R STAT SOC B, V36, P192 21906 BESAG J, 1977, B INT STAT I, V47, P77 21907 BESAG JE, 1972, J ROY STAT SOC B MET, V34, P75 21908 BOORMAN SA, 1976, AM J SOCIOL, V81, P1384 21909 BREIGER RL, 1975, J MATH PSYCHOL, V12, P328 21910 CRESSIE N, 1991, STAT SPATIAL DATA 21911 DAVIS J, 1967, HUM RELAT, V20, P181 21912 DAVIS JA, 1970, AM SOCIOL REV, V35, P843 21913 DAVIS JA, 1972, SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIE, V2, P218 21914 DAVIS JA, 1979, PERSPECTIVES SOCIAL, P51 21915 DIGGLE PJ, 1996, ADV BIOMETRY, P363 21916 FIENBERG SE, 1981, SOCIOL METHODOL, P156 21917 FIENBERG SE, 1985, J AM STAT ASSOC, V80, P51 21918 FRANK O, 1986, J AM STAT ASSOC, V81, P832 21919 FRANK O, 1991, STAT NEERL, V45, P283 21920 FRANK O, 1993, ANN DISCR M, V55, P349 21921 GAKLASKIEWICZ J, 1990, SOCIAL NETWORKS TIME, P1 21922 GALASKIEWICZ J, 1989, ADMIN SCI QUART, V34, P454 21923 GEYER CJ, 1992, J ROY STAT SOC B MET, V54, P657 21924 GRIFFEATH D, 1979, LECT NOTES MATH, V724 21925 HOLLAND PW, 1970, AM J SOCIOL, V70, P492 21926 HOLLAND PW, 1971, COMP GROUP STUDIES, V2, P107 21927 HOLLAND PW, 1972, AM J SOCIOL, V72, P1205 21928 HOLLAND PW, 1975, SOCIOL METHODOL, P1 21929 HOLLAND PW, 1977, NOTES STAT ANAL SOCI 21930 HOLLAND PW, 1978, SOCIOLOGICAL METHODS, V7, P227 21931 HOLLAND PW, 1979, PERSPECTIVES SOCIAL, P63 21932 HOLLAND PW, 1981, J AM STAT ASSOC, V76, P33 21933 IACOBUCCI D, 1990, PSYCHOMETRIKA, V55, P707 21934 ISING E, 1925, Z PHYS, V31, P253 21935 KINDERMANN RP, 1980, J MATH SOCIOL, V8, P1 21936 KOEHLY L, 1996, THESIS U ILLINOIS 21937 KRACKHARDT D, 1987, SOC NETWORKS, V9, P109 21938 KUMBASAR E, 1994, AM J SOCIOL, V100, P477 21939 LEINHARDT S, 1972, AM SOCIOL REV, V37, P202 21940 LEINHARDT S, 1973, BEHAV SCI, V12, P260 21941 LORRAIN F, 1971, J MATH SOCIOL, V1, P49 21942 PARKER JG, 1993, DEV PSYCHOL, V29, P611 21943 PATTISON P, 1994, ADV SOCIAL NETWORK A, P79 21944 PATTISON P, 1998, IN PRESS BRIT J MATH 21945 PATTISON PE, 1993, ALGEBRAIC MODELS SOC 21946 PRESTON CJ, 1974, GIBBS STATES COUNTAB 21947 RENNOLLS K, 1995, P 1995 INT C SOC NET, V1, P151 21948 RIPLEY BD, 1981, SPATIAL STAT 21949 ROBINS G, 1995, INT NETW SOC NETW AN 21950 ROBINS G, 1998, IN PRESS PSYCHOMETRI 21951 RPBINS G, 1997, UNPUB PASTERISK MODE 21952 SPEED TP, 1978, SUPPLEMENT ADV APPL, V10, P11 21953 STRAUSS D, 1986, SIAM REV, V28, P513 21954 STRAUSS D, 1990, J AM STAT ASSOC, V85, P204 21955 STRAUSS D, 1992, AM STAT, V46, P321 21956 STRAUSS DJ, 1977, J APPL PROBAB, V14, P135 21957 WALKER ME, 1993, SOCIOL METHOD RES, V22, P71 21958 WALKER ME, 1995, THESIS U ILLINOIS 21959 WANG YJ, 1987, J AM STAT ASSOC, V83, P8 21960 WASSERMAN S, 1985, J MATH PSYCHOL, V29, P406 21961 WASSERMAN S, 1987, PSYCHOMETRIKA, V52, P3 21962 WASSERMAN S, 1988, PSYCHOMETRIKA, V53, P261 21963 WASSERMAN S, 1991, BRIT J MATH STAT PSY, V44, P13 21964 WASSERMAN S, 1994, ADV SOCIAL NETWORK A 21965 WASSERMAN S, 1994, SOCIAL NETWORK ANAL 21966 WASSERMAN S, 1996, PSYCHOMETRIKA, V61, P401 21967 WASSERMAN SS, 1978, ADV APPL PROBAB, V10, P803 21968 WELLMAN B, 1983, SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY, P155 21969 WELLMAN B, 1997, SOCIAL STRUCTURES NE 21970 WELLMAN B, 1997, SOCIAL STRUCTURES NE, P1 21971 WELLMAN B, 1998, IN PRESS ENCY PSYCHO 21972 WHITE HC, 1976, AM J SOCIOL, V81, P730 21973 WHITE HC, 1977, J MATH PSYCHOL, V16, P121 21974 NR 78 21975 TC 32 21976 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV 21977 PI AMSTERDAM 21978 PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS 21979 SN 0378-8733 21980 J9 SOC NETWORKS 21981 JI Soc. Networks 21982 PD JAN 21983 PY 1999 21984 VL 21 21985 IS 1 21986 BP 37 21987 EP 66 21988 PG 30 21989 SC Anthropology; Sociology 21990 GA 204KK 21991 UT ISI:000080763300003 21992 ER 21993 21994 PT J 21995 AU Wasserman, S 21996 Pattison, P 21997 TI Logit models and logistic regressions for social networks .1. An 21998 introduction to Markov graphs and p 21999 SO PSYCHOMETRIKA 22000 LA English 22001 DT Article 22002 DE categorical data analysis; social network analysis; random graphs 22003 ID STATISTICAL-ANALYSIS; DIRECTED-GRAPHS 22004 AB Spanning nearly sixty years of research, statistical network analysis 22005 has passed through (at least) two generations of researchers and 22006 models. Beginning in the late 1930's, the first generation of research 22007 dealt with the distribution of various network statistics, under a 22008 variety of null models. The second generation, beginning in the 1970's 22009 and continuing into the 1980's, concerned models, usually for 22010 probabilities of relational ties among very small subsets of actors, in 22011 which various simple substantive tendencies were parameterized. Much of 22012 this research, most of which utilized log linear models, first appeared 22013 in applied statistics publications. 22014 But recent developments in social network analysis promise to bring us 22015 into a third generation. The Markov random graphs of Frank and Strauss 22016 (1986) and especially the estimation strategy for these models 22017 developed by Strauss and Ikeda (1990; described in brief in Strauss, 22018 1992), are very recent and promising contributions to this field. Here 22019 we describe a large class of models that can be used to investigate 22020 structure in social networks. These models include several 22021 generalizations of stochastic blockmodels, as well as models 22022 parameterizing global tendencies towards clustering and centralization, 22023 and individual differences in such tendencies. Approximate model fits 22024 are obtained using Strauss and Ikeda's (1990) estimation strategy. 22025 In this paper we describe and extend these models and demonstrate how 22026 they can be used to address a variety of substantive questions about 22027 structure in social networks. 22028 C1 UNIV MELBOURNE,PARKVILLE,VIC 3052,AUSTRALIA. 22029 RP Wasserman, S, UNIV ILLINOIS,603 E DANIEL ST,CHAMPAIGN,IL 61820. 