Warning, /office/kbibtex-testset/bib/digiplay.bib is written in an unsupported language. File is not indexed.

 @article {4473,
         title = {"I need a Wii{\textquotedblright}: Motivations and experiences of playing videogames},
         journal = {Leisure Studies},
         year = {Submitted},
         abstract = {Research on videogames has largely focused on their negative effects on aggressive attitudes and behaviours (e.g., Anderson \& Bushman, 2001; Anderson et al., 2004). However, the motivations and experiences associated with this activity have received little theoretical and empirical attention. These aspects of gaming were examined in a sample of regular gamers using a mixed-methods approach. An online questionnaire was completed by a sample of gamers (N=310). This included an open-response section which asked participants to provide an account of their intrinsic and extrinsic gaming motivations, and associated experiences. Analyses of the qualitative data revealed that the main motivations for gaming were the need for socialisation, challenge, accomplishment, fantasy, stress-relief, alleviation of boredom, escapism and exploration. Enjoyment and flow were also important experiential factors, consistent with previous research findings. The analysis of the quantitative data suggested the influence of achievement and immersion-orientated motivations on flow experiences. The qualitative aspect of the study also provided a more detailed exploration of the motivations for videogame use, and offers some indication of the relationship between gaming motivations and enjoyment. Future research should further utilise qualitative methodologies to provide a more detailed examination of gaming experiences and associated outcomes. },
         keywords = {flow, Leisure, mixed-methods, motivations, videogames},
         author = {Linda K Kaye and Bryce, Jo and Paul Pollard}
 }
 @inbook {4626,
         title = {Minecraft as Web 2.0: Amateur Creativity \& Digital Games (draft)},
         booktitle = {Amateur Media: Social, Cultural, and Legal Perspectives},
         year = {Submitted},
         abstract = {This chapter considers how the digital game Minecraft has both enabled and benefited from various Web 2.0 practices. I begin with an explanation of the concept of Web 2.0 and then consider how that concept applies to the space of digital games. I then look at Minecraft specifically. As I explain, Minecraft{\textquoteright}s surprise success as an {\textquotedblleft}indie{\textquotedblright} game is largely attributable to the ways in which it draws upon amateur creativity. I conclude the chapter by suggesting that more games like Minecraft may be socially desirable, but noting that current intellectual property laws discourage the creation of these sorts of games. },
         url = {http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1939241},
         author = {Lastowka,Greg}
 }
 @article {4471,
         title = {Putting the {\textquotedblleft}fun factor{\textquotedblright} into gaming: The influence of social contexts on experiences of playing videogames},
         journal = {International Journal of Internet Science},
         year = {Submitted},
         abstract = {The increasingly social nature of gaming suggests the importance of understanding its affective and psychological outcomes. The current research examined the influence of social motivations and gaming contexts on dimensions of psychological well-being. It also aimed to examine the influence of social factors on gaming experiences. The programme of research consisted of two separate studies using different methodologies in which a total of 327 videogamers participated.  The results revealed that social motivations predicted flow in gaming, and that some social motivations and social contexts were predictive of dimensions of psychological well-being. Qualitative analysis revealed the importance of social connectedness and belonging for game enjoyment, and suggested these are key factors which keep gamers playing. Social interactions and networking during gameplay also had an important influence on game enjoyment. Social experiences could also facilitate feelings of frustration in gameplay due to poor social dynamics and competitiveness with other players. These findings demonstrate the importance of social experiences and their influences on the outcomes of gaming. Future research is needed to examine the role of competitiveness in the dynamics of online and offline social gaming contexts, as well as gaming experiences and outcomes. Research examining the differences between gaming experiences for both solo and multiplayer gaming is also warranted. },
         keywords = {Enjoyment, flow, frustration, motivations, socialisation, videogames},
         author = {Linda K Kaye and Bryce, Jo}
 }
 @article {4501,
         title = {Using videogames in psychological gaming research},
         journal = {Entertainment Computing},
         year = {Submitted},
         type = {Technical Note},
         abstract = {Videogames are extremely complex forms of media which consist of numerous constituent
 parts, including a wide range of different game aspects (e.g., storyline, multi-player options), and
 player experiences (e.g., immersion, flow). Previous experimental studies in psychology, examining the
 differential effects of violent versus non-violent videogames have been methodologically limited when
 choosing suitable videogames between experimental conditions. This paper outlines a methodological
 approach for identifying potential differences between videogames. This can be obtained by using
 regular gamers to rate videogames on numerous game aspects and player experiences. This method
 can effectively initialise the research process when selecting games, to ensure control of games
 between experimental conditions. This paper acknowledges the complexity of games, and aims to
 inform future research of the effectiveness of this method within the pilot testing stage of the research
 process.},
         keywords = {Game aspects; player experiences; psychological experiments; pilot testing; Video Game Rating Scale},
         author = {Linda K Kaye}
 }
 @inbook {4520,
         title = {Computer and videogames},
         booktitle = {Media Psychology},
         year = {In Press},
         publisher = {Palgrave MacMillan},
         organization = {Palgrave MacMillan},
         address = {London},
         author = {Bryce, Jo and Kaye, Linda}
 }
 @article {4415,
         title = {Behind the Avatar: The Patterns, Practices, and Functions of Role Playing in MMOs},
         journal = {Games and Culture},
         volume = {6},
         year = {2011},
         month = {May 7, 2010},
         pages = {171-200 },
         abstract = {A two-part quantitative and qualitative study of role players within a virtual game world examined their prevalence, practices, and identity formation. Drawing on unobtrusive behavioral data captured by the game, combined with a large survey and traditional ethnographic methods, the study found that role players both negotiate identity and use their time online as a moratorium for their offline lives.Descriptive results showed that role players are a relatively small, but psychologically burdened subgroup. When examined from the theoretical perspectives of Goffman{\textquoteright}s Self-Presentation theory, Huizenga{\textquoteright}s Magic Circle, and Turkle{\textquoteright}s early work on online identity formation, these players were seen as largely using virtual spaces as creative outlets and for socialization. The worlds also functioned as coping mechanisms for players frequently unable to gain acceptance, social connectivity or social support offline due to their personal situation, psychological profile, or their minority status.},
         keywords = {identity, MMO, role playing, Video Games, Virtual world},
         doi = {10.1177/1555412010364983 },
         url = {http://gac.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/1555412010364983v1},
         author = {Williams, Dmitri and Kennedy, Tracy L.M. and Moore,Robert J}
 }
 @article {4408,
         title = {Cash Trade in Free-to-Play Online Games},
         journal = {Games and Culture},
         volume = {6},
         year = {2011},
         month = {May 7, 2010},
         pages = {270-287},
         abstract = {The rapidly expanding "free-to-play" online game payment model represents a huge shift in digital game commercialization, with cash payments for virtual items increasingly recognized as central to "free game" participation. In this article, the authors look at implications of this trend for gameplay experiences (especially in terms of immersion, fairness, and fun) and describe a fundamental shift in player self-perceptions as consumers rather than members of a gaming community. This change is occurring at a time when the line separating game and physical worlds is becoming less distinct. The new business model entails a subtle but significant reduction in consumer rights awareness, which explains why some members of the greater gaming community are negotiating a new sense of fairness and arriving at a new consensus regarding legitimate gameplay.},
         keywords = {cash trade for virtual goods, commercialization of digital media, fairness, free-to-play, magic circle},
         doi = {10.1177/1555412010364981 },
         author = {Lin,Holin and Sun,Chuen-Tsai}
 }
 @article {4410,
         title = {Embodied Metaphors: Exposing Informatic Control Through First-Person Shooters},
         journal = {Games and Culture},
         volume = {6},
         year = {2011},
         month = {May 7, 2010},
         pages = {245-258},
         abstract = {This article argues that the game player{\textquoteright}s epiphany when regaining control after an aporia is similar to the metaphorical awareness of the connection between representation and meaning in other art forms. The player may experience what the article calls an embodied metaphor, a heightened sense of the linkage between two different orders of reality, real physical gesture and its on-screen representation. Beyond the aesthetic, this metaphor may also increase the player{\textquoteright}s sensitivity to broader informatic or protocological control outside of the game world, a concept Alexander Galloway develops from Gilles Deleuze{\textquoteright}s Societies of Control. The embodied metaphor attaches a kinetic materiality to the abstractions of contemporary informatic organization, making them, at least momentarily, concrete and tangible.},
         keywords = {Aarseth, aporia, Computer games, Deleuze, epiphany, first-person shooters, Galloway, Interactivity, Metaphor, Riceour, Societies of Control, Video Games},
         doi = {10.1177/1555412010364977},
         author = {Rush, Jeff}
 }
 @article {4406,
         title = {The Game Body: Toward a Phenomenology of Contemporary Video Gaming},
         journal = {Games and Culture},
         volume = {6},
         year = {2011},
         month = {May 7, 2010},
         pages = {259-269},
         abstract = {Synthesizing research in philosophy and phenomenology, this article offers a sympathetic critique of Vivian Sobchack{\textquoteright}s view of digital moving images. Focusing on contemporary first- and third-player video games, it examines how digital imagery inscribes bodily dimensions onto a nonindexical world and the different ways in which we inhabit cinematic and electronic space. More specifically, it draws upon the writings of Maurice Merleau-Ponty to build a phenomenological model of bodies in digital imagery and argues that video gaming is a fully embodied, sensuous, carnal activity.},
         keywords = {avatar, digital imagery, embodiment, intersubjectivity, phenomenology},
         doi = {10.1177/1555412010364980 },
         author = {Crick, Timothy Paul}
 }
 @article {4400,
         title = {Game Scenes: Theorizing Digital Game Audiences},
         journal = {Games and Culture},
         volume = {6},
         year = {2011},
         month = {May 7, 2010},
         pages = {135-154 },
         abstract = {This article develops and expands on earlier work of the authors, which posits the idea of considering gamers as a (media) audience--enabling parallels to be drawn with wider literatures and debates on audience research and media fan cultures. In particular, drawing on some illustrative examples from qualitative research (funded by the British Academy) into the everyday lives of gamers, this article suggests that the concept of "scene" (borrowed most notably from music fan studies) allows us to understand how gaming and game-related narratives are located within the ordinary and everyday lives of gamers but take on greater significance within certain physical locations.},
         keywords = {audience, Digital Gaming, everyday life, gamers, narrative, scene, sociology, space, subculture},
         doi = {10.1177/1555412010364979 },
         author = {Gosling, Victoria K. and Crawford, Garry}
 }
 @article {4407,
         title = {Narrative Structures in Computer and Video Games: Part 1: Context, Definitions, and Initial Findings},
         journal = {Games and Culture},
         volume = {13},
         year = {2011},
         month = {May 7, 2010},
         pages = {279-296},
         abstract = {This essay is the first of a two-part article examining the use of narrative in computer and video games, which provides an overview and discussion of the definitions and representation of stories, plots, and narratives. A range of traditional and emerging narrative techniques are considered, including The Hero{\textquoteright}s Journey, three-act structure, the portrayal of human emotions, and character archetypes, from where an in-depth examination of interactive narrative is performed on a range of old and modern games. Initial results pertaining to the time allocated to narrative, the use of back stories, cut scenes, on-screen text, prompts, and game structure are also presented, which reveal a distinct level of uniformity of how interactive narrative is depicted in games spanning over two decades of industry development. The analysis is concluded in the second article, where further results are revealed to help uncover the precise nature of game narratives.},
         keywords = {Computer games, narrative, plot, Storytelling, Video Games},
         url = {http://gac.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/1555412010364982v1},
         author = {Ip, Barry}
 }
 @article {4399,
         title = {Never Too Old to Play: The Appeal of Digital Games to an Older Audience},
         journal = {Games and Culture},
         volume = {6},
         year = {2011},
         month = {May 7, 2010},
         pages = {155-170 },
         abstract = {This study aimed to explore the use of digital games among older adults and provide a set of "benchmark data" with respect to the uses and gratifications of these players. To find out who these older players of digital games are, what games they prefer, and what playing motives they have, an exploratory survey was administered among 124 individuals aged between 45 and 85 years old. The results of this survey confirm that the majority of the older digital game audience exists of solitary players with a particular fondness for casual PC games. The most popular playing motive among the respondents was challenge, while social interaction proved to be the most important predictor for the time that respondents invested in playing digital games.},
         keywords = {casual games, game studies, older gamers, users and gratifications},
         doi = {10.1177/1555412010364978 },
         author = {De Schutter, Bob}
 }
 @article {4593,
         title = {Mapping the road to fun: Natural video game controllers, presence, and game enjoyment},
         journal = {New Media \& Society},
         volume = {13},
         year = {2011},
         month = {March 2011},
         pages = {224-242},
         abstract = {This investigation examines how video game interactivity can affect presence and game enjoyment. Interactivity in the form of natural mapping has been advocated as a possible contributor to presence experiences, yet few studies to date have investigated this potential. The present work formulates a preliminary typology of natural mapping and addresses how several types of mapping impact the experience of a video game, with the expectation that more natural mapping leads to increased spatial presence affecting enjoyment. Two studies were conducted. In the first study, 48 participants played a golfing video game using one of two controller types (Nintendo Wiimote or gamepad). In the second, 78 participants played a driving video game using an even more natural controller (steering wheel) or one of three other controller types. Participants then completed measures of perceived naturalness, presence, and enjoyment. Results of both studies were generally consistent with expectations. },
         doi = {10.1177/1461444810370949 },
         author = {Paul Skalski and Ron Tamborini and Ashleigh Shelton and Michael Buncher and Pete Lindmark}
 }
 @article {4594,
         title = {Using computer games for instruction: The student experience},
         journal = {Active Learning in Higher Education},
         volume = {12},
         number = {1},
         year = {2011},
         month = {March 1, 2011},
         pages = {45-56},
         abstract = {Computer games are fun, exciting and motivational when used as leisure pursuits. But do they have similar attributes when utilized for educational purposes? This article investigates whether learning by computer game can improve student experiences compared with a more formal lecture approach and whether computer games have potential for improving performance. Instruction was split between lectures and computer games, and student experiences were recorded using an Experience Sampling Method to capture real-time experience and feelings of flow. Results indicated that student experiences in the game mode showed increased alertness, increased feelings of being active, increased feelings of involvement and an increased perception of challenge. Flow characteristics revealed boredom during standard lectures but anxiety and flow during game modes. Finally, some evidence of improved attainment was evident. By using contemporary interactive approaches such as computer games, student learning experiences and attainment may be improved. Some practical issues of implementing games are also discussed.},
         author = {Grimley, Michael and Green, Richard and Nilsen,Trond and Thompson, David and Tomes, Russell}
 }
 @article {4590,
         title = {Youth, Technology, and DIY},
         journal = {Review of Research in Education},
         volume = {35},
         number = {1},
         year = {2011},
         month = {March 1, 2011},
         pages = {89-119},
         abstract = { Traditionally, educational researchers and practitioners have focused on the development of youths{\textquoteright} critical understanding of new media as one key aspect of digital literacy  (  Buckingham, 2003;  Gilster, 1997).   Today, youth not only consume media when browsing the Internet and sharing information on social networking sites, but they also produce content when contributing to blogs, designing animations, graphics, and video productions  (  Ito et al., 2009).   This new media landscape suggests an extension of what critical participation means in new media literacy, extending the metaphor of {\textquotedblleft}reading the world to read the word{\textquotedblright}  (  Freire \& Macedo, 1987)   to include writing new media texts in a digital era. In an effort to map out the participatory competencies needed in this new media landscape,  Jenkins, Clinton, Purushotma, Robinson, and Weigel (2006)  included creative designs, ethical considerations, and technical skills to capture youths{\textquoteright} expressive and intellectual engagement with new media. More recently, these efforts to produce your own media have also been associated with the growing do-it-yourself, or DIY, movement  (  Guzzetti, Elliott, \& Welsch, 2010;  Lankshear \& Knobel, 2010),   involving arts, crafts, and new technologies  (  Eisenberg \& Buechley, 2008;  Spencer, 2005).   Educators should be especially interested in DIY communities given the amount of time youth voluntarily spend in intense learning as they tackle highly technical practices, including film editing, robotics, and writing novels among a host of other activities across various DIY networks.  },
         author = {Kafai, Yasmin B. and Peppler, Kylie A.}
 }
 @article {4579,
         title = {Effects of Game-Like Interactive Graphics on Risk Perceptions and Decisions},
         journal = {Medical Decision Making},
         volume = {31},
         number = {1},
         year = {2011},
         month = {January/February},
         pages = {130-142},
         abstract = {Background. Many patients have difficulty interpreting risks described in statistical terms as percentages. Computer game technology offers the opportunity to experience how often an event occurs, rather than simply read about its frequency. Objective. To assess effects of interactive graphics on risk perceptions and decisions. Design. Electronic questionnaire. Participants and setting. Respondents (n = 165) recruited online or at an urban hospital. Intervention. Health risks were illustrated by either static graphics or interactive game-like graphics. The interactive search graphic was a grid of squares, which, when clicked, revealed stick figures underneath. Respondents had to click until they found a figure affected by the disease. Measurements. Risk feelings, risk estimates, intention to take preventive action. Results. Different graphics did not affect mean risk estimates, risk feelings, or intention. Low-numeracy participants reported significantly higher risk feelings than high-numeracy ones except with the interactive search graphic. Unexpectedly, respondents reported stronger intentions to take preventive action when the intention question followed questions about efficacy and disease severity than when it followed perceived risk questions (65\% v. 34\%; P < 0.001). When respondents reported risk feelings immediately after using the search graphic, the interaction affected perceived risk (the longer the search to find affected stick figures, the higher the risk feeling: {\oe}{\r A} = 0.57; P = 0.009). Limitations. The authors used hypothetical decisions. Conclusions. A game-like graphic that allowed consumers to search for stick figures affected by disease had no main effect on risk perception but reduced differences based on numeracy. In one condition, the game-like graphic increased concern about rare risks. Intentions for preventive action were stronger with a question order that focused first on efficacy and disease severity than with one that focused first on perceived risk.},
         keywords = {cost utility analysis, population-based studies, randomized trial methodology, risk stratification, scale development/validation},
         author = {Ancker, Jessica S. and Weber, Elke U. and Kukafka, Rita}
 }
 @article {4573,
         title = {Imagined Commodities: Video Game Localization and Mythologies of Cultural Difference},
         journal = {Games and Culture},
         volume = {6},
         number = {1},
         year = {2011},
         month = {January 1, 2011},
         pages = {61-82},
         abstract = {Broadly interested in the agents and institutions that structure social imaginations and subjectivities by mediating which images are available to what audiences to imagine through, this paper specifically considers the power at play when intermediaries{\textemdash}in this case, video game localizers{\textemdash}filter the images and narratives that are sold and marketed to global consumers, and the way these mediating processes in turn are both produced by, and productive of, (cultural) imaginings. This paper also discusses the way that localization practices{\textemdash}while often framed by a discourse that positions cultural differences as both incommensurable and easily and discretely bounded by the borders of nation-states{\textemdash}typically involve a nuanced negotiation of contradictions, dilemmas and interests.},
         url = {http://gac.sagepub.com/content/6/1/61.abstract},
         author = {Rebecca Carlson and Jonathan Corliss}
 }
 @article {4574,
         title = {Introduction: The Social Science Study of Video Games},
         journal = {Games and Culture},
         volume = {6},
         number = {1},
         year = {2011},
         month = {January 1, 2011},
         pages = {3-16},
         abstract = {This introduction is a short survey of social science literature on video games. It is not meant as a comprehensive review. Instead its goal is to present some of the themes and questions that prompted us to bring the articles in this issue together. The essay begins by outlining some of the recent contributions from the social sciences to video game studies{\textemdash}with a particular emphasis on distinct forms of video game interactivity{\textemdash}and concludes with suggestions for possible future directions for this research.},
         url = {http://gac.sagepub.com/content/6/1/3.abstract},
         author = {Jonathan Corliss}
 }
 @article {4572,
         title = {Learning Real-Life Lessons From Online Games},
         journal = {Games and Culture},
         volume = {6},
         number = {1},
         year = {2011},
         month = {January 1, 2011},
         pages = {17-37},
         abstract = {Games have received increased scholarly attention due to the economic value they generate. Yet, some studies still conceptualize games as {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}virtual{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} realms that are theoretically distinct from {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}real world{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} experiences. Based on an ethnographic investigation of two online, text-based gaming environments, this study analyzes dynamics such as technical acculturation, access to technical knowledge, and opportunities for self-expression by studying social interaction that occurred in non-revenue-generating games. Frameworks that focus on dynamics such as in-game conversation in broader game-centric domains or ecologies should be considered to accommodate a wider variety of gaming forms and related interdisciplinary research questions. Different games have different consequences, and it is important to understand the varying consequential contexts that games afford. Whether or not the consequences may be measured economically, it is nevertheless important to consider how social interactions may complicate forms of self-expression in ways that impact the human spirit.},
         url = {http://gac.sagepub.com/content/6/1/17.abstract},
         author = {Lange, Patricia G.}
 }
 @article {4575,
         title = {The Nintendo Entertainment System and the 10NES Chip: Carving the Video Game Industry in Silicon},
         journal = {Games and Culture},
         volume = {6},
         number = {1},
         year = {2011},
         month = {January 1, 2011},
         pages = {83-100},
         abstract = {This essay makes the argument that the numerous {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}networks{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} or {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}inter/intranetworks{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} that structure the video game industry have lived local effects for those involved in the production of video games. In particular, this is most visible in the realm of console video game development but is visible in many other contexts as well. It uses the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) as an index into this complex and highly structured world that frequently disappears from developers perception. The essay uses largely historical data drawn from patent filings, Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) filings, and court cases to analyze these networks. The essay argues that these inter/intranetworks, as constructed, have been instrumental in the way that the game industry now finds itself structured and that as the industry has {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}matured,{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} the networks have become less accessible and less interoperable.},
         url = {http://gac.sagepub.com/content/6/1/83.abstract},
         author = {O{\textquoteright}Donnell, Casey}
 }
 @article {4576,
         title = {The Unreal Enemy of America{\textquoteright}s Army},
         journal = {Games and Culture},
         volume = {6},
         number = {1},
         year = {2011},
         month = {January 1, 2011},
         pages = {38-60},
         abstract = {This paper explores the characterizations of enemies in military-themed video games, with special attention given to the games Conflict: Desert Storm and America{\textquoteright}s Army. I demonstrate how the public enemy of America{\textquoteright}s Army is one not confined to any nationality, ethnicity, or political agenda. This marks a significant departure from games such as Conflict: Desert Storm. I argue that the production of this abstract enemy{\textemdash}what I call the {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}unreal enemy{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}{\textemdash}is significantly shaped by a biopolitical system that intertwines the military and electronic entertainment industries. This arrangement delocalizes power, distributing it through a network of institutions and subjects. Throughout, I use ethnographic examples that explore how this abstract enemy has been constructed and juxtaposed against more concrete and personal figures, such as the America{\textquoteright}s Army Real Heroes, individuals upheld as the embodiment of personal achievement in the U.S. Army. I conclude by asserting that the unreal enemy of America{\textquoteright}s Army is, ultimately, an enemy that is not exclusive to a video game, but one that exists as an anonymous specter, ever present in the militarized American cultural imaginary.},
         url = {http://gac.sagepub.com/content/6/1/38.abstract},
         author = {Allen, Robertson}
 }
 @article {Thin:2011uq,
         title = {Flow Experience and Mood States While Playing Body Movement-Controlled Video Games},
         journal = {Games and Culture},
         volume = {6},
         number = {5},
         year = {2011},
         note = {10.1177/1555412011402677},
         month = {jan},
         pages = {414{\textendash}428},
         abstract = {Body movement-controlled video games (BMCVGs) are a genre of video gaming utilizing body movement to control game play that is becoming increasingly popular. Despite the popularity and widespread interest in BMCVGs, there is limited information available about the nature of the players{\textquoteright} experiences when they engage in BMCVG play. A total of 14 young adults played 6 different BMCVGs for 6 min each and performed traditional cycling exercise in a randomized order. After two familiarization sessions, on a third occasion, subjects rated their enjoyment and completed the Flow State Scale-2 questionnaire. The BMCVGs were rated more enjoyable than traditional cycling exercise and the Flow dimensions Challenge-Skill Balance and Merging of Action and Awareness scored significantly higher than the norms for exercise activity and instead corresponded more closely to the norms for sporting activity. These findings suggest that BMCVGs could therefore act as a gateway for sedentary individuals to become involved in sporting activities.},
         keywords = {Exercise, Exergaming, Experience, flow, mood, physical activity, Sport, Video Games},
         url = {http://gac.sagepub.com/content/6/5/414.abstract},
         author = {Thin, Alasdair G. and Hansen, Lisa and McEachen, Danny}
 }
 @article {Lindtner:2011wt,
         title = {The Promise of Play: A New Approach to Productive Play},
         journal = {Games and Culture},
         volume = {6},
         number = {5},
         year = {2011},
         note = {10.1177/1555412011402678},
         month = {jan},
         pages = {453{\textendash}478},
         abstract = {Games are woven into webs of cultural meaning, social connection, politics, and economic change. This article builds on previous work in cultural, new media, and game studies to introduce a new approach to productive play, the promise of play. This approach analyzes games as sites of cultural production in times of increased transnational mediation and speaks to the formation of identity across places. The authors ground their explorations in findings from ethnographic research on gaming in urban China. The spread of Internet access and increasing popularity of digital entertainment in China has been used as an indicator of social change and economic progress shaped by global flows. It has also been described as being limited by local forces such as tight information control. As such, gaming technologies in China are ideal to ask broader questions about digital media as sites of production at the intersection of local contingencies and transnational developments.},
         keywords = {China, contingency, discourse, imagination cultural identity, Internet legislation, mixed-reality gaming, Online gaming, policy, productive play},
         url = {http://gac.sagepub.com/content/6/5/453.abstract},
         author = {Lindtner, Silvia and Dourish, Paul}
 }
 @article {Harper:2011vl,
         title = {Rules, Rhetoric, and Genre: Procedural Rhetoric in Persona 3},
         journal = {Games and Culture},
         volume = {6},
         number = {5},
         year = {2011},
         note = {10.1177/1555412011402675},
         month = {jan},
         pages = {395{\textendash}413},
         abstract = {Released in 2008 for the Playstation 2, Shin Megami Tensei: Persona 3 is a roleplaying game with a diverse genre pedigree. It is a combination of dungeon-crawling RPG and social interaction {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}datesim,{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} all wrapped up in the thematic trappings of occult mystery and Japanese popular culture. Using Ian Bogost{\textquoteright}s (2007) concept of procedural rhetoric, this article examines how Persona 3{\textquoteright}s use of genre conventions and gameplay-based rhetorical frames construct the game{\textquoteright}s message, as well as how those structures can inform our understanding of genre for the digital game form.},
         keywords = {Games, Genre, persona, persuasive games, procedural rhetoric, role-playing},
         doi = {10.1177/1555412011402675},
         url = {http://gac.sagepub.com/content/6/5/395.abstract},
         author = {Todd Harper}
 }
 @article {Brock:2011wd,
         title = {"When Keeping it Real Goes Wrong": Resident Evil 5, Racial Representation, and Gamers},
         journal = {Games and Culture},
         volume = {6},
         number = {5},
         year = {2011},
         note = {10.1177/1555412011402676},
         month = {jan},
         pages = {429{\textendash}452},
         abstract = {Videogames{\textquoteright} ability to depict cultural iconographies and characters have occasionally led to accusations of insensitivity. This article examines gamers{\textquoteright} reactions to a developer{\textquoteright}s use of Africans as enemies in a survival horror videogame, Resident Evil 5. Their reactions offer insight into how videogames represent Whiteness and White privilege within the social structure of {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}play.{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} Omi and Winant{\textquoteright}s (1994) racial formation theory notes that race is formed through cultural representations of human bodies organized in social structures. Accordingly, depictions of race in electronic spaces rely upon media imagery and social interactions. Videogames construct exotic fantasy worlds and peoples as places for White male protagonists to conquer, explore, exploit, and solve. Like their precursors in science fiction, fantasy, and horror, videogame narratives, activities, and players often draw from Western values of White masculinity, White privilege as bounded by conceptions of {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}other,{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} and relationships organized by coercion and domination.},
         keywords = {Black, gender and videogames, online racial identity, race and ethnicity, race and videogames, Resident evil 5, Sheva Alomar, Whiteness online},
         url = {http://gac.sagepub.com/content/6/5/429.abstract},
         author = {Brock, Andr{\'e}}
 }
 @article {4578,
         title = {Developing High-Fidelity Health Care Simulation Scenarios: A Guide for Educators and Professionals},
         journal = {Simulation \& Gaming},
         volume = {42},
         number = {1},
         year = {2011},
         month = {February 1, 2011},
         pages = {9-26},
         abstract = {The development of appropriate scenarios is critical in high-fidelity simulation training. They need to be developed to address specific learning objectives, while not preventing other learning points from emerging. Buying a patient simulator, finding a volunteer to act as the patient, or even obtaining ready-made scenarios from another simulation center are rarely insurmountable challenges. The issue often lies in how to use or adapt these for your own purpose: with your team, facilities, and resources but primarily for your learners. Published information is limited in the area of scenario preparation for health care education and continuing medical education or continuing professional development. This article is a guide for clinical tutors, standardized patient trainers, and patient simulator operators on how to script scenarios and proposes a new detailed and reusable template for writing scenarios. It contains practical sections such as how to decide on the learning objectives to be addressed, how to script and organize your scenarios, and how to pitch the suitable level of details to make the scenarios appropriately realistic.},
         keywords = {high-fidelity simulation, patient cases, scenario preparation, scenario-based simulation, script development, simulation-based training, storyboarding},
         author = {Alinier, Guillaume}
 }
 @article {4591,
         title = {Dynamics of Student Cognitive-Affective Transitions During a Mathematics Game},
         journal = {Simulation \& Gaming},
         volume = {42},
         number = {1},
         year = {2011},
         month = {February 1, 2011},
         pages = {85-99},
         abstract = {Researchers of interactive learning environments have grown increasingly interested in designing these systems to become more responsive to differences in students{\quotesinglbase}{\"A}{\^o} cognitive-affective states. They believe that the detection of and adaptation to student cognition and affect may boost student learning gains and enhance the quality of students{\quotesinglbase}{\"A}{\^o} overall learning experience. A growing body of research focuses specifically on the study of cognitive-affective dynamics, defined as the natural ways in which a student{\quotesinglbase}{\"A}{\^o}s cognitive-affective states change over time. These types of studies help designers identify desirable (virtuous) cycles that they want to foster and undesirable (vicious) cycles that they want to dissuade. In this study, the author examined the dynamics of the cognitive-affective states exhibited by Filipino students as they used the pre-algebra game MATH BLASTER 9-12. The author focused on the cognitive-affective states of boredom, confusion, delight, engagement, frustration, neutrality, and surprise. Using quantitative field observations, the author determined which of these states tended to persist or transition into other states over time. It was found that boredom was the only state that tended to persist. Boredom tended not to lead to engagement. Students who were confused were not likely to stay confused but were likely to transition into engagement. Students who were delighted were not likely to become confused. From these findings and based on comparisons with related work, it is concluded that boredom is a persistent and undesirable state. Confusion is not persistent and is desirable because it leads to further engagement with the content.},
         keywords = {Affect, boredom, Cognition, cognitive-affective dynamics, confusion, delight, engagement, frustration, Games, math, MATH BLASTER 9-12, mathematics, pre-algebra, surprise},
         author = {Rodrigo, Ma. Mercedes T.}
 }
 @article {4581,
         title = {An Experimental Study of the Reputation Mechanism in a Business Game},
         journal = {Simulation \& Gaming},
         volume = {42},
         number = {1},
         year = {2011},
         month = {February 1, 2011},
         pages = {27-42},
         abstract = {Reputation enables different parties to establish a trusting and cooperative relationship, a key factor in integrative negotiations referred to as {\quotesinglbase}{\"A}{\'u}win-win{\quotesinglbase}{\"A}{\`u} negotiations. Thus, a good reputation mechanism can bring simulations closer to reality. In this study, the authors review the reputation mechanisms applied to the online business game WIN WIN MANAGER, where the players{\quotesinglbase}{\"A}{\^o} reputations are decided by their counterparts at the end of each negotiation. Then, the authors compare two reputation mechanisms and hypothesize that the best mechanism will be more positively correlated with the negotiation outcome, which is measured by a scoring algorithm. Using nonparametric statistics, it is highlighted that the reputation mechanism in earlier versions of the game seems to produce values unrelated to the score, whereas the new mechanism produces values significantly positively correlated with the score. Such results can be useful to scholars who conduct experiments on negotiation, as well as online markets in which users are allowed to negotiate with one another.},
         keywords = {business game, game-based learning, negotiation outcome, online negotiation, reputation mechanism, serious game, WIN WIN MANAGER},
         author = {Greco, Marco and Branca, Antonio Maurizio and Morena, Gianfranco}
 }
 @article {4580,
         title = {A {\textquoteright}Gamer{\textquoteright} in Many Areas},
         journal = {Simulation \& Gaming},
         volume = {42},
         number = {1},
         year = {2011},
         month = {February 1, 2011},
         pages = {118-122},
         abstract = {I am Professor and Chair of the Management Department at the University of St. Thomas, my professional home for the past 30 years. My primary teaching interest has always been strategic planning. I discovered business simulations over 30 years ago, and have been a user and advocate of them throughout my professional life. In 1992, I was awarded a Fulbright Scholars Fellowship to teach at the National University of Ireland in Cork, Ireland, and I ended up spending 4 years there over a 6-year period. I have led a study abroad program to England and Ireland, teaching an undergraduate strategy course there annually since 1997.},
         keywords = {business simulation developer, simulations \& learning, study abroad, teaching ethics},
         author = {Anderson, Philip H.}
 }
 @article {4585,
         title = {Improving Transfer of Learning: Relationship to Methods of Using Business Simulation},
         journal = {Simulation \& Gaming},
         volume = {42},
         number = {1},
         year = {2011},
         month = {February 1, 2011},
         pages = {64-84},
         abstract = {This study investigates whether the processes associated with the use of business simulations can be structured to improve transfer of learning from the classroom environment to the workplace.The answer to this question is explored by investigating teaching methods used to introduce the simulation, the amount of time students spend on decisions, team decision-making characteristics, and student performance levels in the course. The results indicate that students have higher perceived transfer of learning when they learn the simulation by reading the student manual and from peers rather than from the instructor or from hands-on experience. Also, the results indicate that perceptions of time spent on strategic decisions, financial decisions, and student expectations of their final grade were related to perceived transfer of learning.},