22030 CR AGRESTI A, 1990, CATEGROICAL DATA ANA 22031 ANDERSON CJ, 1995, SOCIOL METHOD RES, V24, P96 22032 BESAG J, 1974, J R STAT SOC B, V36, P192 22033 FAUST K, 1992, J QUANTITATIVE ANTHR, V4, P23 22034 FIENBERG SE, 1980, ANAL CROSS CLASSIFIE 22035 FIENBERG SE, 1981, SOCIOL METHODOL, P156 22036 FRANK O, 1986, J AM STAT ASSOC, V81, P832 22037 HOLLAND PW, 1973, J MATH SOCIOL, V3, P85 22038 HOLLAND PW, 1975, SOCIOL METHODOL, P1 22039 HOLLAND PW, 1977, UNPUB NOTES STAT ANA 22040 HOLLAND PW, 1978, SOCIOLOGICAL METHODS, V7, P227 22041 HOLLAND PW, 1979, PERSPECTIVES SOCIAL, P63 22042 HOLLAND PW, 1981, J AM STAT ASSOC, V76, P33 22043 IACOBUCCI D, 1990, PSYCHOMETRIKA, V55, P707 22044 ISING E, 1925, Z PHYS, V31, P253 22045 JOHNSEN EC, 1985, SOC NETWORKS, V7, P203 22046 JOHNSEN EC, 1986, SOC NETWORKS, V8, P257 22047 KINDERMANN RP, 1980, J MATH SOCIOL, V8, P1 22048 KOEHLY L, 1994, UNPUB CLASSIFICATION 22049 PATTISON P, IN PRESS J QUANTITAT 22050 REITZ KP, 1982, SOC NETWORKS, V4, P243 22051 RIPLEY BD, 1981, SPATIAL STATISTICS 22052 SAMPSON SF, 1968, THESIS CORNELL U ITH 22053 SNIJDERS TAB, 1991, PSYCHOMETRIKA, V56, P397 22054 SPEED TP, 1978, SUPPLEMENT ADV APPL, V10, P111 22055 STRAUSS D, 1986, SIAM REV, V28, P513 22056 STRAUSS D, 1990, J AM STAT ASSOC, V85, P204 22057 STRAUSS D, 1992, AM STAT, V46, P321 22058 STRAUSS DJ, 1977, J APPL PROBAB, V14, P135 22059 VICKERS M, 1981, REPRESENTING CLASSRO 22060 VICKERS M, 1981, THESIS U MELBOURNE A 22061 WALKER ME, 1995, THESIS U ILLINOIS 22062 WANG YJ, 1987, J AM STAT ASSOC, V82, P8 22063 WASSERMAN S, 1984, SOC NETWORKS, V6, P177 22064 WASSERMAN S, 1986, BRIT J MATH STAT PSY, V39, P41 22065 WASSERMAN S, 1987, PSYCHOMETRIKA, V52, P3 22066 WASSERMAN S, 1994, SOCIAL NETWORK ANAL 22067 WASSERMAN SS, 1978, ADV APPL PROBAB, V10, P803 22068 NR 38 22069 TC 99 22070 PU PSYCHOMETRIC SOC 22071 PI WILLIAMSBURG 22072 PA COLLEGE OF WILLIAM AND MARY DEPT PSYCHOLOGY, WILLIAMSBURG, VA 23185 22073 SN 0033-3123 22074 J9 PSYCHOMETRIKA 22075 JI Psychometrika 22076 PD SEP 22077 PY 1996 22078 VL 61 22079 IS 3 22080 BP 401 22081 EP 425 22082 PG 25 22083 SC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences, 22084 Mathematical Methods; Psychology, Mathematical 22085 GA VN080 22086 UT ISI:A1996VN08000001 22087 ER 22088 22089 PT J 22090 AU ANDERSON, CJ 22091 WASSERMAN, S 22092 TI LOG-MULTIPLICATIVE MODELS FOR VALUED SOCIAL-RELATIONS 22093 SO SOCIOLOGICAL METHODS & RESEARCH 22094 LA English 22095 DT Article 22096 ID CROSS-CLASSIFIED DATA; CONTINGENCY-TABLES; ASSOCIATION MODELS; 22097 STATISTICAL-ANALYSIS; CATEGORIES 22098 AB The methodology described here is designed for social networks and is 22099 based on the research of Holland and Leinhardt, Wasserman and 22100 Iacobucci, and many others. Holland and Leinhardt termed the simplest 22101 model form their family of log-linear models pt. The models presented 22102 in this article are not log-linear-rather they are log-multiplicative, 22103 in the spirit of other models described in this special issue. Our 22104 models generalize the p(1) family of models for social networks by 22105 introducing multiplicative interaction parameters. These 22106 generalizations are applicable to a much wider range of data, 22107 particularly valued relations. 22108 RP ANDERSON, CJ, UNIV ILLINOIS,1310 S SIXTH ST,CHAMPAIGN,IL 61820. 22109 CR *SAS INC, 1994, SAS P243 TECHN REP 22110 AGRESTI A, 1990, CATEGORICAL DATA ANA 22111 ANDERSON CJ, PSYCHOMETRIKA 22112 BECKER MP, 1989, J AM STAT ASSOC, V84, P1014 22113 BECKER MP, 1989, J AM STAT ASSOC, V84, P142 22114 BECKER MP, 1990, 59TH INT WORKSH STAT 22115 BECKER MP, 1990, APPL STAT-J ROY ST C, V39, P152 22116 CHOULAKIAN V, 1988, PSYCHOMETRIKA, V53, P235 22117 CLOGG CC, 1982, AM J SOCIOL, V88, P114 22118 CLOGG CC, 1994, STATISTICAL MODELS O 22119 FAUST K, 1993, SOCIOL METHODOL, P177 22120 FIENBERG SE, 1980, ANAL CROSS CLASSIFIE 22121 FIENBERG SE, 1981, SOCIOL METHODOL, P156 22122 FIENBERG SE, 1985, J AM STAT ASSOC, V80, P51 22123 FRANCIS B, 1993, GLIM SYSTEM RELEASE 22124 FREEMAN LC, 1980, ELECTRONIC COMMUNICA, P77 22125 FREEMAN LC, 1986, SOC NETWORKS, V6, P201 22126 FREEMAN SC, 1979, NETWORKERS NETWORK S 22127 GOODMAN LA, 1979, J AM STAT ASSOC, V74, P537 22128 GOODMAN LA, 1985, ANN STAT, V13, P10 22129 GOODMAN LA, 1986, INT STAT REV, V54, P243 22130 GOODMAN LA, 1991, J AM STAT ASSOC, V86, P1085 22131 HOLLAND PW, 1977, ADV RES S STOCH PROC 22132 HOLLAND PW, 1981, J AM STAT ASSOC, V76, P33 22133 MCCULLAGH P, 1983, GENERALIZED LINEAR M 22134 WASSERMAN S, 1984, SOC NETWORKS, V6, P177 22135 WASSERMAN S, 1986, BRIT J MATH STAT PSY, V39, P41 22136 WASSERMAN S, 1994, SOCILA NETWORK ANAL 22137 XIE Y, 1992, AM SOCIOL REV, V57, P380 22138 XIE Y, 1992, J AM STAT ASSOC, V87, P977 22139 NR 30 22140 TC 4 22141 PU SAGE PUBL INC 22142 PI THOUSAND OAKS 22143 PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 22144 SN 0049-1241 22145 J9 SOCIOL METHOD RES 22146 JI Sociol. Methods. Res. 22147 PD AUG 22148 PY 1995 22149 VL 24 22150 IS 1 22151 BP 96 22152 EP 127 22153 PG 32 22154 SC Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods; Sociology 22155 GA RN380 22156 UT ISI:A1995RN38000005 22157 ER 22158 22159 PT J 22160 AU PATTISON, P 22161 WASSERMAN, S 22162 TI CONSTRUCTING ALGEBRAIC MODELS FOR LOCAL SOCIAL NETWORKS USING 22163 STATISTICAL-METHODS 22164 SO JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICAL PSYCHOLOGY 22165 LA English 22166 DT Article 22167 ID ROLES 22168 AB In this paper we discuss the construction and fitting of structural 22169 models for local, or ego-centered, social networks. We define partial 22170 algebraic structures from the collection of network paths having a 22171 focal individual as their source. Such structures are constrained in 22172 part by different methods of local network data collection. We present 22173 a statistical method for deriving algebraic representations from local 22174 network data. The method relies on a statistical strategy for 22175 evaluating algebraic relations and is sensitive to the various 22176 constraints associated with methods of data collection. The outcome of 22177 the method is a set of partial algebras constructed from network paths 22178 with a fixed, maximum length. (C) 1995 Academic Press, Inc. 22179 C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT PSYCHOL,CHAMPAIGN,IL 61820. 22180 UNIV MELBOURNE,MELBOURNE,VIC,AUSTRALIA. 22181 CR AGRESTI A, 1990, CATEGORICAL DATA ANA 22182 BIRKHOFF G, 1967, LATTICE THEORY 22183 BONACICH P, 1979, SOCIOLOGICAL METHODO 22184 BOORMAN SA, 1976, AM J SOCIOL, V81, P1384 22185 BOYD JP, 1989, RES METHODS SOCIAL N, P215 22186 BOYD JP, 1991, SOCIAL SEMIGROUPS UN 22187 BREIGER RL, 1978, SOCIOLOGICAL METHODS, V7, P213 22188 BREIGER RL, 1986, SOC NETWORKS, V8, P215 22189 BURT RS, 1984, SOC NETWORKS, V6, P293 22190 FISCHER CS, 1982, DWELL FRIENDS 22191 FLEISS JL, 1981, STATISTICAL METHODS 22192 HOLLAND PW, 1973, J MATH SOCIOL, V3, P85 22193 HUBERT LJ, 1987, ASSIGNMENT METHODS C 22194 IACOBUCCI D, 1990, PSYCHOMETRIKA, V55, P707 22195 KADUSHIN C, 1982, SOCIAL STRUCTURE NET, P147 22196 LAUMANN EO, 1989, RES METHODS SOCIAL N, P61 22197 MANDEL MJ, 1983, AM SOCIOL REV, V48, P376 22198 MCCONAGHY MJ, 1981, SOCIOLOGICAL METHODS, V9, P267 22199 PATTISON P, 1989, MATH THEORETICAL SYS, P139 22200 PATTISON PE, 1981, SOCIOLOGICAL METHODS, V9, P286 22201 PATTISON PE, 1982, J MATH PSYCHOL, V25, P51 22202 PATTISON PE, 1982, J MATH PSYCHOL, V25, P87 22203 PATTISON PE, 1993, ALGEBRAIC MODELS SOC 22204 ROETHLISBERGER FJ, 1961, MANAGEMENT WORKER 22205 SCHOFIELD P, 1993, 27TH AUSTR M SOC PSY 22206 SCHWARTZ JE, 1984, SOC NETWORKS, V6, P103 22207 SNIJDERS TAB, 1991, PSYCHOMETRIKA, V56, P397 22208 WALKER ME, 1993, SOCIOL METHOD RES, V22, P71 22209 WASSERMAN S, 1985, J MATH PSYCHOL, V29, P406 22210 WASSERMAN S, 1987, PSYCHOMETRIKA, V52, P3 22211 WASSERMAN S, 1988, PSYCHOMETRIKA, V53, P261 22212 WASSERMAN S, 1994, SOCIAL NETWORK ANAL 22213 WELLMAN B, 1979, AM J SOCIOL, V84, P1201 22214 WU LL, 1983, SOCIOL METHODOL, P272 22215 NR 34 22216 TC 4 22217 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS 22218 PI SAN DIEGO 22219 PA 525B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 22220 SN 0022-2496 22221 J9 J MATH PSYCHOL 22222 JI J. Math. Psychol. 22223 PD MAR 22224 PY 1995 22225 VL 39 22226 IS 1 22227 BP 57 22228 EP 72 22229 PG 16 22230 SC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences, 22231 Mathematical Methods; Psychology, Mathematical 22232 GA QR781 22233 UT ISI:A1995QR78100004 22234 ER 22235 22236 PT S 22237 AU FAUST, K 22238 WASSERMAN, S 22239 TI CORRELATION AND ASSOCIATION MODELS FOR STUDYING MEASUREMENTS ON ORDINAL 22240 RELATIONS 22241 SO SOCIOLOGICAL METHODOLOGY 1993, VOL 23 22242 SE SOCIOLOGICAL METHODOLOGY 22243 LA English 22244 DT Article 22245 ID CROSS-CLASSIFIED DATA; CONTINGENCY-TABLES; ORDERED CATEGORIES; 22246 CANONICAL-ANALYSIS; MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD; GRAPHICAL DISPLAYS; USEFUL 22247 EXTENSIONS; CLASSIFICATIONS; STRENGTH; TIE 22248 AB This paper describes and illustrates correlation models (correspondence 22249 analysis and canonical correlation analysis) and association models for 22250 studying the order and spacing of categories of ordinal relational 22251 variables. Both correlation models and association models study 22252 departures from independence in two-way contingency tables. One result 22253 of fitting these models is the possibility of assignment of scores to 22254 the categories of the row and/or the column variables to reflect the 22255 relative spacing of these categories. If the model fitting is done 22256 using statistical procedures, then restricted versions of these models 22257 allow one to test hypotheses about the spacing, linearity, or equality 22258 of the categories. Correlation and association models are especially 22259 useful for studying discrete ordinal variables, which arise quite 22260 frequently in the social and behavioral sciences. We illustrate 22261 correlation and association models using two empirical examples in 22262 which respondents wed ordered categories to rate the strength of their 22263 liking for, or acquaintance with, others in a social network. In this 22264 paper we describe how to use both correlation models and association 22265 models to test specific hypotheses about the spacing of these response 22266 categories. 22267 C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT PSYCHOL,CHICAGO,IL 60680. 22268 UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT SOCIOL,CHICAGO,IL. 22269 UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT STAT,CHICAGO,IL. 22270 RP FAUST, K, UNIV S CAROLINA,DEPT SOCIOL,COLUMBIA,SC 29208. 22271 CR ANDERSON CJ, 1992, THESIS U ILLINOIS 22272 BECKER MP, 1989, J AM STAT ASSOC, V84, P142 22273 BECKER MP, 1990, APPL STAT-J ROY ST C, V39, P152 22274 BERNARD HR, 1979, SOC NETWORKS, V2, P191 22275 BERNARD HR, 1982, SOC SCI RES, V11, P30 22276 BOCKENHOLT U, 1990, PSYCHOMETRIKA, V55, P633 22277 BURT RS, 1986, SOC NETWORKS, V8, P387 22278 CARROLL DC, 1986, J MARKETING RES, V24, P271 22279 CLOGG CC, 1982, AM J SOCIOL, V88, P114 22280 CLOGG CC, 1982, J AM STAT ASSOC, V77, P803 22281 CLOGG CC, 1986, INT STAT REV, V54, P284 22282 CLOGG CC, 1991, J AM STAT ASSOC, V86, P1118 22283 ELIASON SR, 1990, CATEGORICAL DATA ANA 22284 FIENBERG SE, 1981, SOCIOL METHODOL, P156 22285 FREEMAN LC, 1980, AAAS S, V53, P77 22286 FREEMAN LC, 1986, SOC NETWORKS, V6, P201 22287 FREEMAN LC, 1992, AM J SOCIOL, V98, P55 22288 FREEMAN SC, 1979, 46 U CAL SOC SCI RES 22289 FRIEDKIN NE, 1990, SOC NETWORKS, V12, P239 22290 GIFI A, 1990, NONLINEAR MULTIVARIA 22291 GILULA Z, 1986, J AM STAT ASSOC, V81, P773 22292 GILULA Z, 1986, J AM STAT ASSOC, V81, P780 22293 GILULA Z, 1988, J AM STAT ASSOC, V83, P540 22294 GILULA Z, 1988, J AM STAT ASSOC, V83, P760 22295 GOODMAN LA, 1979, J AM STAT ASSOC, V74, P537 22296 GOODMAN LA, 1981, AM J SOCIOL, V87, P612 22297 GOODMAN LA, 1981, J AM STAT ASSOC, V76, P320 22298 GOODMAN LA, 1985, ANN STAT, V13, P10 22299 GOODMAN LA, 1986, INT STAT REV, V54, P243 22300 GOODMAN LA, 1987, AM J SOCIOL, P529 22301 GOODMAN LA, 1991, J AM STAT ASSOC, V86, P1085 22302 GRANOVET.MS, 1973, AM J SOCIOL, V78, P1360 22303 GREENACRE M, 1987, J AM STAT ASSOC, V82, P437 22304 GREENACRE MJ, 1984, THEORY APPLICATION C 22305 GREENACRE MJ, 1986, PSYCHOMETRIKA, V51, P172 22306 HABERMAN SJ, 1981, ANN STAT, V9, P1178 22307 HOLLAND PW, 1975, SOCIOL METHODOL, P1 22308 MARSDEN PV, 1984, SOC FORCES, V63, P482 22309 NISHISATO S, 1980, ANAL CATEGORICAL DAT 22310 TAKANE Y, 1991, PSYCHOMETRIKA, V56, P667 22311 VANDERHEIJDEN PGM, 1985, PSYCHOMETRIKA, V50, P429 22312 VANDERHEIJDEN PGM, 1989, SOCIOL METHODOL, P43 22313 VANDERKRUIT PC, 1989, MILKY WAY GALAXY, P185 22314 WASSERMAN S, 1990, J MATH SOCIOL, V15, P11 22315 WASSERMAN SS, 1989, SOCIOL METHODOL, P1 22316 WELLER SC, 1990, METRIC SCALING CORRE 22317 WINSHIP C, 1977, J MATH SOCIOL, V5, P21 22318 NR 47 22319 TC 2 22320 PU BLACKWELL PUBL 22321 PI CAMBRIDGE 22322 PA 238 MAIN ST, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02142 22323 SN 0081-1750 22324 J9 SOCIOL METHOD 22325 PY 1993 22326 VL 23 22327 BP 177 22328 EP 215 22329 PG 39 22330 SC Sociology 22331 GA BA15M 22332 UT ISI:A1993BA15M00006 22333 ER 22334 22335 PT J 22336 AU GALASKIEWICZ, J 22337 WASSERMAN, S 22338 TI SOCIAL NETWORK ANALYSIS - CONCEPTS, METHODOLOGY, AND DIRECTIONS FOR THE 22339 1990S 22340 SO SOCIOLOGICAL METHODS & RESEARCH 22341 LA English 22342 DT Review 22343 ID MULTIPLE NETWORKS; POWER; POSITIONS; EXCHANGE; CLIQUE; DEPENDENCE; 22344 DYNAMICS 22345 AB Network analysis has been used extensively in sociology over the last 22346 twenty years. This special issue of Sociological Methods & Research 22347 reviews the substantive contributions that network analysis has made to 22348 five areas: political sociology, interorganizational relations, social 22349 support, social influence, and epidemiology. To introduce the novice to 22350 current developments in the field, this introductory article presents 22351 an overview of the key concepts and methods which are popular among 22352 sociologists and which have been used to advance knowledge in these 22353 substantive areas. Remaining articles are also discussed briefly, with 22354 speculations offered on some of the more promising avenues of inquiry 22355 recently under exploration. 