         keywords = {business simulation, learning, transfer of learning},
         author = {Mayer, Brad W. and Dale, Kathleen M. and Fraccastoro, Katherine A. and Moss, Gisele}
 }
 @article {4582,
         title = {Learning in Single-Versus Multiplayer Games: The More the Merrier?},
         journal = {Simulation \& Gaming},
         volume = {42},
         number = {1},
         year = {2011},
         month = {February 1, 2011},
         pages = {43-63},
         abstract = {From the observations of successful entertainment games, it is hypothesized that implementing a single-player option may require a different approach from that in a multiplayer option, in terms of game design. To find out whether this could be true and to understand what the specific approaches could entail for educational games, three separate yet related investigations were conducted to examine single- versus multiplayer games: an investigation of two educational games designed and evaluated by the authors, a theoretical investigation from a game and learning perspective, and an empirical investigation of 23 case studies. From these three investigations, it turned out that a {\quotesinglbase}{\"A}{\'u}single-player approach{\quotesinglbase}{\"A}{\`u} is data intensive, has formal rules, and uses direct transfer and individual learning. On the other hand, a {\quotesinglbase}{\"A}{\'u}multiplayer approach{\quotesinglbase}{\"A}{\`u} is less straightforward. From a game perspective, it can be characterized as process intensive and having social rules. When related to learning, however, it could be positioned on any dimension. This exploration shows that the approaches differ to a large extent and that designers have to find a fit between what option they choose and approach they take.},
         keywords = {educational games, evaluation, game attribute, game design, hypothesis building, learning, learning effectiveness, multiplayer, single-player},
         author = {Harteveld, Casper and Bekebrede,Geertje}
 }
 @article {4592,
         title = {Researching Travel Behavior and Adaptability: Using a Virtual Reality Role-Playing Game},
         journal = {Simulation \& Gaming},
         volume = {42},
         number = {1},
         year = {2011},
         month = {February 1, 2011},
         pages = {100-117},
         abstract = {This article describes a virtual reality role-playing game that was developed as a survey tool to collect travel behavior data and explore and monitor travel behavior adaptation. The Advanced Energy and Material Systems Laboratory has designed, developed a prototype, and tested such a game platform survey tool, called Travel Activity Constraint Adaptation Simulation (TACA SIM). A main objective is investigating adaptability under the simulated situation of rapid fuel price. The computer game survey approach has the potential to capture real behavior data through a well-controlled experiment, because the participant experiences the survey as a role-play exploration. Feedback from participants confirms that TACA SIM collects data efficiently in an acceptable time while the participants enjoyed the experience. The authors propose that this gamed-based survey approach provides the basis for collecting and evaluating travel behavior data and adaptation behavior.},
         keywords = {Experience, gamed-based survey, high fuel price, role-playing game, Survey, travel adaptability, travel behavior, travel behavior adaptation, virtual reality},
         author = {Watcharasukarn, Montira and Krumdieck, Susan and Green, Richard and Dantas, Andr{\'e}}
 }
 @article {4589,
         title = {Managing Employees{\textquoteright} Motivation, Cognition, and Performance in Virtual Workplaces: The Blueprint of a Game-based Adaptive Performance Platform (GAPP)},
         journal = {Advances in Developing Human Resources},
         volume = {12},
         number = {6},
         year = {2011},
         month = {December 1, 2010},
         pages = {700-714},
         abstract = {Organizations have embraced various technologies to facilitate communications, interactions, and collaborations to embody VHRD in recent years. While such integration affords opportunities for relevant HRD practices and research, it neglects crucial considerations on technologies{\quotesinglbase}{\"A}{\^o} potential effects in overloading employees{\quotesinglbase}{\"A}{\^o} affective and cognitive processing capacities. As a result, it could impede employees{\quotesinglbase}{\"A}{\^o} motivation to perform on the job. Furthermore, to validate VHRD as technology-mediated processes that support organizational performance, it is imperative to align technologies with performance measurements. To address these issues, this article proposes an original design for a Game-based Adaptive Performance Platform (GAPP) system based on research on work motivation, digital game-based learning environments, electronic performance support, and cognitive processing. The GAPP system intends to (a) sustain employee performance via game features, (b) prevent processing overload in stimuli-rich virtual environments, (c) monitor and align employee performance with desired organizational outcomes, and (d) foster experience sharing among employees in virtual workplaces.},
         keywords = {Game, motivation, Performance, VHRD, virtual HRD, workplaces},
         author = {Huang, Wen-Hao David and Han, Seung-Hyun and Park, Un-Yeong and Seo, Jungmin Jamie}
 }
 @article {4595,
         title = {Cybersexuality in MMORPGs: Virtual Sexual Revolution Untapped},
         journal = {Men and Masculinities},
         volume = {14},
         number = {1},
         year = {2011},
         month = {April 1, 2011},
         pages = {76-96},
         abstract = {This study explores the mechanics and perceptions of cybersex interactions in massively multiplayer online role playing games (MMORPGs) and examines the potential for cybersex in gaming to revolutionize sexuality politics. Drawing on ethnographic and in-depth interview data with fifty MMORPG players, the author examines how cybersex interactions are performed, the context in which they are allowed, and the assessments players make about the utility of cybersex. The author suggests that cybersex has yet to embrace a broader spectrum of sexuality even in strictly virtual interactions.},
         author = {Valkyrie, Zek Cypress}
 }
 @article {4600,
         title = {Machinima in a Fanvid Ecology},
         journal = {Journal of Visual Culture},
         volume = {10},
         number = {1},
         year = {2011},
         month = {April 1, 2011},
         pages = {51-54},
         abstract = {The author discusses machinima in relation to a proliferating family of emerging DIY fanvids, remixes, and parodies spawning on the internet today. Like many other forms of DIY video, machinima is the byproduct of the creative energies of popular culture enthusiasts, fueled by increasingly accessible digital media production tools and online video distribution. Although machinima{\quotesinglbase}{\"A}{\^o}s roots in gaming platforms and cultures make it unique, it shares a history and future with other kinds of DIY fanvids. In this diversified ecosystem, the author concludes, the base of machinima makers will continue to expand, while expert creators will proliferate more and more esoteric niches, some of which cater to the core gaming crowd, and others that cross over to other genres.},
         author = {Ito, Mizuko}
 }
 @article {4599,
         title = {Massively Multiplayer Machinima Mikusuto},
         journal = {Journal of Visual Culture},
         volume = {10},
         number = {1},
         year = {2011},
         month = {April 1, 2011},
         pages = {42-50},
         abstract = {The author presents a taxonomy of machinima produced within and around Massively Multiplayer Online Games (MMOGs), specifically World of Warcraft (WoW). The author illustrates three possible categories: in-house machinima, fan-fiction machinima, and nonfiction machinima, examining the difference in style, purpose, and artistic potential of each.},
         author = {Stern,Eddo}
 }
 @conference {4508,
         title = {Understanding the Components of Gender-Inclusivity in Games},
         booktitle = {7th International Conference on Technology, Knowledge and Society},
         year = {2011},
         month = {25/03/2011},
         publisher = {Common Ground Publishing},
         organization = {Common Ground Publishing},
         address = {Vizcaya, Spain},
         abstract = {Gender-inclusivity in games has been a much debated issue and despite the dramatic growth of gender and games research, many challenges remain in designing a more gender-inclusive game. Gender-inclusivity in games may support certain features and in turn may even determine the features of applications built based on it. This poses a challenge: although we have good techniques for analyzing, designing and evaluating current games, our techniques for gender-inclusive games are much less formed. This article seeks to better understand the components and sub-components of gender-inclusivity in games. It introduces the Gender-Inclusivity Framework (GIF), a conceptual framework that integrates the appropriate gender, games and design literature in order to enhance our knowledge of gender-inclusivity in games. The framework defines gender-inclusivity in three key components: (1) genre, which indicates the type of game, (2) gameplay, which describes the game behaviour and (3) content, which describes the game content. We present the definitions within the scope of gender-inclusivity in games and the detailed items related to each component.},
         keywords = {Design Guidelines, Game Framework, games design, Gender-Inclusive, Gender-Neutral, Video Game},
         url = {http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/21567/},
         author = {Roziana Ibrahim and Gary B Wills and Lester Gilbert}
 }
 @article {4609,
         title = {Online identity crisis: Real ID on the World of Warcraft forums},
         journal = {First Monday},
         volume = {16},
         year = {2011},
         month = {07/11},
         abstract = {In July 2010, Activision Blizzard announced that the Real ID system was going to be implemented on the official World of Warcraft forums, meaning that players would be required to identify themselves with their real names to be able to post on the forums. The plans were withdrawn only a few days later because of the overwhelming negative response from players. This article analyzes examples of players{\textquoteright} responses on the forums and, having identified central themes concerning identity and sociality in this online setting, explores possible reasons why anonymity is so important to the player community.},
         url = {http://www.uic.edu/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/3624/3006},
         author = {Anne-Mette Albrechtslund}
 }
 @article {4610,
         title = {Uses and gratifications of social games: Blending social networking and game play },
         journal = {First Monday},
         volume = {7},
         year = {2011},
         month = {07/11},
         abstract = {This study applied a uses and gratifications approach to investigate social games {\textemdash} the game applications integrated in social networking platforms. Users{\textquoteright} expected social gratifications and game gratifications from playing social games were examined. The investigation focused on three dimensions of game play: frequency, duration, and engagement of game activities. A hierarchical regression analysis found that social interaction and diversion are positive predictors of game play. Results suggest that there is a distinctly social aspect to social games that reflects their social networking characteristics. Social games should be described as social media rather than as just one category of online computer games.},
         url = {http://www.uic.edu/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/3517/3020},
         author = {Jinghui Hou}
 }
 @article {4602,
         title = {Discourses on Text Integrity: Information and Interpretation in the Contested Fallout Knowledge Community },
         journal = {Convergence},
         volume = {17},
         year = {2011},
         month = {05/2011},
         pages = {159-175},
         abstract = {In an effort to further understand the nature of the productive consumption of media fans in an era of digital connectivity, this article expands on L{\'e}vy{\textquoteright}s (1997) concept of the knowledge community as it applies to fans of the digital-game series Fallout. L{\'e}vy proposed that the age of digital-connectivity would usher in knowledge communities where participation was voluntary, aggregate, and democratic. I argue that Baym{\textquoteright}s (2000) interpretive and informative practices, which serve as the lynchpins of fan discourse, may be understood as the lynchpins of the knowledge community as well. Further, here interpretive and informative practices are not only used to build community and negotiate values, but also to define status and position within the contested Fallout knowledge community. By testing the knowledge community against such an environment, and integrating it into previous research on the role of fan labor in an era where producers are increasingly interested in that labor, this article proposes an understanding of the concept that may well add nuance and context beyond the theory{\textquoteright}s utopian roots. },
         keywords = {Fandom, fans, interpretive and informative practices, knowledge community},
         doi = {10.1177/1354856510397096},
         author = {R.M. Milner}
 }
 @article {4598,
         title = {The Role of Onlookers in Arcade Gaming: Frame Analysis of Public Behaviours},
         journal = {Convergence},
         volume = {17},
         year = {2011},
         month = {05/2011},
         pages = {125-137},
         abstract = {In this article we bring onlookers to front stage. Normally considered invisible participants in video game arcades, their multiple and fluid roles are key to establishing interactional frames in public gaming spaces. We identified three such frames {\textemdash} showroom, gymnasium, and clubroom {\textemdash} after analysing interactions and finding examples of self-presentation in Taipei{\textquoteright}s largest gaming arcade. According to our observations, the nature of gaming scenarios is largely determined by the relative skill levels of players and onlookers, with participants playing their roles in relation to the currently active frame. Onlookers provide cues that signal dynamic frame shifts, thereby collectively maintaining the gaming environment while distinguishing themselves from outsiders. Our study uses a social interactional approach as a complement to fun- and/or play-oriented game research. },
         keywords = {amusement arcade, Erving Goffman, gamers, gaming space, interactional frames, onlookers, presentation of self in public space, role-playing, Video Games},
         doi = {10.1177/1354856510397111},
         author = {Lin,Holin and Sun,Chuen-Tsai}
 }
 @article {4603,
         title = {Teaching and learning English through digital game projects.},
         journal = {Digital Culture \& Education},
         volume = {3},
         year = {2011},
         month = {04/2011},
         abstract = {Digital games are receiving increasing attention by researchers and practitioners in education; however, most of the theory and pedagogy focus on general education or language and literacy development of native speakers. There are very few investigations of game play or game culture and second language development. Language teachers and institutions must know more about games to use the media effectively. Two completed extracurricular projects, based on constructionist learning and media literacy theories and practices, are described in this paper: game design and game magazine creation. The action research projects aimed to guide students towards a better understanding of games{\textquoteright} formal features and technologies through their active creation of games and game-related media, and to improve their spoken and written English language skills. In general, students learned and practised a variety of language and technology skills with the design projects. The projects motivated the students, challenged the students, and provided many opportunities for authentic discussions in the foreign language. Various suggestions, based on the teacher and student experiences of these projects, are made for other language teachers interested in conducting creative game-based projects with their students.},
         keywords = {digital games, game design, game journalism, project-based learning, second language acquisition},
         url = {http://www.digitalcultureandeducation.com/volume-3/teaching-and-learning-english-through-digital-game-projects/},
         author = {deHaan, Jonathan}
 }
 @proceedings {4567,
         title = {The {\textquotedblleft}S{\textquotedblright} in social network games: Initiating, maintaining, and enhancing relationships},
         journal = {Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS)},
         year = {2011},
         month = {04/01/2011},
         publisher = {IEEE Computer Society},
         address = {Kauai, HI},
         abstract = {Social network games embedded within social network sites (SNSs) such as Facebook facilitate play
 with {\textquotedblleft}Friends{\textquotedblright} within the SNS. In this study, we look at different dimensions of how game play contributes
 to relationship initiation and development using qualitative data collected from adult Facebook users
 (N=18). Our data suggest that interpersonal motivations are a primary driver of initial game play
 and that while game play doesn{\textquoteright}t facilitate direct social interaction, participants perceive indirect
 interaction and sharing game-based content as useful in maintaining and even enhancing relationships. },
         keywords = {Facebook, qualitative, social game, social network game, social network site},
         url = {http://arcticpenguin.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/pid1058556.pdf},
         author = {Donghee Yvette Wohn and Cliff Lampe and Rick Wash and Jessica Vitak and Nicole Ellison}
 }
 @article {4500,
         title = {The methodological mayhem of experimental videogame research},
         journal = {PsyPAG Quarterly},
         year = {2011},
         month = {03/2011},
         author = {Linda K Kaye}
 }
 @conference {4509,
         title = {Minds the Gaps: The Challenges of Gender-Inclusivity in Games},
         booktitle = {5th International Conference on Design Principles and Practices},
         year = {2011},
         month = {02/02/2011},
         publisher = {Common Ground Publishing},
         organization = {Common Ground Publishing},
         address = {Rome, Italy},
         abstract = {Gender-inclusivity in games has been a much debated issue and despite the dramatic growth of gender and games research, many challenges remain in designing a more gender-inclusive game. Gender-inclusivity in games may support certain features and in turn may even determine the features of applications built based on it. This poses a challenge: although we have good techniques for analyzing, designing and evaluating current games, our techniques for gender-inclusive games are much less formed. This article discusses some unresolved issues concerning gender-inclusivity in games and the gaps in designing a more gender-inclusive game. We present the implications of each issue towards gender-inclusivity in games. In conclusion, we proposed a framework that defines gender-inclusivity in three key components: (1) genre, which indicates the type of game, (2) gameplay, which describes the game behaviour and (3) content, which describes the game content. Some applications of the framework are outlined.},
         keywords = {Design Guidelines, Game Framework, games design, Gender-Inclusive, Gender-Neutral, Video Game},
         url = {http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/21566/},
         author = {Roziana Ibrahim and Gary B Wills and Lester Gilbert}
 }
 @article {Kallio01072011,
         title = {At Least Nine Ways to Play: Approaching Gamer Mentalities},
         journal = {Games and Culture},
         volume = {6},
         number = {4},
         year = {2011},
         pages = {327-353},
         abstract = {Do digital games and play mean the same things for different people? This article presents the results of a 3-year study in which we sought for new ways to approach digital games cultures and playing practices. First, the authors present the research process in brief and emphasize the importance of merging different kinds of methods and materials in the study of games cultures. Second, the authors introduce a gaming mentality heuristics that is not dedicated to a certain domain or genre of games, addressing light casual and light social gaming motivations as well as more dedicated ones in a joint framework. The analysis reveals that, in contrast to common belief, the majority of digital gaming takes place between {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}casual relaxing{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} and {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}committed entertaining,{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} where the multiplicity of experiences, feelings, and understandings that people have about their playing and digital games is wide ranging. Digital gaming is thus found to be a multifaceted social and cultural phenomenon that can be understood, practiced, and used in various ways.},
         keywords = {digital games, Game research, games cultures, heuristics, methodology, playing mentalities},
         doi = {10.1177/1555412010391089},
         url = {http://gac.sagepub.com/content/6/4/327.abstract},
         author = {Kallio, Kirsi Pauliina and M{\"a}yr{\"a}, Frans and Kaipainen, Kirsikka}
 }
 @inbook {4577,
         title = {Computer and VideoGames},
         booktitle = {Media Psychology},
         year = {2011},
         publisher = {Palgrave: MacMillan},
         organization = {Palgrave: MacMillan},
         chapter = {6},
         address = {London},
         author = {Bryce, Jo and Linda K Kaye},
         editor = {Gayle Brewer}
 }
 @article {4615,
         title = {"Did This Game Scare You? Because it Sure as Hell Scared Me!" F.E.A.R., the Abject and the Uncanny},
         journal = {Games and Culture},
         volume = {6},
         year = {2011},
         pages = {312-326 },
         abstract = {First Encounter Assault Reconnaissance (F.E.A.R.), a first-person shooter video game, was released on the Xbox 360 console in 2006. What makes the game analytically interesting is the creation of a game-world designed to promote a feeling of uncertainty in the player. This article explores the ways in which the ambience of uncertainty is developed within the game. Freud{\textquoteright}s writing on the uncanny and Kristeva{\textquoteright}s closely related work on abjection is drawn upon to explore how the game works rhetorically to place the player in an unsettled psychological state. The article argues that the use of the heavily gendered symbolism of the uncanny and the abject is value laden and that consequently we must pay attention to that which we cast out, reject, repress, and destroy in the fictive universe of video game play. The article concludes by suggesting that texts such as F.E.A.R. may resonate with wider uncertainties around the self in late-modern life. },
         keywords = {abject, identity, psychoanalysis, representation, uncanny, Video Games},
         doi = {10.1177/1555412010391091 },
         author = {Steve Spittle}
 }
 @article {Dutton01082011,
         title = {Digital pitchforks and virtual torches: Fan responses to the Mass Effect news debacle},
         journal = {Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies},
         volume = {17},
         number = {3},
         year = {2011},
         pages = {287-305},
         abstract = {In early 2008, what started as a small report in an online conservative outlet on the Xbox 360 videogame Mass Effect was picked up by a number of news outlets and blogs. In particular, Fox News{\textquoteright}s {\textquoteleft}Live Desk with Martha MacCallum{\textquoteright} produced a segment on the game, claiming it was fully interactive digital pornography. One of the show{\textquoteright}s guests, pop psychologist Cooper Lawrence, argued that the game{\textquoteright}s sexual content was harmful, but did so with no firsthand knowledge of the game, incensing fans of the game. Those fans proceeded to respond in various ways, particularly on the internet. The present research examines three distinct areas of these fan responses {\textemdash} forum discussions, YouTube videos, and the {\textquoteleft}review bombing{\textquoteright} of Cooper Lawrence{\textquoteright}s books on Amazon.com. The various ways in which fans expressed their anger at, displeasure with, and opinions on the story and how the game was treated in the media present a chance not only to look into the mindset of these fans toward the various institutions involved in but also paint a picture of fan and gamer cultures in general.},
         keywords = {Fandom, fans, Fox News, Internet, mass effect, online, videogames},
         doi = {10.1177/1354856511407802},
         url = {http://con.sagepub.com/content/17/3/287.abstract},
         author = {Nathan Dutton and Consalvo,Mia and Todd Harper}
 }
 @conference {4547,
         title = {Disambiguating Age, Gender and Skill: An Exploration of Online Chat Among MMOG Players.},
         booktitle = {International Sunbelt Social Network Conference},
         year = {2011},
         address = {St. Pete Beach, FL, USA},
         url = {http://www.vwobservatory.com/wp/?p=207},
         author = {Foucault Welles, B. and Shim, K.J. and Ratan, R.A. and Kennedy, T. L. M. and Rousse, T.H. and Contractor, N. and Srivastava, J. and Williams, Dmitri}
 }
 @article {Eklund01082011,
         title = {Doing gender in cyberspace: The performance of gender by female World of Warcraft players},
         journal = {Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies},
         volume = {17},
         number = {3},
         year = {2011},
         pages = {323-342},
         abstract = {This explorative study focuses on the performance of gender and sexuality in World of Warcraft (WoW), an online game, following Butler{\textquoteright}s performance theory. Through interviews with female WoW players, gender and sexuality is analysed. The article argues that we cannot study gender online without also looking at sexuality. Gender performances are discussed within the framework of four themes: the avatar; strategies; sexuality, and the contextual importance of WoW. Results show that gender identity construction in WoW is an ongoing process highly dependent on the social context of play. The women interviewed created gendered and sexualized identities constrained and empowered by the rules of the game and the opportunities it offers as well as of their social relations. Although a heterosexual norm rules, there are possibilities hitherto unrecognized for queer performance within the gendered role play in WoW and the game offers the possibility of multiple and alternative performances of the self.},
         keywords = {gender identity, MMORPG, performative sexuality, social context, World of Warcraft},
         doi = {10.1177/1354856511406472},
         url = {http://con.sagepub.com/content/17/3/323.abstract},
         author = {Eklund, Lina}
 }
 @conference {4625,
         title = {The edge of virtual communities? An explorative analysis of clans and computer games},
         booktitle = {Exploring the Edges of Gaming. Proceedings of the Vienna Games Conference 2008-2009},
         year = {2011},
         pages = {77-90},
         publisher = {Braum{\"u}ller},
         organization = {Braum{\"u}ller},
         address = {Vienna},
         abstract = {The field of online games discloses a high number of self-organising processes of community building. Ego-Shooters are the home of so-called clans, which are one of the most popular and also most interesting types of game communities. With a qualitative approach the structural characteristics, communication processes and interpretational patterns of collective gaming from the perspective of a clan member were researched. The results clearly illustrate the interconnections between real world and virtual world processes of communication and interaction. Clans can be classified as something in-between a hobby and a semi-professionally played sport, whereas the latter better corresponds to the self-concept of most of the interviewees. It was repeatedly noticed that many clans still have a virtual pioneer status. This allows active and committed clan members the possibility for individual design not only of game play, but also of the social and communicative organisation of the clan.},
         keywords = {Appropriation, Clans, communities, Game Culture},
         isbn = {978-3-7003-1758-6},
         author = {Jeffrey Wimmer and Quandt, Thorsten and Kristin Vogel},
         editor = {Mitgutsch, Konstantin and Klimmt,Christoph and Rosenstingl, Herbert}
 }
 @article {4536,
         title = {Facial expression of emotion and perception of the uncanny valley in virtual characters},
         journal = {Computers in Human Behavior},
         volume = {27},
         year = {2011},
         abstract = {With technology allowing for increased realism in video games, realistic, human-like characters risk falling into the Uncanny Valley. The Uncanny Valley phenomenon implies that virtual characters approaching full human-likeness will evoke a negative reaction from the viewer, due to aspects of the character{\textquoteright}s appearance and behavior differing from the human norm. This study investigates if {\textquotedblleft}uncanniness{\textquotedblright} is increased for a character with a perceived lack of facial expression in the upper parts of the face. More important, our study also investigates if the magnitude of this increased uncanniness varies depending on which emotion is being communicated. Individual parameters for each facial muscle in a 3D model were controlled for the six emotions: anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness and surprise in addition to a neutral expression. The results indicate that even fully and expertly animated characters are rated as more uncanny than humans and that, in virtual characters, a lack of facial expression in the upper parts of the face during speech exaggerates the uncanny by inhibiting effective communication of the perceived emotion, significantly so for fear, sadness, disgust, and surprise but not for anger and happiness. Based on our results, we consider the implications for virtual character design.},
         keywords = {Uncanny Valley; Facial expression; Emotion; Characters; Video games; Realism},
         issn = {0747-5632},
         doi = {doi:10.1016/j.chb.2010.10.018},
         url = {http://digitalcommons.bolton.ac.uk/gcct_journalspr/14/},
         author = {Angela Tinwell and Grimshaw, Mark and Debbie Abdel Nabi and Andrew Williams}
 }
 @article {Harambam01062011,
         title = {Game over? Negotiating modern capitalism in virtual game worlds},
         journal = {European Journal of Cultural Studies},
         volume = {14},
         number = {3},
         year = {2011},
         pages = {299-319},
         abstract = {Johan Huizinga{\textquoteright}s claim that commercialization threatens the self-enclosed {\textquoteleft}magic circle{\textquoteright} of free play still permeates many contemporary games studies. Critiquing such generalizing and essentialistic assumptions, this article distinguishes four different {\textquoteleft}orders of commercialization{\textquoteright} that impinge on online game worlds and studies empirically how each of these is evaluated and negotiated by players themselves. Based on an analysis of World of Warcraft and Second Life, it demonstrates that some orders of commercialization {\textemdash} that is, the game itself as a commodity and the construction of its world as a virtual marketplace {\textemdash} are compatible with free play since they enhance players{\textquoteright} in-game agency. Other orders of commercialization {\textemdash} that is, {\textquoteleft}real money trading{\textquoteright} and the colonization of the game world by multinationals {\textemdash} are experienced as commodifying and undermine the spirit of play. Contextualization is called for: while some orders of commercialization threaten the {\textquoteleft}magic circle{\textquoteright} of free play, others stimulate or facilitate it.},
         keywords = {commercialization, magic circle, online computer games, PLAY, Second Life, World of Warcraft},
         doi = {10.1177/1367549410393232},
         url = {http://ecs.sagepub.com/content/14/3/299.abstract},
         author = {Harambam, Jaron and Aupers, Stef and Houtman, Dick}
 }
 @book {4526,
         title = {Game sound technology and player interaction: Concepts and developments},
         year = {2011},
         publisher = {IGI Global},
         organization = {IGI Global},
         keywords = {audio, sound},
         isbn = {161692828X},
         url = {http://www.amazon.co.uk/Game-Sound-Technology-Player-Interaction/dp/161692828X/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8\&qid=1294291419\&sr=8-1},
         author = {Mark Grimshaw (ed)}
 }
 @article {O{\textquoteright}Donnell01082011,
         title = {Games are not convergence: The lost promise of digital production and convergence},
         journal = {Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies},
         volume = {17},
         number = {3},
         year = {2011},
         pages = {271-286},
         abstract = {This article critically examines the notion of {\textquoteleft}convergence{\textquoteright} as it applies to videogames and videogame development. Drawing on data from more than five years of ethnographic fieldwork amongst {\textquoteleft}AAA{\textquoteright} videogame development studios, the specific case of Spider-Man 3{\textquoteright}s development is used as a lens for understanding the complexity of modern media production practice. This case sheds light on our understandings of cross-media development practice and the labor involved in the effect of media {\textquoteleft}flow{\textquoteright} from platform to platform. Actor-Network Theory serves as a guiding analytic framework for understanding how videogame production in this context, given the sheer number of actors, has significant implications for the kinds of cross-media products created and the labor involved in bringing these projects to fruition.},
         keywords = {Actor-Network Theory, convergence, cross-media, videogame developers, videogame development, videogames},
         doi = {10.1177/1354856511405766},
         url = {http://con.sagepub.com/content/17/3/271.abstract},
         author = {O{\textquoteright}Donnell, Casey}
 }
 @book {4606,
         title = {Gaming Matters: Art, Science, Magic, and the Computer Game Medium},
         year = {2011},
         publisher = {University of Alabama Press},
         organization = {University of Alabama Press},
         abstract = {In Gaming Matters, Judd Ethan Ruggill (Arizona State University) and Ken S. McAllister (University of Arizona) offer a playful and provocative look at the computer game medium, arguing that games are:
 {\textbullet} Idiosyncratic, and thus difficult to apprehend using the traditional tools of media study;
 {\textbullet} Irreconcilable, or complex to such a degree that developers, players, and scholars have contradictory ways of describing them;
 {\textbullet} Boring, and therefore obligated to constantly make demands on players{\textquoteright} attention;
 {\textbullet} Anachronistic, or built on age-old tropes and forms of play while ironically bound to the most advanced technologies;
 {\textbullet} Duplicitous, or dependent on truth-telling rhetoric even when they are about fictions, fantasies, or lies;
 {\textbullet} Work, or are often better understood as labor rather than play;
 {\textbullet} Alchemical, despite seeming all-too mechanical or predictable
 In its assessments, Gaming Matters neither flatters game enthusiasts nor emboldens the medium{\textquoteright}s detractors. Instead, it provides a new set of lenses through which games can be examined, and in the process makes a significant contribution to the foundation of both computer game and new media studies.
 Judd Ethan Ruggill (Arizona State University) and Ken S. McAllister (University of Arizona) co-direct the Learning Games Initiative (LGI), a transdisciplinary, inter-institutional research group that studies, teaches with, and builds computer games. They also curate one of the world{\textquoteright}s largest research-oriented computer game archives, and have written and lectured extensively on the necessity of interdisciplinary collaboration, the politics of digital media, and the importance of play in scholarship.},
         isbn = {ISBN-10: 0817317376 },
         issn = {ISBN-10: 0817317376},
         url = {http://www.uapress.ua.edu/product/Gaming-Matters,5078.aspx},
         author = {Judd Ethan Ruggill and Ken S. McAllister}
 }
 @article {4545,
         title = {How Games Support Associational Life: Using Tocqueville to Understand the Connection},
         journal = {Games and Culture},
         volume = {6},
         year = {2011},
         pages = {354-372},
         abstract = {One of the greatest problems in contemporary social science is the decline of participation in political and civil spheres. Video games and digital worlds are promising new modes of association capable of connecting people in a way that passive forms of mass communication are unable to. This essay shows the strength of video games as a medium for associational life by turning to the thought of one of the preeminent philosophers of collective action: Alexis de Tocqueville. Although Tocqueville lived long before the advent of video games, his theory of democracy provides an excellent account of the benefits of civic associations. Among these are teaching enlightened self-interest, creating feelings of efficacy, protecting individuality, and establishing meritocratic norms. Video games are capable of providing each of these goods, making them an effective supplement, though not a replacement, to traditional associational life in an age of increasing fragmentation.},
         keywords = {Associations, civic culture, public sphere, Tocqueville, Video Games, virtual worlds},
         doi = {10.1177/1555412010391090},
         author = {Schulzke, Marcus}
 }
 @article {Aldred:2011wy,
         title = {A Man Chooses, A Slave Obeys: BioShock and the Dystopian Logic of Convergence},
         journal = {Games and Culture},
         volume = {6},
         number = {5},
         year = {2011},
         note = {10.1177/1555412011402674},
         pages = {479{\textendash}496},
         abstract = {For all the critical attention paid to dystopian landscapes in recent literature and film, a similar dystopian turn within gamespace has been largely overlooked. The authors contend that post-apocalyptic digital games merit the same critical examination as their literary and cinematic counterparts, arguing that such games can provide a meaningful site in which questions about the future of technology play out against the dialectic of utopian and dystopian alternatives. Specifically, this article argues that the popular console game BioShock simultaneously celebrates and interrogates utopian notions of technological progress and free will embedded within prevailing industrial and academic conceptions of convergence. The authors explore the differing, yet complementary, conceptions of utopia put forth by critical theorists and the games industry in order to examine how BioShock{\textquoteright}s ambivalence toward technology{\textendash}-and technologies and practices of media consumption in particular{\textendash}-complicates more idealistic and totalizing forecasts for the future of media convergence. Building upon Alexander Galloway{\textquoteright}s treatment of gamic action as an {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}allegorithm{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} that permits procedural exploration and mastery of dominant control protocols in the information age, the authors analyze the way in which BioShock operationalizes the {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}control{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} logic of convergence. By performing a close reading of the game{\textquoteright}s ideological content as well as its procedural strategies of transmediation, they link BioShock{\textquoteright}s ambivalence to the multifaceted, often conflicting nature of convergence discourse and practice within the digital games industry.},
         keywords = {BioShock FPS, convergence, dystopia, games industry, utopia},
         url = {http://gac.sagepub.com/content/6/5/479.abstract},
         author = {Aldred, Jessica and Greenspan, Brian}
 }
 @article {Lankoski01072011,
         title = {Player Character Engagement in Computer Games},
         journal = {Games and Culture},
         volume = {6},
         number = {4},
         year = {2011},
         pages = {291-311},
         abstract = {This article argues how players can control a player character influence interpretation and facilitate engagement within a game. Engagement with player characters can be goal-related or empathic, where goal-related engagement depends on affects elicited by goal-status evaluations whereas characters facilitate empathic engagement. The concepts of recognition, alignment, and allegiance are used to describe how engagement is structured in games. Recognition describes aspects of character interpretation. Alignment describes what kind of access players have to a character{\quotesinglbase}{\"A}{\^o}s actions, knowledge, and affects. Allegiance describes how characters elicit sympathy or antipathy through positive or negative evaluation of the character.},
         doi = {10.1177/1555412010391088},
         url = {http://gac.sagepub.com/content/6/4/291.abstract},
         author = {Lankoski, Petri}
 }
 @article {Barwick01072011,
         title = {Playing Games With Cultural Heritage: A Comparative Case Study Analysis of the Current Status of Digital Game Preservation},
         journal = {Games and Culture},
         volume = {6},
         number = {4},
         year = {2011},
         pages = {373-390},
         abstract = {Digital games are major part of popular culture. They are also an important part of the history of play and as such they deserve to take their rightful place in our cultural legacy. However, they have received little attention in the academic literature on preservation. Despite this lack of interest, some institutions have recognized the significance of preventing the loss of these valuable materials but to what extent is their longevity ensured? What is the current status of game preservation? What are the challenges facing institutions as they {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}play games with cultural heritage?{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} This article provides an overview of the current state of play and, using a comparative case study analysis, provides an insight into the issues, which lie ahead.},
         keywords = {case study, culture, Games, heritage, preservation},
         doi = {10.1177/1555412010391092},
         url = {http://gac.sagepub.com/content/6/4/373.abstract},
         author = {Barwick, Joanna and Dearnley, James and Muir, Adrienne}
 }
 @book {4627,
         title = {Triadic Game Design: Balancing Reality, Meaning and Play},
         year = {2011},
         publisher = {Springer},
         organization = {Springer},
         address = {London},
         abstract = {Many designers, policy makers, teachers, and other practitioners are beginning to understand the usefulness of using digital games beyond entertainment. This has led to an increasing number of attempts to apply games meaningfully. Games have been developed from teaching students about history, making patients adhere in taking their medicine, to recruiting personnel for the military and collecting data to improve search engines. Yet, little is known on how to design such games. This book is one of the first to look into the fundamentals of designing any game with a serious purpose and provides a way of thinking on how to design one successfully.
 