22356 C1 UNIV ILLINOIS, DEPT PSYCHOL, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 USA. 22357 UNIV ILLINOIS, DEPT STAT, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 USA. 22358 RP GALASKIEWICZ, J, UNIV MINNESOTA, DEPT SOCIOL, MINNEAPOLIS, MN 55455 USA. 22359 CR ALBA RD, 1973, J MATH SOCIOL, V3, P113 22360 ALBA RD, 1974, SOCIOLOGICAL METHODS, V3, P489 22361 ALDRICH HE, 1976, ADMIN SOC, V7, P419 22362 BARNES JA, 1954, HUM RELAT, V7, P39 22363 BAVELAS A, 1948, APPLIED ANTHR, V7, P16 22364 BERNARD HR, 1977, HUMAN COMMUNICATION, V4, P3 22365 BLAU PM, 1955, DYNAMICS BUREAUCRACY 22366 BLAU PM, 1964, EXCHANGE POWER SOCIA 22367 BONACICH P, 1972, J MATH SOCIOL, V2, P113 22368 BOORMAN SA, 1976, AM J SOCIOL, V81, P1384 22369 BURT RS, 1976, SOC FORCES, V55, P93 22370 BURT RS, 1977, SOC FORCES, V56, P106 22371 BURT RS, 1977, SOC FORCES, V56, P551 22372 BURT RS, 1982, STRUCTURAL THEORY AC 22373 BURT RS, 1983, COROPORATE PROFITS C 22374 BURT RS, 1984, SOC NETWORKS, V6, P293 22375 BURT RS, 1985, CONNECTIONS, V8, P119 22376 BURT RS, 1987, AM J SOCIOL, V92, P1287 22377 CARTWRIGHT D, 1956, PSYCHOL REV, V63, P277 22378 CARTWRIGHT D, 1959, STUDIES SOCIAL POWER 22379 COLEMAN J, 1957, SOCIOMETRY, V20, P253 22380 COLEMAN JS, 1961, ADOLESCENT SOC 22381 COLEMAN JS, 1966, MED INNOVATION DIFFU 22382 COLEMAN JS, 1973, MATH COLLECTIVE ACTI 22383 COLEMAN JS, 1986, AM J SOCIOL, V91, P1309 22384 COLEMAN JS, 1988, AM J SOCIOLOGY S, V94, S95 22385 COOK KS, 1977, SOCIOLOGICAL Q, V18, P62 22386 DAVIS J, 1967, HUM RELAT, V20, P181 22387 DAVIS JA, 1963, AM J SOCIOL, V68, P444 22388 DAVIS JA, 1968, SOCIOMETRY, V31, P102 22389 DAVIS JA, 1979, PERSPECTIVES SOCIAL, P51 22390 EMERSON RM, 1962, AM SOCIOL REV, V27, P31 22391 FESTINGER L, 1954, HUM RELAT, V7, P117 22392 FIENBERG SE, 1981, SOCIOL METHODOL, P156 22393 FISCHER CS, 1982, DWELL FRIENDS 22394 FRANK O, 1971, STATISTICAL INFERENC 22395 FRANK O, 1978, SOC NETWORKS, V1, P91 22396 FRANK O, 1979, J STATISTICAL COMPUT, V9, P31 22397 FRANK O, 1981, SOCIOL METHODOL, P110 22398 FREEMAN LC, 1977, SOCIOMETRY, V40, P35 22399 GALASKIEWICZ J, 1979, EXCHANGE NETWORKS CO 22400 GALASKIEWICZ J, 1981, ADM SCI Q, V26, P434 22401 GALASKIEWICZ J, 1985, SOCIAL ORG URBAN GRA 22402 GRANOVETTER M, 1977, AM J SOCIOL, V81, P1287 22403 GRANOVETTER M, 1985, AM J SOCIOL, V91, P481 22404 GRANOVETTER MS, 1974, GETTING JOB STUDY CO 22405 HARARY F, 1965, STRUCTURAL MODELS IN 22406 HEIDER F, 1944, PSYCHOL REV, V51, P358 22407 HOLLAND PW, 1975, SOCIOL METHODOL, P1 22408 HOLLAND PW, 1977, J MATH SOCIOL, V5, P5 22409 HOLLAND PW, 1981, J AM STAT ASSOC, V76, P33 22410 HUBERT L, 1976, BRIT J MATH STAT PSY, V29, P190 22411 HUNTER F, 1953, COMMUNITY POWER STRU 22412 KILLWORTH PD, 1976, HUM ORGAN, V35, P269 22413 KILLWORTH PD, 1978, SOC NETWORKS, V1, P159 22414 KILLWORTH PD, 1979, SOC NETWORKS, V2, P10 22415 LAUMANN EO, 1966, PRESTIGE ASS URBAN C 22416 LAUMANN EO, 1969, SOCIOMETRY, V32, P54 22417 LAUMANN EO, 1976, NETWORKS COLLECTIVE 22418 LAUMANN EO, 1977, AM J SOCIOL, V83, P594 22419 LAWLER EL, 1973, NETWORKS, V3, P275 22420 LEVINE JH, 1972, AM SOCIOL REV, V37, P14 22421 LORRAIN F, 1971, J MATH SOCIOL, V1, P49 22422 MARIOLIS P, 1983, SOCIOLOGICAL SPECTRU, V3, P237 22423 MARSDEN PV, 1983, AM J SOCIOL, V88, P686 22424 MARSDEN PV, 1987, AM SOCIOL REV, V52, P122 22425 MARSDEN PV, 1988, SOC NETWORKS, V10, P57 22426 MARSDEN PV, 1990, ANNU REV SOCIOL, V16, P435 22427 MARWELL G, 1988, AM J SOCIOL, V94, P502 22428 MCPHERSON JM, 1992, AM SOCIOL REV, V57, P153 22429 MERTON RK, 1957, SOCIAL THEORY SOCIAL 22430 MILGRAM S, 1967, PSYCHOL TODAY, V1, P61 22431 MITCHELL JC, 1969, SOCIAL NETWORKS URBA 22432 MOKKEN RJ, 1979, QUAL QUANT, V13, P161 22433 MOLM LD, 1991, AM SOCIOL REV, V56, P475 22434 MORENO JL, 1934, WHO SHALL SURVIVE NE 22435 NADEL SF, 1957, THEORY SOCIAL STRUCT 22436 NEWCOMB TM, 1961, ACQUAINTANCE PROCESS 22437 PFEFFER J, 1977, SOC FORCES, V55, P775 22438 POWELL WW, 1990, RES ORGAN BEHAV, V12, P295 22439 RAUB W, 1990, AM J SOCIOL, V96, P626 22440 SEIDMAN SB, 1978, J MATH SOCIOL, V6, P139 22441 VANDEVEN AH, 1984, ADMIN SCI QUART, V29, P598 22442 WASSERMAN S, 1993, SOCIAL NETWORK ANAL 22443 WELLMAN B, 1979, AM J SOCIOL, V84, P1201 22444 WELLMAN B, 1988, SOCIAL STRUCTURES NE, P1 22445 WELLMAN B, 1988, SOCIAL STRUCTURES NE, P19 22446 WHITE HC, 1976, AM J SOCIOL, V81, P730 22447 YAMAGISHI T, 1988, AM J SOCIOL, V93, P833 22448 NR 89 22449 TC 15 22450 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC 22451 PI THOUSAND OAKS 22452 PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 22453 SN 0049-1241 22454 J9 SOCIOL METHOD RES 22455 JI Sociol. Methods. Res. 22456 PD AUG 22457 PY 1993 22458 VL 22 22459 IS 1 22460 BP 3 22461 EP 22 22462 PG 20 22463 SC Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods; Sociology 22464 GA LN226 22465 UT ISI:A1993LN22600001 22466 ER 22467 22468 PT J 22469 AU WALKER, ME 22470 WASSERMAN, S 22471 WELLMAN, B 22472 TI STATISTICAL-MODELS FOR SOCIAL SUPPORT NETWORKS 22473 SO SOCIOLOGICAL METHODS & RESEARCH 22474 LA English 22475 DT Review 22476 ID METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES; CONTINGENCY-TABLES; GENDER DIFFERENCES; 22477 HOST-RESISTANCE; LIFE STRESS; WOMEN; TIES; FRIENDSHIP; COMMUNITY; HEALTH 22478 AB In recent years, the conceptualization of social support in the 22479 literature has become increasingly sophisticated, facilitating the 22480 consideration of more complex theories. Researchers no longer consider 22481 the mere availability of social ties, but look instead at the flow of 22482 specific resources through a social network. This article discusses how 22483 the social network has been defined in the context of social support. 22484 Research is reviewed, indicating how characteristics of individual tie 22485 (eg., tie strength, proximity, frequency of contact, similarity) are 22486 related to the provision of support. Also examined are how 22487 characteristics of the personal network (e.g., size, density) relate to 22488 support and well-being. Statistical models for network analysis and how 22489 they should prove useful in studying social support are then discussed. 22490 C1 UNIV TORONTO,CTR URBAN & COMMUNITY STUDIES,TORONTO M5S 1A1,ONTARIO,CANADA. 22491 RP WALKER, ME, UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT PSYCHOL,60 E DANIEL ST,CHAMPAIGN,IL 22492 61820. 22493 CR ANTONUCCI TC, 1987, SEX ROLES, V17, P737 22494 ARGYLE M, 1984, J SOCIAL PERSONAL RE, V1, P209 22495 BALL RE, 1980, ETHNICITY, V7, P70 22496 BARRERA M, 1981, SOCIAL NETWORKS SOCI, P69 22497 BARRERA M, 1983, J COMMUNITY PSYCHOL, V11, P133 22498 BERKMAN LF, 1979, AM J EPIDEMIOL, V109, P186 22499 BERNARD HR, 1981, CONNECTIONS, V4, P11 22500 BERNARD HR, 1990, REPORT ANTHR MMDI PR 22501 BERSCHEID E, 1989, CLOSE RELATIONSHIPS, P63 22502 BLAU P, 1984, CROSSCUTTING SOCIAL 22503 BLUMSTEIN P, 1988, ANNU REV SOCIOL, V14, P467 22504 BOYD JP, 1990, SOCIAL SEMIGROUPS UN 22505 BRIER SS, 1980, BIOMETRIKA, V67, P591 22506 BULMER M, 1986, NEIGBOURS WORK P ABR 22507 BURT RS, 1984, SOC NETWORKS, V6, P293 22508 BURT RS, 1987, SOC NETWORKS, V9, P311 22509 CAMPBELL GE, 1991, AGROFOREST SYST, V13, P203 22510 CAMPBELL KE, 1990, SOCIOL QUART, V31, P495 22511 CAMPBELL KE, 1992, SOC FORCES, V70, P1077 22512 CASSEL J, 1974, INT J HLTH SERVICES, V4, P471 22513 CASSEL J, 1976, AM J EPIDEMIOL, V104, P107 22514 CHATTERS LM, 1989, J MARRIAGE FAM, V51, P667 22515 COBB S, 1976, PSYCHOSOM MED, V38, P300 22516 COE RM, 1984, RES