 Drawing on the personal design experience of the author as well as dozens of examples, the reader will be introduced to a design philosophy called {\textquotedblleft}Triadic Game Design.{\textquotedblright} This argues that all games involve three worlds: the worlds of Reality, Meaning, and Play. Each world is affiliated with different people, disciplines, aspects, and criteria. The philosophy also posits that a balance needs to be found within and between the three worlds. Such a balance is difficult to achieve, during the design many tensions will arise, forcing designers to make trade-offs. To deal with these tensions and to ensure that the right decisions are made to create a harmonic game, a frame of reference is needed. This is what Triadic Game Design offers. And this is what makes it an invaluable tool for practitioners and researchers who are interested in using and designing games that have a real world impact.},
         keywords = {educational games, game design, pedagogy, serious games, simulation and modeling},
         isbn = {978-1849961561},
         issn = {1849961565},
         url = {http://triadicgamedesign.com},
         author = {Harteveld, Casper}
 }
 @article {4548,
         title = {Unpacking Time Online: Connecting Internet and Massively Multiplayer Online Game Use With Psychosocial Well-Being},
         journal = {Communication Research},
         year = {2011},
         abstract = {By unpacking different forms of Internet and MMO use, the present study adopts a nuanced approach to examine the connections between online activities and psychosocial well-being. It combined self-reported survey data with unobtrusive behavioral data from server logs of a large virtual world, EverQuest II. Over 5,000 players were surveyed about how they use the Internet, their specific activities in the virtual world, and their psychosocial well-being. In-game communication networks were also constructed and analyzed. The results showed support for both time displacement and social augmentation effects for various activities. Whether Internet and MMO use were associated with negative or positive outcomes was largely dependent on the purposes, contexts and individual characteristics of users. The results suggest that Internet use and game play have significant nuances and should not be considered as monolithic sources of effects.},
         url = {http://www.vwobservatory.com/wp/?p=62},
         author = {Shen, C. and Williams, Dmitri}
 }
 @article {Ashton01082011,
         title = {Upgrading the self: Technology and the self in the digital games perpetual innovation economy},
         journal = {Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies},
         volume = {17},
         number = {3},
         year = {2011},
         pages = {307-321},
         abstract = {This article explores the upgrade and perpetual innovation economy of digital gaming as it informs understandings and practices of the {\textquoteleft}self{\textquoteright}. Upgrade is situated in terms of digital gaming as a globalized techno-cultural industry. Drawing on accounts of governmentality and cultural work, research with digital games design students is drawn on to explore the overlapping twin logics of technological upgrade and work-on-the-self. The games industry-focused higher education context is examined as an environment for becoming a games designer and involving processes of upgrading the self. Having examined processes and practices of upgrading the self in terms of technological skills and personal development/enterprise, the article turns to some of the critical issues around anxiety, industry conventions and working practices.},
         keywords = {Digital Gaming, governmentality, perpetual innovation, the self, upgrade culture},
         doi = {10.1177/1354856511405758},
         url = {http://con.sagepub.com/content/17/3/307.abstract},
         author = {Ashton, Daniel}
 }
 @article {Rosenthal01062011,
         title = {Video Gaming in Children Improves Performance on a Virtual Reality Trainer but Does Not yet Make a Laparoscopic Surgeon},
         journal = {Surgical Innovation},
         volume = {18},
         number = {2},
         year = {2011},
         pages = {160-170},
         abstract = {Background: In children, video game experience improves spatial performance, a predictor of surgical performance. This study aims at comparing laparoscopic virtual reality (VR) task performance of children with different levels of experience in video games and residents. Participants and methods: A total of 32 children (8.4 to 12.1 years), 20 residents, and 14 board-certified surgeons (total n = 66) performed several VR and 2 conventional tasks (cube/spatial and pegboard/fine motor). Performance between the groups was compared (primary outcome). VR performance was correlated with conventional task performance (secondary outcome). Results: Lowest VR performance was found in children with low video game experience, followed by those with high video game experience, residents, and board-certified surgeons. VR performance correlated well with the spatial test and moderately with the fine motor test. Conclusions: The use of computer games can be considered not only as pure entertainment but may also contribute to the development of skills relevant for adequate performance in VR laparoscopic tasks. Spatial skills are relevant for VR laparoscopic task performance.},
         keywords = {business of surgery, simulation, surgical education},
         doi = {10.1177/1553350610392064},
         url = {http://sri.sagepub.com/content/18/2/160.abstract},
         author = {Rosenthal, Rachel and Geuss, Steffen and Dell-Kuster, Salome and Sch{\"a}fer, Juliane and Hahnloser, Dieter and Demartines, Nicolas}
 }
 @proceedings {4527,
         title = {A preliminary experiment to assess the fear value of preselected sound parameters in a survival horror game},
         journal = {Audio Mostly},
         year = {2010},
         month = {September 14},
         publisher = {ACM},
         address = {Pite{\r a}, Sweden},
         abstract = {This paper presents an experiment testing which sound parameters, in a survival horror game context, most warrant further investigation as a means to control the level of fear in such games. The experiment is part of a long-term study ultimately designed to support the development of a biofeedback procedural audio engine for computer games. By this means, it is hoped to provide an enhanced gaming experience whereby sound synthesis and audio processing is conducted in real-time according to the player{\textquoteright}s affect responses and emotional state. Results indicate that coarse manipulation of audio parameters has the potential to influence the intensity of the player{\textquoteright}s fear response whilst playing a survival horror game. Evidence is also presented that supports the integration of event logging and realtime participant vocal response into an experimental design to gather unbiased, quantitative data that can be associated with qualitative emotional response.},
         keywords = {audio, fear, sound},
         isbn = {978-1-4503-0046-9},
         doi = {10.1145/1859799.1859809},
         url = {http://digitalcommons.bolton.ac.uk/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1013\&context=gcct_conferencepr},
         author = {Tom Garner and Grimshaw, Mark and Debbie Abdel Nabi}
 }
 @article {4518,
         title = {{\textquoteright}Click on the Big Red Car{\textquoteright}},
         journal = {Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies},
         volume = {16},
         number = {4},
         year = {2010},
         month = {November 1, 2010},
         pages = {375-394},
         abstract = {The playing of computer games in the home is ubiquitous in contemporary life. Research that examines young children{\textquoteright}s computer use confirms that playing computer games is a dominant form of activity. While computer game playing has important social effects for children, how children accomplish their social activity during computer use is very much taken for granted in the game-playing literature. This article addresses young children{\textquoteright}s computer game playing through a detailed analysis of two children{\textquoteright}s interaction while playing a Wiggles game in their home. Conversation analysis is employed to describe and explicate the social accomplishment of playing the game through a sequential analysis of data. Discussion considers the local organization of the game, its occasioned complexity, and the management of identity-related activities during game playing. The study provides a description of the ways that social interaction accomplishes the children{\textquoteright}s game playing.},
         keywords = {computer use, Game playing, young children},
         author = {Davidson, Christina}
 }
 @article {4519,
         title = {De-inter-facement: 0100101110101101.org{\textquoteright}s Portraits of {\textquoteleft}Second Life{\textquoteright} Avatars},
         journal = {Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies},
         volume = {16},
         number = {4},
         year = {2010},
         month = {November 1, 2010},
         pages = {395-410},
         abstract = {Since 2006, the art duo 0100101110101101.org, aka Eva and Franco Mattes, have produced a number of {\textquoteleft}portraits{\textquoteright} of Second Life avatars. Collectively referred to as Portraits on the Mattes{\textquoteright}s website, they are grouped into a series of exhibitions which have been shown in New York, Italy and Switzerland, as well as within Second Life itself. Critical reception has been mixed, with some critics appreciating the images as critiques of real-world conventions of beauty, while others have found them bland and banal. The artists, however, have stated that the Portraits series is their most radical work to date. With such wide variance in critical reception and artistic {\textquoteleft}intention{\textquoteright}, it is worth asking a few questions: What is the significance of exhibiting portraits of Second Life avatars? What does it mean to re-present what is already a representation {\textemdash} and what is in fact being represented? And, given that the Portraits are predominantly close-ups of faces, and also that they are brought to us via a whole series of digital interfaces, what role do the face and the interface play in the production and understanding of these images?},
         keywords = {0100101110101101.org, faces, faciality, portraiture, Second Life, Taussig},
         url = {http://con.sagepub.com/content/16/4/395.abstract},
         author = {Cooke, Grayson}
 }
 @article {4402,
         title = {Computer Games and Sociocultural Play: An Activity Theoretical Perspective},
         journal = {Games and Culture},
         volume = {5},
         year = {2010},
         month = {May 7, 2010},
         pages = {335-353},
         abstract = {Various forms of play emerge around computer games. These types of play, known as out-of-game play or extrinsic play, take place beyond the original game context. Despite their significant contribution to the overall play experience, they are often neglected by the game research community. Conventional game theories such as ludology and narratology do not provide an insightful account of the sociocultural aspects of game play. Therefore, in this article, we report our observations and investigations into different forms of extrinsic play activities in an online virtual setting. Founded on activity theory, we articulate theoretical models that explicate game play in a sociocultural context. Our findings reveal that extrinsic play constitutes reflective play and expansive play, which transform the play activity and transport the players beyond the original boundary of play.},
         author = {Ang, Chee Siang and Zaphiris, Panayiotis and Wilson, Stephanie}
 }
 @article {4401,
         title = {Cybersexuality in MMORPGs: Virtual Sexual Revolution Untapped},
         journal = {Men and Masculinities},
         year = {2010},
         month = {May 7, 2010},
         pages = {1097184X10363256},
         abstract = {This study explores the mechanics and perceptions of cybersex interactions in massively multiplayer online role playing games (MMORPGs) and examines the potential for cybersex in gaming to revolutionize sexuality politics. Drawing on ethnographic and in-depth interview data with fifty MMORPG players, the author examines how cybersex interactions are performed, the context in which they are allowed, and the assessments players make about the utility of cybersex. The author suggests that cybersex has yet to embrace a broader spectrum of sexuality even in strictly virtual interactions.},
         author = {Valkyrie, Zek Cypress}
 }
 @article {4404,
         title = {Digital Games and Escapism},
         journal = {Games and Culture},
         volume = {5},
         year = {2010},
         month = {May 7, 2010},
         pages = {354-380},
         abstract = {Digital games are often viewed as being inherently escapist on two counts. First, they are the shining proponents of cutting edge virtuality, embodying the alluring unreality of something erroneously conceived of existing on the other side of a screen. A second reason for associating games with escapism relates to a common perception of play and games as opposite of seriousness and work and somehow set apart from the ordinary, everyday life. The paper discusses the nature of escapism and relates it to the above theoretical issues which contribute to a view of digital games as inherently escapist. The paper proposes a renewed view on digital games and escapism that takes into account their distinctive qualities and their role in everyday life.},
         author = {Calleja, Gordon}
 }
 @article {4409,
         title = {Lost on a Desert Island: The Sims 2 Castaway as Convergence Text},
         journal = {Games and Culture},
         year = {2010},
         month = {May 7, 2010},
         abstract = {This article looks at a genre of games that most frequently appears on the Nintendo DS and discusses how they use multiple techniques drawn from several different sources to gain popularity. The desert island simulation blends a series of familiar game genres with those of popular television, specifically serial television, to produce a genre that deliberately appeals to non-traditional users{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} (although this definition relies more on preconceptions than actuality, as games continue to develop in scope). This article examines the techniques that these games use, including the shrewd marketing tools of the DS, the ways in which the games borrow from existing games genres, how they draw the player into a narrative web through a reconstruction of player agency, and the linkage with serial television. By specifically examining The Sims 2 Castaway (S2C, 2007), this article discusses how the changing of ludic objectives during these games influences player expectation and how this is increasingly reflected in other texts such as long-haul television series. These developments indicate not only an evolving canon within games but argue for their growing influence elsewhere in cultural production.},
         url = {http://gac.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/1555412010361953v1},
         author = {MacCallum-Stewart, Esther}
 }
 @article {4403,
         title = {Player, Student, Designer: Games Design Students and Changing Relationships With Games},
         journal = {Games and Culture},
         year = {2010},
         month = {May 7, 2010},
         abstract = {Drawing on empirical research conducted with U.K. games design students, games design course tutors, and professional designers alongside broader careers advice and guidance from industry representatives, this article will explore the changing relationships games design students describe with digital games and games technologies. Opening with accounts of their childhood pastimes and passions, the discussion will move to consider closely students{\textquoteright} development within a higher education context and the associated, emerging shifts in their engagements with games technologies. Through exploring the transition from hobby to career and the overlapping player/student/designer positions, questions concerning human and technological interactions, identity, and wider career and skills contexts are highlighted. In drawing out such questions and issues, this article will seek to outline how exploring the practices and understandings of students prompts reflection on both located and specific and more broadly applicable engagements between digital games technologies, industry, and individuals.},
         author = {Ashton, Daniel}
 }
 @article {4413,
         title = {Trusting the Avatar},
         journal = {Games and Culture},
         year = {2010},
         month = {May 7, 2010},
         abstract = {Playing online entails far more than dragon-slaying, identity experimentation, communication, and elaborate synchronized aggression. Letting other players affect your experience means placing yourself--if ever so slightly--at their mercy. In other words, you need to trust them, evoking a concept that has divided philosophers for millennia. This article describes how trust is an important factor in multiplayer gaming, how it can be approached theoretically, and how it may be favorably affected by game design.},
         url = {http://gac.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/1555412009359764v1},
         author = {Smith, Jonas Heide}
 }
 @article {4412,
         title = {What Is Video Game Culture? Cultural Studies and Game Studies},
         journal = {Games and Culture},
         volume = {5},
         year = {2010},
         month = {May 7, 2010},
         pages = {403-424},
         abstract = {What is video game culture, however? What does it mean to have a culture defined by the consumption of a particular medium? Moreover, what are the implications of defining this culture in a particular way? While there has been a great deal of ink split on video game culture, the actual definition of the term is often treated as common sense. Unpacking the discourses surrounding "video game culture"" allows us to see the power dynamics involved in attributing certain characteristics to it, as well as naming it "video game culture"" as such. This has implications for how video games are studied and is connected with how culture is studied more broadly. By critically examining how video game culture has been defined in both press and academic articles, this paper illuminates how this definition has limited the study of video games and where it can move.},
         url = {http://gac.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/1555412009360414v1},
         author = {Shaw, Adrienne}
 }
 @article {4414,
         title = {When the Game Is Not Enough: Motivations and Practices Among Computer Game Modding Culture},
         journal = {Games and Culture},
         year = {2010},
         month = {May 7, 2010},
         abstract = {The actual meanings computer game modders attach to their actions and practices remain heavily underresearched. This article takes a look at the attitudes and everyday practices of the people who make game modifications, with special focus on the forms and consequences of collaboration between hobbyists. The case discussed in the article is the shooter-game Operation Flashpoint (OFP) and the modding scene around it. The article proposes that there is no such thing as an average computer game modder. It is suggested that the distinctions can be drawn based on the objective of projects (missions, add-ons, mods), modder motivations (playing, hacking, researching, self-expression, cooperation), and notions on the ownership and potential commercialization of their work. Given the forecasts concerning the growing significance of player-made content, this study can offer some down-to-earth findings from the long established tradition of game modding.},
         url = {http://gac.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/1555412009359765v1},
         author = {Sotamaa,Olli}
 }
 @article {4405,
         title = {Where Is My Montage? The Performance of Hard Work and Its Reward in Film, Television, and MMOGs},
         journal = {Games and Culture},
         volume = {5},
         year = {2010},
         month = {May 7, 2010},
         pages = {381-402},
         abstract = {Every massively multiplayer online game (MMOG) begins new players at Level 1. The player must grind his or her way through many early levels to reach any kind of decent reward for the hours invested. Compared to films going back to Rocky and television shows such as Crime Scene Investigation (CSI), there is no montage to fast-forward through the work involved in reaching the game{\textquoteright}s reward. What is it about online games or the player that makes such work so compelling? Why would hard work, something that is often avoided in the daily grind of an 8-5 job, be forced upon the videogame player--often to his or her delight? To address these questions, we use Ian Bogost{\textquoteright}s concept of unit operations to evaluate the concept that "hard work is rewarded" as it relates to various media, including films and videogames, and to analyze the historical and theoretical implications of the concept.},
         url = {http://gac.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/1555412009360413v2},
         author = {Consalvo,Mia and Timothy Dodd Alley and Nathan Dutton and Matthew Falk and Howard Fisher and Todd Harper and Adam Yulish}
 }
 @article {4411,
         title = {Discursively Constructing the Art of Silent Hill},
         journal = {Games and Culture},
         year = {2010},
         month = {May 18, 2010},
         abstract = {This article explores the construction of Silent Hill--Konami{\textquoteright}s survival horror video game series--as art. Adopting a discursive approach to the notion of "art," the extent to which traditional formations of cultural value are mobilized is explored across three aspects of the series{\textquoteright} first four installments. The Silent Hill game texts are examined as evoking formal devices of art cinema, including realism, ambiguity, psychological complexity, and self-reflexivity. Next the games{\textquoteright} advertising is considered as emphasizing these qualities, privileging narrative over ludic gaming aspects. Finally the games{\textquoteright} representation in the documentary "The Making of Silent Hill 2" is discussed as positioning the series within frameworks of artistry and authorship.},
         url = {http://gac.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/1555412010364976v1},
         author = {Kirkland, Ewan}
 }
 @article {4395,
         title = {Designing Wonder: Complexity Made Simple or the Wii-Mote{\textquoteright}s Galilean Edge},
         journal = {Television New Media},
         volume = {11},
         number = {3},
         year = {2010},
         month = {May 1, 2010},
         pages = {197-219},
         abstract = {This article considers the Nintendo Wii console{\textquoteright}s negotiation of tensions accruing in contemporary developments around "nice work,""affective labor," and "hyperindustrialism." Learning and play have long been considered to "begin in wonder." Observing that appliances made for us to "enjoy labor," as one adversary in a recent Nintendo Wii title puts it, have a history, I show that hyperindustrial recreational appliances like the Wii design wonder for learning and play by deploying gestural-technical stylistics first prototyped in human-computer interaction design research. I apply ten stylistics of gestural interaction design to the Wii in order to articulate its differences from other interactive educational, recreational, and health devices. I conclude that the Wii increases bandwidth for player action with two distinct effects. First, it orients "wonder" as gestural-technical conduct, making an ethical claim to differentiate contemporary play and work, while, second, projecting an unprogrammed "signature effect" extended in a range of modifications by researchers and amateurs alike.},
         keywords = {Affect, gaming, Gesture, interaction design, labor, PLAY, stylistics, wii},
         author = {Tobias, James}
 }
 @article {4396,
         title = {Wii Will Become Silhouettes},
         journal = {Television New Media},
         volume = {11},
         number = {3},
         year = {2010},
         month = {May 1, 2010},
         pages = {220-230},
         abstract = {The Nintendo Wii functions as an imploded identity stage, where the player interacts with the screen, the wand, and with the other players as a kind of virtual puppet for the self. This differentiates Wii games from other videogames in that the moving, acting body becomes the center of the play, where four modes of production define the parameters and norms of play: technique, discipline, improvisation, and defiance. The player acts with and through these four modes in order to view themselves as a more enhanced part of the game and the screen. Thus, the body becomes the central site of game play, instead of the avatar, the gamespace, or the gaze of the player on both.},
         keywords = {Performance, technique, the body, videogames, wii},
         author = {Burrill, Derek A.}
 }
 @article {4457,
         title = {Balancing Play, Meaning and Reality: The Design Philosophy of LEVEE PATROLLER},
         journal = {Simulation \& Gaming},
         volume = {41},
         year = {2010},
         month = {June 1, 2010;},
         pages = {316-340},
         abstract = {Most serious games have been developed without a proper and comprehensive design theory. To contribute to the development of such a theory, this article presents the underlying design philosophy of LEVEE PATROLLER, a game to train levee patrollers in the Netherlands. This philosophy stipulates that the design of a digital serious game is a multiobjective problem in which trade-offs need to be made. Making these trade-offs takes place in a design space defined by three equally important components: (a) Play, (b) Meaning, and (c) Reality. The various tensions between these three components result in design dilemmas and trilemmas that make it difficult to balance a serious game. Each type of tension is illustrated with one or more examples from the design of LEVEE PATROLLER. ~},
         url = {http://sag.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/41/3/316},
         author = {Harteveld, Casper and Guimar{\~a}es, Rui and Mayer, Igor S. and Bidarra, Rafael}
 }
 @article {4460,
         title = {Debriefing a Health-Related Educational Game: A Case Study},
         journal = {Simulation \& Gaming},
         volume = {41},
         year = {2010},
         month = {June 1, 2010;},
         pages = {390-399},
         abstract = {This study sought to evaluate the utility of a Web-based game on the topic of immunity, based upon the work of Nobel Prize winner Ileya Mechnikov. This was accomplished through postgame written debriefing with an oral debriefing follow-up. A qualitative case study was conducted in a nonformal home setting. The participant learned new information, such as the capability of cells to alert the body to foreign pathogenic attack. Game dissatisfaction was described by the participant as well as suggestions for game improvement. The written debriefing response was generally briefer than the oral debriefing responses. While the participant gleaned information about immunity from the game without facilitator assistance, postgame debriefings aided the participant in reflection about the game. This was the first study to utilize a combination of postgame written and oral debriefing in the Nobel Prize Web-based game genre. It illustrates the value of postgame debriefing as an enhancement of the learning experience related to the health-related educational game. ~},
         url = {http://sag.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/41/3/390},
         author = {Lennon, Jeffrey L.}
 }
 @article {4456,
         title = {Incorporating Customer Lifetime Value Into Marketing Simulation Games},
         journal = {Simulation \& Gaming},
         volume = {41},
         year = {2010},
         month = {June 1, 2010;},
         pages = {341-359},
         abstract = {Notwithstanding the emerging prominence of customer lifetime value (CLV) and customer equity (CE) in the marketing literature during the past decade, virtually nothing has been done to address these concepts in the literature on simulation and gaming. This article addresses the failing, discussing the nature of CLV and CE and demonstrating how they might be incorporated into marketing simulations. ~},
         url = {http://sag.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/41/3/341},
         author = {Cannon, Hugh M. and Cannon, James N. and Schwaiger, Manfred}
 }
 @article {4458,
         title = {Using Gaming Literacies to Cultivate New Literacies},
         journal = {Simulation \& Gaming},
         volume = {41},
         year = {2010},
         month = {June 1, 2010;},
         pages = {400-417},
         abstract = {The use of games in educational contexts has recently received growing attention; however, many teachers struggle with finding a right context to adopt games in the classroom. To strengthen teachers{\textquoteright} beliefs about the educational value of games, this article explains the similarities and differences between new literacies and gaming literacy and defines gaming literacy from the {\textquotedblleft}play{\textquotedblright} and {\textquotedblleft}design{\textquotedblright} perspectives. This article presents examples of game use that will help teachers cultivate learners{\textquoteright} new literacies through gaming, understand how the game debriefing process can help scaffold students{\textquoteright} learning, and identify factors affecting the adoption of games in educational contexts. The audience for this article includes teachers and teacher educators who would like greater clarification regarding gaming literacy and its positive effects on the learning and development of new literacies. ~},
         url = {http://sag.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/41/3/400},
         author = {Hsu, Hui-Yin and Wang, Shiang-Kwei}
 }
 @article {4459,
         title = {Video Game-Based Methodology for Business Research},
         journal = {Simulation \& Gaming},
         volume = {41},
         year = {2010},
         month = {June 1, 2010;},
         pages = {360-373},
         abstract = {Experimental research in business and economics has exploded in recent years in both laboratory and field settings. The generality of findings from field experiments is limited by the specificity of the experimental environment. Laboratory studies, on the other hand, are criticized for being devoid of the contextual cues that may indicate to decision makers the nature of the problem and, thus, the appropriate approaches to problem solving. Virtual experiments provide a hybrid of strengths from each of these two experimental protocols that may overcome some of the limitations of each. Using a modified, commercial, adventure game with an appended Sequel database, this research reprises a well-known study of risk aversion within a virtual context. The results indicate that very similar overall measures of risk aversion can be obtained within an adventure game context. Furthermore, it shows that experimentation within this virtual environment permits outcomes to be recorded and analyzed regarding decision consistency, decision revisions, and psychological/behavioral variables that have not been available using either traditional lab or field research methods. As such, this study contributes both to the literature on behavioral business research methodology in general and to the literature on risk aversion in particular. ~},
         url = {http://sag.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/41/3/360},
         author = {Lawson, Larry L. and Lawson, Catherine L.}
 }
 @article {4338,
         title = {Co-Creating Games: A Co-evolutionary Analysis},
         journal = {New Media Society},
         year = {2010},
         month = {January 28, 2010},
         pages = {1-18},
         chapter = {1},
         abstract = {The phenomenon of consumer co-creation is often framed in terms of whether either economic market forces or socio-cultural non-market forces ultimately dominate. We propose an alternate model of consumer co-creation in terms of co-evolution between markets and non-markets. Our model is based on a recent ethnographic study of a massively multiplayer online game through its development, release and ultimate failure, and is cast in terms of two explanatory models: multiple games and social network markets. We conclude that consumer co-creation is indeed complex, but in ways that relate to both emergent market expectations and the evolution of markets, not to the transcendence of markets.},
         url = {http://nms.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/1461444809343563v1},
         author = {Banks,John and Potts, Jason}
 }
 @article {4322,
         title = {{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}Blacks Deserve Bodies Too!{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}: Design and Discussion About Diversity and Race in a Tween Virtual World},
         journal = {Games and Culture},
         volume = {5},
         number = {1},
         year = {2010},
         month = {January 1, 2010},
         pages = {43-63},
         abstract = {In this paper, we investigate racial diversity in avatar design and public discussions about race within a large-scale tween virtual world called Whyville.net, with more than 1.5 million registered players of ages 8--16. One unique feature of Whyville is the player{\textquoteright}s ability to customize their avatars with various face parts and accessories, all designed and sold by other players in Whyville. Our findings report on the racial diversity of available resources for avatar construction and online postings about the role of race in avatar design and social interactions in the community. With the growing interest in player-generated content for online worlds such as Teen Second Life, our discussion addresses the role of avatars in teen/tween identity development and self-representation, and the role of virtual entrepreneurs and community activists in increasing the diversity of avatar parts available.},
         url = {http://gac.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/5/1/43},
         author = {Kafai, Yasmin B. and Cook, Melissa S. and Fields, Deborah A.}
 }
 @article {4324,
         title = {Investigating the {\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}Why{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} in Whypox: Casual and Systematic Explorations of a Virtual Epidemic},
         journal = {Games and Culture},
         volume = {5},
         number = {1},
         year = {2010},
         month = {January 1, 2010},
         pages = {116-135},
         abstract = {Learning scientists have created and used virtual worlds to support players{\textquoteright} historical, scientific, and ecological inquiries. Much less explored has been the impact of community events on players{\textquoteright} investigations in virtual worlds. The authors present here the case of a community event Whypox, a virtual epidemic whose annual outbreak in Whyville affects players{\textquoteright} communication and appearance. The authors analyze the different levels of participation ranging from casual to systematic in which players searched out more information about the Whypox, participated in online discussions about its causes and investigated different scenarios with simulations. The discussion examines ethical concerns, the contributions of our findings for the design of such community events, and educational resources in virtual worlds to support informal learning.},
         url = {http://gac.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/5/1/116},
         author = {Kafai, Yasmin B. and Quintero, Maria and Feldon, David}
 }
 @article {4320,
         title = {Knowing and Throwing Mudballs, Hearts, Pies, and Flowers: A Connective Ethnography of Gaming Practices},
         journal = {Games and Culture},
         volume = {5},
         number = {1},
         year = {2010},
         month = {January 1, 2010},
         pages = {88-115},
         abstract = {Little is known concerning how young players learn to participate in various activities in virtual worlds. We use a new integrative approach called connective ethnography that focuses on how a gaming practice spread across a network of youth at an after school club that simultaneously participated in a virtual world, Whyville.net. To trace youth participation in online and offline social contexts, we draw on multiple sources of information: observations, interviews, videos, online tracking and chat data, and hundreds of hours of play in Whyville ourselves. One gaming practice -- the throwing of projectiles and its social uses and nuances -- became the focal point of our analyses. The discussions address the methodological challenges underlying the synthesis of diverse types of data that allowed us to follow youth across multiple spaces as well as initial insights into how this practice was used to negotiate relationships in multiple spaces through play.},
         url = {http://gac.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/5/1/88},
         author = {Fields, Deborah A. and Kafai, Yasmin B.}
 }
 @article {4319,
         title = {{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}Stealing From Grandma{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} or Generating Cultural Knowledge?: Contestations and Effects of Cheating in a Tween Virtual World},
         journal = {Games and Culture},
         volume = {5},
         number = {1},
         year = {2010},
         month = {January 1, 2010},
         pages = {64-87},
         abstract = {Much research has described the various practices needed of gaining access and participation in multi-user game communities. Cheat sites are a continuation of game communities where players engage in knowledge building about game related challenges. In this paper we analyze the cheat sites created by players for a tween virtual world called Whyville.net, which encourages youth to participate in a range of social activities and play casual science games. Through analysis we created typologies for both the cheats and sites related to science content. Further, a case study of an exemplary cheat site elaborates on how some player-generated sites work to build knowledge of Whyville. Finally, investigation of over a hundred player-written articles illuminates how Whyvillians contest different practices of cheating and how cheating affects the virtual world. Implications of these findings as cultural artifacts of the game community and as guides for designing informal online learning activities are discussed.},
         url = {http://gac.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/5/1/64},
         author = {Fields, Deborah A. and Kafai, Yasmin B.}
 }
 @article {4321,
         title = {World of Whyville: An Introduction to Tween Virtual Life},
         journal = {Games and Culture},
         volume = {5},
         number = {1},
         year = {2010},
         month = {January 1, 2010},
         pages = {3-22},
         abstract = {Virtual worlds have become the new playground for millions of tweens but we know little what it takes to become a player in a virtual community. This paper focuses on one virtual world, called Whyville.net, which at the time of our study hosted over 1.2 million players ages 8 to16 years, with the average player 12.3 years old. Girls represent over 68\% of all players. A guided tour to the various places in Whyville, the different types of science games, and the range of players{\textquoteright} activities provides insights into what players talk about, with whom they socialize, what they like to play, and how they engage in investigations. In 2005, a group of researchers set out to study Whyville by recruiting hundreds of participants online and offline in classrooms and after school clubs and by conducting observations, surveys, and interviews about their online activities. In addition, we collected log files that captured their online movements and chat interaction during a six month period. We discuss ethical issues of conducting research as adults in tween virtual communities and limitations of capturing the complexities of interactions simultaneously in online and offline spaces. The paper concludes with an overview of following papers in the special issue that cover players{\textquoteright} avatar designs, representation of race, cheating practices, learning how to throw virtual mudballs, and participation in virtual epidemic.},
         url = {http://gac.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/5/1/3},
         author = {Kafai, Yasmin B.}
 }
 @article {4323,
         title = {Your Second Selves: Player-Designed Avatars},
         journal = {Games and Culture},
         volume = {5},
         number = {1},
         year = {2010},
         month = {January 1, 2010},
         pages = {23-42},
         abstract = {Avatars in online games and worlds are seen as players{\textquoteright} key representations in interactions with each other. In this article, we investigate the avatar design and identity play within a large-scale tween virtual world called Whyville.net, with more than 1.5 million registered players of ages 8--16. One unique feature of Whyville is the players{\textquoteright} ability to customize their avatars with various face parts and accessories, all designed and sold by other players in Whyville. Our findings report on the expressive resources available for avatar construction, individual tween players{\textquoteright} choices and rationales in creating their avatars, and online postings about avatar design in the community at large. With the growing interest in player-generated content for online worlds such as Second Life, our discussion will address the role of avatars in identity play and self-representation as well as the social issues that arise within the game world.},
         url = {http://gac.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/5/1/23},
         author = {Kafai, Yasmin B. and Fields, Deborah A. and Cook, Melissa S.}
 }
 @article {4166,
         title = {The Influence of Violent and Nonviolent Computer Games on Implicit Measures of Aggressiveness},
         journal = {Aggressive Behavior},
         volume = {36},
         number = {1},
         year = {2010},
         note = {532EOTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:75},
         month = {Jan-Feb},
         pages = {1-13},
         abstract = {We examined the causal relationship between playing violent video games and increases in aggressiveness by using implicit measures of aggressiveness, which have become important for accurately predicting impulsive behavioral tendencies. Ninety-six adults were randomly assigned to play one of three versions of a computer game that differed only with regard to game content (violent, peaceful, or abstract game), or to work on a reading task. In the games the environmental context, mouse gestures, and physiological arousal-as indicated by heart rate and skin conductance-were kept constant. In the violent game soldiers had to be shot, in the peaceful game sunflowers had to be watered, and the abstract game simply required clicking colored triangles. Five minutes of play did not alter trait aggressiveness, yet an Implicit Association Test detected a change in implicit aggressive self-concept. Playing a violent game produced a significant increase in implicit aggressive self-concept relative to playing a peaceful game. The well-controlled study closes a gap in the research on the causality of the link between violence exposure in computer games and aggressiveness with specific regard to implicit measures. We discuss the significance of importing recent social-cognitive theory into aggression research and stress the need for further development of aggression-related implicit measures.},
         keywords = {Aggression, aggressiveness, Association Test, attitude measures, dysfunctional impulsivity, eating behavior, Heart-Rate, implicit association test, implicit self-concept, Individual-Differences, Media Violence, Self-regulation, single-target implicit association test, social cognition research, Video Games},
         isbn = {0096-140X},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000272728400001},
         author = {Bluemke, M. and Friedrich, M. and Zumbach, J.}
 }
 @article {4327,
         title = {Computerized Games and Simulations in Computer-Assisted Language Learning: A Meta-Analysis of Research},
         journal = {Simulation Gaming},
         volume = {41},
         number = {1},
         year = {2010},
         month = {February 1, 2010},
         pages = {72-93},
         abstract = {This article explores research on the use of computerized games and simulations in language education. The author examined the psycholinguistic and sociocultural constructs proposed as a basis for the use of games and simulations in computer-assisted language learning. Research in this area is expanding rapidly. However, to date, few studies have critically investigated this body of work. The author reviewed key findings from influential studies. The author{\textquoteright}s analysis reveals that, although these studies are subject to limitations, simulations and games present valuable opportunities for effective language learning. The contemporary literature on theories of language acquisition hypothesizes that simulations and games are beneficial methods for helping learners acquire another language. This article concludes by identifying potential areas for future research.},
         url = {http://sag.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/41/1/72},
         author = {Peterson, Mark}
 }
 @article {4334,
         title = {Gender, Simulation, and Gaming: Research Review and Redirections},
         journal = {Simulation Gaming},
         volume = {41},
         number = {1},
         year = {2010},
         month = {February 1, 2010},
         pages = {51-71},
         abstract = {This review of gender and gameplay research over the past three decades documents a set of persistent methodological repetitions that have systematically impeded its progress since the inception of this trajectory of research. The first is, in fact, a refusal to consider gender at all: Conflating gender with sex impedes possibilities to identify nonstereotypical engagements by girls and women. Second is the persistent attempt to identify sex-specific "patterns" of play and play preferences "characteristic" of girls and women mainly to support and promote these in the name of "gender equity," whether in women{\textquoteright}s involvement in the game industry as designers, in the development and marketing of "games for girls," or the access and uses of digital games for education, training, and entertainment. Third, it is found that "gender" is an issue in research studies only long enough to dismiss it as a significant variable, which in turn makes any deeper critical interrogation unproductive.},
         url = {http://sag.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/41/1/51},
         author = {Jenson,Jennifer and de Castell,Suzanne}
 }
 @article {4326,
         title = {Gender, Simulation, and Gaming: Research Review and Redirections},
         journal = {Simulation Gaming},
         volume = {41},
         number = {1},
         year = {2010},
         month = {February 1, 2010},
         pages = {51-71},
         abstract = {This review of gender and gameplay research over the past three decades documents a set of persistent methodological repetitions that have systematically impeded its progress since the inception of this trajectory of research. The first is, in fact, a refusal to consider gender at all: Conflating gender with sex impedes possibilities to identify nonstereotypical engagements by girls and women. Second is the persistent attempt to identify sex-specific "patterns" of play and play preferences "characteristic" of girls and women mainly to support and promote these in the name of "gender equity," whether in women{\textquoteright}s involvement in the game industry as designers, in the development and marketing of "games for girls," or the access and uses of digital games for education, training, and entertainment. Third, it is found that "gender" is an issue in research studies only long enough to dismiss it as a significant variable, which in turn makes any deeper critical interrogation unproductive.},
         url = {http://sag.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/41/1/51},
         author = {Jenson,Jennifer and de Castell,Suzanne}
 }
 @article {4332,
         title = {Intercultural Simulation Games: A Review (of the United States and Beyond)},
         journal = {Simulation Gaming},
         volume = {41},
         number = {1},
         year = {2010},
         month = {February 1, 2010},
         pages = {94-115},
         abstract = {Intercultural simulations are instructional activities that engage and challenge participants with experiences integral to encounters between people of more than one cultural group. Simulations designed specifically to support intercultural encounters have been in use since the 1970s. This article examines the conceptual bases for intercultural simulation games, their history, contexts in which they are being or have been used, their efficacy, and the current situation for intercultural simulation games. The article concludes with a look at future directions, which will rely on technological advances and the creative work of promising young interculturalists.},
         url = {http://sag.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/41/1/94},
         author = {Fowler, Sandra M. and Pusch, Margaret D.}
 }
 @article {4328,
         title = {The Long History of Gaming in Military Training},
         journal = {Simulation Gaming},
         volume = {41},
         number = {1},
         year = {2010},
         month = {February 1, 2010},
         pages = {6-19},
         abstract = {The dual-use of games in both military and entertainment applications has a long history. This has taken the form of sand tables, miniatures, board games, and computer games. The current tension between entertainment and military applications over games is just the return of similar concerns that have surrounded gaming tools and technologies in previous generations. Dynamic representations of the physical world are interesting and useful tools in a number of fields, to include the military, city planning, architecture, education, and entertainment. Modern computer games contain technologies and tools that allow many different communities to accomplish similar goals.},
         url = {http://sag.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/41/1/6},
         author = {Smith, Roger}
 }
 @article {4333,
         title = {The Philosophy and Epistemology of Simulation: A Review},
         journal = {Simulation Gaming},
         volume = {41},
         number = {1},
         year = {2010},
         month = {February 1, 2010},
         pages = {20-50},
         abstract = {The philosophical literature on simulations has increased dramatically during the past 40 years. Many of its main topics are epistemological. For example, philosophers consider how the results of simulations help explain natural phenomena. This essay{\textquoteright}s review treats mainly simulations in the social sciences. It considers the nature of simulations, the varieties of simulation, and uses of simulations for representation, prediction, explanation, and policy decisions. Being oriented toward philosophy of science, it compares simulations to models and experiments and considers whether simulations raise new methodological issues.The essay concludes that several features of simulations set them apart from models and experiments and make them novel scientific tools, whose powers and limits are not yet well understood.},
         url = {http://sag.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/41/1/20},
         author = {Grune-Yanoff, Till and Weirich, Paul}
 }
 @article {4335,
         title = {Toward Endemic Deployment of Educational Simulation Games: A Review of Progress and Future Recommendations},
         journal = {Simulation Gaming},
         volume = {41},
         number = {1},
         year = {2010},
         month = {February 1, 2010},
         pages = {116-131},
         abstract = {This article presents a conceptual analysis of simulation game adoption and use across university faculty. The metaphor of epidemiology is used to characterize the diffusion of simulation games for teaching and learning. A simple stock-flow diagram is presented to illustrate this dynamic. Future scenarios for simulation game adoption are presented, based on alternative diffusion behaviors. University strategies for increasing simulation game use are explored. It is concluded that while creating endemic use of simulation games by faculty is unlikely, we can employ measures that will significantly expand the stock of faculty acting as simulation game instructors.},
         url = {http://sag.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/41/1/116},
         author = {Moizer, Jonathan and Lean, Jonathan}
 }
 @article {gunkel_real_2010,
         title = {The real problem: avatars, metaphysics and online social interaction},
         journal = {New Media Society},
         volume = {12},
         number = {1},
         year = {2010},
         month = {feb},
         pages = {127{\textendash}141},
         abstract = {It is often assumed that the problem with virtual reality{\textquoteright} {\textendash} the concept, its various technological deployments and the apparently oxymoronic phrase itself {\textendash} has been our understanding, or perhaps misunderstanding, of the virtual. The real problem, however, is not with the virtual; it is with the real itself. This article investigates the undeniably useful but ultimately mistaken and somewhat misguided concept of the real that has been routinely operationalized in investigations of new media technology. The specific point of contact for the examination is the avatar. What is at issue here is not the complicated structures and articulations of avatar identity but the assumed real thing{\textquoteright} that is said to be its ultimate cause and referent. In addressing this subject, the article considers three theories of the real, extending from Platonism to the recent innovations of Slavoj {\v Z}i{\v z}ek and investigates their effect on our understanding of computer-generated experience and social interaction.},
         keywords = {avatar, Computer games, computer-mediated communication, Computers, MMORPG, philosophy of technology, Slavoj Zizek, social aspects, virtual reality},
         author = {David J. Gunkel}
 }
 @article {4542,
         title = {Applying Cellular Automata and DEVS Methodologies to Digital Games: A Survey},
         journal = {Simulation \& Gaming},
         volume = {41},
         number = {6},
         year = {2010},
         month = {December 1, 2010},
         pages = {796-823},
         abstract = {Cellular automata were designed by John von Neumann in the 1940s, as a mathematical abstraction for modeling self-replicating algorithms. Since then, cellular automata have been widely studied theoretically and evolved into multiple variants. In the 1970s, Bernard P. Zeigler proposed a formalism rooted on systems theory principles, named DEVS (discrete-event systems specifications), which paved the way for component-based modeling and simulation and related methodologies. The purpose of this article is to survey how cellular automata and its variant, called cell-DEVS, may be used to implement computer simulations that can be used as digital serious games. The authors illustrate that implementation through some of the practical applications of such cellular automata. They show various serious game applications using real case studies: first, a simple bouncing ball and pinball game, a particle collision model, another on gossip propagation, and an application on human behavior at a metro station.Then, they show an application to social simulation using a voters game, a theoretical application (a model called Daisy World, which is derived from Gaia theory), and applications to physical phenomena such as a sandpile formation model or, finally, a three-dimensional model of a {\textquotedblleft}virtual clay{\textquotedblright} that changes its shape when it is subject to pressure effects. },
         author = {Wainer, Gabriel and Qi Liu, and Dalle, Olivier and Zeigler, Bernard P.}
 }
 @article {4539,
         title = {Profiling 40 Years of Research in Simulation \& Gaming},
         journal = {Simulation \& Gaming},
         volume = {41},
         number = {6},
         year = {2010},
         month = {December 1, 2010},
         pages = {869-897},
         abstract = {The authors apply the research profiling method to review all the research that has been published in  Simulation \& Gaming  since the journal{\textquoteright}s inauguration in 1970. The data include 2,096 articles, of which 1,046 are research articles. The authors identify the prolific authors and their institutional affiliations. They tally referenced articles, title phrases, and descriptors. They find that the most prolific authors neither engage in more work division nor author more conventional thinking articles than less prolific authors and that the 51 prolific authors fall into 7 to 11 clusters. },
         author = {Johanna Bragge and Thavikulwat, Precha and T{\"o}yli, Juuso}
 }
 @article {4540,
         title = {Serious Games, Debriefing, and Simulation/Gaming as a Discipline},
         journal = {Simulation \& Gaming},
         volume = {41},
         number = {6},
         year = {2010},
         month = {December 1, 2010},
         pages = {898-920},
         abstract = {At the close of the 40th Anniversary Symposium of S\&G, this editorial offers some thoughts on a few important themes related to simulation/gaming. These are development of the field, the notion of serious games, the importance of debriefing, the need for research, and the emergence of a discipline. I suggest that the serious gaming community has much to offer the discipline of simulation/gaming and that debriefing is vital both for learning and for establishing simulation/gaming as a discipline.},
         author = {Crookall, David}
 }
 @article {4543,
         title = {Time in Video Games: A Survey and Analysis},
         journal = {Simulation \& Gaming},
         volume = {41},
         number = {6},
         year = {2010},
         month = {December 1, 2010},
         pages = {844-868},
         abstract = {This article introduces a conceptual tool for analyzing video game temporality, the temporal frame, and a methodology by which new temporal frames can be constructed as needed during analysis. A temporal frame is a set of events, along with the temporality induced by the relationships between those events. The authors discuss four common temporal frames: real-world time (events taking place in the physical world), gameworld time (events within the represented gameworld, including events associated with gameplay actions), coordination time (events that coordinate the actions of players and agents), and fictive time (applying sociocultural labels to events, as well as narrated event sequences). They use frames to analyze the real-time/turn-based distinction, various temporal anomalies, and temporal manipulations as a form of gameplay. These discussions illustrate how temporal frames are useful for gaining a more nuanced understanding of temporal phenomena in games. Additionally, their relationist characterization of temporal frames supports analysis and design.},
         author = {Zagal, Jos{\'e} P. and Mateas,Michael}
 }
 @article {4541,
         title = {Why Simulation Games Work-In Search of the Active Substance: A Synthesis},
         journal = {Simulation \& Gaming},
         volume = {41},
         number = {6},
         year = {2010},
         month = {December 1, 2010},
         pages = {824-843},
         abstract = {In this article, the authors reflect on the question why simulation games are such an effective tool for learning. The article is based on the authors{\textquoteright} experience and that of many other practitioners in the field. The article posits that it is the confluence of systemic knowledge, practice, emotional involvement, and social embeddedness that creates the potential to achieve results that no other methods can match. A simulation game run constitutes a bout of individual and collective purposeful action by an individual or a group formed specifically for that purpose. People have evolved to be supremely good at just that. Simulation games can teach systemic knowledge, and they can enable participants to try out organizational changes. This potential is not always realized, however. Game runs are {\textquotedblleft}alive{\textquotedblright} and variable, and this is a risky strength. They activate not only the explicit rules but also the hidden cultural rules of the participants. This can lead to memorable learning as well as to frustration, particularly when games are used across cultures. The article specifies reasons why games could fail and offers ways to avoid these pitfalls. It shows that experience and craftsmanship are needed in game design, facilitation, and debriefing. },
         author = {Hofstede, Gert Jan and Caluw{\'e}, L{\'e}on and Peters, Vincent}
 }
 @article {4482,
         title = {Enhancing Lean Manufacturing Learning Experience Through Hands-On Simulation},
         journal = {Simulation \& Gaming},
         volume = {41},
         number = {4},
         year = {2010},
         note = {10.1177/1046878109334333},
         month = {Aug 1},
         pages = {537-552},
         abstract = {Finding appropriate interactive exercises to increase students{\textquoteright} learning in technical topic courses is always challenging to educators. In this study, several paper plane hands-on simulation exercises were developed, used, and tested in a lean manufacturing course for beginning college students. A pretest and posttest was used to assess the effectiveness of students learning of lean manufacturing concepts by means of participating in the hands-on simulation exercises. Furthermore, the procedures used for an efficient integration of the hands-on simulation exercises into a teaching environment were evaluated. The results showed that students{\textquoteright} knowledge of lean manufacturing concepts increased significantly compared with lecture-based learning only.},
         author = {Elbadawi, Isam and McWilliams, Douglas and Tetteh, Edem}
 }
 @article {4485,
         title = {Exploring the Application of Simulations and Games in Advanced Manufacturing},
         journal = {Simulation \& Gaming},
         volume = {41},
         number = {4},
         year = {2010},
         note = {10.1177/1046878110378060},
         month = {Aug 1},
         pages = {463-464},
         author = {Ncube, Lisa and McWilliams, Douglas}
 }
 @article {4487,
         title = {An Information Provision Framework for Performance-Based Interactive eLearning Application for Manufacturing},
         journal = {Simulation \& Gaming},
         volume = {41},
         number = {4},
         year = {2010},
         note = {10.1177/1046878109334332},
         month = {Aug 1},
         pages = {511-536},
         abstract = {Fundamental concepts and definitions of electronic learning (eLearning) continue to emerge, and theories of eLearning that have been advanced thus far cover an array of academic perspectives including training and education, learning and knowledge, and technology and applications to specific market segments. Any study of the effectiveness and efficiency of eLearning, therefore, has to address a variety of issues, including the role of eLearning in knowledge and learning, its contribution to competent performance, its relationship to organizational transformation, and strategies for embedding it into other forms of electronic interaction. eLearning refers to a form of learning in which the instructor and student are physically separated by space or time, and the gap between the two is bridged through the use of online technologies. Virtual technology utilizes an interactive approach to computer-based learning by providing real-time feedback to the user. Surveys of manufacturing companies have verified their interest and enthusiasm in the potential of virtual technology for industrial applications; however, the companies noted that one of the barriers to investing in the technology is the need for a structured methodology to guide the application identification, as well as the model building and evaluation for this technology. The study referenced in this article addresses this need by providing a framework for the development of a virtual environment that provides information for manufacturing task completion. It builds upon extant research into the use of virtual reality for task completion as well as proposes a structure for virtual environment development.},
         author = {Sanders, Janet and Udoka, Silvanus}
 }
 @article {4486,
         title = {Literary and Historical 3D Digital Game{\textemdash}Based Learning: Design Guidelines},
         journal = {Simulation \& Gaming},
         volume = {41},
         number = {4},
         year = {2010},
         note = {10.1177/1046878108330312},
         month = {Aug 1},
         pages = {607-629},
         abstract = {As 3D digital game{\textemdash}based learning (3D-DGBL) for the teaching of literature and history gradually gains acceptance, important questions will need to be asked regarding its method of design, development, and deployment. This article offers a synthesis of contemporary pedagogical, instructional design, new media, and literary-historical theories to articulate design guidelines for these types of game environments. From the synthesis emerges a discussion of critical components for the design of space, the virtual objects within it, and the needs of player-as-learner in synthetic worlds. Guidelines include preserving the otherness of the game world, supporting knowledge and social networks of learners in virtual spaces, and the importance of point of view with respect to situated contexts. This effort seeks to open a broader, multidisciplinary discussion on the design and use of 3D-DGBL in humanities curricula.},
         author = {Neville, David and Shelton, Brett}
 }
 @article {4488,
         title = {Serious Video Games for Health: How Behavioral Science Guided the Development of a Serious Video Game},
         journal = {Simulation \& Gaming},
         volume = {41},
         number = {4},
         year = {2010},
         note = {10.1177/1046878108328087},
         month = {Aug 1},
         pages = {587-606},
         abstract = {Serious video games for health are designed to entertain players while attempting to modify some aspect of their health behavior. Behavior is a complex process influenced by multiple factors, often making it difficult to change. Behavioral science provides insight into factors that influence specific actions that can be used to guide key game design decisions. This article reports how behavioral science guided the design of a serious video game to prevent Type 2 diabetes and obesity among youth, two health problems increasing in prevalence. It demonstrates how video game designers and behavioral scientists can combine their unique talents to create a highly focused serious video game that entertains while promoting behavior change.},
         author = {Thompson, Debbe and Baranowski, Tom and Buday, Richard and Baranowski, Janice and Thompson, Victoria and Jago, Russell and Griffith, Melissa}
 }
 @article {4484,
         title = {A Simulation of Lean Manufacturing: The Lean Lemonade Tycoon 2},
         journal = {Simulation \& Gaming},
         volume = {41},
         number = {4},
         year = {2010},
         note = {10.1177/1046878109334336},
         month = {Aug 1},
         pages = {568-586},
         abstract = {This article discusses the functions and effectiveness of games and simulations in the learning processes, in particular as an experiential learning methodology. The application of the game Lemonade Tycoon in the development of lean manufacturing concepts is described. This article addresses the use of the game to teach the principles of lean enterprise, including zero waiting time, zero inventory, scheduling, internal customer pull instead of push system, batch to flow, cut batch sizes, line balancing, and cut actual process times. Other outcomes of learning such as promoting communication and interaction, facilitating cooperative learning, encouraging peer learning and fostering teamwork are also discussed. Games and simulations are relevant in all of the four learning phases of experiential learning and have a very positive impact on the learning and future application of lean manufacturing principles. Games are especially relevant in the generalization and application phases by helping shift learner{\textquoteright}s personal paradigms.},
         author = {Ncube, Lisa}
 }
 @article {4481,
         title = {Teaching Lean Manufacturing With Simulations and Games: A Survey and Future Directions},
         journal = {Simulation \& Gaming},
         volume = {41},
         number = {4},
         year = {2010},
         note = {10.1177/1046878109334331},
         month = {Aug 1},
         pages = {465-486},
         abstract = {Problem-based learning focuses on small groups using authentic problems as a means to help participants obtain knowledge and problem-solving skills. This approach makes problem-based learning ideal for teaching lean manufacturing, which is driven by a culture of problem solving that values learning as one key output of manufacturing production. Thus, simulations that organize participants in teams for realistic manufacturing production problem solving are widespread as a way to use problem-based learning to teach lean manufacturing. But a critical assessment of existing simulations for lean manufacturing instruction has been lacking. Accordingly, a literature survey is conducted and existing simulations are classified according to their emphasis on lean tools or the overall lean system; the degree of their focus on soft skills, if any; and their area of application, whether academic or industry. Four gaps are found in existing simulation designs: lack of stress on soft skills, a mistaken focus on {\textquotedblleft}linear lean,{\textquotedblright} misunderstanding of the key role of the facilitator, and lack of realism. Future directions for study and improvement in lean simulation design are suggested.},
         author = {Badurdeen, Fazleena and Marksberry, Philip and Hall, Arlie and Gregory, Bob}
 }
 @article {4483,
         title = {A Web-Based Lean Simulation Game for Office Operations: Training the Other Side of a Lean Enterprise},
         journal = {Simulation \& Gaming},
         volume = {41},
         number = {4},
         year = {2010},
         note = {10.1177/1046878109334945},
         month = {Aug 1},
         pages = {487-510},
         abstract = {This research proposes a Web-based version of a lean office simulation game (WeBLOG). The game is designed to be used to train lean concepts to office and administrative personnel. This group belongs to the frequently forgotten side of a lean enterprise. Over four phases, the game presents the following seven lean tools: one-piece flow, error-proofing, elimination of overprocessing, balanced workload, multifunctional workforce, pull, and total quality. The concept of continuous improvement is also covered. Participants can play the game from remote and separate locations by logging into a specified Internet site. Additionally, the game can be played with a combination of real and virtual (simulated) players. Several performance metrics are automatically calculated and displayed at the conclusion of each phase. The results of the current phase can then be compared to the results from all previous phases to better illustrate the impact of newly introduced lean tools.},
         author = {Kuriger, Glenn and Wan, Huang-da and Mirehei, S and Tamma, Saumya and Chen, F}
 }
 @article {4389,
         title = {Effects of Video-Game Ownership on Young Boys{\textquoteright} Academic and Behavioral Functioning},
         journal = {Psychological Science},
         volume = {21},
         number = {4},
         year = {2010},
         month = {April 2010},
         pages = {463-470},
         abstract = {Young boys who did not own video games were promised a video-game system and child-appropriate games in exchange for participating in an {\textquotedblleft}ongoing study of child development.{\textquotedblright} After baseline assessment of boys{\textquoteright} academic achievement and parent- and teacher-reported behavior, boys were randomly assigned to receive the video-game system immediately or to receive the video-game system after follow-up assessment, 4 months later. Boys who received the system immediately spent more time playing video games and less time engaged in after-school academic activities than comparison children. Boys who received the system immediately also had lower reading and writing scores and greater teacher-reported academic problems at follow-up than comparison children. Amount of video-game play mediated the relationship between video-game ownership and academic outcomes. Results provide experimental evidence that video games may displace after-school activities that have educational value and may interfere with the development of reading and writing skills in some children.},
         url = {http://pss.sagepub.com/content/21/4/463.full.pdf+html},
         author = {Robert Weis and Brittany C. Cerankosky}
 }
 @article {4397,
         title = {Researching Travel Behavior and Adaptability: Using a Virtual Reality Role-Playing Game},
         journal = {Simulation Gaming},
         year = {2010},
         month = {April 14, 2010},
         abstract = {This article describes a virtual reality role-playing game that was developed as a survey tool to collect travel behavior data and explore and monitor travel behavior adaptation. The Advanced Energy and Material Systems Laboratory has designed, developed a prototype, and tested such a game platform survey tool, called Travel Activity Constraint Adaptation Simulation (TACA SIM). A main objective is investigating adaptability under the simulated situation of rapid fuel price. The computer game survey approach has the potential to capture real behavior data through a well-controlled experiment, because the participant experiences the survey as a role-play exploration. Feedback from participants confirms that TACA SIM collects data efficiently in an acceptable time while the participants enjoyed the experience. The authors propose that this gamed-based survey approach provides the basis for collecting and evaluating travel behavior data and adaptation behavior.},
         keywords = {adaptability, Experience, gamed-based survey, high fuel price, role-playing game, Survey, travel, travel behavior, travel behavior adaptation, virtual reality},
         url = {http://sag.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/1046878110366070v1},
         author = {Watcharasukarn, Montira and Krumdieck, Susan and Green, Richard and Dantas, Andre}
 }
 @article {4420,
         title = {A Breath Biofeedback Computer Game for Children With Cystic Fibrosis},
         journal = {Clinical Pediatrics},
         volume = {49},
         number = {4},
         year = {2010},
         month = {April 1, 2010},
         pages = {337-342},
         abstract = {The authors sought to develop and test a breath-controlled video game using a digital spirometer that, by providing visual breath biofeedback, could promote awareness of breathing techniques in children with cystic fibrosis (CF). To assess improvement in game performance during hospitalizations for CF exacerbations, the authors conducted a trial on 10 inpatients. Subjects had at least five 15-minute exposures to a breath biofeedback game that challenged them to track a moving target using their breath. Subjects reacted positively to the breath tracking challenge. Repeated-measures analysis of variance of a tracking fidelity statistic showed improvement in eye--breath coordination over 5 sessions ( P = .026). It was concluded that an electronic breath game is safe and can improve breath awareness among children with CF. This technology could also contribute to awareness of respiratory symptoms and foster social ties among CF patients.},
         keywords = {cystic fibrosis, Exercise, respiratory therapy, user computer interface, Video Games},
         url = {http://cpj.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/49/4/337},
         author = {Bingham, Peter M. and Bates, Jason H. T. and Thompson-Figueroa, John and Lahiri, Thomas}
 }
 @article {4416,
         title = {Games for traffic education: An experimental study of a game-based driving simulator},
         journal = {Simulation Gaming},
         volume = {41},
         number = {2},
         year = {2010},
         month = {April 1, 2010},
         pages = {145-169},
         abstract = {In this article, the authors report on the construction and evaluation of a game-based driving simulator using a real car as a joystick. The simulator is constructed from off-the-shelf hardware and the simulation runs on open-source software. The feasibility of the simulator as a learning tool has been experimentally evaluated. Results are reported from an experimental study of games and traffic safety performed in an advanced gaming environment. During car simulator sessions, the authors collected data about different traffic safety variables, such as speed, headway distance, and lane change behavior, from 70 participants. The data were analyzed to investigate possible individual learning effects and differences between groupings of participants. The experiment shows clear, positive, individual learning effects for all traffic safety variables analyzed. The authors also made a qualitative analysis of the participants{\textquoteright} perception of the simulator as a learning tool. From the results, it is concluded that a game-based simulation can be used to enhance learning in driving education.},
         keywords = {driving education, driving simulator, game-based training},
         url = {http://sag.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/41/2/145},
         author = {Backlund, Per and Engstrom, Henrik and Johannesson, Mikael and Lebram, Mikael}
 }
 @article {4417,
         title = {Orientations to Video Games Among Gender and Age Groups},
         journal = {Simulation Gaming},
         volume = {41},
         number = {2},
         year = {2010},
         month = {April 1, 2010},
         pages = {238-259},
         abstract = {Questionnaires were completed by 5th-, 8th-, and 11th-grade public schools students in rural and suburban school districts and by undergraduates at two universities in the United States (n = 1,242). They were asked about their orientation to video games--the amount of time they played, their motives for doing so, and the game types they preferred--to better understand the context in which effects research might be organized. The conceptual schema for this research was the uses-and-gratifications perspective. The males in the sample played video games at twice the weekly average of the females, were consistently stronger in all measured motives than the females, and preferred physically oriented video games over the females{\textquoteright} preference for more traditional, thoughtful games. Younger players opted for the fantasy motive in their playing and older players more so for competition. Preference for physical games declined among the older males, and generally motives were stronger in the middle years of playing for both males and females than in the youngest and oldest age groups. Regression analyses explained considerably more variance in game playing for males than for females.},
         keywords = {age differences, children, competition, Game play, Gender Differences, imagination, Leisure Activities, motives, Physical games, Time, uses and gratifications, video game genres, Video Games},
         url = {http://sag.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/41/2/238},
         author = {Greenberg, Bradley S. and Sherry, John and Lachlan, Kenneth and Lucas, Kristen and Holmstrom, Amanda}
 }
 @article {4418,
         title = {Theorizing on the Treatment of Time in Simulation Gaming},
         journal = {Simulation Gaming},
         volume = {41},
         number = {2},
         year = {2010},
         month = {April 1, 2010},
         pages = {170-186},
         abstract = {A key element in organizational decision making is the progress of time and the ability to live with it. This article discusses the factor of time in decision making and how time can be taken into account in computerized simulation gaming. The discussion is based on recent definitions and classifications of time. The author reflects on these classifications and argues that embedding a richer time conception could increase the application domain of simulation gaming in the organizational context. Finally, the author theorizes on the implications of continuous processing in simulation gaming. The results indicate that continuous gaming provides an intense and meaningful learning environment.},
         keywords = {business games, classification of time, complexity, continuous processing, decision making, definitions of time, progress of time, real-time gaming, Theory, Time},
         url = {http://sag.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/41/2/170},
         author = {Lainema, Timo}
 }
 @article {4419,
         title = {Urban Sprawl: Using a Game to Sensitize Stakeholders to the Interdependencies Among Actors{\textquoteright} Preferences},
         journal = {Simulation Gaming},
         volume = {41},
         number = {2},
         year = {2010},
         month = {April 1, 2010},
         pages = {260-277},
         abstract = {This article introduces QuAG, a role-playing game, to enhance understanding of urban development through a social simulation. The participants represent actors of city development, divided into moving (e.g., residents, industry, retail) and nonmoving actors (e.g., planners, politicians). Development is performed by the relocation of actors between urban and suburban areas depending on the regions{\textquoteright} attractiveness and the actors{\textquoteright} preferences. An area{\textquoteright}s attractiveness varies with the location changes of actors and the manipulation by planners. The game is based on a qualitative computer model with similar rules and elements. The role-play was effective in two ways: it sensitized participants to the interdependencies among actors and their contribution to a region{\textquoteright}s attractiveness and made the computer model more tangible to them. If a similar impact of the planning measures in the game can be expected in the real world, the effects of investments can provide strong incentives for the movers.},
         keywords = {attractiveness, mathematical model, migration, qualitative differential equation, role-play, social gaming simulation, stakeholder, sustainable development, urban development, urban planning, urban sprawl},
         url = {http://sag.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/41/2/260},
         author = {Reckien, Diana and Eisenack, Klaus}
 }
 @proceedings {4506,
         title = {deGendering Games: Towards A Gender-Inclusive Framework For Games},
         journal = {IADIS Multiconference on Computer Science \& Information Systems (MCCSIS 2010)},
         year = {2010},
         month = {26/07/2010},
         pages = {127-130},
         address = {Frieburg, Germany},
         abstract = {Despite the dramatic growth of gender and games research, many challenges remain in designing a more gender-inclusive game. This article addresses the problem of differences in gender preferences in gameplay, conflict resolution, response to stimulation, rewards, genre, content, environment and design features. These unresolved issues have created gaps in designing a more gender-inclusive game.
 This paper argues a more gender-inclusive game is achievable by incorporating gender-inclusive components during the design process.The proposed framework defines gender-inclusivity in three key components: (1) genre, which indicates the type of game, (2) gameplay, which describes the game behaviour and (3) content, which describes the game content. Some applications of the framework are outlined.},
         keywords = {games design, Gender, gender inclusive, gender neutral},
         url = {http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/21564/},
         author = {Roziana Ibrahim and Gary B Wills and Lester Gilbert}
 }
 @conference {4475,
         title = {Can "Gaming 2.0" Help Design "Serious Games"? - A Comparative Study},
         booktitle = {SIGGRAPH 2010},
         year = {2010},
         month = {25/07/2010},
         publisher = {ACM SIGGRAPH},
         organization = {ACM SIGGRAPH},
         address = {Los Angeles},
         abstract = {The "Serious Games" field raises a specific need. People without professional game design skills, such as teachers, corporate trainers, therapists and advertising professionals, request tools that could allow them to create or modify such games. This article will analyze "Gaming 2.0" examples in order to identify tools that could help fulfill this need. Indeed, "Gaming 2.0" is a way for players to create videogame content without skills from the entertainment videogame industry. Can these tools be also used to create "Serious Games"?
 
 To answer this question, we will first define a simple theoretical model of videogames. This model outlines four "game parts" that players can create through "Gaming 2.0"-related tools, and it will be used to provide a comparative analysis of fifteen "Gaming 2.0" examples. From this analysis, insights on the relevance of "Gaming 2.0" for the "Serious Games" field will be drawn.},
         keywords = {game design, gaming 2.0, level design, player-generated content, serious games},
         isbn = {978-1-4503-0210-4},
         url = {http://www.ludoscience.com/files/ressources/seriousgames_gaming20.pdf},
         author = {Damien Djaouti and Julian Alvarez and Jean-Pierre Jessel}
 }
 @conference {4499,
         title = {Too Fast or Too Furious? The Effects of Displayed Violence and Game Speed in First-Person Shooters on Physiological Arousal and Aggressive Behavior.},
         booktitle = {Future and Reality of Gaming 2010},
         year = {2010},
         month = {24/09/2010},
         address = {Vienna, Austria},
         abstract = {Most laboratory experiments on the effects of displayed violence on physiological arousal and aggressive behavior in digital game players share a certain design: Physiological variables and behavioral test results are compared for groups that either played a first-person shooter or another non-violent game. However, games usually differ on more variables than just the displayed violence, so the question whether the determined effects can be traced back to violent content only remains unanswered. One very obvious difference between first-person shooters and other digital games is the speed of gameplay.
 We present an experiment in which participants play a modified version of a latest-generation first-person shooter in one of four conditions (A: high vs. normal speed, B: high vs. low violence). Physiological arousal is measured through conductive skin response, heart rate, force applied on mouse and keyboard, and body movement. Aggressive behavior measurements are taken through the Competitive Reaction Time Test.},
         keywords = {Aggression, body movement, first-person shooter, modding, psychophysiology, speed, TCRTT, Violence},
         url = {http://www.digra.org:8080/Plone/Members/malteelson/Too\%20fast\%20or\%20too\%20furious.pdf/view},
         author = {Elson, Malte and Breuer, Johannes and Quandt, Thorsten}
 }
 @conference {4470,
         title = {Social motivations and experiences of playing videogames and the associated outcomes for mood},
         booktitle = {Social Networking in Cyberspace Conference},
         year = {2010},
         month = {23/04/2010},
         address = {Lighthouse Media Centre, Wolverhampton},
         abstract = {The increasingly popularity of videogames suggests the need to examine the derived experiences and potential outcomes of gaming. Furthermore because gaming is becoming increasingly social, it is important to understand the influence of social gaming experiences for affective and psychological outcomes. The current research examined the associations between social motivations and gaming experiences and aimed to explore the associations of these factors with the outcomes for mood and life satisfaction. The programme of research consisted of two studies of different methodologies in which videogamers (N = 327) took part.  Results showed that there were significant correlations between social motivations, social gaming contexts and the positive experiences derived through gaming. Also social motivations showed to be predictive of perceptions of life satisfaction. Qualitative analysis revealed the importance of social connectedness and belonging for game enjoyment and suggested these social factors to be key features which keep gamers playing. Social interactions and networking in gameplay were also influential to game enjoyment. Findings revealed, however, that social experiences could influence feelings of frustration in gameplay. This showed to arise from bad social dynamics and competitiveness against other players. The current research findings therefore show the importance of social experiences and their influences on the outcomes of gaming. Future research is needed to examine the role of competiveness on social dynamics in gaming and its influence on gaming effects. Furthermore, research examining the differences between gaming experiences for online and offline contexts, for both solo and multiplayer gaming is warranted. },
         keywords = {enjoyment; frustration, flow, motivations, socialisation, videogames},
         author = {Linda K Kaye and Bryce, Jo}
 }
 @conference {4521,
         title = {The Dematerialisation and Democratisation of Currencies: a historical description of currencies and how the physical has been replaced with the virtual},
         booktitle = {Internet Research 11.0},
         volume = {31},
         year = {2010},
         month = {21/10/2010},
         chapter = {275},
         address = {Gothenburg, Sweden},
         abstract = {In this paper we examine the relation between the dematerialisation of currencies and democracy. We argue that money play an important role in any democratization process, as it enables and provide assets needed for individuals. Physical currency has a long history in supporting trade. It has also existed in many different shapes, depending on local demands and practices. In the shaping of virtual worlds cybercash has been made a part of this, although the trade practices depends on the type of virtual world: extension worlds or detension worlds. But, learning from the historical development, cybercash can be compared to other forms of currencies and therefore it is very likely that cybercash will be as important for any democratization process in virtual worlds as currencies has been in the physical world.},
         keywords = {currency, cybercash, money, Virtual world},
         author = {Sandqvist, Ulf and Zackariasson, Peter}
 }
 @article {4497,
         title = {Assimilation of Public Policy Concepts Through Role-Play: Distinguishing Rational Design and Political Negotiation},
         journal = {Simulation \& Gaming},
         volume = {41},
         year = {2010},
         month = {2010/10/01},
         pages = {743 - 766},
         abstract = {One important objective of introductory courses in public administration is to sensitize students to the difference between two concepts: substantive rationality and political rationality. Both types of rationality play an important role in policy processes. Yet, although the difference is straightforward in theory, and is addressed and well-illustrated in most standard textbooks on public administration, students seem to have difficulty internalizing it. This article reports on our findings from a role-playing game designed to make students experience the difference between policy making as a process of rational design and policy making as a process of political negotiation. We conducted an experiment involving a large group of students enrolled in a first year, one-semester course, and a control group of students who enrolled in the same course 1 year later. The former were tested four times (start of the course, immediately before and after playing the game, and 3 months later) and the latter two times (at the start of the course and at the exam) for their understanding of how policy making{\textemdash}as-rational-design and policy making{\textemdash}as-political-negotiation differ on seven characteristics. Comparison of test results obtained before and after the role-play indicates a positive learning effect for some characteristics, and a negative learning effect for others.},
         url = {http://sag.sagepub.com/content/41/5/743.abstract},
         author = {Bots, Pieter W. G. and Wagenaar, F. Pieter and Willemse, Rolf}
 }
 @article {4496,
         title = {Educational Validity of Business Gaming Simulation: A Research Methodology Framework},
         journal = {Simulation \& Gaming},
         volume = {41},
         year = {2010},
         month = {2010/10/01},
         pages = {705 - 723},
         abstract = {Many past educational validity studies of business gaming simulation, and more specifically total enterprise simulation, have been inconclusive. Studies have focused on the weaknesses of business gaming simulation; which is often regarded as an educational medium that has limitations regarding learning effectiveness. However, no attempts have been made to provide guidelines for assessing educational validity in terms of building, implementing, and validating business gaming simulation. Accordingly, this study has combined literature on learning, simulation design, and research methods to formulate a methodology to assess the educational validity of total enterprise simulation; the concepts of which can be applied more broadly to business gaming simulation. The authors propose that the framework introduced within this article can provide a foundation for future educational validity studies that can assist simulation designers to implement valuable and powerful simulation learning media in the future.},
         url = {http://sag.sagepub.com/content/41/5/705.abstract},
         author = {Stainton, Andrew J. and Johnson, Johnnie E. and Borodzicz, Edward P.}
 }
 @article {4495,
         title = {Effects of Third Person Perspective on Affective Appraisal and Engagement: Findings From SECOND LIFE},
         journal = {Simulation \& Gaming},
         volume = {41},
         year = {2010},
         month = {2010/10/01},
         pages = {724 - 742},
         abstract = {This study investigates the influence of a first-person perspective (1PP) and a third-person perspective (3PP), respectively, on the affective appraisal and on the user engagement of a three-dimensional virtual environment in SECOND LIFE. Participants explored the environment while searching for five targets during a limited time span, using either a 1PP or a 3PP. No significant overall effect was found for viewing perspective on the appraisal of the three-dimensional virtual environment on the dimensions of arousal and valence. However, a 3PP yields more perceived control over the avatar and the events, which is a requirement for engagement. Analysis of the performance on the search task shows that participants using a 3PP find more objects but also need more time to find them. The present results suggest that a 3PP conveys a more distinct impression of the environment, thereby increasing engagement, and probably induces a different viewing strategy. Hence, a 3PP appears preferable for simulation and training applications in which the correct assessment of the affective properties of an environment is essential.},
         url = {http://sag.sagepub.com/content/41/5/724.abstract},
         author = {Schuurink, Ellen L. and Toet, Alexander}
 }
 @article {4161,
         title = {Investigating the {\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}Why{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} in Whypox: Casual and Systematic Explorations of a Virtual Epidemic},
         journal = {Games and Culture},
         volume = {5},
         year = {2010},
         note = {10.1177/1555412009351265},
         month = {2010/1/1},
         pages = {116 - 135},
         abstract = {Learning scientists have created and used virtual worlds to support players{\textquoteright} historical, scientific, and ecological inquiries. Much less explored has been the impact of community events on players{\textquoteright} investigations in virtual worlds. The authors present here the case of a community event Whypox, a virtual epidemic whose annual outbreak in Whyville affects players{\textquoteright} communication and appearance. The authors analyze the different levels of participation ranging from casual to systematic in which players searched out more information about the Whypox, participated in online discussions about its causes and investigated different scenarios with simulations. The discussion examines ethical concerns, the contributions of our findings for the design of such community events, and educational resources in virtual worlds to support informal learning.},
         url = {http://gac.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/5/1/116},
         author = {Kafai, Yasmin B. and Quintero, Maria and Feldon, David}
 }
 @article {4160,
         title = {Knowing and Throwing Mudballs, Hearts, Pies, and Flowers: A Connective Ethnography of Gaming Practices},
         journal = {Games and Culture},
         volume = {5},
         year = {2010},
         note = {10.1177/1555412009351263},
         month = {2010/1/1},
         pages = {88 - 115},
         abstract = {Little is known concerning how young players learn to participate in various activities in virtual worlds. We use a new integrative approach called connective ethnography that focuses on how a gaming practice spread across a network of youth at an after school club that simultaneously participated in a virtual world, Whyville.net. To trace youth participation in online and offline social contexts, we draw on multiple sources of information: observations, interviews, videos, online tracking and chat data, and hundreds of hours of play in Whyville ourselves. One gaming practice -- the throwing of projectiles and its social uses and nuances -- became the focal point of our analyses. The discussions address the methodological challenges underlying the synthesis of diverse types of data that allowed us to follow youth across multiple spaces as well as initial insights into how this practice was used to negotiate relationships in multiple spaces through play.},
         url = {http://gac.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/5/1/88},
         author = {Fields, Deborah A. and Kafai, Yasmin B.}
 }
 @article {4164,
         title = {{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}Stealing From Grandma{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} or Generating Cultural Knowledge?: Contestations and Effects of Cheating in a Tween Virtual World},
         journal = {Games and Culture},
         volume = {5},
         year = {2010},
         note = {10.1177/1555412009351262},
         month = {2010/1/1},
         pages = {64 - 87},
         abstract = {Much research has described the various practices needed of gaining access and participation in multi-user game communities. Cheat sites are a continuation of game communities where players engage in knowledge building about game related challenges. In this paper we analyze the cheat sites created by players for a tween virtual world called Whyville.net, which encourages youth to participate in a range of social activities and play casual science games. Through analysis we created typologies for both the cheats and sites related to science content. Further, a case study of an exemplary cheat site elaborates on how some player-generated sites work to build knowledge of Whyville. Finally, investigation of over a hundred player-written articles illuminates how Whyvillians contest different practices of cheating and how cheating affects the virtual world. Implications of these findings as cultural artifacts of the game community and as guides for designing informal online learning activities are discussed.},
         url = {http://gac.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/5/1/64},
         author = {Fields, Deborah A. and Kafai, Yasmin B.}
 }
 @article {4162,
         title = {World of Whyville: An Introduction to Tween Virtual Life},
         journal = {Games and Culture},
         volume = {5},
         year = {2010},
         note = {10.1177/1555412009351264},
         month = {2010/1/1},
         pages = {3 - 22},
         abstract = {Virtual worlds have become the new playground for millions of tweens but we know little what it takes to become a player in a virtual community. This paper focuses on one virtual world, called Whyville.net, which at the time of our study hosted over 1.2 million players ages 8 to16 years, with the average player 12.3 years old. Girls represent over 68\% of all players. A guided tour to the various places in Whyville, the different types of science games, and the range of players{\textquoteright} activities provides insights into what players talk about, with whom they socialize, what they like to play, and how they engage in investigations. In 2005, a group of researchers set out to study Whyville by recruiting hundreds of participants online and offline in classrooms and after school clubs and by conducting observations, surveys, and interviews about their online activities. In addition, we collected log files that captured their online movements and chat interaction during a six month period. We discuss ethical issues of conducting research as adults in tween virtual communities and limitations of capturing the complexities of interactions simultaneously in online and offline spaces. The paper concludes with an overview of following papers in the special issue that cover players{\textquoteright} avatar designs, representation of race, cheating practices, learning how to throw virtual mudballs, and participation in virtual epidemic.},
         url = {http://gac.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/5/1/3},
         author = {Kafai, Yasmin B.}
 }
 @article {4165,
         title = {Your Second Selves: Player-Designed Avatars},
         journal = {Games and Culture},
         volume = {5},
         year = {2010},
         note = {10.1177/1555412009351260},
         month = {2010/1/1},
         pages = {23 - 42},
         abstract = {Avatars in online games and worlds are seen as players{\textquoteright} key representations in interactions with each other. In this article, we investigate the avatar design and identity play within a large-scale tween virtual world called Whyville.net, with more than 1.5 million registered players of ages 8--16. One unique feature of Whyville is the players{\textquoteright} ability to customize their avatars with various face parts and accessories, all designed and sold by other players in Whyville. Our findings report on the expressive resources available for avatar construction, individual tween players{\textquoteright} choices and rationales in creating their avatars, and online postings about avatar design in the community at large. With the growing interest in player-generated content for online worlds such as Second Life, our discussion will address the role of avatars in identity play and self-representation as well as the social issues that arise within the game world.},
         url = {http://gac.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/5/1/23},
         author = {Kafai, Yasmin B. and Fields, Deborah A. and Cook, Melissa S.}
 }
 @conference {4522,
         title = {Alternative Reality Games Explorations},
         booktitle = {EURAM conference},
         year = {2010},
         month = {19/05/2010},
         address = {Rome, Italy},
         abstract = {We extend our interest in video games to make some exploratory observations on opportunities 
 attendant Alternative Reality Games (ARGs).  This sector is a genre of interactive narratives 
 where the physical world is used as a platform, frequently involving other media, to encourage 
 gamers to collectively solve puzzles.  An analogy is made with the experience one reads about in 
 the popular novel, The Da Vinci Code.  The Beast, I Love Bees and The Art of the Heist are cited as examples of usage.  Reflections are made along the lines of the one-time nature of ARGs, the segment they reach, the possible disassociation with purchases, expense and the potential failure of approaches.  They are a cross between advertising and sales promotion because they bear a direct expense to the organization responsible for their commissioning.  Their impact, however, has been along the lines of what one would expect from a publicity effort.},
         keywords = {alternative relity game, marketing},
         author = {Zackariasson, Peter and Wilson, Timothy L}
 }
 @booklet {4514,
         title = {Gender-Inclusivity Framework (GIF): A Conceptual Framework for Supporting Gender-Inclusivity in Games},
         journal = {Graduate Junction International Poster Competition},
         year = {2010},
         month = {11/2010},
         type = {Research Poster},
         keywords = {Design Guidelines, Diversity, Game Framework, games design, Gender, Gender-Inclusive, Gender-Neutral, Video Game},
         url = {http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/21669/},
         author = {Roziana Ibrahim}
 }
 @conference {4429,
         title = {Software Studies in Computer Gameplay},
         booktitle = {ACM 28th Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI)},
         year = {2010},
         month = {10/4/2010},
         address = {Atlanta, Georgia, USA},
         abstract = {The computer game software with which we interact on a daily basis not only entertains us, it trains us into specific patterns.  Critical Gameplay is a design practice which endeavors to expose and redesign the patterns to which standard gameplay subscribes.  The ongoing project seeks to identify the dominant values, philosophies and problem solving models reinforced by computer games and provides prototypical alternates to those standards.
 