AGING, V6, P243 22517 CROHAN SE, 1989, OLDER ADULT FRIENDSH, P129 22518 CUTRONA CE, 1990, SOCIAL SUPPORT INTER, P319 22519 DEAN A, 1977, J NERV MENT DIS, V165, P403 22520 DIMATTEO MR, 1981, SOCIAL NETWORKS SOCI, P117 22521 DRESSLER WW, 1985, J HEALTH SOC BEHAV, V26, P39 22522 DUCK S, 1983, FRIENDS LIFE 22523 DURKHEIM E, 1897, SUICIDE 22524 ERICKSON B, 1985, J PERS SOC PSYCHOL, V48, P624 22525 ESPINOZA V, 1992, THESIS U TORONTO 22526 ESSOCKVITALE SM, 1985, ETHOL SOCIOBIOL, V6, P155 22527 FAUST K, 1992, J QUANTITATIVE ANTHR, V4, P23 22528 FELD S, 1982, AM SOCIOL REV, V47, P797 22529 FERRAND A, 1989, FEB SUNB SOC NETW C 22530 FISCHER CS, 1982, DWELL FRIENDS 22531 FISCHER JL, 1989, J MARRIAGE FAM, V51, P521 22532 FRANK O, 1986, J AM STAT ASSOC, V81, P832 22533 GALASKIEWICZ J, 1985, SOCIAL ORG URBAN GRA 22534 GERSTEL N, 1988, J MARRIAGE FAM, V50, P209 22535 GOTTLIEB BH, 1981, SOCIAL NETWORKS SOCI, P201 22536 GOTTLIEB BH, 1983, SOCIAL SUPPORT STRAT 22537 GRANOVET.MS, 1973, AM J SOCIOL, V78, P1360 22538 GRANOVETTER M, 1974, GETTING JOB 22539 GRANOVETTER M, 1982, SOCIAL STRUCTURE NET, P105 22540 HAINES VA, 1992, J HEALTH SOC BEHAV, V33, P254 22541 HALL A, 1985, SOCIAL SUPPORT HLTH, P23 22542 HAMMER M, 1981, SCHIZOPHRENIA B, V7, P45 22543 HAMMER M, 1983, SOC SCI MED, V17, P405 22544 HIRSCH BJ, 1980, AM J COMMUN PSYCHOL, V8, P159 22545 HOLLAND PW, 1981, J AM STAT ASSOC, V76, P33 22546 HOMANS GC, 1950, HUMAN GROUP 22547 HOMANS GC, 1961, SOCIAL BEHAVIOR ITS 22548 HUNTER A, 1986, J COMMUNITY PSYCHOL, V14, P25 22549 IACOBUCCI D, 1987, PSYCHOL BULL, V102, P293 22550 IACOBUCCI D, 1988, PSYCHOL BULL, V103, P379 22551 ISRAEL BA, 1987, HEALTH EDUC QUART, V14, P461 22552 JONES WH, 1982, LONELINESS SOURCEBOO, P238 22553 KELLER S, 1968, URBAN NEIGHBORHOOD 22554 KEMPER TD, 1972, AM SOCIOL REV, V37, P739 22555 KESSLER RC, 1985, SOCIAL SUPPORT HLTH, P219 22556 KNOKE D, 1983, APPLIED NETWORK ANAL 22557 LAZARSFELD PF, 1964, FREEDOM CONTROL MODE, P18 22558 LEE BA, 1991, SOCIOL FORUM, V6, P525 22559 LEIGHTON B, 1986, THESIS U TORONTO 22560 LIN N, 1982, SOCIAL STRUCTURE NET, P131 22561 LIN N, 1986, SOCIAL SUPPORT LIFE, P17 22562 LIU W, 1972, PUBLIC OPIN QUART, V78, P361 22563 MARSDEN PV, 1984, SOC FORCES, V63, P482 22564 MARSDEN PV, 1988, SOC NETWORKS, V10, P57 22565 MARSDEN PV, 1990, ANNU REV SOCIOL, V16, P435 22566 MAXWELL GM, 1985, J SOC PERS RELAT, V2, P215 22567 MILARDO R, 1991, MAY INT NETW C PERS 22568 MILARDO RM, 1989, J MARRIAGE FAM, V51, P165 22569 MILIC A, 1991, UNPUB FAMILY SOCIAL 22570 MITCHELL JC, 1969, SOCIAL NETWORKS URBA 22571 MITCHELL JC, 1987, SOC NETWORKS, V9, P37 22572 NEYER F, 1991, CONNECTINS, V14, P14 22573 OCONNELL L, 1984, J SOCIAL PERSONAL RE, V1, P333 22574 OLIVER ML, 1988, SOCIOL QUART, V29, P623 22575 OLSON P, 1982, URBAN AFF QUART, V17, P491 22576 PATTISON PE, 1993, ALGEBRAIC MODELS SOC 22577 PERLMAN D, 1987, INTIMATE RELATIONSHI, P13 22578 PESCOSOLIDO BA, 1989, AM SOCIOL REV, V54, P33 22579 RADOEVA D, 1993, FEB INT SUNB SOC NET 22580 REIS HT, 1988, HDB PERSONAL RELATIO, P367 22581 REITZ KP, 1989, J MATH SOCIOL, V14, P85 22582 RILEY D, 1985, J MARRIAGE FAM, V47, P275 22583 RILEY D, 1986, J PERS SOC PSYCHOL, V51, P770 22584 ROBERTS B, 1991, URBAN LIFE TRANSITIO, P135 22585 ROOK KS, 1984, J PERS SOC PSYCHOL, V46, P1097 22586 ROOK KS, 1987, J PERS SOC PSYCHOL, V52, P145 22587 ROSENTHAL CJ, 1985, J MARRIAGE FAM, V47, P965 22588 SANDLER IN, 1984, AM J COMMUN PSYCHOL, V12, P37 22589 SARASON IG, 1986, J PERS SOC PSYCHOL, V50, P845 22590 SEEMAN TE, 1988, SOC SCI MED, V26, P737 22591 SIK E, 1993, FEB INT SUNB SOC NET 22592 SILVERMAN CJ, 1986, URBAN AFF QUART, V22, P312 22593 SOLDO B, 1986, NOV ANN M GER SOC AM 22594 STOKES JP, 1983, AM J COMMUN PSYCHOL, V11, P141 22595 STOKES JP, 1984, AM J COMMUN PSYCHOL, V12, P53 22596 STRAUSS D, 1990, J AM STAT ASSOC, V85, P204 22597 THOITS PA, 1982, J HEALTH SOC BEHAV, V23, P145 22598 UNGER DG, 1985, AM J COMMUN PSYCHOL, V13, P139 22599 VANTILBURG T, 1991, SOC PSYCHOL QUART, V54, P54 22600 VERBRUGGE LM, 1977, SOC FORCES, V56, P576 22601 WAGNER RM, 1987, J DIVORCE, V11, P89 22602 WARING EM, 1985, PSYCHOL MED, V15, P9 22603 WARREN D, 1981, HELPING NETWORKS 22604 WASSERMAN S, 1985, J MATH PSYCHOL, V29, P406 22605 WASSERMAN S, 1993, SOCIAL NETWORK ANAL 22606 WELLMAN B, IN PRESS EGOCENTRIC 22607 WELLMAN B, 1979, AM J SOCIOL, V84, P1201 22608 WELLMAN B, 1981, SOCIAL NETWORKS SOCI, P171 22609 WELLMAN B, 1982, SOCIAL STRUCTURE NET, P61 22610 WELLMAN B, 1985, UNDERSTANDING PERSON, P159 22611 WELLMAN B, 1988, POWER COMMUNITY CITY, P81 22612 WELLMAN B, 1988, SOCIAL STRUCTURES NE, P130 22613 WELLMAN B, 1989, SOCIOL PERSPECT, V32, P273 22614 WELLMAN B, 1990, AM J SOCIOL, V96, P558 22615 WELLMAN B, 1992, ADV GROUP PROCESSES, V9, P207 22616 WELLMAN B, 1992, MENS FRIENDSHIPS, P74 22617 WELLMAN B, 1993, ADV COMMUNICATION NE, P63 22618 WELLMAN B, 1993, FEB INT SUNB SOC NET 22619 WILCOX BL, 1981, SOCIAL NETWORKS SOCI, P97 22620 WILLMOTT P, 1986, SOCIAL NETWORKS INFO 22621 WILLMOTT P, 1987, FRIENDSHIP NETWORKS 22622 YOUNG CE, 1982, AM J COMMUN PSYCHOL, V10, P457 22623 NR 130 22624 TC 16 22625 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC 22626 PI THOUSAND OAKS 22627 PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 22628 SN 0049-1241 22629 J9 SOCIOL METHOD RES 22630 JI Sociol. Methods. Res. 22631 PD AUG 22632 PY 1993 22633 VL 22 22634 IS 1 22635 BP 71 22636 EP 98 22637 PG 28 22638 SC Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods; Sociology 22639 GA LN226 22640 UT ISI:A1993LN22600004 22641 ER 22642 22643 PT J 22644 AU ANDERSON, CJ 22645 WASSERMAN, S 22646 TI CATEGORICAL-DATA ANALYSIS - AGRESTI,A 22647 SO JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICAL PSYCHOLOGY 22648 LA English 22649 DT Book Review 22650 C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,603 E DANIEL ST,CHAMPAIGN,IL 61820. 22651 CR AGRESTI A, 1990, CATEGORICAL DATA ANA 22652 NR 1 22653 TC 0 22654 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS 22655 PI SAN DIEGO 22656 PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 22657 SN 0022-2496 22658 J9 J MATH PSYCHOL 22659 JI J. Math. Psychol. 22660 PD JUN 22661 PY 1993 22662 VL 37 22663 IS 2 22664 BP 299 22665 EP 310 22666 PG 12 22667 SC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences, 22668 Mathematical Methods; Psychology, Mathematical 22669 GA LE961 22670 UT ISI:A1993LE96100007 22671 ER 22672 22673 PT J 22674 AU ANDERSON, CJ 22675 WASSERMAN, S 22676 TI MULTIWAY CONTINGENCY-TABLES ANALYSIS FOR THE SOCIAL-SCIENCES - 22677 WICKENS,TD 22678 SO JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICAL PSYCHOLOGY 22679 LA English 22680 DT Book Review 22681 RP WASSERMAN, S, UNIV ILLINOIS,603 E DANIEL ST,CHAMPAIGN,IL 61820. 22682 CR WICKENS TD, 1989, MULTIWAY CONTINGENCY 22683 NR 1 22684 TC 0 22685 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS 22686 PI SAN DIEGO 22687 PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 22688 SN 0022-2496 22689 J9 J MATH PSYCHOL 22690 JI J. Math. Psychol. 