  
 },
         keywords = {critical design, game design, gameplay, software, Software Design, software studies},
         doi = { http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1753846.1753910},
         url = {http://portal.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=1753910\&type=pdf\&coll=GUIDE\&dl=GUIDE\&CFID=15151515\&CFTOKEN=6184618},
         author = {Lindsay Grace}
 }
 @booklet {4513,
         title = {A Conceptual Framework for Supporting Gender-Inclusivity in Games},
         journal = {i<tag> Interactive Technologies and Games: Education, Health and Disability Conference..},
         year = {2010},
         month = {10/2010},
         type = {Conference Poster},
         address = {Nottingham, UK},
         abstract = {Gender-inclusivity in games has been a much debated issue and despite the dramatic growth of gender and games research, many challenges remain in designing a more gender-inclusive game. Gender-inclusivity in games may support certain features and in turn may even determine the features of applications built based on it. This poses a challenge: although we have good techniques for analyzing, designing and evaluating current games, our techniques for gender-inclusive games are much less formed. We present a brief outline of some unresolved issues concerning gender-inclusivity in games and the gaps in designing a more gender-inclusive game. There is little reported experience in the issues that arise in determining what features should go into a gender-inclusive game and for determining the success or failure in the evaluation of those features. The questions that arise from this situation are how to define gender-inclusivity in games, how to incorporate gender-inclusivity into a game creation process and how to accurately measure gender-inclusivity in games. We propose a framework that defines gender-inclusivity in three key themes: 
 (1) gameplay, describing the game behaviour and how a player experiences the game. It include non-violent action (NVA), game support (GS), forgiving gameplay (FG), non-violent challenge (NVC), feedback system (FS), variety of activities (ACT), personalization (PER) and collaboration (COLL);
 (2) content, describing the aesthetics elements of a game. It consists of character/avatar portrayal (AVP), game world graphics (GW), sound/music (SM) and storyline (STOR) and;
 (3) genre, categorizes games into twelve broad genres: racing, simulation, classic/board, strategy, sports, shooting, role playing game, platform, children, puzzle/quiz, action and adventure. 
 On-going research is being planned for experiments to validate the framework through expert reviews, game evaluations and game design projects. We believe the results may extend to other domains in technology enhanced teaching and learning applications to commercial games design.},
         keywords = {Design Guidelines, Diversity, Game Framework, games design, Gender-Inclusive, Gender-Neutral, Video Game},
         url = {http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/21606/},
         author = {Roziana Ibrahim}
 }
 @booklet {4512,
         title = {deGendering Games: Towards the Development of a Gender-Inclusivity Framework (GIF).},
         journal = {Grace Hopper Conference 2010: Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing},
         year = {2010},
         month = {10/2010},
         pages = {51},
         publisher = {Grace Hopper Conference },
         type = {Conference Poster},
         address = {Atlanta, Georgia},
         abstract = {Despite the dramatic growth in gender and games research, many challenges remain in designing a more gender-inclusive game. This research addresses some problems relating to gender-inclusivity in games. A framework was proposed to provide a theoretical context and scope about gender-inclusivity in games. The framework defines gender-inclusivity in three components: (1) genre, indicates the type of game, (2) gameplay, describes the game behaviour and, (2) content, describes the game content.},
         keywords = {Design Guidelines, Diversit, Game Framework, games design, Gender-Inclusive, Gender-Neutral, Video Game},
         url = {http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/21563/},
         author = {Roziana Ibrahim}
 }
 @conference {4507,
         title = {Embracing Diversity: A Gender-Inclusivity Framework in Games},
         booktitle = {Ubiquitous Learn 2010},
         year = {2010},
         month = {10/12/2010},
         publisher = {Common Ground Publishing},
         organization = {Common Ground Publishing},
         address = {Vancouver, Canada},
         abstract = {Gender-inclusivity in games has been a much debated issue and despite the dramatic growth of gender and games research, many challenges remain in designing a more gender-inclusive game. One of the challenges in designing a more gender-inclusive game is how to define gender-inclusivity in games. By gender-inclusivity in games, we refer to any component that characterizes a situation related to gameplay, content and genre of a game. A gender-inclusive game promises richer and balanced games for both male and female gamers but the current state of research in this field is still far removed from that potential. This is due to three gaps in game design: (1) the notion of gender-inclusivity in games is still ill-defined; (2) there is a lack of conceptual framework to support the design of a gender-inclusive game; and (3) lack of tools to support the development of a gender-inclusive game.
 
 In this paper, we address these needs in turn through a generic framework, Gender-Inclusivity Framework (GIF). We first define gender-inclusivity in games, identify components of gender-inclusivity content and characterize gender-inclusivity in games behaviour. In conclusion, we outline how such a framework can be used to support the investigation of research in the area of gender-inclusivity in games.},
         keywords = {Design Guidelines, Diversit, Game Framework, games design, Gender-Inclusive, Gender-Neutral, Video Game},
         url = {http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/21565/},
         author = {Roziana Ibrahim and Gary B Wills and Lester Gilbert}
 }
 @conference {4430,
         title = {An Algorithm for Visual Music},
         booktitle = {The Third International Conferences on Advances in Computer-Human Interactions},
         year = {2010},
         month = {10/02/2010},
         pages = {pp 125-129},
         publisher = {IEEE},
         organization = {IEEE},
         address = {St Marteen, Netherlands Antilles},
         abstract = {This research proposes a method for producing music via visual composition in a computer-game like environment. This is accomplished through the development of artificial intelligence software that applies the visual rules of standard emergent behaviors to the algorithmic arrangement of musical tones. This research presents the proposed system, defining the algorithm and demonstrating its implementation.},
         keywords = {Computer games, computer graphics, music, user interfaces},
         isbn = {978-0-7695-3957-7},
         doi = {http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/ACHI.2010.18},
         url = {http://www.professorgrace.com/documents/ACHI_paper_Music_Box2_IEEE.pdf},
         author = {Lindsay Grace}
 }
 @article {4604,
         title = {The effect of interactivity with WarioWare minigames on second language vocabulary learning.},
         journal = {Journal of Digital Games Research},
         volume = {4},
         year = {2010},
         month = {09/2010},
         abstract = {This experimental study investigated whether videogame interactivity would help or hinder the acquisition of second language vocabulary. Forty-six Japanese university undergraduates participated. In pairs, one subject played English-language minigames for 10 minutes and another subject watched the games. Immediate and delayed vocabulary recall tests and a cognitive load measure were administered. Players recalled significantly less vocabulary than watchers, and this seems to be a result of the extraneous cognitive load induced by the interactivity of the game. We suggest implications for the research, design, pedagogy and study of educational games for language learning.},
         keywords = {Cognitive Load, educational games, Interactivity, minigames, second language acquisition},
         issn = {1882-0913},
         url = {http://langcom.u-shizuoka-ken.ac.jp/dehaan},
         author = {deHaan, Jonathan and Kono, Fumiya}
 }
 @conference {4472,
         title = {{\textquotedblleft}The XBox Factor{\textquotedblright}: Experiencing videogames and the consequences for affect and psychological well-being},
         booktitle = {British Psychological Society Social Section Conference},
         year = {2010},
         month = {07/09/2010},
         address = {University of Winchester},
         abstract = {Research studying the effects of playing videogames has largely focused on their negative effects on aggressive attitudes and behaviour. The potential positive effects have received less theoretical and empirical attention. The current study used flow theory to permit a wider examination of the potential consequences of gaming for measures of affect and psychological well-being. It also aimed to examine the relationship between aggressive personality, gaming experience and mood effects. An experimental design was used, in which frequent gamers (N = 56) were recruited to play one of two videogames. Pre-test measures of trait aggression, psychological well-being and affect were taken. Following a forty minute gameplay period, post-test measures on affect and flow were completed. Findings of the pre and post-test affect measures showed that gaming facilitated positive mood and activation. Also, flow in gameplay showed to have positive associations with dimensions psychological well-being. Aggression showed no relationship with flow or with post-test positive or negative affect which suggests that gaming experiences are not significantly influenced by aggressive personality. The findings revealed minimal differences in measures of post-test affect or flow between the two game conditions. This suggests that violent game content is not the most crucial factor in determining the nature of the gaming experience and its impact on outcomes. Rather, it implies the process of gaming to be more important for gamers. Future research should aim to address this issue by considering gaming as a holistic experience rather than focusing too strongly on outcomes of exposure to violent content. 
 },
         keywords = {Affect, flow, psychological well-being, trait aggression, Videogaming},
         author = {Linda K Kaye and Bryce, Jo}
 }
 @article {4438,
         title = {Designing Game Affordances to Promote Learning and Engagement},
         journal = {Cognitive Technology Journal},
         volume = {1-2},
         year = {2010},
         month = {06/2010},
         type = {journal},
         chapter = {43},
         abstract = {Applied research will be presented from a qualitative study that highlights high school students{\textquoteright} learning and use of several game interfaces, describing how particular affordances and game interface designs can encourage learning. Inductive generalizations from several {\textquoteright}commercial{\textquoteright} games for good, including Civilization IV, Making History: The Calm \& the Storm, and RollerCoaster Tycoon describe patterns of learning among game players, showing how the design of in-game visualizations either led to success or failure to learn to use basic game controls. This analysis, inspired by ethnomethodology and grounded theory, sought patterns from gathered video data of student gameplay to highlight learning episodes and patterns of interface use. Patterns in affordance use (uptake of a perceived action potential) during collaborative gameplay reveal relationships among the video game interface and player behavior, giving focus to how an interface design can guide game player interaction. In line with Csikszentmihalyi{\textquoteright}s concept of flow, a proper balance of difficulty (between feelings of boredom, and too much difficulty) encouraged player engagement and learning. As evidenced in transcripts of collaborative gameplay, feelings of frustration with a game interface often led students to abandon in-game tasks, as did boredom with a given task. However, frustrated goal achievement often led to the re-negotiation of in-game strategies: an indication of engagement. Additionally, games that presented information using multiple channels encouraged learning, as did the use of specific visualizations such as the animation of in-game objects. Finally, a discussion of the affordances created by different game designs will offer educators and game designers guidelines to encourage motivated gameplay.},
         keywords = {Affordances, Cognition, cognitive, cognitive technology journal, collaboration, collaborative learning, design, engagement, game design, Games, games for good, learning, Learning games, situated cognition, situated learning, Technology, Video Games},
         issn = {1091-8388},
         url = {http://www.situatedresearch.com/CogTech14-2-15-1.pdf},
         author = {Sharritt, Matthew J}
 }
 @article {4455,
         title = {The Effect of Interactivity with a Music Video Game on Second Language Vocabulary Recall},
         journal = {Language Learning and Technology},
         volume = {14},
         year = {2010},
         month = {06/2010},
         chapter = {74},
         abstract = {Video games are potential sources of second language input; however, the medium{\textquoteright}s fundamental characteristic, interactivity, has not been thoroughly examined in terms of its effect on learning outcomes. This experimental study investigated to what degree, if at all, video game interactivity would help or hinder the noticing and recall of second language vocabulary. Eighty randomly-selected Japanese university undergraduates were paired based on similar English language and game proficiencies. One subject played an English-language music video game for 20 minutes while the paired subject watched the game simultaneously on another monitor. Following gameplay, a vocabulary recall test, a cognitive load measure, an experience questionnaire, and a two-week delayed vocabulary recall test were administered. Results were analyzed using paired samples t-tests and various analyses of variance. Both the players and the watchers of the video game recalled vocabulary from the game, but the players recalled significantly less vocabulary than the watchers. This seems to be a result of the extraneous cognitive load induced by the interactivity of the game; the players perceived the game and its language to be significantly more difficult than the watchers did. Players also reported difficulty simultaneously attending to gameplay and vocabulary. Both players and watchers forgot significant amounts of vocabulary over the course of the study. We relate these findings to theories and studies of vocabulary acquisition and video game-based language learning, and then suggest implications for language teaching and learning with interactive multimedia.},
         keywords = {Cognitive Load, Interactivity, music video game, second language acquisition, vocabulary},
         issn = {1094-3501},
         url = {http://llt.msu.edu/vol14num2/abstracts.html$\#$dehaanreedkuwada},
         author = {deHaan, Jonathan and Reed, W. Michael and Kuwada, Katsuko}
 }
 @conference {4453,
         title = {A mixed method approach to studying collaborative video game play},
         booktitle = {Games + Learning + Society (GLS) 6.0},
         year = {2010},
         month = {06/11/2010},
         address = {Madison, Wisconsin, USA},
         abstract = {Activity Theory supports the idea that human activity is hierarchically organized. Our research follows a qualitative case study that highlights the use of affordances, or potentials for action, during video game player interaction among peers and the game interface. Activity Theory{\textquoteright}s meditational triangle will shed light on motivated activity itself, the tools available to complete the activity, and peer relationships (such as role specialization and rules of interaction) to evaluate game designs and their ability to fulfill serious purposes with meaningful outcomes. This presentation will focus on Activity Theory and how the meditational triangle can be used to evaluate peer relationships within game play.
 
 A blended approach incorporating features of Ethnomethodology and grounded theory will be used to construct an open-ended, bottom-up approach to studying collaborative game play. A true Ethnomethodological approach would reject the top-down, theory-driven approach required by Activity Theory, Activity Theory can highlight particular relationships during game player interactions to provide a frame for game player activity. Activity theory, when applied in conjunction with an emergent approach, can both broaden our concept of affordances and remind us to look for action potentials on the various levels of activity, and does not necessarily have to constrain findings by introducing preconceptions. While bound to the specific situation being studied and not seeking of patterns in observations, Ethnomethodology can be a very useful starting point for the analysis of game player activity in order to reveal underlying, and commonly overlooked, social assumptions.
 
 Activity theory can be incorporated following an initially open-ended, emergent Ethnomethodological approach to highlight relationships and game player motivations that might have been initially overlooked. While this process becomes partially theory-driven in the end, it also allows us to obtain some of the benefits of initially using an open-ended ethnomethodologically inspired approach. This approach can help construct a context-dependent, bottom-up, indexical and descriptive representation of game player activity, which is crucial to understanding interactions within Serious Games and their associated meaningful outcomes.},
         keywords = {activity, Activity Theory, Affordances, approach, collaboration, collaborative learning, game player, gameplay, Games, learning, mediation, method, mixed method, qualitative, research, serious games, Video Games},
         url = {http://www.glsconference.org/2010/program/event/199},
         author = {Sharritt, Matthew J and Sharritt, Michel A.}
 }
 @conference {4454,
         title = {User-experience game research?},
         booktitle = {Games + Learning + Society (GLS) 6.0},
         year = {2010},
         month = {06/11/2010},
         address = {Madison, Wisconsin, USA},
         abstract = {Situated Research offers in-depth video game analysis, accomplished by recording and analyzing player interaction within situated gaming environments. Techniques will be presented which uncover user practices and behaviors, aimed at uncovering a balance between aesthetics and functionality while maximizing interactive experiences. Research will be presented that outlines how to unpack gameplay experiences, so designers can design situations that yield intended, meaningful outcomes with lasting results.
 
 The cutting-edge research approach described draws from a multi-disciplinary background to construct a very detailed picture of actual use, which informs the design process. Existing literature supports the idea that games can communicate complex ideas through exploration and play-testing, using constant feedback and assessment, by observing players{\textquoteright} behavior through interaction with other related objects in an environment. The design of specific visualizations, rules, and behaviors will be discussed, with impacts on human interaction and game play. By studying relationships among game interfaces and player behavior, patterns can be found that help to maximize motivation and flow, a feeling where one loses track of time and their surroundings (Csikszentmihalyi, 1990).
 
 In addition, research outlining the importance of role specialization and complimentary virtual identities in games like MMORPGs is presented, highlighting the importance of role-specialization, where group participation is required for success: such as guild formation, where characters of different ability work together towards mutual goals. Research methods addressing group activities and specialization (assuming roles) will be described, with effects on engagement: e.g., social ties to play games.
 
 A blended method drawing from ethnomethodology (Garfinkel, 1967; Clayman \& Maynard, 1995) and grounded theory (Glaser \& Strauss, 1967; Charmaz, 2005) will describe how to go about finding patterns in gameplay, helping to design situations that yield intended, meaningful outcomes with lasting results. This open-ended approach allows observation of game players while they act in their natural environment, {\textquotedblleft}in-situ{\textquotedblright}, obtaining information that is highly relevant to the players themselves. Applying these results to game design can yield more effective, fun and playable games.},
         keywords = {Affordances, analysis, Experience, flow, gameplay, Games, learning, method, motivation, player experience, research, serious games, sharritt, situated, situated learning, situated research, usability, User experience, user-experience, ux, Video Games},
         url = {http://www.glsconference.org/2010/program/event/129},
         author = {Sharritt, Matthew J and Sharritt, Michel A.}
 }
 @article {4398,
         title = {Short-Term Effects of Playing Computer Games on Attention},
         journal = {Journal of Attention Disorders},
         volume = {13},
         year = {2010},
         month = {05/2010},
         pages = {668-676},
         chapter = {668},
         abstract = {Objective: The main aim of the present study is to investigate the short-term cognitive effects of computer games in children with different psychiatric disorders and normal controls. Method: One hundred one children are recruited for the study (aged between 9 and 12 years). All participants played a motor-racing game on the computer for 1 hour. The TBAG form of the Stroop task was administered to all participants twice, before playing and immediately after playing the game. Results: Participants with improved posttest scores, compared to their pretest scores, used the computer on average 0.67 {\textpm} 1.1 hr/day, while the average administered was measured at 1.6 {\textpm} 1.4 hr/day and 1.3 {\textpm} 0.9 hr/day computer use for participants with worse or unaltered scores, respectively. According to the regression model, male gender, younger ages, duration of daily computer use, and ADHD inattention type were found to be independent risk factors for worsened posttest scores. Conclusion: Time spent playing computer games can exert a short-term effect on attention as measured by the Stroop test. (J. of Att. Dis. 2010; 13(6) 668-676)},
         keywords = {ADHD, Attention, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, Computer, Computer games, Media},
         doi = {10.1177/1087054709347205},
         author = {Aysegul Yolga Tahiroglu and Gonca Gul Celik and Ayse Avci and Gulsah Seydaoglu and Mehtap Uzel and Handan Altunbas}
 }
 @article {4330,
         title = {Implementing digital game-based learning in schools: augmented learning environment of {\textquoteleft}Europe 2045{\textquoteright}},
         journal = {Multimedia Systems},
         volume = {16},
         year = {2010},
         month = {02/2010},
         pages = {19},
         type = {Regular Paper},
         chapter = {23},
         abstract = {It is widely agreed that the traditional process of schooling can benefit from the usage of computers as supportive tools. Of various approaches using computers in education over the last decade, e-learning and edutainment have become the most prominent. Recently, a number of authors have criticised these approaches arguing that they conserve traditional {\textquoteleft}drill and practice{\textquoteright} behaviouristic methods of teaching instead of enhancing and augmenting them. It has been proposed that a {\textquoteleft}paradigm shift{\textquoteright} is needed and that this shift may come through utilizing all the advantages of full-fledged video games, so-called digital game-based learning (DGBL). However, several case studies reported serious problems with the DGBL. Among the most notable issues are the lack of acceptance of games as an educational tool, problems with integration of games into formal schooling environments, and the so-called transfer problem, which is the problem of the inherent tension between game play and learning objectives, the tension that mitigates the ability of students to transfer knowledge gained in the video game to the real-world context. Here, we present a framework for an augmented learning environment (ALE), which verbalises one way of how these problems can be challenged. The ALE framework has been constructed based on our experience with the educational game, Europe 2045, which we developed and which has been implemented in a number of secondary schools in the Czech Republic during 2008. The key feature of this game is that it combines principles of on-line multi-player computer games with social, role-playing games. The evaluation which we present in this paper indicates the successful integration of the game and its acceptance by teachers and students. The ALE framework isolates key principles of the game contributing to this success, abstracts them into theoretical entities we call action-based spaces and causal and grounding links, and condenses them in a coherent methodological structure, which paves the way for further exploitation of the DGBL by educational game researchers and designers.},
         keywords = {Educational game, Europe 2045, formal schooling, game-based learning, simulation, transfer problem},
         issn = {0942-4962},
         doi = {10.1007/s00530-009-0174-0},
         url = {http://www.springerlink.com/openurl.asp?genre=article\&id=doi:10.1007/s00530-009-0174-0},
         author = {Brom, Cyril and Sisler, Vit and Slavik, Radovan}
 }
 @conference {4524,
         title = {It{\textquoteright}s Anarchy! Translating Beliefs and Desires into Prescription for Participation},
         booktitle = {EASST conference},
         year = {2010},
         month = {02/09/2010},
         address = {Trento, Italy},
         abstract = {This paper explored the production on an MMORPG using an ANT vocabulary. The production of games can equally be understood as building networks and finding allies to make the game idea durable. When filling this game with content developers translate their beliefs about the world that surround them and desires in this into the virtual game world. This results in game worlds that are distilled copies of a physical world, as seen be a small number of video game develpers.},
         keywords = {ANT, Virtual world},
         author = {Zackariasson, Peter}
 }
 @conference {4441,
         title = {I Build to Study: A Manifesto for Development-led Research in Games},
         booktitle = {Under The Mask 2010},
         year = {2010},
         month = {02/06/2010},
         publisher = {University of Bedfordshire},
         organization = {University of Bedfordshire},
         address = {University of Bedfordshire},
         abstract = {This paper sets out a position for development-led research as a specific form of study into games. It is argued that cataloguing elements of representative samples of games is the only real solution to building solid foundations of knowledge from which to understand patterns across the medium, within which to base specific analysis or theorising. The creation of this baseline data leads to questions about game design, particularly, which cannot be addressed by analysing existing titles. Developing experimental games and releasing these into the market place is put forwards as the only viable means of doing so. One such title is introduced and discussed, and the response from the gaming community is summarised to support this argument.},
         keywords = {development, first person, FPS, games studies, Korsakovia, practice-led, research, thechineseroom},
         url = {http://www.thechineseroom.co.uk/pinchbeckbuild.pdf},
         author = {Pinchbeck, D.}
 }
 @conference {188-2010-AVI-ShortPaper-GazeVis,
         title = {3D Attentional Maps - Aggregated Gaze Visualizations in Three-Dimensional Virtual Environments},
         booktitle = {Proceedings of the International Working Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces (AVI 2010)},
         year = {2010},
         note = {Short Paper. ISBN 978-1-4503-0076-6.},
         pages = {345-348},
         publisher = {ACM},
         organization = {ACM},
         abstract = {Gaze visualizations hold the potential to facilitate usability studies of interactive systems. However, visual gaze analysis in three-dimensional virtual environments still lacks methods and techniques for aggregating attentional representations. We propose three novel gaze visualizations for the application in such environments: projected, object-based, and surface-based attentional maps. These techniques provide an overview of how visual attention is distributed across a scene, among different models, and across a model{\textquoteright}s surface. Two user studies conducted among eye tracking and visualization experts approve the high value of these techniques for the fast evaluation of eye tracking studies in virtual environments.},
         keywords = {3d world, eye tracking, Game, gaze, Virtual world, Visualization, xna},
         url = {http://hci.usask.ca/publications/view.php?id=188},
         author = {Stellmach, Sophie and Nacke,Lennart and Dachselt, Raimund}
 }
 @proceedings {4476,
         title = {Advanced gaze visualizations for three-dimensional virtual environments},
         journal = {Proceedings of the 2010 Symposium on Eye-Tracking Research \& Applications},
         year = {2010},
         pages = {109-112},
         publisher = {ACM},
         address = {Austin, TX},
         abstract = {Gaze visualizations represent an effective way for gaining fast insights into eye tracking data. Current approaches do not adequately support eye tracking studies for three-dimensional (3D) virtual environments. Hence, we propose a set of advanced gaze visualization techniques for supporting gaze behavior analysis in such environments. Similar to commonly used gaze visualizations for two-dimensional stimuli (e.g., images and websites), we contribute advanced 3D scan paths and 3D attentional maps. In addition, we introduce a models of interest timeline depicting viewed models, which can be used for displaying scan paths in a selected time segment. A prototype toolkit is also discussed which combines an implementation of our proposed techniques. Their potential for facilitating eye tracking studies in virtual environments was supported by a user study among eye tracking and visualization experts.},
         keywords = {eye tracking, Game, Visualization, xna},
         doi = {10.1145/1743666.1743693 },
         url = {http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=1743666.1743693},
         author = {Stellmach, Sophie and Nacke, Lennart E. and Dachselt, Raimund}
 }
 @article {4424,
         title = {Agency as Commitment to Meaning: Communicative Competence in Games},
         journal = {Digital Creativity},
         volume = {21},
         number = {1},
         year = {2010},
         pages = {11-17},
         abstract = {Agency has long been considered one of the core pleasures of interacting with digital games. Recent treatments of agency in games culture and game design have grown increasingly concerned with providing the player with limitless freedom to act. While this describes one form of pleasure, in narratively focused games it has the unfortunate consequence of pitting the agency of the player against the will of the designer. We contend that for narrative games it is valuable to refocus our definitions of agency on the notion of meaning, and propose a treatment of agency that emphasises communicative commitments. This form of agency draws on ideas from speech act theory, and relies on a degree of {\textquoteright}communicative competence{\textquoteright} on the part of both the game designer and player in order to function. We discuss mechanisms for training players in the necessary literacies needed to commit to meanings in games, and provide an example analysis of a game that successfully accomplishes this task. },
         keywords = {Agency, game design, game studies, Interactive Storytelling, narrative, Speech Act Theory},
         doi = {10.1080/14626261003654509 },
         url = {http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~db=all~content=a922546769~frm=abslink},
         author = {Tanenbaum, Karen and Tanenbaum, Joshua}
 }
 @book {4607,
         title = {Character-Driven Game Design: A Design Approach and its Foundations in Character Engagement},
         series = {Publication Series of the School of Art and Design A 101},
         year = {2010},
         publisher = {Aalto University},
         organization = {Aalto University},
         issn = {978-952-60-0002-2},
         url = {https://www.taik.fi/kirjakauppa/product_info.php?cPath=23\&products_id=163},
         author = {Lankoski, Petri}
 }
 @proceedings {4552,
         title = {Dark Gold: Statistical Properties of Clandestine Networks in Massively Multiplayer Online Games},
         journal = {IEEE, SocialComm-10},
         year = {2010},
         abstract = {Gold farming is a set of illicit practices for gathering and distributing virtual goods in online games for real money. Using anonymized data from a popular online game to construct networks of characters involved in gold farming, we examine the trade networks of gold farmers, their trading affiliates, and uninvolved characters at large. Our analysis of these complex networks{\textquoteright} connectivity, assortativity, and attack tolerance demonstrate farmers exhibit distinctive behavioral signatures which are masked by brokering affiliates. Our findings are compared against a real world drug trafficking network and suggest similarities in both organizations{\textquoteright} network structures reflect similar effects of secrecy, resilience, and efficiency.},
         url = {http://www.vwobservatory.com/wp/?p=110},
         author = {Keegan, B. and Ahmad, M. and Srivastava, J. and Williams, Dmitri and Contractor, N.}
 }
 @inbook {4551,
         title = {Dude looks like a lady: Gender swapping in an online game},
         booktitle = {Online worlds: Convergence of the real and the virtual},
         year = {2010},
         publisher = {Springer},
         organization = {Springer},
         address = {New York},
         abstract = {The chapter will review the literature on online identity construction and then offer an empirical account of online gender swapping in an online virtual world. By using a novel combination of survey data and game-generated behavioral logs, the chapter examines who the gender swappers are, why they engage in the practice, and what they do when swapped.
 },
         url = {http://www.vwobservatory.com/wp/?p=143},
         author = {Huh, S. and Williams, Dmitri},
         editor = {Bainbridge, W.}
 }
 @inbook {4450,
         title = {Evaluating Video Game Design and Interactivity},
         booktitle = {Interdisciplinary Models and Tools for Serious Games: Emerging  Concepts and Future Directions},
         year = {2010},
         publisher = {IGI Global},
         organization = {IGI Global},
         address = {Hershey, PA},
         abstract = {An emergent, bottom-up construction of video game interaction is presented, drawing from influences in ethnomethodology (Garfinkel, 1967), grounded theory (Glaser \& Strauss, 1967), and activity theory (Vygotsky, 1978; Cole \& Engestr{\"o}m, 1993; Kaptelinin \& Nardi, 2006). Following, a qualitative case study highlights the use of affordances, or potentials for action, during video game player interaction among peers and the game interface. Relationships among affordances and levels of activity are presented, which broaden the concept of affordances to include motivations. Additionally, activity theory will complement analysis by introducing the mediational triangle (Cole \& Engestr{\"o}m, 1993), providing a guide with which to analyze game player interactions and motives. The mediational triangle sheds light on the motivated activity itself, the tools available to complete the activity, and peer relationships (such as role specialization and rules of interaction) to evaluate game designs and their ability to fulfill serious purposes with meaningful outcomes.},
         keywords = {activity, Activity Theory, Affordances, collaboration, collaborative learning, education, gameplay, Games, interaction, learning, serious games, sharritt, situated learning, usability, Video Games},
         author = {Sharritt, Matthew J},
         editor = {Van Eck, R.}
 }
 @book {bissell_extra_2010,
         title = {Extra Lives: Why Video Games Matter},
         year = {2010},
         pages = {240},
         publisher = {Pantheon Books},
         organization = {Pantheon Books},
         abstract = {Tom Bissell is a prizewinning writer who published three widely acclaimed books before the age of thirty-four. He is also an obsessive gamer who has spent untold hours in front of his various video game consoles, playing titles such as Far Cry 2, Left 4 Dead, BioShock, and  Oblivion for, literally, days. If you are reading this flap copy, the same thing can probably be said of you, or of someone you know.
 
 Until recently, Bissell was somewhat reluctant to admit to his passion for games. In this, he is not alone. Millions of adults spend hours every week playing video games, and the industry itself now reliably outearns Hollywood. But the wider culture seems to regard video games as, at best, well designed if mindless entertainment.
 
 Extra Lives is an impassioned defense of this assailed and misunderstood art form. Bissell argues that we are in a golden age of gaming{\textemdash}but he also believes games could be even better. He offers a fascinating and often hilarious critique of the ways video games dazzle and, just as often, frustrate. Along the way, we get firsthand portraits of some of the best minds (Jonathan Blow, Clint Hocking, Cliff Bleszinski, Peter Molyneux) at work in video game design today, as well as a shattering and deeply moving final chapter that describes, in searing detail, Bissell{\textquoteright}s descent into the world of Grand Theft Auto IV, a game whose themes mirror his own increasingly self-destructive compulsions.
 
 Blending memoir, criticism, and first-rate reportage, Extra Lives is like no other book on the subject ever published. Whether you love video games, loathe video games, or are merely curious about why they are becoming the dominant popular art form of our time, Extra Lives is required reading.},
         isbn = {0307378705},
         issn = {0307378705},
         author = {Tom Bissell}
 }
 @conference {4550,
         title = {Is a {\textquotedblleft}Friend{\textquotedblright} a Friend? Investigating the Structure of Friendship Networks in Virtual Worlds},
         booktitle = {CHI2010 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems},
         year = {2010},
         address = {Atlanta, GA, USA},
         abstract = {In this paper, we examine online friendships at a network level. We focus on three structural signatures: network size, balance (triangles), and age homophily in the friendship ego-networks of 30 users of the virtual to previous findings from world Second Life. In relation studies of offline friendship networks, our results reveal that online networks are similar in age-homophily, but in size and balance.},
         url = {http://www.vwobservatory.com/wp/?p=145},
         author = {Foucault Welles, B. and B., Van Devender, A. and Contractor, N.}
 }
 @article {DennisCharsky04012010,
         title = {From Edutainment to Serious Games: A Change in the Use of Game Characteristics},
         journal = {Games and Culture},
         volume = {5},
         number = {2},
         year = {2010},
         pages = {177-198},
         abstract = {Serious games use instructional and video game elements for nonentertainment purposes. Serious games attempt to create instructionally sound and relevant learning experiences for a wide variety of audiences and industries. The author contends that for serious games to be effective, instructional designers and video game designers need to understand how the game characteristics, competition and goals, rules, challenges, choices, and fantasy, used in both edutainment and serious games, can influence motivation and facilitate learning.},
         keywords = {Edutainment, game characteristics, Games, serious games, Simulations},
         doi = {10.1177/1555412009354727},
         author = {Charsky, Dennis}
 }
 @article {4517,
         title = {Game Characters as Narrative Devices. A Comparative Analysis of Dragon Age: Origins and Mass Effect 2},
         journal = {Eludamos: Journal for Computer Game Culture},
         volume = {4},
         year = {2010},
         pages = {315-331},
         chapter = {315},
         abstract = {This article presents a comparative analysis of how characters are used as narrative tools in Bioware{\textquoteright}s computer role-playing games Dragon Age: Origins (2009) and Mass Effect 2 (2010). The analysis aims to demonstrate how sophisticated narrative features can be integrated in gameplay through the development of interesting characters. Using a comparative analysis, the author shows that the two games{\textquoteright} have different approaches to using characters as narrative tools within the same genre, while also incorporating these narrative features tightly into gameplay. Central to the argument is the idea that presenting the player as protagonist is not necessarily the most fruitful approach to narrative experiences in games, and that narrative coherence may be better established and maintained through letting non-player characters carry the weight of narrative progression. },
         keywords = {BioWare, CRPG, Game characters, game narrative, RPG, WRPG},
         issn = {1866-6124},
         url = {http://www.eludamos.org/index.php/eludamos/article/view/vol4no2-13},
         author = {J{\o}rgensen, Kristine}
 }
 @article {4071,
         title = {Game design as marketing: How game mechanics create demand for virtual goods},
         journal = {International Journal of Business Science and Applied Management},
         volume = {5},
         year = {2010},
         pages = {14-29},
         abstract = {Selling virtual goods for real money is an increasingly popular revenue model for massively-multiplayer online games (MMOs), social networking sites (SNSs) and other online hangouts. In this paper, we argue that the marketing of virtual goods currently falls short of what it could be. Game developers have long created compelling game designs, but having to market virtual goods to players is a relatively new situation to them. Professional marketers, on the other hand, tend to overlook the internal design of games and hangouts and focus on marketing the services as a whole. To begin bridging the gap, we propose that the design patterns and game mechanics commonly used in games and online hangouts should be viewed as a set of marketing techniques designed to sell virtual goods. Based on a review of a number of MMOs, we describe some of the most common patterns and game mechanics and show how their effects can be explained in terms of analogous techniques from marketing science. The results provide a new perspective to game design with interesting implications to developers. Moreover, they also suggest a radically new perspective to marketers of ordinary goods and services: viewing marketing as a form of game design.},
         keywords = {Business model, captology, online games, social networking, sustainability, virtual goods, Virtual world},
         url = {http://www.business-and-management.org/paper.php?id=48},
         author = {Hamari, Juho and Lehdonvirta, Vili}
 }
 @inbook {4452,
         title = {Gamer Talk: Becoming Impenetrably Efficient},
         booktitle = {Business, Technological and Social Dimensions of Computer Games: Multidisciplinary Developments},
         year = {2010},
         publisher = {IGI Global},
         organization = {IGI Global},
         address = {Hershey, PA},
         abstract = {A qualitative case study of student game play is presented, describing how game player communication becomes increasingly complex, efficient, and impenetrable by those who have not actively played the game. Transcripts of gathered video tape reveal how student {\textquoteleft}gamer talk{\textquoteright} became increasingly implicit, using terminology provided by the game and their shared context of playing the game. Over time, communication among game player group members generally became more efficient and less penetrable by members outside the group (such as new players), as players engaged in culture-building activities around their shared context. However, players occasionally became more explicit in their communication when grounding was required to reach shared meaning, such as in instances where players disagreed on the purpose of a particular game feature or strategy. Finally, implications are offered to suggest ways in which gamer cultures can be made more accessible to game designers and those guiding classroom interactions.},
         keywords = {aune, Common ground, cooperative, efficient, Ethnomethodology, explicit, grounding, identity, Implicit, inference making, joint activity, natural language processing, sharritt, situated cognition, situated learning, speech acts, suthers},
         author = {Sharritt, Matthew J and Aune, R. Kelly and Suthers, Daniel D.},
         editor = {Cruz-Cunha, M. and Carvalho, V. and Tavares, P.}
 }
 @article {albrechtslund_gamers_2010,
         title = {Gamers Telling Stories: Understanding Narrative Practices in an Online Community},
         journal = {Convergence},
         volume = {16},
         number = {1},
         year = {2010},
         pages = {112{\textendash}124},
         abstract = {In this article, I introduce a theoretical framework, based on the philosophy of Paul Ricoeur, for grasping how and why members of online communities construct narratives in their communications with one another. This is exemplified through a study of how players from one particular game, World of Warcraft , make sense of their gaming experience, and how they build and uphold a community identity by telling stories online. I argue that in studying and conceptualizing these types of texts through the proposed theoretical framework, we can gain insights into the process of the formation of meaning and the building of identity and community in an online setting.},
         keywords = {community, Fandom, gaming, identity, Internet, narrative},
         author = {Anne-Mette Albrechtslund}
 }
 @article {Boyden:2010p5364,
         title = {Games and Other Uncopyrightable Systems},
         journal = {Marquette Law School Legal Studies Paper},
         number = {10-11},
         year = {2010},
         abstract = {This article solves two puzzles in copyright law. First, it has long been blackletter law that games are not copyrightable. But the origins of this rule are lost to history, and the reasons for it are not obvious. Second, it has never been adequately explained what makes something a "system{\textquoteright}" excluded from copyright protection under Section 102(b) of the Copyright Act. Modern courts interpret "system" as merely a synonym for "idea" or "process", two other categories of exclusions. Others have interpreted it using the broadest definition in the dictionary, which would sweep in large amounts of copyrightable material as well. Neither definition gives the term any meaningful content. Like solving a crossword puzzle, this Article uses each of these questions to shed light on the other. Games are uncopyrightable because they are systems. The case law that led to the adoption of Section 102(b) demonstrates that systems are schemes for transforming user inputs into a correlated set of outputs. Games do exactly that. A game is a scheme for transforming player activities into moves within the game. The reason why games and other systems are uncopyrightable then becomes clear: the purpose of a system is to serve as a forum for user activity; it is users, not authors, who provide the primary informational value to the outputs of a system. Games and other systems are excluded in order to fence in copyright protection before it reaches user creation.},
         keywords = {Copyright, Games, systems},
         url = {http://ssrn.com/paper=1580079},
         author = {Bruce Boyden}
 }
 @article {ChadRaphael04012010,
         title = {Games for Civic Learning: A Conceptual Framework and Agenda for Research and Design},
         journal = {Games and Culture},
         volume = {5},
         number = {2},
         year = {2010},
         pages = {199-235},
         abstract = {Scholars, educators, and media designers are increasingly interested in whether and how digital games might contribute to civic learning. However, there are three main barriers to advancing understanding of games{\textquoteright} potential for civic education: the current practices of formal schooling, a dearth of evidence about what kinds of games best inspire learning about public life, and divergent paradigms of civic engagement. In response, this article develops a conceptual framework for how games might foster civic learning of many kinds. The authors hypothesize that the most effective games for civic learning will be those that best integrate game play and content, that help players make connections between their individual actions and larger social structures, and that link ethical and expedient reasoning. This framework suggests an agenda for game design and research that could illuminate whether and how games can be most fruitfully incorporated into training and education for democratic citizenship and civic leadership.},
         keywords = {Agency, citizenship, civic, ethics, Games, Leadership, politics},
         doi = {10.1177/1555412009354728},
         author = {Raphael, Chad and Bachen, Christine and Lynn, Kathleen-M. and Baldwin-Philippi, Jessica and McKee, Kristen A.}
 }
 @conference {moreuroplop08,
         title = {Guess my X and other patterns for teaching and learning mathematics},
         booktitle = {Proceedings of the 13th European Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs (EuroPLoP 2008)},
         year = {2010},
         pages = {348-384},
         publisher = {CEUR-WS},
         organization = {CEUR-WS},
         abstract = {Most people see learning mathematics as a demanding, even threatening, endeavour. Consequently, creating technology-enhanced environments and activities for learning mathematics is a challenging domain. It requires a synergism of several dimensions of design knowledge: usability, software design, pedagogical design and subject matter. This paper presents a set of patterns derived from a study on designing collaborative learning activities in mathematics for children aged 10-14, and a set of tools to support them.},
         keywords = {design designpatterns elp-feasst gmx haifa-edtech haifa-games-course learning mathematics my patterns pedagogicalpatterns polonsky top},
         issn = {1613-0073},
         url = {http://telearn.noe-kaleidoscope.org/open-archive/browse?resource=2232},
         author = {Yishay Mor},
         editor = {Till Sch{\"u}mmer and Allan Kelly}
 }
 @article {4498,
         title = {Imagined Commodities: Video Game Localization and Mythologies of Cultural Difference},
         journal = {Games and Culture},
         volume = {5},
         year = {2010},
         abstract = {Broadly interested in the agents and institutions that structure social imaginations and subjectivities by mediating which images are available to what audiences to imagine through, this paper specifically considers the power at play when intermediaries{\textemdash}in this case, video game localizers{\textemdash}filter the images and narratives that are sold and marketed to global consumers, and the way these mediating processes in turn are both produced by, and productive of, (cultural) imaginings. This paper also discusses the way that localization practices{\textemdash}while often framed by a discourse that positions cultural differences as both incommensurable and easily and discretely bounded by the borders of nation-states{\textemdash}typically involve a nuanced negotiation of contradictions, dilemmas and interests. },
         doi = {10.1177/1555412010377322},
         author = {Rebecca Carlson and Jonathan Corliss}
 }
 @article {MikeSchmierbach04012010,
         title = {"Killing Spree": Exploring the Connection Between Competitive Game Play and Aggressive Cognition},
         journal = {Communication Research},
         volume = {37},
         number = {2},
         year = {2010},
         pages = {256-274},
         abstract = {Although scholars have repeatedly linked video games to aggression, little research has investigated how specific game characteristics might generate such effects. In this study, we consider how game mode{\textendash}cooperative, competitive, or solo{\textendash}shapes aggressive cognition. Using experimental data, we find partial support for the idea that cooperative play modes prompt less aggressive cognition. Further analysis of potential mediating variables along with the influence of gender suggests the effect is primarily explained by social learning rather than frustration.},
         doi = {10.1177/0093650209356394},
         url = {http://crx.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/37/2/256},
         author = {Schmierbach, Mike}
 }
 @book {4392,
         title = {Ludoliteracy: Defining, Understanding, and Supporting Games Education},
         year = {2010},
         pages = {162},
         publisher = {ETC Press},
         organization = {ETC Press},
         edition = {1},
         address = {Pittsburgh},
         abstract = { It seems like teaching about games should be easy. After all, students enjoy engaging with course content and have extensive experience with videogames. However, games education can be surprisingly complex. This book explores ludoliteracy, or the question of what it means to understand games, by looking at the challenges and problems faced by students taking games-related classes. In response to these challenges, this book then describes how online learning environments can be used to support learning about games by helping students get more from their experiences with games, and helping students use what they know to establish deeper understanding. Based on the findings from a series of research studies, Ludoliteracy examines the broader implications for supporting games education. },
         isbn = {978-0-557-27791-9},
         issn = {978-0-557-27791-9},
         url = {http://www.ludoliteracy.com/},
         author = {Zagal, Jose P.}
 }
 @article {4555,
         title = {The mapping principle, and a research framework for virtual worlds},
         journal = {Communication Theory},
         volume = {20},
         year = {2010},
         pages = {451-470},
         abstract = {Virtual worlds have exploded in popularity and drawn attention from researchers as worth studying in their own right. An additional, more radical form of scholarship has also emerged, namely, using virtual worlds to study real-world behaviors. If valid, this would enable using virtual worlds as {\textquotedblleft}petri dishes{\textquotedblright} for communication scholars. However, there are several necessary conditions to be met first. The most fundamental is the establishment of a {\textquotedblleft}mapping principle,{\textquotedblright} or the extent to which behaviors in one space are consistent with behaviors in another. This article outlines the mapping principle, spells out potential misuses, and offers a systematic exploration of validity and reliability issues. With those laid out, a research framework for mapping is presented.},
         url = {http://www.vwobservatory.com/wp?p=124},
         author = {Williams, Dmitri}
 }
 @article {179-IwCArticle-Manuscript,
         title = {More Than a Feeling: Measurement of Sonic User Experience and Psychophysiology in a First-Person Shooter Game},
         journal = {Interacting with Computers},
         volume = {22},
         number = {5},
         year = {2010},
         note = {Special Issue: Modelling user experience - An agenda for research and practice},
         pages = {336-343},
         abstract = {The combination of psychophysiological and psychometric methods provides reliable measurements of affective user experience (UX). Understanding the nature of affective UX in interactive entertainment, especially with a focus on sonic stimuli, is an ongoing research challenge. In the empirical study reported here, participants played a fast-paced, immersive first-person shooter (FPS) game modification, in which sound (on/off) and music (on/off) were manipulated, while psychophysiological recordings of electrodermal activity (EDA) and facial muscle activity (EMG) were recorded in addition to a Game Experience Questionnaire (GEQ). Results indicate no main or interaction effects of sound or music on EMG and EDA. However, a significant main effect of sound on all GEQ dimensions (immersion, tension, competence, flow, negative affect, positive affect, and challenge) was found. In addition, an interaction effect of sound and music on GEQ dimension tension and flow indicates an important relationship of sound and music for gameplay experience. Additionally, we report the results of a correlation between GEQ dimensions and EMG/EDA activity. We conclude subjective measures could advance our understanding of sonic UX in digital games, while affective tonic (i.e., long-term psychophysiological) measures of sonic UX in digital games did not yield statistically significant results. One approach for future affective psychophysiological measures of sonic UX could be experiments investigating phasic (i.e., event-related) psychophysiological measures of sonic gameplay elements in digital games. This could improve our general understanding of sonic UX beyond affective gaming evaluation.},
         keywords = {Action video games, Affective gaming, eda, emg, Entertainment; Emotion, evaluation, music, psychophysiology, Sonic user experience (UX), sound, usability, User experience},
         doi = {10.1016/j.intcom.2010.04.005},
         url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intcom.2010.04.005},
         author = {Nacke,Lennart and Grimshaw, Mark and Craig Lindley}
 }
 @proceedings {181-Future-Play-2010{\textendash}-Bateman{\textendash}-Nacke.Final,
         title = {The Neurobiology of Play},
         journal = {Proceedings of Future Play 2010},
         year = {2010},
         pages = {24-31},
         publisher = {ACM},
         address = {Vancouver, BC},
         abstract = {A large volume of neurobiological research has been conducted in recent years, almost all of which has been considered solely from the perspective of biology. However, most of the insights gained through this research are also valuable for the game research field. This paper discusses the implications of existing research in neurobiology to the play of games (including, but not restricted to digital games), and connects neurobiological perspectives with models of play aiming to construct superior player satisfaction models built upon biological foundations. Connections are presented between already recognized patterns of play and recent research on the brain (in particular, the limbic system). By providing a framework for understanding how the brain responds to recurrent patterns inherent to play, we aim to provide a platform for future experimental player-game interaction research (for which possible directions are briefly explored), and a propaedeutic to biologically-grounded player satisfaction models.},
         keywords = {brain, brainhex, gamer brain, gaming, literature review, ludology, neurobiology, PLAY, player type, playing},
         url = {http://hci.usask.ca/publications/view.php?id=181},
         author = {Chris Bateman and Nacke,Lennart}
 }
 @inbook {4451,
         title = {An Open-Ended, Emergent Approach for Studying Serious Games},
         booktitle = {Serious Educational Game Assessment},
         year = {2010},
         publisher = {Sense Publishers},
         organization = {Sense Publishers},
         address = {Rotterdam},
         abstract = {In a recent survey of over 319,223 students, 25,544 teachers, 19,726 parents and 3,263 school leaders in the United States, Project Tomorrow (2008) reports that more than half of students in grades 3 through 12 believe games would help them learn, and average 8-10 hours per week playing games. Only 3\% of elementary school students say they do not play games of any kind. While only 11\% of teachers reported that they already were using video games in class, many teachers feel that games could increase student engagement, address different learning styles, and teach critical thinking skills. Over half of the teachers surveyed were interested in learning more about integrating gaming technologies, with only 6\% of teachers saying that they saw no value in exploring games within education (Project Tomorrow, 2008, p. 4). These figured indicate a huge potential for Serious Games in educational contexts.
 
 Games can create a rich user experience (UX) for game players while presenting opportunities to use meta-cognitive skills. Research suggests that video games can provide a rich experience while providing game players the ability to navigate a virtual world, in which complex decision making and the management of complex issues might resemble the cognitive processes that they would employ in the real world (Ducheneaut, Yee, Nickell, \& Moore, 2006; FAS, 2006; Squire, 2005; Stokes, 2005). Games are engaging, because they: {\textquotedblleft}give us enjoyment and pleasure; give us intense and passionate involvement; give us structure; give us motivation; give us doing; give us flow; give us learning; give us ego gratification; give us adrenaline; they spark our creativity; give us social groups; and give us emotion{\textquotedblright} (Prensky, 2001, p. 144).
 
 Much of the existing research on Serious Games focuses on general introductions to gaming and their application in a classroom, broad case studies, and learning outcomes associated with using games in the classroom. There exists an opportunity for a thorough investigation into the actual uses of games in an educational setting, focusing on the collaborative learning process and how students make use of both cognitive and social affordances of gaming. Affordances can be used to focus on what opportunities are offered (afforded) to an actor by the environment (use of games in educational contexts) being studied. The term cognitive affordance is used to discuss a potential for cognitive action; and social affordance to describe a potential for social action. In this paper both the use of the video game interface and peer group cultures (Kirriemuir \& McFarlane, 2004) are foci of analysis. This descriptive analysis presented in this chapter can inform game design by improving game content and the game interface, as well as aiding in the design of content to achieve meaningful, serious outcomes. 
 
 An open-ended, emergent approach drawing from ethnomethodology and grounded theory will be presented. The descriptive analysis to be described will enable game researchers to conduct qualitative, inductive case studies of game play, digging into actual uses of games in Serious contexts. An emphasis on conducting open-ended, inductive experiments is extremely useful for investigating new situations where a theory-driven approach (deductive hypothesis testing) may not be appropriate, as the method is open-ended and allows participants to describe what they feel is most relevant, rather than the researcher (and his hypotheses) predetermining what is most important.
 
 Several influences are described, drawing from the fields of ethnomethodology, grounded theory, and usability research. While strict adherence to these fields of study is not followed, many features of these fields provide inspiration for investigating what occurs during collaborative gameplay. The hybrid method presented can assist researchers in discovering what is happening on a moment-by-moment basis as video games are played, and will guide researchers in finding patterns during game play to abstract patterns in gamer behavior. These inductively-generated hypotheses can be used to test highly relevant aspects such as a video game{\textquoteright}s usability or ability to create an engaging learning experience.
 
 Following, influential theory will be presented that helps to form the basis for the later described hybrid, qualitative, inductive methodology. Samples of collected data will be presented, in the form of transcriptions of video recorded collaborative game play. The presented transcripts are from a study within an educational context, where analysis focused on learning; however, the method presented could be applicable to other {\textquoteright}serious{\textquoteright} contexts where meaningful outcomes are expected.},
         keywords = {Affordances, approach, education, Games, learning, method, research, serious games, Video Games},
         author = {Sharritt, Matthew J},
         editor = {Annetta, L. and Bronack, S.}
 }
 @article {4525,
         title = {Paradigm Shifts in the Video Game Industry},
         journal = {Competitiveness Review},
         volume = {20},
         year = {2010},
         chapter = {139},
         abstract = {Purpose {\textendash} The purpose of this paper is to identify, characterize, and discuss paradigm shifts that have occurred in the video game industry with some emphasis on competition and competitiveness. Design/methodology/approach {\textendash} Basically, the paper depends upon a review of the literature associated with video game development. Past history is taken from texts and academic papers dealing with the subject. More current observations are taken from the business and popular press. These observations are placed within a context associated with the classic papers on industry evolution, paradigms, paradigm shifts, competition, and competitiveness. Findings {\textendash} It is difficult to capture present shifts in such a fast-growing industry, but these shifts seem clear: the original entry of video games into the arcade sector that led to the industry and the demise of pinball; the development of the home cartridge and console that made the industry a home-based phenomenon; the entry of independent game-publishers that made the industry a two-tiered one; and the development of massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs) that changed the way games are played. Originality/value {\textendash} The video game industry is an interesting one to follow. To an extent, its development characterizes our generation {\textendash} fast paced, technologically oriented, and targeted toward the young and young at heart. This paper takes the subject away from a historical or anecdotal approach and places it within the context of industry evolution, paradigms, and paradigm shifts. It thus should be of value to students of not only video games, but also the evolution of rapidly growing industries and establishment of competitive advantages. },
         author = {Zackariasson, Peter and Wilson, Timothy L}
 }
 @inbook {4554,
         title = {The perils and promise of large-scale data extraction},
         booktitle = {TBA},
         year = {2010},
         publisher = {MacArthur Foundation},
         organization = {MacArthur Foundation},
         address = {Chicago},
         abstract = {The Virtual World Exploratorium Project was the first to gain access to the large databases controlled by game developers. However, actually using those data came with unforeseen risks and rewards. This paper discusses the lessons learned for future large-scale data projects of virtual worlds. It covers the process of hosting, formatting, and ultimately using the data sets,. These various projects included longitudinal analyses, cross-sectional designs, collapsed time-series, and the coordination of behavioral and attitudinal data, along with the need to understand the context of the data from a more anthropological point of view. The intent of the chapter is to offer the reader a sense of the challenges and potential for using such large datasets.},
         url = {http://www.vwobservatory.com/wp/?p=138},
         author = {Williams, Dmitri}
 }
 @article {JeroenJansz03012010,
         title = {Playing The Sims2: an exploration of gender differences in players{\textquoteright} motivations and patterns of play},
         journal = {New Media Society},
         volume = {12},
         number = {2},
         year = {2010},
         pages = {235-251},
         abstract = {The Sims is the best selling PC game of all time. It has regularly been stated that its success is partly due to its attraction to a much wider audience than the proverbial male adolescent, yet academic research on its player base is lacking. This article reports on the first ever explorative survey (N = 760) conducted among players of The Sims2. Our study combined social role theory with gender and games theorizing to enable us to understand gender differences in play. We focused on gender differences in motivation for playing The Sims2, employing uses and gratifications as our guiding theory. Our results revealed that most of our participants were indeed female. The significantly higher score of male players on the challenge motive was anticipated by social role theory, but their higher score on social interaction was unexpected. Accordingly, we discuss the implications of our results for uses and gratifications theory as well as the necessity to investigate actual practices of play in more detail.},
         doi = {10.1177/1461444809342267},
         url = {http://nms.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/12/2/235},
         author = {Jansz, Jeroen and Avis, Corinne and Vosmeer, Mirjam}
 }
 @article {4494,
         title = {Political Internet games: Engaging an audience},
         journal = {European Journal of Communication},
         volume = {25},
         year = {2010},
         pages = {227-241},
         chapter = {227},
         abstract = {This article is concerned with Internet games that critically address political issues. Developers and players of six online games were interviewed about the expressive and engaging power of the games, in particular with respect to the performance of a {\textquoteleft}political self{\textquoteright}. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used in order to explore this issue in some detail. Interviews with the six game-developers revealed that building a game contributed to the enhancement of their everyday political engagement. Players were addressed by an online questionnaire which also included playing a political game (N = 80). The results showed an impact of playing a political game on their knowledge and opinion about the issue addressed in the game.The results also suggested that the construction and expression of a {\textquoteleft}political self{\textquoteright} through the act of playing a political game may have consequences in the real world. },
         keywords = {engagement, political internet games, political self, serious games},
         doi = {10.1177/0267323110373456},
         author = {Joyce Neys and Jansz, Jeroen}
 }
 @article {4549,
         title = {Problematic internet use and psychosocial well-being among MMO players},
         journal = {Computers in Human Behavior},
         volume = {25(6) },
         year = {2010},
         chapter = {1312},
         abstract = {The current study examined problematic Internet use (PIU) among people who play MMO games and sought to determine whether aspects of the MMO experience are useful predictors of PIU. The study sought to determine whether game-related variables could predict PIU scores after accounting for their relationships with psychosocial well-being. Novel methods allowed us, for the first time, to connect in-game behaviors with survey results of over 4,000 MMO players. The results revealed that MMO gaming variables contributed a substantively small, but statistically significant amount of explained variance to PIU scores.},
         url = {http://www.vwobservatory.com//wp/?p=140},
         author = {Caplan,Scott and Williams, Dmitri and Yee, Nick}
 }
 @conference {1785474,
         title = {The Reading Glove: designing interactions for object-based tangible storytelling},
         booktitle = {AH {\textquoteright}10: Proceedings of the 1st Augmented Human International Conference},
         year = {2010},
         pages = {1{\textendash}9},
         publisher = {ACM},
         organization = {ACM},
         address = {Megeve, France},
         abstract = {In this paper we describe a prototype Tangible User Interface (TUI) for interactive storytelling that explores the semantic properties of tangible interactions using the fictional notion of psychometry as inspiration. We propose an extension of Heidegger{\textquoteright}s notions of "ready-to-hand" and "present-at-hand", which allows them to be applied to the narrative and semantic aspects of an interaction. The Reading Glove allows interactors to extract narrative "memories" from a collection of ten objects using natural grasping and holding behaviors via a wearable interface. These memories are presented in the form of recorded audio narration. We discuss the design process and present some early results from an informal pilot study intended to refine these design techniques for future tangible interactive narratives.},
         keywords = {interactive narrative, Object Stories, Tangible user interfaces, Wearable Computing},
         isbn = {978-1-60558-825-4},
         doi = {http://doi.acm.org.proxy.lib.sfu.ca/10.1145/1785455.1785474},
         author = {Tanenbaum, Joshua and Tanenbaum, Karen and Antle, Alissa}
 }
 @article {4532,
         title = {Relaciones mediadas por el sonido entre jugadores en el entorno de juegos multijugador},
         journal = {Comunicar},
         volume = {34},
         year = {2010},
         type = {Full},
         chapter = {73},
         abstract = {This essay examines the relationship between player and diegetic sound FX in immersive computer game environments and how this relationship leads, in large part, to the contextualization of the player within the virtual world of the game. This contextualization presupposes a primarily sonically-based perception of objects and events in the world and, in a multi-player game, this ultimately leads to communication between players through the medium of diegetic sound. The players{\textquoteright} engagement with, and immersion in, the game{\textquoteright}s acoustic environment is the result of a relationship with sound that is technologically mediated. The game engine, for example, produces a range of environmental or ambient sounds and almost every player action has a corresponding sound. A variety of relevant theories and disciplines are assessed for the methodological basis of the points raised, such as film sound theory and sonification, and, throughout, the First-Person Shooter sub-genre is used as an exemplar. Such games include the {\guillemotleft}Doom{\guillemotright} and {\guillemotleft}Quake{\guillemotright} series, the {\guillemotleft}Half-Life{\guillemotright} series and derivatives and later games such as {\guillemotleft}Left 4 Dead{\guillemotright}. The combination of the acoustic environment, the interactive placement of the player {\textendash} as embodied by his virtual, prosthetic arms {\textendash} in the environment and the sonic relationships between players produces the acoustic ecology. An exposition of this multi-player communication and the resultant acoustic ecology and player immersion, is the main objective of the essay.},
         keywords = {audio, immersion, sound},
         isbn = {1134-3478},
         doi = {10.3916/C34-2010-02-07},
         url = {http://digitalcommons.bolton.ac.uk/gcct_journalspr/5},
         author = {Grimshaw, Mark}
 }
 @book {donovan_replay:history_2010,
         title = {Replay: The History of Video Games},
         year = {2010},
         publisher = {Yellow Ant},
         organization = {Yellow Ant},
         abstract = {A riveting account of the birth and remarkable evolution of the most important development in entertainment since television, Replay: The History of Video Games is the ultimate history of video games. From its origins in the research labs of the 1940s to the groundbreaking success of the Wii, Replay sheds new light on gaming{\textquoteright}s past. Along the way it takes in the spectacular rise and fall of Atari, the crazed cottage industry spawned by the computers of Sir Clive Sinclair, Japan{\textquoteright}s rapid ascent to the top of the gaming tree and the seismic impact of Doom.
 