22691 PD JUN 22692 PY 1993 22693 VL 37 22694 IS 2 22695 BP 299 22696 EP 310 22697 PG 12 22698 SC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences, 22699 Mathematical Methods; Psychology, Mathematical 22700 GA LE961 22701 UT ISI:A1993LE96100008 22702 ER 22703 22704 PT J 22705 AU FAUST, K 22706 WASSERMAN, S 22707 TI BLOCKMODELS - INTERPRETATION AND EVALUATION 22708 SO SOCIAL NETWORKS 22709 LA English 22710 DT Article 22711 ID STRUCTURAL EQUIVALENCE; STOCHASTIC BLOCKMODELS; DYAD DISTRIBUTIONS; 22712 MULTIPLE NETWORKS; SOCIAL-STRUCTURE; WORLD SYSTEM; ROLES; POSITIONS; 22713 ASSOCIATION; CONFORMITY 22714 AB Many methods for the description of social network structural 22715 properties are concerned with the dual notions of social position and 22716 social role. Common goals of these methods are to represent patterns in 22717 complex social network data in simplified form, to reveal sets of 22718 actors who are similarly embedded in networks of relations, and to 22719 describe the associations among relations in multirelational social 22720 networks. Often these representations take the form of a blockmodel. In 22721 a blockmodel actors are assigned to positions and network relations are 22722 presented among positions, rather than among actors. 22723 The literature on blockmodels is extensive and is overflowing with 22724 computation and applications of blockmodels. However, there is a 22725 surprising lack of attention to two very important aspects of 22726 block-model analyses: the interpretation and evaluation of the results. 22727 The purpose of this paper is to focus on these topics, primarily 22728 reviewing and synthesizing the approaches to interpretation and 22729 evaluation currently in use. 22730 C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT PSYCHOL,CHAMPAIGN,IL 61820. 22731 RP FAUST, K, UNIV S CAROLINA,DEPT SOCIOL,COLUMBIA,SC 29208. 22732 CR 1984, EUROPA YB 22733 *UN, 1984, STAT PAP COMM TRAD D, V34 22734 *WORLD BANK, 1983, WORLD BANK WORLD TAB, V1 22735 *WORLD BANK, 1983, WORLD BANK WORLD TAB, V2 22736 ANDERSON CJ, 1992, SOC NETWORKS, V14, P137 22737 ARABIE P, 1978, J MATH PSYCHOL, V17, P21 22738 ARABIE P, 1982, CLASSIFYING SOCIAL D 22739 ARABIE P, 1984, SOC NETWORKS, V6, P373 22740 ARABIE P, 1990, SOC NETWORKS, V12, P99 22741 BAKER FB, 1981, SOCIOL METHOD RES, V9, P339 22742 BATAGELJ V, 1992, SOC NETWORKS, V14, P121 22743 BATAGELJ V, 1992, SOC NETWORKS, V14, P63 22744 BOORMAN SA, 1976, AM J SOCIOL, V81, P1384 22745 BORGATTI SP, 1991, UNPUB UCINET 4 0 22746 BREEDLOVE WL, 1988, INT J CONT SOCIOLOGY, V25, P105 22747 BREIGER RL, 1975, J MATH PSYCHOL, V12, P328 22748 BREIGER RL, 1976, AM SOCIOL REV, V41, P117 22749 BREIGER RL, 1981, CONTINUITIES STRUCTU, P353 22750 BREIGER RL, 1981, J AM STAT ASSOC, V76, P51 22751 BREIGER RL, 1986, SOC NETWORKS, V8, P215 22752 BURT RS, 1976, SOC FORCES, V55, P93 22753 BURT RS, 1986, SOC NETWORKS, V8, P205 22754 CARRINGTON PJ, 1979, SOC NETWORKS, V2, P219 22755 CARRINGTON PJ, 1981, J MATH SOCIOL, V8, P103 22756 COXON APM, 1982, USERS GUIDE MULTIDIM 22757 CRONBACH LJ, 1953, PSYCHOL BULL, V50, P456 22758 DOREIAN P, 1985, J AM SOC INFORM SCI, V36, P28 22759 ENNIS JG, 1982, CLASSIFYING SOCIAL D, P199 22760 EVERETT MG, 1992, SOC NETWORKS, V14, P91 22761 FAUST K, 1985, BRIT J MATH STAT PSY, V38, P152 22762 FAUST K, 1985, SOC NETWORKS, V7, P77 22763 FAUST K, 1988, SOC NETWORKS, V10, P313 22764 FOX J, 1982, CLASSIFYING SOCIAL D 22765 FRANK O, 1985, J CLASSIF, V2, P219 22766 FRANK O, 1985, J MATH SOCIOL, V11, P47 22767 GALASKIEWICZ J, 1984, SOCIOL QUART, V25, P527 22768 HARARY F, 1965, STRUCTURAL MODELS IN 22769 HEIL G, 1976, BEHAV SCI, V21, P26 22770 HOLLAND PW, 1983, SOC NETWORKS, V5, P109 22771 HUBERT L, 1976, BRIT J MATH STAT PSY, V29, P190 22772 HUBERT LJ, 1978, PSYCHOMETRIKA, V43, P31 22773 HUBERT LJ, 1983, NUMERICAL TAXONOMY 22774 HUBERT LJ, 1985, PSYCHOMETRIKA, V50, P449 22775 HUBERT LJ, 1987, ASSIGNMENT METHODS C 22776 HUBERT LJ, 1989, APPLIED STOCHASTIC M, V5, P273 22777 KATZ L, 1953, PSYCHOMETRIKA, V18, P249 22778 KICK EL, UNPUB WORLD SYSTEM S 22779 KNOKE D, 1979, SOCIOL SOC RES, V64, P28 22780 KRACKHARDT D, 1987, SOC NETWORKS, V9, P109 22781 KRACKHARDT D, 1987, SOC NETWORKS, V9, P171 22782 KRACKHARDT D, 1988, SOC NETWORKS, V10, P359 22783 LAUMANN EO, 1974, AM SOCIOL REV, V39, P164 22784 LAUMANN EO, 1977, AM J SOCIOL, V83, P594 22785 LENSKI G, 1984, SOC FORCES, V63, P1 22786 LIGHT JM, 1979, PERSPECTIVES SOCIAL, P85 22787 LORRAIN F, 1971, J MATH SOCIOL, V1, P49 22788 MACEVOY B, UCINET VERSION 3 0 M 22789 MANDEL MJ, 1983, AM SOCIOL REV, V48, P376 22790 MARSDEN PV, 1989, RES METHODS SOCIAL N, P489 22791 MULLINS NC, 1977, AM SOCIOL REV, V42, P552 22792 NEMETH R, 1985, REVIEW, V8, P517 22793 NOLAN PD, 1983, INT J COMP SOCIOL, V24, P109 22794 NOLAN PD, 1987, INT J COMP SOCIOL, V28, P69 22795 NOLAN PD, 1988, SOCIOL FOCUS, V21, P9 22796 NOMA E, 1985, PSYCHOL BULL, V97, P583 22797 PANNING WH, 1982, AM J POLIT SCI, V26, P585 22798 PANNING WH, 1982, SOC NETWORKS, V4, P81 22799 PATTISON PE, 1982, J MATH PSYCHOL, V25, P87 22800 PATTISON PE, 1988, SOC NETWORKS, V10, P383 22801 RICHARDS WD, 1989, UNPUB NECOPY ANAL PR 22802 ROHLF FJ, 1965, U KANSAS SCI B, V45, P3 22803 SAILER LD, 1978, SOC NETWORKS, V1, P73 22804 SMITH D, 1988, UNPUB STRUCTURE DYNA 22805 SNEATH PHA, 1973, NUMERICAL TAXONOMY P 22806 SNYDER D, 1979, AM J SOCIOL, V84, P1096 22807 SOKAL RR, 1963, PRINCIPLES NUMERICAL 22808 WANG YJ, 1987, J AM STAT ASSOC, V82, P8 22809 WASSERMAN S, 1987, PSYCHOMETRIKA, V52, P3 22810 WASSERMAN S, 1987, SOC NETWORKS, V9, P1 22811 WASSERMAN S, 1992, SOCIAL NETWORK ANAL 22812 WHITE DR, 1989, RES METHODS SOCIAL N, P429 22813 WHITE HC, 1976, AM J SOCIOL, V81, P730 22814 WHITE HC, 1977, J MATH PSYCHOL, V16, P121 22815 WILKINSON L, 1987, SYSTAT SYSTEM STATIS 22816 WINSHIP C, 1983, SOCIOL METHODOL, P314 22817 WINSHIP C, 1988, SOC NETWORKS, V10, P209 22818 WU LL, 1983, SOCIOL METHODOL, P272 22819 ZEGERS FE, 1985, PSYCHOMETRIKA, V50, P17 22820 NR 88 22821 TC 8 22822 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV 22823 PI AMSTERDAM 22824 PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS 22825 SN 0378-8733 22826 J9 SOC NETWORKS 22827 JI Soc. Networks 22828 PD MAR-JUN 22829 PY 1992 22830 VL 14 22831 IS 1-2 22832 BP 5 22833 EP 61 22834 PG 57 22835 SC Anthropology; Sociology 22836 GA HR571 22837 UT ISI:A1992HR57100002 22838 ER 22839 22840 PT J 22841 AU ANDERSON, CJ 22842 WASSERMAN, S 22843 FAUST, K 22844 TI BUILDING STOCHASTIC BLOCKMODELS 22845 SO SOCIAL NETWORKS 22846 LA English 22847 DT Article 22848 ID STATISTICAL-ANALYSIS; CONTINGENCY-TABLES; MULTIPLE NETWORKS; 22849 SOCIAL-STRUCTURE; DIRECTED-GRAPHS; RELATIONAL DATA; MODELS 22850 AB The literature devoted to the construction of stochastic blockmodels is 22851 relatively rare compared to that of the deterministic variety. In this 22852 paper, a general definition of a stochastic blockmodel is given and a 22853 number of techniques for building such blockmodels are presented. In 22854 the statistical approach, the likelihood ratio statistic provides a 22855 natural index to evaluate the fit of the model to the data. The model 22856 itself consists of a set of actors partitioned into positions with 22857 respect to a definition of equivalence, and a representation based on 22858 estimated probabilities. The specific statistical model that is used to 22859 illustrate the techniques is p1, which was first introduced as a method 22860 for stochastic blockmodeling by Fienberg and Wasserman (1981), and 22861 developed by Holland et al. (1983) and Wasserman and Anderson (1987). 