 Replay: The History of Video Games tells the sensational story of how the creative vision of game designers across the globe gave rise to one of the world{\textquoteright}s most popular and dynamic art forms. Based on extensive research and more than 140 interviews, Replay includes insights from video game legends such as Atari founder Nolan Bushnell, Will Wright - the creator of The Sims, Doom designer John Romero and Hironobu Sakaguchi of Final Fantasy fame. Replay also includes a foreword by Richard Garriott (aka Lord British), a gameography covering more than 800 of the most notable games ever made and a 26-page guide to the consoles and computers of gaming{\textquoteright}s past and present.},
         isbn = {0956507204},
         author = {Tristan Donovan}
 }
 @article {4553,
         title = {Schmoozing and Smiting: Trust, Social Institutions and Communication Patterns in an MMOG},
         journal = {Journal of Computer Mediated Communication},
         year = {2010},
         abstract = {This study examines how trust is related to online social institutions, self-disclosure, mode of communication, and message privacy in a popular MMOG, Everquest II. The findings, based on survey and behavioral data from over 3,500 players, illustrate how MMOGs may support trust-development. Trust was higher within closer social circles: trust was highest in teammates, followed other players across the game, followed by others online. Self-disclosure was positively related to trust of teammates and others in the game, while voice chat was only related to teammate trust. These findings indicate that social structures and communication processes contribute to trust development in MMOGs, supporting the claim that these online spaces provide social support that is unavailable in other realms of our society.},
         keywords = {Communication patterns, Trust},
         url = {http://www.vwobservatory.com/wp/?p=126},
         author = {Ratan, R. and Chung, J. and Shen, C. and Poole, M. and Williams, Dmitri}
 }
 @inbook {4502,
         title = {Time for New Terminology? Diegetic and Non-Diegetic Sounds in Computer Games Revisited},
         booktitle = {Game Sound Technology and Player Interaction: Concepts and Developments},
         year = {2010},
         pages = {78-97},
         publisher = {IGI Global},
         organization = {IGI Global},
         chapter = {5},
         abstract = {This chapter is a critical discussion of the use of the concepts diegetic and non-diegetic in connection with computer game sound. It is argued that the terms are problematic because they do not take into account the functional aspects of sound and how gameworlds differ from traditional fictional worlds. The aims of the chapter are to re-evaluate earlier attempts at adapting this terminology to games and to present an alternative model of conceptualizing the spatial properties of game sound with respect to the gameworld.},
         keywords = {Computer games, Game Interface, game sound, gameworlds, Transdiegetic},
         isbn = {9781616928285},
         url = {http://hdl.handle.net/1956/4287},
         author = {J{\o}rgensen, Kristine},
         editor = {Grimshaw, Mark (ed.)}
 }
 @book {4377,
         title = {Toward a Ludic Architecture: The Space of Play and Games},
         year = {2010},
         pages = {382},
         publisher = {ETC Press},
         organization = {ETC Press},
         abstract = { Whether we think of a board game, an athletic competition in a stadium, a videogame, playful social networking on the World Wide Web, an Alternate Reality Game, a location-based mobile game, or any combination thereof: Ludic activities are, have, and take place in or at, spaces.
 
 {\textquotedblleft}Toward a Ludic Architecture{\textquotedblright} is a pioneering publication, architecturally framing play and games as human practices in and of space. Filling the gap in literature, Steffen P. Walz considers game design theory and practice alongside architectural theory and practice, asking: how are play and games architected? What kind of architecture do they produce and in what way does architecture program play and games? What kind of architecture could be produced by playing and gameplaying?
 
 {\textquotedblleft}Toward a Ludic Architecture{\textquotedblright} is a must-read for analyzing and designing play and games from an architectural standpoint. Such a contribution is particularly applicable in an era when games extend into physical, designed space that is increasingly permeated by devices, sensors, and information networks, allowing for rules and fictions to superimpose our everyday environments. Including a maze-like, episodic, and critical discussion of interweaving {\textquotedblleft}play-grounds,{\textquotedblright} {\textquotedblleft}Toward a Ludic Architecture{\textquotedblright} is a playful look at the conceptual space of play and games.},
         keywords = {architecture, place, PLAY, space, Video Games},
         issn = {978-0-557-28563-1},
         url = {http://www.lulu.com/content/8042752},
         author = {Walz,Steffen P}
 }
 @article {4534,
         title = {Uncanny behaviour in survival horror games},
         journal = {Journal of Gaming and Virtual Worlds},
         volume = {2},
         year = {2010},
         chapter = {3-25},
         abstract = {This study investigates the relationship between the perceived strangeness of a virtual character and the perception of human likeness for some attributes of motion and sound. Participants (N=100) were asked to rate thirteen video clips of twelve different virtual characters and one human. The results indicate that attributes of motion and sound do exaggerate the uncanny phenomenon and how frightening that character is perceived to be. Strong correlations were identified for the perceived strangeness of a character with how human-like a character{\textquoteright}s voice sounded, how human-like the facial expression appeared and how synchronized the character{\textquoteright}s sound was with lip movement; characters rated as the least synchronized were perceived to be the most frightening. Based on the results of this study, this article seeks to define an initial set of hypotheses for the fear-evoking aspects of character facial rendering and vocalization in survival horror games that can be used by game designers seeking to increase the fear factor in the genre, and that will form the basis of further experiments, which, it is hoped, will lead to a conceptual framework for the uncanny.},
         keywords = {characters, photo-realism, uncanny valley},
         issn = {1757-191X},
         doi = {0.1386/jgvw.2.1.3_1},
         url = {http://digitalcommons.bolton.ac.uk/gcct_journalspr/13/},
         author = {Angela Tinwell and Grimshaw, Mark and Andrew Williams}
 }
 @book {4379,
         title = {Understanding Computer Game Culture: the Cultural Shaping of a New Medium},
         year = {2010},
         pages = {280},
         publisher = {LAP Lambert Academic Publishing},
         organization = {LAP Lambert Academic Publishing},
         address = {Saarbr{\"u}cken},
         abstract = {In the past few decades, video games have developed from a marginal technological experiment into a mainstream medium. During this period they have gone through several transformations, from arcade machines offering a few minutes of solitary fun for a quarter to monthly subscription-based online MMOs in which thousands of players spend hundreds or even thousands of hours and lead a significant part of their social life as a fantasy character. But what is it that has driven video games? development? Is it technology? Indeed, with every new generation of hardware, game designers were given a broader set of tools for evoking exhilarating experiences. But is not culture at least as important? What would games look like if Tolkien never had written Lord of the Rings, or if Nintendo had not brought Japanese manga drawing styles to the new medium? This book looks at the theoretical challenges and foundations on which to base a cultural shaping approach towards the evolution of video games and proposes a set of concepts for analyzing and describing this process.},
         isbn = {383833213X},
         issn = {383833213X},
         author = {Van Looy, Jan}
 }
 @article {4394,
         title = {Video Game Play, Language Learning, Creation and Community},
         year = {2010},
         abstract = {Video and computer games are receiving increasing attention by researchers and practitioners in education; however, most of the theory and pedagogy focus on general education (e.g., Squire, 2006) or language and literacy development of native speakers (e.g., Gee, 2007). There are very few investigations of game play or game culture and second language development. Teachers and institutions must know more about games to use the media effectively. This report describes the creation and two-year administration of a Video Game Library in a Japanese university for the purpose of developing players{\textquoteright} language, technology and creative skills. The following activities are discussed: (1) autonomous learning (2) game creation (3) game journalism and (4) community interactions. Analyses of observations, interviews, tests, surveys and student notes and projects for trends in learning outcomes and player experiences are presented. Recommendations for library administrators, project suggestions and materials for teachers, and examples of student projects are appended.},
         url = {http://langcom.u-shizuoka-ken.ac.jp/dehaan-games-language-learning},
         author = {deHaan, Jonathan}
 }
 @article {4523,
         title = {Virtual identities and market segmentation in marketing in and through Massively Multiplayer Online Games (MMOGs)},
         journal = {Services Marketing Quarterly},
         volume = {31},
         year = {2010},
         chapter = {275},
         abstract = {It has been asserted that the emergence of virtual worlds has changed the ways that business may be conducted. In massively 
 multiplayer online games (MMOGs) a participant is given the opportunity to not only create an identity of how they would like to appear but also select individual activities. Clearly, this opportunity may carry marketing implications because marketers are given the opportunity to consider potential customers as they might like to be. Background in self-identity and buying behavior, the nature of MMOGs, taxonomy of gamers, and the construction of identity is sketched. Five propositions are developed that summarize our observations from this foundation.},
         keywords = {identity construction, market segmentation, psychographics, Video Games, virtual worlds},
         issn = {1533-2969},
         author = {Zackariasson, Peter and W{\r a}hlin, Nils and Wilson, Timothy L}
 }
 @book {4538,
         title = {Virtual Justice},
         year = {2010},
         note = {The full text of the book is available here: http://bit.ly/virtualjustice (3 MB PDF)},
         pages = {240},
         publisher = {Yale University Press},
         organization = {Yale University Press},
         address = {New Haven},
         abstract = {Tens of millions of people today are living part of their life in a virtual world. In places like World of Warcraft, Second Life, and Free Realms, people are making friends, building communities, creating art, and making real money. Business is booming on the virtual frontier, as billions of dollars are paid in exchange for pixels on screens. But sometimes things go wrong. Virtual criminals defraud online communities in pursuit of real-world profits. People feel cheated when their avatars lose virtual property to wrongdoers. Increasingly, they turn to legal systems for solutions. But when your avatar has been robbed, what law is there to assist you?
 
 In Virtual Justice, Greg Lastowka illustrates the real legal dilemmas posed by virtual worlds. Presenting the most recent lawsuits and controversies, he explains how governments are responding to the chaos on the cyberspace frontier. After an engaging overview of the history and business models of today{\textquoteright}s virtual worlds, he explores how laws of property, jurisdiction, crime, and copyright are being adapted to pave the path of virtual law.
 
 Virtual worlds are becoming more important to society with each passing year. This pioneering study will be an invaluable guide to scholars of online communities for years to come. },
         isbn = {9780300141207},
         issn = {9780300141207},
         url = {http://bit.ly/virtualjustice},
         author = {Lastowka,Greg}
 }
 @article {ChristopherA. Paul04012010,
         title = {Welfare Epics? The Rhetoric of Rewards in World of Warcraft},
         journal = {Games and Culture},
         volume = {5},
         number = {2},
         year = {2010},
         pages = {158-176},
         abstract = {After the Lead Content Designer of World of Warcraft (WoW), Tigole, deemed a new set of rewards welfare{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} epics, the WoW player community responded in a multitude of fascinating ways. Using rhetorical analysis, gaming studies literature, and a critical analysis of welfare discourse, four rhetorical strategies can be seen in the discourse produced by the playing community. From directly confronting Tigole{\textquoteright}s statements to lamenting a loss of avatar capital and analyzing the role the changes have on the multiplayer aspects of the game, the rhetoric of welfare{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} epics offers unique insights into the importance of balance and scarcity in the normative structures of WoW, how players accept and perpetuate the belief that rewards in online games should be earned,{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} and how WoW{\textquoteright}s system of rewards has been fundamentally altered since the game{\textquoteright}s launch.},
         keywords = {PvP, raiding, reward systems, rhetoric, welfare epics, World of Warcraft},
         doi = {10.1177/1555412009354729},
         author = {Paul, Christopher A.}
 }
 @proceedings {182-Nacke{\textendash}-Wiimote-vs-Controller-EEG-Study,
         title = {Wiimote vs. Controller: Electroencephalographic Measurement of Affective Gameplay Interaction},
         journal = {Proceedings of Future Play 2010},
         year = {2010},
         pages = {183-190},
         publisher = {ACM},
         address = {Vancouver, BC},
         abstract = {Psychophysiological methods provide covert and reliable measurements of affective user experience (UX). The nature of affective UX in interactive entertainment, such as digital games, is currently not well understood. With the dawn of new gaming consoles, scientific methodologies for studying user interaction in an immersive entertainment context are needed. This paper reports a study on the influence of interaction modes (Playstation 2 game controller vs. Wii remote and Nunchuk) on subjective experience assessment and brain activity measured with electroencephalography (EEG). Results indicate that EEG alpha and delta power correlate with negative affect and tension when using regular game controller input. EEG beta and gamma power seem to be related to the feeling of possible action in spatial presence with a PS2 game controller. Delta as well as theta power correlate with self-location using a Wii remote and Nunchuk.},
         keywords = {brain-computer interface, brainwave, controller, EEG, Experience, Fun, gameplay, immersion, interface, playstation 2, Presence, ui, wii, wiimote},
         url = {http://hci.usask.ca/publications/view.php?id=182},
         author = {Nacke,Lennart}
 }
 @article {4376,
         title = {Young children{\textquoteright}s play in online virtual worlds},
         journal = {Journal of Early Childhood Research},
         volume = {8},
         year = {2010},
         pages = {23-39},
         abstract = {Virtual worlds for children are becoming increasingly popular, and yet there are few accounts of children{\textquoteright}s use of these worlds. Young children are spending increasing amounts of time online as technology continues to create significant changes in social and cultural practices in the 21st century. Some of children{\textquoteright}s online interactions can be categorized as playful in nature; however, play and technology are frequently positioned as oppositional. In this article, I explore the tensions surrounding the relationship between play and technology and relate it to similar discourses concerning the concepts of {\textquoteleft}real{\textquoteright} and {\textquoteleft}virtual{\textquoteright}. I then move on to consider the growing popularity of virtual worlds with young children and examine the way in which the worlds have been marketed to children and parents/carers on the basis of their propensity to offer online play in a safe environment. The article provides an overview of two virtual worlds currently targeted at young children and draws on a survey of primary children{\textquoteright}s use of virtual worlds in order to identify the nature of play in these environments. One hundred and seventy-five children aged 5{\textemdash}11 completed an online survey and 15 took part in group interviews in which their use of virtual worlds was explored. This article focuses on the data relating to 17 children aged from five to seven years who used virtual worlds. Findings indicate that virtual worlds offered these young children a wide range of opportunities for play and that the types of play in which they engaged relate closely to {\textquoteleft}offline{\textquoteright} play. The implications for early years educators are considered. },
         keywords = {PLAY, virtual worlds},
         doi = {10.1177/1476718X09345406},
         author = {Jackie Marsh}
 }
 @article {4546,
         title = {At Least Nine Ways to Play: Approaching Gamer Mentalities},
         journal = {Games and Culture},
         year = {2010},
         abstract = {Do digital games and play mean the same things for different people? This article presents the results of a 3-year study in which we sought for new ways to approach digital games cultures and playing practices. First, the authors present the research process in brief and emphasize the importance of merging different kinds of methods and materials in the study of games cultures. Second, the authors introduce a gaming mentality heuristics that is not dedicated to a certain domain or genre of games, addressing light casual and light social gaming motivations as well as more dedicated ones in a joint framework. The analysis reveals that, in contrast to common belief, the majority of digital gaming takes place between {\textquotedblleft}casual relaxing{\textquotedblright} and {\textquotedblleft}committed entertaining,{\textquotedblright} where the multiplicity of experiences, feelings, and understandings that people have about their playing and digital games is wide ranging. Digital gaming is thus found to be a multifaceted social and cultural phenomenon that can be understood, practiced, and used in various ways.},
         author = {Kallio, Kirsi Pauliina and Mayra,Frans and Kaipainen, Kirsikka}
 }
 @article {4492,
         title = {{\textquoteright}It{\textquoteright}s in the Game{\textquoteright} and Above the Game: An Analysis of the Users of Sports Videogames},
         journal = {Convergence},
         volume = {16},
         number = {3},
         year = {2010},
         pages = {334-354},
         abstract = {This article is a participant-observer case study of a group of sports videogame players. The game played, Pro Evolution Soccer 2008, belongs to the author-designated {\textquoteleft}televisual{\textquoteright} sub-genre, remediating (Bolter and Grusin, 1999) aspects of televisual coverage such as the broadcast angle, action replays and commentary teams. We investigate the use of these games and their position within both gaming and sport culture. To do so we approach the player from four perspectives: dress, body language, argot (slang, group-specific dialect), and proxemics (examining how people spatially situate themselves in regard to one another within the social environment). These categories then combine to formulate the last section, {\textquoteleft}Social Play{\textquoteright}, where we discuss the social meta-game being enacted between participants to barter social status, capital (Bourdieu, 1984) and specific gamer capital (Consalvo, 2007). },
         author = {Steven Conway}
 }
 @article {4544,
         title = {Playing Games With Cultural Heritage: A Comparative Case Study Analysis of the Current Status of Digital Game Preservation},
         journal = {Games and Culture},
         year = {2010},
         abstract = {Digital games are major part of popular culture. They are also an important part of the history of play and as such they deserve to take their rightful place in our cultural legacy. However, they have received little attention in the academic literature on preservation. Despite this lack of interest, some institutions have recognized the significance of preventing the loss of these valuable materials but to what extent is their longevity ensured? What is the current status of game preservation? What are the challenges facing institutions as they {\textquotedblleft}play games with cultural heritage?{\textquotedblright} This article provides an overview of the current state of play and, using a comparative case study analysis, provides an insight into the issues, which lie ahead.},
         author = {Barwick, Joanna and Dearnley, James and Muir, Adrienne}
 }
 @article {4596,
         title = {Video Games and Spatial Cognition},
         journal = {Review of General Psychology},
         volume = {14},
         number = {2},
         year = {2010},
         note = {doi: DOI: 10.1037/a0019491},
         pages = {92-104},
         abstract = {Video game enthusiasts spend many hours at play, and this intense activity has the potential to alter both brain and behavior. We review studies that investigate the ability of video games to modify processes in spatial cognition. We outline the initial stages of research into the underlying mechanisms of learning, and we also consider possible applications of this new knowledge. Several experiments have shown that playing action games induces changes in a number of sensory, perceptual, and attentional abilities that are important for many tasks in spatial cognition. These basic capacities include contrast sensitivity, spatial resolution, the attentional visual field, enumeration, multiple object tracking, and visuomotor coordination and speed. In addition to altering performance on basic tasks, playing action video games has a beneficial effect on more complex spatial tasks such as mental rotation, thus demonstrating that learning generalizes far beyond the training activities in the game. Far transfer of this sort is generally elusive in learning, and we discuss some early attempts to elucidate the brain functions that are responsible. Finally, we suggest that studying video games may contribute not only to an improved understanding of the mechanisms of learning but may also offer new approaches to teaching spatial skills.},
         keywords = {action video game, brain training, Gender Differences, perceptual learning, spatial attention},
         isbn = {1089-2680},
         author = {Spence, Ian and Feng, Jing}
 }
 @article {4601,
         title = {Video Games in Psychotherapy},
         journal = {Review of General Psychology},
         volume = {14},
         number = {2},
         year = {2010},
         note = {doi: DOI: 10.1037/a0019439},
         pages = {141-146},
         abstract = {Video games have found their way into the clinical care of youth in most medical fields, and academic interest in their use is increasing steadily. The popularity of video games among youth may qualify them as a useful tool in psychotherapy for children and adolescents. Limited literature on use of video games in mental health care suggests that they can help young patients become more cooperative and enthusiastic about psychotherapy. Recent experience suggests that video games may facilitate therapeutic relationships, complement the psychological assessment of youth by evaluating cognitive skills, and elaborate and clarify conflicts during the therapy process. Concerns about video game content, perceived effects on youth, and lack of familiarity with this medium may form a barrier in their use in therapy offices. Further research on the benefits of video game use in psychotherapy, including patient characteristics that may moderate outcomes, is needed. Finally, future collaborations between clinicians and video game developers may produce specific games to be used in psychotherapy.},
         keywords = {child and adolescent psychotherapy, Media, Video Games},
         isbn = {1089-2680},
         author = {Ceranoglu, T. Atilla}
 }
 @article {4597,
         title = {Videogames and Young People With Developmental Disorders},
         journal = {Review of General Psychology},
         volume = {14},
         number = {2},
         year = {2010},
         note = {doi: DOI: 10.1037/a0019438},
         pages = {122-140},
         abstract = {Young people with developmental disorders experience difficulties with many cognitive and perceptual tasks, and often suffer social impairments. Yet, like typical youth, many appear to enjoy playing videogames. This review considers the appeal of videogames to individuals with autism spectrum disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and specific language impairment. It examines how they respond to the various challenges that play entails with particular reference to sensory, cognitive, and social dimensions. It is argued that research into how these young people engage voluntarily with this dynamic and challenging medium offers great potential to extend our empirical and theoretical understanding of the disorders. Many gaps in our current knowledge are identified and several additional themes for possible future research are proposed.},
         keywords = {ADHD, Asperger syndrome, autism, developmental disorders, dopamine, specific language impairment, videogames},
         isbn = {1089-2680},
         author = {Durkin, Kevin}
 }
 @article {4584,
         title = {Virtual games in social science education},
         journal = {Computers \& Education},
         volume = {55},
         number = {3},
         year = {2010},
         pages = {1336-1345},
         chapter = {1336},
         abstract = {The new technologies make the appearance of highly motivating and dynamic games with different levels of interaction possible, in which large amounts of data, information, procedures and values are included which are intimately bound with the social sciences. We set out from the hypothesis that videogames may become interesting resources for their inclusion in the education processes in formal contexts. Videogames become laboratories for social experimentation where the scenarios, conditions and situations affecting a given human phenomenon are reproduced. In this article, 35 videogames are analysed to find out which contents can be approached through them for the teaching of Social Sciences using problem-solving strategies. To this end, instruments for information gathering (data collection grid) and analysis (category system) were designed. The different contents of a social nature are analysed according to the study categories and in turn from the areas of social issues detected in them. We present a working proposal for the use of videogames in the classroom on the basis of resolution of relevant problems, determining which are the issues that we consider relevant, what questions the pupils can be asked to approach through videogames and what the characteristics, benefits and obstacles are in the use of these resources in the teaching of Social Sciences.},
         keywords = {applications in subject areas, improving classroom teaching, interactive learning environments, Pedagogical issues, teaching/learning strategies},
         isbn = {0360-1315},
         author = {Cuenca L{\'o}pez, Jos{\'e} M. and Mart{\'\i}n C{\'a}ceres, Myriam J.}
 }
 @proceedings {4535,
         title = {Bridging the Uncanny: An impossible traverse?},
         journal = {MindTrek},
         year = {2009},
         month = {September 30},
         address = {Tampere, Finland},
         abstract = {This paper proposes that increasing technological sophistication in the creation of realism for human-like virtual characters is matched by increasing technological discernment on the part of the viewer. One of the goals for achieving a realism that is believable for virtual characters is to overcome the Uncanny Valley where perceived eeriness or familiarity are rated against perceived human-likeness. Empirical evidence shows the uncanny can be applied to virtual characters, yet implies a more complex picture than the shape of a deep valley with a sharp gradient as depicted in Mori"s original plot of the Uncanny Valley. Our results imply that: (1) perceived familiarity is dependent upon a wider range of variables other than appearance and behaviour; and (2) for realistic, human-like characters, the Uncanny Valley is better replaced with the notion of an Uncanny Wall because the Uncanny Valley, as a concept, is not fully supported by the empirical evidence but, more importantly as a standard for creating human-like realism, is an impossible traverse.},
         keywords = {characters, photo-realistic, uncanny valley},
         url = {http://digitalcommons.bolton.ac.uk/gcct_conferencepr/10/},
         author = {Angela Tinwell and Grimshaw, Mark}
 }
 @proceedings {4531,
         title = {The audio uncanny valley: Sound, fear and the horror game},
         journal = {Audio Mostly},
         year = {2009},
         month = {September 2},
         address = {Glasgow},
         abstract = {The 1970 proposition that there is an Uncanny Valley which man-made characters inhabit as their human-likeness (both appearance and movement) increases has been a growing topic of debate in the fields of robotics, animation and computer games particularly since the turn of the century. However, what the theory and subsequent related writings do not account for is the role of sound in creating perceptions of uncanniness and fear, a particularly useful attribute in computer game genres such as survival horror. This paper has a dual purpose: to explore diverse writings on the uncanny as they relate to sound and to prepare the groundwork for future work investigating the possible relationship between sound and the Uncanny Valley.
 
 The paper comprises, in large part, a survey of selected works on the uncanny and the Uncanny Valley from a variety of disciplines. It emphasizes the link between uncanniness and negative emotions, such as fear and apprehension, and discusses the genesis of the term uncanny in early psychoanalytical writings, relating this to more modern theories on human emotion. Writings on the uncanny, or related emotional states, from psychoacoustics, textiles research, films and computer games are assessed as to their validity and potential application to the fostering of an aural climate of fear in computer games and, where such writings do not explicitly deal with sound, attempts are made to apply the ideas contained within to sound as it exists within computer games. In dealing with the theory of the Uncanny Valley, the paper points out the theory{\textquoteright}s focus on appearance and movement to the exclusion of sound and suggests that there is an uncanny in sound that might, in future, be used to modify the Uncanny Valley theory. Throughout, there is the suggestion that the uncanny (and any future theory of an audio or audiovisual Uncanny Valley) can be harnassed to the design of horror computer games.
 