22862 C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT STAT,URBANA,IL 61801. 22863 UNIV S CAROLINA,DEPT SOCIOL,COLUMBIA,SC 29208. 22864 RP ANDERSON, CJ, UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT PSYCHOL,URBANA,IL 61801. 22865 CR *UN, 1984, STAT PAP COMM TRAD D, V34 22866 BOORMAN SA, 1976, AM J SOCIOL, V81, P1384 22867 BREIGER RL, 1981, J AM STAT ASSOC, V76, P51 22868 FAUST K, 1991, UNPUB CENTRALITY PRE 22869 FAUST K, 1992, SOC NETWORKS, V14, P5 22870 FIENBERG SE, 1981, SOCIOL METHODOL, P156 22871 FIENBERG SE, 1985, J AM STAT ASSOC, V80, P51 22872 GABRIEL KR, 1979, TECHNOMETRICS, V21, P489 22873 GABRIEL KR, 1982, ENCY STATISTICAL SCI, V1, P263 22874 GOODMAN LA, 1985, ANN STAT, V13, P10 22875 GOODMAN LA, 1986, INT STAT REV, V54, P243 22876 GREENACRE MJ, 1984, THEORY APPLICATION C 22877 HABERMAN SJ, 1981, J AM STAT ASSOC, V76, P60 22878 HARTIGAN JA, 1976, CLUSTERING ALGORITHM 22879 HEIL G, 1976, BEHAV SCI, V21, P26 22880 HOLLAND PW, 1981, J AM STAT ASSOC, V76, P33 22881 HOLLAND PW, 1983, SOC NETWORKS, V5, P109 22882 IACOBUCCI D, 1990, PSYCHOMETRIKA, V55, P707 22883 WANG YJ, 1987, J AM STAT ASSOC, V82, P8 22884 WASSERMAN S, SOCIAL NETWORK ANAL 22885 WASSERMAN S, 1984, SOC NETWORKS, V6, P177 22886 WASSERMAN S, 1986, BRIT J MATH STAT PSY, V39, P41 22887 WASSERMAN S, 1987, SOC NETWORKS, V9, P1 22888 WASSERMAN S, 1990, J MATH SOCIOL, V15, P11 22889 WASSERMAN SS, 1989, SOCIOL METHODOL, P1 22890 WHITE HC, 1976, AM J SOCIOL, V81, P730 22891 WONG GY, 1989, UNPUB COMPUTATION AS 22892 NR 27 22893 TC 9 22894 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV 22895 PI AMSTERDAM 22896 PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS 22897 SN 0378-8733 22898 J9 SOC NETWORKS 22899 JI Soc. Networks 22900 PD MAR-JUN 22901 PY 1992 22902 VL 14 22903 IS 1-2 22904 BP 137 22905 EP 161 22906 PG 25 22907 SC Anthropology; Sociology 22908 GA HR571 22909 UT ISI:A1992HR57100006 22910 ER 22911 22912 PT J 22913 AU WASSERMAN, S 22914 IACOBUCCI, D 22915 TI STATISTICAL MODELING OF ONE-MODE AND 2-MODE NETWORKS - SIMULTANEOUS 22916 ANALYSIS OF GRAPHS AND BIPARTITE GRAPHS 22917 SO BRITISH JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICAL & STATISTICAL PSYCHOLOGY 22918 LA English 22919 DT Article 22920 ID 3-MODE FACTOR-ANALYSIS; STOCHASTIC BLOCKMODELS; INDIVIDUAL-DIFFERENCES; 22921 SOCIOMETRIC RELATIONS; DYADIC INTERACTIONS; DIRECTED-GRAPHS; LINEAR 22922 MODELS; POWER; INFORMATION; ALGORITHM 22923 AB A bipartite graph, in which the nodes (or actors in a social network) 22924 are partitioned into two sets, can be studied using recent statistical 22925 models for dyadic interactions. These models, which are longlinear for 22926 the probabilities of dyadic choices or interactions, allow not only 22927 arcs or relationships to exist between the sets but also within the 22928 sets. Thus, the methods described here are applicable not only to 22929 bipartite graphs, consisting of arcs existing between nodes in 22930 different sets, but also to directed graphs that are defined within the 22931 two sets of nodes. Data on both types of graphs can be analysed 22932 simultaneously. 22933 A bipartite graph has an adjacency matrix (or sociomatrix) with two 22934 'modes'. The set of nodes in the row mode differs from the set of 22935 nodes in the column mode. For example, in marketing, one could study 22936 the dyadic relations in a 'buyers-by-sellers' network. Generally, the 22937 relations observed in a one-mode network, which has a square 22938 sociomatrix (row mode = column mode) are bidirectional-the actors 22939 indexing the columns may also 'relate to' the actors indexing the rows. 22940 The relations observed in a two-mode network are generally 22941 unidirectional-the row actors relate to or choose the column actors, 22942 but the column actors do not relate to the row actors. Referring to 22943 our example, a buyer might pay a seller for some item, but a seller 22944 would not pay a buyer. 22945 Statistical models for the separate analysis of these one-mode and 22946 two-mode matrices are extended in this paper to the simultaneous 22947 analysis of both types of networks. A superordinate one-mode 22948 sociomatrix is created in which the rows and columns consist of all 22949 actors (that is, all buyers and sellers). This larger matrix contains 22950 both the one-mode matrices and the two-mode matrices. Multivariate 22951 analysis of unidirectional and bidirectional relations in social 22952 networks and complex directed graphs becomes possible with this 22953 simultaneous consideration of both types of matrices. 22954 C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT CHIM FARMACEUT,CHAMPAIGN,IL 61820. 22955 NORTHWESTERN UNIV,KELLOGG GRAD SCH MANAGEMENT,DEPT MKT,EVANSTON,IL 60201. 22956 RP WASSERMAN, S, UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT PSYCHOL,603 E DANIEL ST,CHAMPAIGN,IL 22957 61820. 22958 CR ANDERSON E, 1987, J MARKETING RES, V22, P365 22959 ARABIE P, 1978, J MATH PSYCHOL, V17, P21 22960 ARABIE P, 1987, 3 WAY SCALING CLUSTE 22961 ARNDT J, 1967, J MARKETING RES, V15, P291 22962 BEARDEN WO, 1982, J CONSUM RES, V9, P183 22963 BENTLER PM, 1978, PSYCHOMETRIKA, V43, P343 22964 BREEN R, 1984, SOCIOLOGICAL METHODS, V13, P77 22965 BREIGER RL, 1975, J MATH PSYCHOL, V12, P328 22966 CARROLL JD, 1970, PSYCHOMETRIKA, V35, P283 22967 CARROLL JD, 1983, PSYCHOMETRIKA, V48, P157 22968 COLLINS LM, 1987, MULTIDIMENSIONAL SCA, P179 22969 CONTRACTOR N, 1987, 1987 SUNB SOC NETW C 22970 DESARBO WS, 1987, APPLIED PSYCHOL MEAS, V11, P397 22971 DOREIAN P, 1987, SOC NETWORKS, V9, P89 22972 DWYER FR, 1987, J MARKETING, V51, P11 22973 FEICK LF, 1987, J MARKETING, V51, P83 22974 FIENBERG SE, 1980, ANAL CROSS CLASSIFIE 22975 FIENBERG SE, 1981, SOCIOLOGICAL METHODO 22976 FIENBERG SE, 1985, J AM STAT ASSOC, V80, P51 22977 FRANK O, 1986, J AM STAT ASSOC, V81, P832 22978 FRAZIER GL, 1986, J MARKETING RES, V23, P169 22979 GALASKIEWICZ J, 1989, ADMIN SCI QUART, V34, P454 22980 GASKI JF, 1984, J MARKETING, V48, P9 22981 HOLLAND PW, 1981, J AM STAT ASSOC, V76, P33 22982 HOLLAND PW, 1983, SOC NETWORKS, V5, P109 22983 IACOBUCCI D, 1987, PSYCHOL BULL, V102, P293 22984 IACOBUCCI D, 1987, THESIS U ILLINOIS 22985 IACOBUCCI D, 1989, SOC NETWORKS, V11, P315 22986 IACOBUCCI D, 1990, PSYCHOL BULL, V107, P114 22987 KROONENBERG PM, 1983, 3 MODE PRINCIPAL COM 22988 LAW HG, 1983, RES METHODS MULTIMOD 22989 LAW HG, 1984, RES METHODS MULTIMOD 22990 MCALISTER L, 1986, J MARKETING RES, V23, P228 22991 MEYER MM, 1981, ANN STAT, V10, P1172 22992 NELDER JA, 1972, J ROYAL STATISTICA A, V135, P370 22993 PARASURAMAN A, 1985, J MARKETING, V49, P41 22994 PAYNE CD, 1985, GENERALIZED LINEAR I 22995 REINGEN PH, 1986, J MARKETING RES, V23, P370 22996 REYNOLDS FD, 1971, J MARKETING RES, V8, P449 22997 RICHINS ML, 1983, J MARKETING, V47, P68 22998 SAMPSON SF, 1968, THESIS CORNELL U 22999 STERN LW, 1982, MARKETING CHANNELS 23000 SUJAN M, 1986, J MARKETING RES, V23, P346 23001 TUCKER LR, 1964, CONTRIBUTIONS MATH P, P109 23002 TUCKER LR, 1972, PSYCHOMETRIKA, V37, P3 23003 WANG YJ, 1987, J AM STAT ASSOC, V82, P8 23004 WASSERMAN S, 1986, BRIT J MATH STAT PSY, V39, P41 23005 WASSERMAN S, 1987, PSYCHOMETRIKA, V52, P3 23006 WASSERMAN S, 1987, SOC NETWORKS, V9, P1 23007 WASSERMAN S, 1988, PSYCHOMETRIKA, V53, P261 23008 WASSERMAN S, 1989, J MATH SOCIOL, V15, P11 23009 WHITE HC, 1976, AM J SOCIOL, V81, P730 23010 NR 52 23011 TC 3 23012 PU BRITISH PSYCHOLOGICAL SOC 23013 PI LEICESTER 23014 PA ST ANDREWS HOUSE, 48, PRINCESS RD, EAST, LEICESTER, LEICS, ENGLAND LE1 23015 7DR 23016 SN 0007-1102 23017 J9 BRIT J MATH STATIST PSYCHOL 23018 JI Br. J. Math. Stat. Psychol. 23019 PD MAY 23020 PY 1991 23021 VL 44 23022 PN Part 1 23023 BP 13 23024 EP 43 23025 PG 31 23026 SC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Psychology, Mathematical; 23027 Psychology, Experimental; Statistics & Probability 23028 GA FQ408 23029 UT ISI:A1991FQ40800002 23030 ER 23031 23032 PT J 23033 AU IACOBUCCI, D 23034 WASSERMAN, S 23035 TI SOCIAL NETWORKS WITH 2 SETS OF ACTORS 23036 SO PSYCHOMETRIKA 23037 LA English 23038 DT Article 23039 DE RELATIONAL DATA; BIPARTITE GRAPHS; SOCIOMATRIX; CATEGORICAL DATA 23040 ANALYSIS 23041 ID STATISTICAL-ANALYSIS; SOCIOMETRIC RELATIONS; DYADIC INTERACTION; 23042 BLOCKMODELS; CONFORMITY; GRAPHS 23043 AB Traditional network research analyzes relational ties within a single 23044 group of actors; the models presented in this paper involve relational 23045 ties that exist between two distinct sets of actors. Statistical 23046 models for traditional networks in which relations are measured within 23047 a group simplify when modeling unidirectional relations measured 23048 between groups. The traditional paradigm results in a one-mode 23049 sociomatrix; the network paradigm considered in this paper results in a 23050 two-mode sociomatrix. A statistical model is presented, illustrated on 23051 a sample data set, and compared to its traditional counterpart. 23052 Extensions are discussed, including those that model multivariate 23053 relations simultaneously, and those that allow for the inclusion of 23054 attributes of the individuals in the group. 23055 C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT PSYCHOL,CHAMPAIGN,IL 61820. 23056 UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT STAT,CHAMPAIGN,IL 61820. 23057 RP IACOBUCCI, D, NORTHWESTERN UNIV,KELLOGG GRAD SCH MANAGEMENT,DEPT 23058 MKT,2001 SHERIDAN RD,EVANSTON,IL 60208. 23059 CR ALLISON PD, 1982, PSYCHOL BULL, V91, P393 23060 ARABIE P, 1978, J MATH PSYCHOL, V17, P21 23061 BONDY JA, 1976, GRAPH THEORY APPLICA 23062 DRAPER NR, 1981, APPLIED REGRESSION A 23063 FARARO TJ, 1984, SOC NETWORKS, V6, P141 23064 FIENBERG SE, 1980, ANAL CROSS CLASSIFIE 23065 FIENBERG SE, 1981, J AM STAT ASSOC, P156 23066 FIENBERG SE, 1985, J AM STAT ASSOC, V80, P51 23067 FRANK O, 1986, J AM STAT ASSOC, V81, P832 23068 FRIEDLAND MH, 1988, FEB SUNB SOC NETW C 23069 GALASKIEWICZ J, 1985, SOCIAL ORG URBAN GRA 23070 GORSUCH RL, 1983, FACTOR ANAL 23071 GOTTMAN JM, 1979, PSYCHOL BULL, V86, P338 23072 HAGE P, 1983, STRUCTURAL MODELS AN 23073 HARMAN HH, 1976, MODERN FACTOR ANAL 23074 HOLLAND PW, 1981, J AM STAT ASSOC, V76, P33 23075 HUBERT LJ, 1978, PSYCHOMETRIKA, V43, P31 23076 IACOBUCCI D, 1988, PSYCHOL BULL, V103, P379 23077 IACOBUCCI D, 1989, SOC NETWORKS, V11, P315 23078 KENNY DA, 1984, ADV EXP SOC PSYCHOL, V18, P141 23079 KNOKE D, 1982, NETWORK ANAL 23080 KRUSKAL JB, 1978, MULTIDIMENSIONAL SCA 23081 LORRAIN F, 1971, J MATH SOCIOL, V1, P49 23082 MCDONALD RP, 1985, FACTOR ANAL RELATED 23083 SAMPSON SF, 1968, NOVITIATE PERIOD CHA 23084 SCHEFFE HA, 1959, ANAL VARIANCE 23085 STRAUSS D, 1990, J AM STAT ASSOC, V85, P204 23086 TORGERSON WS, 1958, THEORY METHODS SCALI 23087 TUCKER LR, 1963, PROBLEMS MEASURING C, P122 23088 TUCKER LR, 1966, PSYCHOMETRIKA, V31, P279 23089 TUCKER LR, 1972, PSYCHOMETRIKA, V37, P3 23090 WASSERMAN S, IN PRESS BRIT J MATH 23091 WASSERMAN S, 1985, J MATH PSYCHOL, V29, P406 23092 WASSERMAN S, 1986, BRIT J MATH STAT PSY, V39, P41 23093 WASSERMAN S, 1987, PSYCHOMETRIKA, V52, P3 23094 WASSERMAN S, 1987, SOC NETWORKS, V9, P1 23095 WASSERMAN S, 1988, PSYCHOMETRIKA, V53, P261 23096 WASSERMAN S, 1990, SOCIAL NETWORK ANAL 23097 WHITE HC, 1976, AM J SOCIOL, V81, P730 23098 WILSON TP, 1982, SOC NETWORKS, V4, P105 23099 WONG G, 1989, APR STOCKH C RAND GR 23100 NR 41 23101 TC 7 23102 PU PSYCHOMETRIC SOC 23103 PI WILLIAMSBURG 23104 PA COLLEGE OF WILLIAM AND MARY DEPT PSYCHOLOGY, WILLIAMSBURG, VA 23185 23105 SN 0033-3123 23106 J9 PSYCHOMETRIKA 23107 JI Psychometrika 23108 PD DEC 23109 PY 1990 23110 VL 55 23111 IS 4 23112 BP 707 23113 EP 720 23114 PG 14 23115 SC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences, 23116 Mathematical Methods; Psychology, Mathematical 23117 GA ET087 23118 UT ISI:A1990ET08700011 23119 ER 23120 23121 PT J 23122 AU WASSERMAN, S 23123 FAUST, K 23124 GALASKIEWICZ, J 23125 TI CORRESPONDENCE AND CANONICAL-ANALYSIS OF RELATIONAL DATA 23126 SO JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICAL SOCIOLOGY 23127 LA English 23128 DT Review 23129 C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT STAT,CHICAGO,IL 60680. 23130 UNIV S CAROLINA,COLUMBIA,SC 29208. 23131 UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT SOCIOL,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55455. 23132 RP WASSERMAN, S, UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT PSYCHOL,603 E DANIEL ST,CHICAGO,IL 23133 60680. 23134 CR AGRESTI A, 1983, J AM STAT ASSOC, V78, P184 23135 AGRESTI A, 1984, ANAL ORDINAL CATEGOR 23136 ALLISON PD, 1982, PSYCHOL BULL, V91, P393 23137 ANDERSEN EB, 1980, DISCRETE STATISTICAL 23138 ARABIE P, 1978, J MATH PSYCHOL, V17, P21 23139 BENZECRI JP, 1969, METHODOLOGIES PATTER, P35 23140 BENZECRI JP, 1973, ANAL DONNEES, V2 23141 BERKOWITZ SD, 1982, INTRO STRUCTURAL ANA 23142 BEUM CO, 1950, SOCIOMETRY, V13, P141 23143 BLAU PM, 1977, AM J SOCIOL, V83, P26 23144 BREIGER RL, 1974, SOC FORCES, V53, P181 23145 BREIGER RL, 1975, J MATH PSYCHOL, V12, P328 23146 BREIGER RL, 1981, J AM STAT ASSOC, V76, P51 23147 BUDESCU DV, 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