 Ultimately, it is hoped, such work will be of use to computer game sound designers who wish to create a greater perception of fear and apprehension through the canny use of uncanny sound. Some of the design tips presented at the end of the discussion are already used instinctively by sound designers across a range of media, including computer games, whereas others are less obvious in their origin and affect. Recently published empirical data is provided to strengthen the case for the latter. In some cases, the design tips must await the coming of procedural audio to computer games.},
         keywords = {fear, sound, uncanny valley},
         url = {http://digitalcommons.bolton.ac.uk/gcct_conferencepr/9},
         author = {Grimshaw, Mark}
 }
 @article {4213,
         title = {Games For Health: The Latest Tool In The Medical Care Arsenal},
         journal = {Health Affairs},
         volume = {28},
         number = {5},
         year = {2009},
         note = {492HPTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:11},
         month = {Sep-Oct},
         pages = {W842-W848},
         abstract = {At the heart of any promising plan to transform the health care system lie two priorities: broader access to care for patients, and deeper engagement in health care by patients. Although the problem of expanding access to affordable care remains unresolved, new tools for deepening consumers{\textquoteright} engagement in health care are proliferating like viral spores in a virtual pond. Digital games, including virtual realities, computer simulations, and online play, are valuable tools for fostering patient participation in health-related activities. This is why gaming is the latest tool in the arsenal to improve health outcomes: gaming makes health care fun. [Health Aff (Millwood). 2009; 28(5): w842-8 (published online 4 August 2009; 10.1377/hlthaff.28.5.w842)]},
         keywords = {trial, Video Game},
         isbn = {0278-2715},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000269646100060},
         author = {Hawn, C.}
 }
 @article {4289,
         title = {The banality of simulated evil: designing ethical gameplay},
         journal = {Ethics and Information Technology},
         volume = {11},
         number = {3},
         year = {2009},
         note = {499RJTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:46},
         month = {Sep},
         pages = {191-202},
         abstract = {This paper offers an analytical description of the ethics of game design and its influence in the ethical challenges computer games present. The paper proposes a set of game design suggestions based on the Information Ethics concept of Levels of Abstraction which can be applied to formalise ethical challenges into gameplay mechanics; thus allowing game designers to incorporate ethics as part of the experience of their games. The goal of this paper is twofold: to address some of the reasons why computer games present ethical challenges, and to exploit the informational nature of games to suggest how to develop games with ethics at the core of their gameplay.},
         keywords = {Computer game design, Desensitization, ethics, game design, gaming, information ethics, level of abstraction, methodologies, Real-life, simulation, Video Games, Violence},
         isbn = {1388-1957},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000270242200004},
         author = {Sicart, M.}
 }
 @article {4210,
         title = {Impact of IQ, computer-gaming skills, general dexterity, and laparoscopic experience on performance with the da Vinci (R) surgical system},
         journal = {International Journal of Medical Robotics and Computer Assisted Surgery},
         volume = {5},
         number = {3},
         year = {2009},
         note = {496AUTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:14},
         month = {Sep},
         pages = {327-331},
         abstract = {Background Due to improved ergonomics and dexterity, robotic surgery is promoted as being easily performed by surgeons with no special skills necessary. We tested this hypothesis by measuring IQ elements, computer gaming skills, general dexterity with chopsticks, and evaluating laparoscopic experience in correlation to performance ability with the da Vinci (R) robot.Methods Thirty-four individuals were tested for robotic dexterity, IQ elements, computer-gaming skills and general dexterity. Eighteen surgically inexperienced and 16 laparoscopically trained surgeons were included. Each individual performed three different tasks with the da Vinci surgical system and their times were recorded. An IQ test (elements: logical thinking, 3D imagination and technical understanding) was completed by each participant. Computer skills were tested with a simple computer game (hand-eye coordination) and general dexterity was evaluated by the ability to use chopsticks.Results We found no correlation between logical thinking, 3D imagination and robotic skills. Both computer gaming and general dexterity showed a slight but non-significant improvement in performance with the da Vinci robot (p > 0.05). A significant correlation between robotic skills, technical understanding and laparoscopic experience was observed (p < 0.05).Conclusions The data support the conclusion that there are no significant correlations between robotic performance and logical thinking, 3D understanding, computer gaming skills and general dexterity. A correlation between robotic skills and technical understanding may exist. Laparoscopic experience seems to be the strongest predictor of performance with the da Vinci surgical system. Generally, it appears difficult to determine non-surgical predictors for robotic surgery. Copyright (C) 2009 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
         keywords = {cholecystectomy, computer gaming, da vinci, endoscopy, Games, iq, laparoscopic experience, robotic surgery, robotics, Surgery},
         isbn = {1478-5951},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000269941100011},
         author = {Hagen, M. E. and Wagner, O. J. and Inan, I. and Morel, P.}
 }
 @article {4302,
         title = {A temporal perspective of the computer game development process},
         journal = {Information Systems Journal},
         volume = {19},
         number = {5},
         year = {2009},
         note = {482YUTimes Cited:1Cited References Count:45},
         month = {Sep},
         pages = {479-497},
         abstract = {This paper offers an insight into the games software development process from a time perspective by drawing on an in-depth study in a games development organization. The wider market for computer games now exceeds the annual global revenues of cinema. We have, however, only a limited scholarly understanding of how games studios produce games. Games projects require particular attention because their context is unique. Drawing on a case study, the paper offers a theoretical conceptualization of the development process of creative software, such as games software. We found that the process, as constituted by the interactions of developers, oscillates between two modes of practice: routinized and improvised, which sediment and flux the working rhythms in the context. This paper argues that while we may predeterminately lay down the broad stages of creative software development, the activities that constitute each stage, and the transition criteria from one to the next, may be left to the actors in the moment, to the temporality of the situation as it emerges. If all development activities are predefined, as advocated in various process models, this may leave little room for opportunity and the creative fruits that flow from opportunity, such as enhanced features, aesthetics and learning.},
         keywords = {computer game, design, model, software development process, software-development, temporal structure, Time},
         isbn = {1350-1917},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000268927700003},
         author = {Stacey, P. and Nandhakumar, J.}
 }
 @article {4292,
         title = {Children and Video Games: Addiction, Engagement, and Scholastic Achievement},
         journal = {Cyberpsychology \& Behavior},
         volume = {12},
         number = {5},
         year = {2009},
         note = {504ZCTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:41},
         month = {Oct},
         pages = {567-572},
         abstract = {The aim of this study is to assess the relationship between video gaming habits and elementary school students{\textquoteright} academic performance. More specifically, we seek to examine the usefulness of a distinction between addiction and high engagement and assess the predictive validity of these concepts in the context of scholastic achievement. Three hundred thirty-three children ages 8 to 12 years from two primary schools in Singapore were selected to participate in this study. A survey utilizing Danforth{\textquoteright}s Engagement-Addiction (II) scale and questions from DSM-IV was used to collect information from the schoolchildren, while their grades were obtained directly from their teachers. The findings indicate that addiction tendencies are consistently negatively related to scholastic performance, while no such relationship is found for either time spent playing games or for video game engagement. The implications of these findings are discussed.},
         keywords = {computer addiction, Leisure Activities, School Performance, usage},
         isbn = {1094-9313},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000270656000017},
         author = {Skoric, M. M. and Teo, L. L. C. and Neo, R. L.}
 }
 @article {4226,
         title = {Electronic Game Play and School Performance of Adolescents in Southern Thailand},
         journal = {Cyberpsychology \& Behavior},
         volume = {12},
         number = {5},
         year = {2009},
         note = {504ZCTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:22},
         month = {Oct},
         pages = {509-512},
         abstract = {Increasing exposure of children and adolescents to electronic media is a worldwide phenomenon, including in Thailand. To date, few studies examine electronic game play in Thai adolescents. Our research describes the prevalence of electronic game play and examines associations between the time spent engaged in electronic game play and school performance of adolescents in Hat-Yai municipality. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1,492 adolescents from four secondary schools and one commercial college from January through March 2007, using questionnaires for collecting information about demographic data, school grades, and electronic game play behaviors. The prevalence of electronic game play was 75\% in boys and 59\% in girls. Twenty-two percent of boys and 8.7\% of girls played electronic games every day with more than 2 hours per session. The two most common places of game play were at game shops (71\%), followed by at their own home (70\%). Using linear regression analysis, the "low user or less than 2 hours per session" game players and females were less likely to have school grades below 3.00 with adjusted odds ratios of 0.44 (95\% CI 0.25-0.80, p = 0.004) and 0.49 (95\% CI 0.30-0.76, p = 0.005) respectively. This study finds that excessive playing of electronic games is associated with school grades below 3.00.},
         keywords = {Behavior, children, Computer, Internet, media use, Physical-Activity, Television, Time, variables, Youth},
         isbn = {1094-9313},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000270656000006},
         author = {Jaruratanasirikul, S. and Wongwaitaweewong, K. and Sangsupawanich, P.}
 }
 @article {4344,
         title = {Health-Risk Correlates of Video-Game Playing Among Adults},
         journal = {American Journal of Preventive Medicine},
         volume = {37},
         number = {4},
         year = {2009},
         note = {500WOTimes Cited:1Cited References Count:51},
         month = {Oct},
         pages = {299-305},
         abstract = {Background: Although considerable research suggests that health-risk factors vary as a function of video-game playing among young people, direct evidence of such linkages among adults is lacking.Purpose: The goal of this Study was to distinguish adult video-game players from nonplayers on the basis of personal and environmental factors. It was hypothesized that adults who play video games, compared to nonplayers, would evidence poorer perceptions of their health, greater reliance on Internet-facilitated social support, more extensive media use, and higher BMI. It was further hypothesized that different patterns of linkages between video-game playing and health-risk factors would emerge by gender.Methods: A cross-sectional, Internet-based survey was conducted in 2006 with a sample of adults from the Seattle-Tacoma area (n=562), examining health risks; media use behaviors and perceptions, including those related to video-game playing; and demographics. Statistical analyses conducted in 2008 to compare video-game players and nonplayers included bivariate descriptive statistics, stepwise discriminant analysis, and ANOVA.Results: A total of 45.1\% of respondents reported playing video games. Female video-game players reported greater depression (M=1.57) and poorer health status (M=3.90) than female nonplayers (depression, M=1.13; health status, M=3.57). Male video-game players reported higher BMI (M=5.31) and more Internet use time (M=2.55) than male nonplayers (BMI, M=5.19; Internet use, M=2.36). The only determinant common to female and male video-game players was greater reliance on the Internet for social support.Conclusions: A number of determinants distinguished video-game players from nonplayers, and these factors differed substantially between men and women. The data illustrate the need for further research among adults to clarify how to use digital opportunities more effectively to promote health and prevent disease. (Am J Prev Med 2009;37(4):299-305)},
         keywords = {Addiction, Adolescents, behavior-change, Computer, metabolic syndrome, mood-management, sedentary behavior, selective exposure, Television, Time},
         isbn = {0749-3797},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000270336800006},
         author = {Weaver, J. B. and Mays, D. and Weaver, S. S. and Kannenberg, W. and Hopkins, G. L. and Eroglu, D. and Bernhardt, J. M.}
 }
 @article {4254,
         title = {Speech-enabled card games for incidental vocabulary acquisition in a foreign language},
         journal = {Speech Communication},
         volume = {51},
         number = {10},
         year = {2009},
         month = {Oct},
         pages = {1006-1023},
         abstract = {In this paper, we present a novel application for speech technology to aid students with vocabulary acquisition in a foreign language through interactive card games. We describe a generic platform for card game development and then introduce a particular prototype card game called Word War, designed for learning Mandarin Chinese. We assess the feasibility of deploying Word War via the Internet by conducting our first user study remotely and evaluating the performance of the speech recognition component. It was found that the three central concepts in our system were recognized with ail error rate of 16.02\%. We then turn to assessing the effects of the Word War game on vocabulary retention in a controlled environment. To this end, we performed a user study using two variants of the Word War game: a speaking mode, in which the user issues spoken commands to manipulate the game cards, and a listening mode, in which the computer gives spoken directions that the students must follow by manipulating the cards manually with the mouse. These two modes of learning were compared against a more traditional computer assisted vocabulary learning system: an oil-line flash cards program. To assess long-term learning gains as a function of time-on-task, we had the students interact with each system twice over a period of three weeks. We found that all three systems were competitive in terms of the vocabulary words learned as measured by pre-tests and post-tests, with less than a 5\% difference among the systems{\textquoteright} average overall learning gains. We also conducted surveys, which indicated that the students enjoyed the speaking mode of Word War more than the other two systems.},
         keywords = {computer aided vocabulary acquisition, intelligent computer assisted language learning, speech recognition, word meanings},
         isbn = {0167-6393},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000269092500016},
         author = {McGraw, I. and Yoshimoto, B. and Seneff, S.}
 }
 @article {4247,
         title = {Cognitive and psychological predictors of the negative outcomes associated with playing MMOGs (massively multiplayer online games)},
         journal = {Computers in Human Behavior},
         volume = {25},
         number = {6},
         year = {2009},
         note = {504OWTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:44},
         month = {Nov},
         pages = {1306-1311},
         abstract = {This study integrates research on problematic Internet use to explore the cognitive and psychological predictors of negative consequences associated with playing massively multiplayer online games (MMOGs). Participants recruited from online discussion boards completed self-report measures on their online game-related cognitions and psychological condition, social skills, psychological well-being, and negative life outcomes associated with game playing. The results demonstrated the important roles that psychological dependency and deficient self-regulation play in negative consequences associated with online gaming. The results also indicated that psychological dependency on MMOGs was predicted by cognitive preference for a virtual life-a construct that is negatively related to social control skills. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
         keywords = {Addiction, college-students, communication, Computer games, Health, internet addiction, internet dependency, loneliness, pathological internet use, Problematic Internet Use, Self-regulation, Technology, usage},
         isbn = {0747-5632},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000270627500013},
         author = {Liu, M. and Peng, W.}
 }
 @article {4260,
         title = {Computer game development as a literacy activity},
         journal = {Computers \& Education},
         volume = {53},
         number = {3},
         year = {2009},
         note = {484TATimes Cited:0Cited References Count:62},
         month = {Nov},
         pages = {977-989},
         abstract = {This study examined computer game development as a pedagogical activity to motivate and engage students in curriculum-related literacy activities. We hypothesized that as a consequence, students would improve their traditional reading and writing skills as well as develop new digital literacy skills. Eighteen classes of grade 4 students were assigned to either an experimental or control group. Both groups studied the same curriculum unit over a 10 week period, however, in addition the experimental group developed computer games related to the unit using a game development shell. An analysis of pre- and post-unit scores on two standardized literacy test batteries revealed that the experimental students performed significantly better on one of the subtests, a measure of logical sentence construction (p = .002). Field notes and teacher interview data indicated that game development helped improve student content retention, ability to compare and contrast information presented, utilize more and different kinds of research materials including digital resources, editing skills, and develop an insight into questioning skills. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
         keywords = {applications in subject areas, children, growth, improving classroom teaching, interactive learning environments, motivation, multimedia/hypermedia systems, PLAY, Students, teaching/learning strategies},
         isbn = {0360-1315},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000269069200039},
         author = {Owston, R. and Wideman, H. and Ronda, N. S. and Brown, C.}
 }
 @article {4194,
         title = {Effectiveness of using a video game to teach a course in mechanical engineering},
         journal = {Computers \& Education},
         volume = {53},
         number = {3},
         year = {2009},
         note = {484TATimes Cited:0Cited References Count:53},
         month = {Nov},
         pages = {900-912},
         abstract = {One of the core courses in the undergraduate mechanical engineering curriculum has been completely redesigned. In the new numerical methods course, all assignments and learning experiences are built around a video/computer game. Students are given the task of writing computer programs to race a simulated car around a track. In doing so, students learn and implement numerical methods content. The design of the course, around a video game, is rooted in commonly accepted theories of how people learn. The article describes a study to assess the effectiveness of the video game-based course. Results show that students taking the game-based course, on average, spend roughly twice as much time, outside of class, on their course work. In a concept mapping exercise, students taking the game-based course demonstrate deeper learning compared to their counterparts taking traditional lecture/textbook-based numerical methods courses.},
         keywords = {applications in mechanical engineering, concept map, concept-mapping techniques, education, interactive learning environments, knowledge, post-secondary education, programming, simulation, Tool, Validity},
         isbn = {0360-1315},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000269069200033},
         author = {Coller, B. D. and Scott, M. J.}
 }
 @article {4229,
         title = {Enhancing Self-Motivation in Learning Programming Using Game-Based Simulation and Metrics},
         journal = {Ieee Transactions on Education},
         volume = {52},
         number = {4},
         year = {2009},
         note = {515RITimes Cited:0Cited References Count:16},
         month = {Nov},
         pages = {555-562},
         abstract = {Game-based assignments typically form an integral component of computer programming courses. The effectiveness of the assignments in motivating students to carry out repetitive programming tasks is somewhat limited since their outcomes are invariably limited to a simple win or loss scenario. Accordingly, this paper develops a simulation environment in which students can create a game strategy via programming for a challenging strategy-type game. After completion of the game, the environment provides the student with a set of metrics that provides helpful clues as to how the student might reprogram the strategy to improve the result. The provided metrics help to avoid a tedious trial-and-error refinement process and, therefore, greatly motivate the student to complete the assignment and achieve a better result. The simulation environment can be used in either a standalone mode or in an interactive mode in which the students compete against one another online. The competition element increases the motivation of the students to complete the task to the best of their ability.},
         keywords = {educational games, learning programming, metrics, self-motivation, simulation},
         isbn = {0018-9359},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000271490000012},
         author = {Jiau, H. C. and Chen, J. C. and Ssu, K. F.}
 }
 @article {4262,
         title = {Exploring the potential of computer and video games for health and physical education: A literature review},
         journal = {Computers \& Education},
         volume = {53},
         number = {3},
         year = {2009},
         note = {484TATimes Cited:0Cited References Count:93},
         month = {Nov},
         pages = {603-622},
         abstract = {This study aims at critically reviewing recently published scientific literature on the use of computer and video games in Health Education (HE) and Physical Education (PE) with a view: (a) to identifying the potential contribution of the incorporation of electronic games as educational tools into HE and PE programs, (b) to present a synthesis of the available empirical evidence on the educational effectiveness of electronic games in HE and PE, and (c) to define future research perspectives concerning the educational use of electronic games in HE and PE. After systematically searching online bibliographic databases, 34 relevant articles were located and included in the study. Following the categorization scheme proposed by [Dempsey, J., Rasmussen, K., \& Lucassen, B. (1996). The instructional gaming literature: Implications and 99 sources. University of South Alabama, College of Education, Technical Report No. 96-1], those articles were grouped into the following four categories: (a) research, (b) development, (c) discussion and (d) theory. The overviewed articles suggest that electronic games present many potential benefits as educational tools for HE and PE, and that those games may improve young people{\textquoteright}s knowledge, skills, attitudes and behaviours in relation to health and physical exercise. Furthermore, the newly emerged physically interactive electronic games can potentially enhance young people{\textquoteright}s physical fitness, motor skills and motivation for physical exercise. The empirical evidence to support the educational effectiveness of electronic games in HE and PE is still rather limited, but the findings present a positive picture overall. The outcomes of the literature review are discussed in terms of their implications for future research, and can provide useful guidance to educators, practitioners and researchers in the areas of HE and PE, and to electronic game designers. },
         keywords = {Adolescents, applications in subject areas, Assisted-instruction, asthma, children, human-computer interface, interactive learning environments, knowledge, learning communities, Obesity, Prevention, SCHOOL, squires quest, Youth},
         isbn = {0360-1315},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000269069200006},
         author = {Papastergiou, M.}
 }
 @article {4219,
         title = {Exploring user experiences as predictors of MMORPG addiction},
         journal = {Computers \& Education},
         volume = {53},
         number = {3},
         year = {2009},
         note = {484TATimes Cited:0Cited References Count:64},
         month = {Nov},
         pages = {990-999},
         abstract = {The overuse of Massively Multiplayer Online Role Playing Games (MMORPGs) is becoming a significant problem worldwide, especially among college students. Similar to Internet addiction, the pathological use of MMORPG is a kind of modern addiction that can affect students{\textquoteright} lives on both a physical and a psychological level. The purpose of this study is to understand MMORPG addiction from a user experience design approach. We first developed a complete model that includes eleven factors (challenge, fantasy, curiosity, control, reward, cooperation, competition, recognition, belonging, obligation and role-playing) to represent users{\textquoteright} experience in MMORPGs. After that, we design a questionnaire to measure student{\textquoteright} gaming experience and level of addiction. Students{\textquoteright} demography information, including gender and game playing habits, was also collected. Four hundred and eighteen Taiwanese college students aged 18-25 years old took part in this online survey. Regression analysis was then conducted to evaluate the relative explanatory power of each variable, with addiction score as the dependent variable and the eleven user experience factors as the independent variables. The results of regression analysis reveal five critical factors (curiosity, role-playing, belonging, obligation and reward) that can be used to predict MMORPG addiction. In addition, this study also infers possible casual mechanisms for increasing college students{\textquoteright} level of addiction. The implications of our findings for both design and educational practitioners were also discussed.},
         keywords = {Behavior, Computer games, environments, exploration, human factors, Internet, internet addiction, online games, PLAY, taiwanese adolescents, usage, virtual reality},
         isbn = {0360-1315},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000269069200040},
         author = {Hsu, S. H. and Wen, M. H. and Wu, M. C.}
 }
 @article {4167,
         title = {Gaming and Territorial Negotiations in Family Life},
         journal = {Childhood-a Global Journal of Child Research},
         volume = {16},
         number = {4},
         year = {2009},
         note = {521HITimes Cited:0Cited References Count:47},
         month = {Nov},
         pages = {497-517},
         abstract = {This article examines territorial negotiations concerning gaming, drawing on video recordings of gaming practices in middle-class families. It explores how private vs public gaming space was co-construed by children and parents in front of the screen as well as through conversations about games. Game equipment was generally located in public places in the homes, which can be understood in terms of parents{\textquoteright} surveillance of their children, on the one hand, and actual parental involvement, on the other. Gaming space emerged in the interplay between game location, technology and practices, which blurred any fixed boundaries between public and private, place and space, as well as traditional age hierarchies.},
         keywords = {children, computer gaming, family politics, parental involvement, place/space, public/private},
         isbn = {0907-5682},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000271910900005},
         author = {Aarsand, P. A. and Aronsson, K.}
 }
 @article {4192,
         title = {Griefing in virtual worlds: causes, casualties and coping strategies},
         journal = {Information Systems Journal},
         volume = {19},
         number = {6},
         year = {2009},
         note = {507CRTimes Cited:1Cited References Count:85},
         month = {Nov},
         pages = {525-548},
         abstract = {A virtual world is a computer-simulated three-dimensional environment. They are increasingly being used for social and commercial interaction, in addition to their original use for game playing. This paper studies negative behaviour, or {\textquoteright}griefing{\textquoteright}, inside one virtual world through a series of observations and focus groups with users. Data were collected to identify griefing behaviours and their impact, examine why griefing happens and who the likely targets and perpetrators are, and suggest strategies for coping with it. Findings show that griefing behaviour is common. It is defined as unacceptable, persistent behaviour and is typically targeted at inexperienced residents by those with more knowledge of the virtual world. Community and individual coping strategies are identified and discussed.},
         keywords = {acceptance, antisocial behaviour, Behavior, computer-mediated communication, Information-Systems, interpretative phenomenological analysis, organizations, PERCEPTIONS, SCHOOL, sexual-harassment, victimization, virtual worlds, Workplace},
         isbn = {1350-1917},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000270829000002},
         author = {Chesney, T. and Coyne, I. and Logan, B. and Madden, N.}
 }
 @article {4201,
         title = {The MindGame: A P300-based brain-computer interface game},
         journal = {Neural Networks},
         volume = {22},
         number = {9},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Sp. Iss. SI523LDTimes Cited:1Cited References Count:13},
         month = {Nov},
         pages = {1329-1333},
         abstract = {We present a Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) game. the MindGame, based oil the P300 event-related potential In the MindGame interface P300 events are translated into movements of a character on a three-dimensional game board A linear feature selection and classification scheme is applied to identify P300 events and calculate gradual feedback features from a scalp electrode array. The classification during the online run of the game is computed oil a single-trial basis without averaging over subtrials We achieve classification rates of O 65 on single-trials during the online operation of the system while providing gradual feedback to the player.},
         keywords = {bci, brain-computer interface, EEG, neurofeedback, P300, potentials, Probability, virtual game},
         isbn = {0893-6080},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000272073800015},
         author = {Finke, A. and Lenhardt, A. and Ritter, H.}
 }
 @article {4296,
         title = {Theorizing Flow and Media Enjoyment as Cognitive Synchronization of Attentional and Reward Networks},
         journal = {Communication Theory},
         volume = {19},
         number = {4},
         year = {2009},
         note = {504UMTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:100},
         month = {Nov},
         pages = {397-422},
         abstract = {This article reconceptualizes the psychological concept of "flow" as it pertains to media entertainment. Our goal is to advance flow theory in ways that highlight the necessity of reliable and valid operationalization. We posit flow as a discrete, energetically optimized, and gratifying experience resulting from a cognitive synchronization of specific attentional and reward networks under condition of balance between challenge and skill. We identify video-game play as a context in which flow is likely to occur, and where we can observe our neurophysiological conceptualization of flow using measurement techniques (functional magnetic resonance imaging [fMRI]) without disrupting the experiential state. After presenting preliminary evidence consistent with our synchronization theory of flow, we suggest ways to advance this research.},
         keywords = {Activation, binding, environments, Experience, human-computer interactions, Mechanisms, model, oscillations, task, visual-cortex},
         isbn = {1050-3293},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000270643200003},
         author = {Weber, R. and Tamborini, R. and Westcott-Baker, A. and Kantor, B.}
 }
 @article {4217,
         title = {Uncertainty and engagement with learning games},
         journal = {Instructional Science},
         volume = {37},
         number = {6},
         year = {2009},
         note = {515DRTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:35},
         month = {Nov},
         pages = {519-536},
         abstract = {Uncertainty may be an important component of the motivation provided by learning games, especially when associated with gaming rather than learning. Three studies are reported that explore the influence of gaming uncertainty on engagement with computer-based learning games. In the first study, children (10-11 years) played a simple maths quiz. Participants chose their preferred reward for a correct answer prior to seeing each question. They could either receive a single point or toss an animated coin to receive 2 points for heads or none for tails. A preference for the uncertain option was revealed and this increased during the quiz. The second study explored the discourse around learning when pairs of participants (13-14 years) competed against the computer in a science quiz. Progress depended on the acquisition of facts but also on the outcomes of throwing dice. Discourse was characterised by a close intermingling of learning and gaming talk without salient problematic constructions regarding fairness when losing points due to gaming uncertainty. A final experiment explored whether, in this type of game, the uncertainty provided by the gaming component could influence players{\textquoteright} affective response to the learning component. Electrodermal activity (EDA) of 16 adults was measured while they played the quiz with and without the element of chance provided by the dice. Results showed EDA when answering questions was increased by inclusion of gaming uncertainty. Findings are discussed in terms of the potential benefits of combining gaming uncertainty with learning and directions for further research in this area are outlined.},
         keywords = {academic risk-taking, Context, dopamine, Games, learning, memory, motivation, neurons, Responses, reward, Uncertainty, Video-Game},
         isbn = {0020-4277},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000271447500002},
         author = {Howard-Jones, P. A. and Demetriou, S.}
 }
 @article {4214,
         title = {Exploring success factors of video game communities in hierarchical linear modeling: The perspectives of members and leaders},
         journal = {Computers in Human Behavior},
         volume = {25},
         number = {3},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Sp. Iss. SI450RMTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:71},
         month = {May},
         pages = {761-769},
         abstract = {Video games are enjoying fast-growing popularity, becoming a major component of young people{\textquoteright}s social lives and leisure activities. Many players share information and conduct social interactions in virtual communities (VC). The current study sought to examine the relationships between members and leaders in such video game communities using a number of variables to describe the member (i.e., knowledge sharing, usefulness, enjoyability, off-site interaction, satisfaction, loyalty, and intention to use) and the leader (i.e., leader involvement). Based on a sample of 2227 members and 41 leaders in 30 video game communities, the research demonstrated the use of a two-level hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) to examine the relationships of VC leaders and members, appropriately adjusted for a nested structure. The results indicated that leaders who engage in higher levels of involvement in VC are more likely to have members who agree with and respond to the community. Furthermore, member- and leader-level factors were significantly associated with member satisfaction: knowledge sharing, usefulness, and enjoyability explained within-VC variance while leader involvement explained between-VC variance. Finally, member satisfaction demonstrated positive effects on both member loyalty and intention to use. The study further discussed the implications of these findings, offering direction for future research. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
         keywords = {conceptual-framework, customer satisfaction, hierarchical linear model (hlm), Human-computer interaction, knowledge sharing behavior, leader involvement, loyalty, Participation, PERCEPTIONS, play online games, product development teams, Satisfaction, Video Game, virtual communities, virtual community},
         isbn = {0747-5632},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000266418500018},
         author = {Ho, S. H. and Huang,C H}
 }
 @article {4206,
         title = {Pathological Video-Game Use Among Youth Ages 8 to 18: A National Study},
         journal = {Psychological Science},
         volume = {20},
         number = {5},
         year = {2009},
         note = {441NATimes Cited:3Cited References Count:27},
         month = {May},
         pages = {594-602},
         abstract = {Researchers have studied whether some youth are "addicted" to video games, but previous studies have been based on regional convenience samples. Using a national sample, this study gathered information about video-gaming habits and parental involvement in gaming, to determine the percentage of youth who meet clinical-style criteria for pathological gaming. A Harris poll surveyed a randomly selected sample of 1,178 American youth ages 8 to 18. About 8\% of video-game players in this sample exhibited pathological patterns of play. Several indicators documented convergent and divergent validity of the results: Pathological gamers spent twice as much time playing as nonpathological gamers and received poorer grades in school; pathological gaming also showed comorbidity with attention problems. Pathological status significantly predicted poorer school performance even after controlling for sex, age, and weekly amount of video-game play. These results confirm that pathological gaming can be measured reliably, that the construct demonstrates validity, and that it is not simply isomorphic with a high amount of play.},
         keywords = {Adolescents, children, computer addiction, internet addiction},
         isbn = {0956-7976},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000265774700013},
         author = {Gentile, D.}
 }
 @article {4174,
         title = {Brain Activity Dissociates Mentalization from Motivation During an Interpersonal Competitive Game},
         journal = {Brain Imaging and Behavior},
         volume = {3},
         number = {1},
         year = {2009},
         note = {510LRTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:41},
         month = {Mar},
         pages = {24-37},
         abstract = {Studies demonstrating selective brain networks subserving motivation and mentalization (i.e. attributing states of mind to others) during social interactions have not investigated their mutual independence. We report the results of two fMRI studies using a competitive game requiring players to use implicit {\textquoteleft}on-line{\textquoteright} mentalization simultaneously with motivational processes of gains and losses in playing against a human or a computer opponent. We delineate a network, consisting of bilateral temporoparietal junction, temporal pole (TP), medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and right fusiform gyrus, which is sensitive to the opponent{\textquoteright}s response (challenging>not challenging the player) and opponent type (human>computer). This network is similar to a known explicit {\textquoteleft}off-line{\textquoteright} mentalization circuit, suggesting its additional involvement in implicit {\textquoteleft}on-line{\textquoteright} mentalization, a process more applicable to real-life social interactions. Importantly, only MPFC and TP were selective to mentalization compared to motivation, highlighting their specific operation in attributing states of mind to others during social interactions.},
         keywords = {Behavior, cognitive neuroscience, cortex, decision-making, fmri, fusiform face area, medial prefrontal cortex, neural systems, perception, reward, social cognition, temporal pole, temporoparietal junction, theory of mind},
         isbn = {1931-7557},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000271090500003},
         author = {Assaf, M. and Kahn, I. and Pearlson, G. D. and Johnson, M. R. and Yeshurun, Y. and Calhoun, V. D. and Hendler, T.}
 }
 @article {4221,
         title = {"It{\textquoteright}s Fantasy Football Made Real": Networked Media Sport, the Internet, and the Hybrid Reality of MyFootballClub},
         journal = {Sociology of Sport Journal},
         volume = {26},
         number = {1},
         year = {2009},
         note = {423ONTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:101},
         month = {Mar},
         pages = {89-106},
         abstract = {MyFootballClub (MFC) is a popular computer game, Web site, online networking experiment, business model, and an actual soccer Club. This article uses MFC to address the question of how networked media sport is reshaping the media sports cultural complex (Rowe, 2004). Our aim is to show how the professionalization and mediatization of sport has created a longing to reconstruct a kind of communitas around supporter participation in the ownership and running of their team, We conclude by suggesting that it is now time to think less in terms of the longstanding relationship between sport and media, and more about sport as media given the increasing interpenetration of digital media content, sport, and networked information and communications technologies.},
         keywords = {culture, Games, society},
         isbn = {0741-1235},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000264505700006},
         author = {Hutchins, B. and Rowe, D. and Ruddock, A.}
 }
 @article {4261,
         title = {A Modular Decision-centric Approach for Reusable Design Processes},
         journal = {Concurrent Engineering-Research and Applications},
         volume = {17},
         number = {1},
         year = {2009},
         note = {417DWTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:27},
         month = {Mar},
         pages = {5-19},
         abstract = {The reusability of design processes modeled in existing Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) and Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) frameworks has been limited to the level of flow charts or activity-based diagrams that serve as planning and organizational aids. Current simulation-based design frameworks provide limited support for reuse of design processes at a level where design processes are networks of computational operations, specifically the capabilities to reuse (a) design processes for different products, and (b) collaborative design strategies. In this article, we address these limitations by providing a modeling approach for simulation-based design processes so that they can be archived in a generic modular fashion and reused for collaborative design of different products. The proposed approach is based on four foundations: (a) modeling design processes as hierarchical systems, (b) separation of declarative and procedural information, (c) modeling design processes as decision-centric activities, and (d) modeling interactions between decision makers using game theoretic protocols. These four fundamentals of the approach are instantiated in the form of generic computational templates for products, processes, decisions, and pertinent interfaces. The approach is illustrated using a proof of concept implementation in ModelCenter. The implementation is validated by showing the reusability of design processes for two different products, a spring and a pressure vessel, in individual and collaborative design scenarios. The approach has potential for supporting reusability of broader PLM processes.},
         keywords = {collaboration, decision-centric design, design processes, modularity, reusability, templates},
         isbn = {1063-293X},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000264057100001},
         author = {Panchal, J. H. and Fernandez, M. G. and Paredis, C. J. J. and Allen, J. K. and Mistree, F.}
 }
 @article {4204,
         title = {Parents of Preschoolers: Expert Media Recommendations and Ratings Knowledge, Media-Effects Beliefs, and Monitoring Practices},
         journal = {Pediatrics},
         volume = {123},
         number = {3},
         year = {2009},
         note = {413XHTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:19},
         month = {Mar},
         pages = {981-988},
         abstract = {OBJECTIVE. Given the increase in screen media targeted at the very young, the purpose of this study was to examine preschooler parents{\textquoteright} knowledge about expert recommendations for young children{\textquoteright}s screen media experience, their knowledge of specific screen media ratings, their beliefs about screen media effects, and actual monitoring practices.METHOD. Parents of 94 children < 5 years of age (mean age: 2.95 years) were surveyed. Questionnaires were distributed in day care centers and completed at the parents{\textquoteright} convenience. The questionnaire included background questions about parental education, age and gender of child, and parents{\textquoteright} perceptions of their child{\textquoteright}s favorite television show and favorite video or computer game. Eleven multiple-choice questions assessed the respondent{\textquoteright}s knowledge of expert recommendations for screen media for preschoolers and the meaning of television and video game content ratings. Fourteen questions addressed the typical amount of their preschooler{\textquoteright}s screen media exposure, parental rules regarding screen media use, and parents{\textquoteright} beliefs about appropriate use of screen media for preschoolers.RESULTS. Preschoolers were exposed to an average of similar to 12 hours of screen media in a typical week. Parents believe that media do have either short- or long-term effects on preschoolers. Performance on factual questions was poor (mean score: 2.83 of 11). In particular, only 34\% of the parents correctly identified the expert recommendation for children > 2 years of age.CONCLUSIONS. Parents should continue to be educated about the need for preschoolers to participate in activities that promote language development, socialization, imagination, and physical activity. Although professionals should work to improve the ratings, and ultimately to implement a universal ratings system for all screen media, parents need to be encouraged to improve their understanding of current recommendations for screen media exposure and television and video game ratings. Pediatrics 2009;123:981-988},
         keywords = {children, Desensitization, expert recommendations, Games, Obesity, parents, preschool children, Ratings, screen media, Television, Violence},
         isbn = {0031-4005},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000263825500034},
         author = {Funk,J B and Brouwer, J. and Curtiss, K. and McBroom, E.}
 }
 @article {4310,
         title = {Video games and the perception of very long durations by adolescents},
         journal = {Computers in Human Behavior},
         volume = {25},
         number = {2},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Sp. Iss. SI413FTTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:38},
         month = {Mar},
         pages = {554-559},
         abstract = {In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that adolescents might underestimate time while playing a video game. To test this hypothesis, 116 adolescents (14-15 years old) had to judge prospectively or retrospectively the duration of three consecutive tasks: a 8 min and a 24 min task of playing video game (Tetris) and an 8 min task of reading on a computer screen (control task). The main hypothesis received support: for a same duration, the video game task was estimated as shorter than the reading task. Moreover, participants with a game-inclined profile showed a stronger underestimation of time while playing. Finally, the short durations were overestimated and the long duration underestimated. The main findings are accounted for by an attention-based explanation.},
         keywords = {Adolescents, Aggressive-Behavior, Attention, Cognition, demands, flow, Judgments, memory, Performance, Players, time perception, usage, Video Games},
         isbn = {0747-5632},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000263779000039},
         author = {Tobin, S. and Grondin, S.}
 }
 @article {4234,
         title = {Women{\textquoteright}s Games in Japan Gendered Identity and Narrative Construction},
         journal = {Theory Culture \& Society},
         volume = {26},
         number = {2-3},
         year = {2009},
         note = {455LZTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:33},
         month = {Mar},
         pages = {165-188},
         abstract = {Women{\textquoteright}s games (sic) refers to a category of games developed and marketed exclusively for the consumption of women and girls in the Japanese gaming industry. Essentially gender-specific games comparable to the {\textquoteright}games for girls{\textquoteright} proposed by the girls{\textquoteright} game movement in the USA, Japanese women{\textquoteright}s games are significant for their history, influence and function as a site for female gamers to play out various female identities and romantic fantasies within diverse generic structures. This article will first review previous research and literature on women and gaming, analyze the key issues raised in the discourse concerning femininity and electronic games, outline the history and development of women{\textquoteright}s games, explain how multiple factors contributed to the appeal of women{\textquoteright}s games by analyzing the games Angelique and Harukanaru Tokino Nakade3 and, lastly, discuss the meaning and significance of women{\textquoteright}s games in the larger context of women and gaming. The 1994 game Angelique succeeded in establishing a loyal and close-knit fan base by actively utilizing popular female culture such as shoujo manga (girls{\textquoteright} comics) and the fan base for voice actors. Angelique also set up the specifics and conventions of women{\textquoteright}s games: a focus on romance, easy controls and utilizing other multimedia. In 2004, Harukanaru Tokino Nakade3 deconstructed the genre and gender conventions of women{\textquoteright}s games and shoujo manga, while developing a new type of feminine identity and narrative. Women{\textquoteright}s games indicate that gender-specific games can be more than educational tools to familiarize girls with technology or perpetuate stereotypes; they can be a significant extension of female culture into the realm of gaming, and contribute to the development of women{\textquoteright}s culture and the diversification of the gaming industry.},
         keywords = {Computer games, Gender, Japan},
         isbn = {0263-2764},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000266763100009},
         author = {Kim, H.}
 }
 @article {4340,
         title = {Unreal: hostile expectations from social gameplay},
         journal = {New Media Society},
         volume = {11},
         number = {4},
         year = {2009},
         month = {June 1, 2009},
         pages = {509-531},
         abstract = {This article situates the general aggression model within the social structure of gameplay. Testing a mediated model of play, group gaming is examined in order to demonstrate how certain gameplay situations can promote hostile expectation bias or the tendency to predict how others would think, feel and act aggressively during social conflict. Demonstrating the casual structure inherent within complex gameplay, this study presents a needed step forward in the gaming literature. The mediated model presented departs from the typically examined direct effect model. Further, completing the model, this study suggests that when state hostility is heightened, hostile expectation bias increases.},
         url = {http://nms.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/11/4/509},
         author = {Eastin, Matthew S. and Griffiths, Robert P.}
 }
 @article {4341,
         title = {Wii has never been modern: {\textquoteright}active{\textquoteright} video games and the {\textquoteright}conduct of conduct{\textquoteright}},
         journal = {New Media Society},
         volume = {11},
         number = {4},
         year = {2009},
         month = {June 1, 2009},
         pages = {621-640},
         abstract = {This article considers the role of {\textquoteright}active{\textquoteright} video games -- specifically the Nintendo {\textquoteright}Wii{\textquoteright} -- as technologies that foster control over corporeality. New media scholars have examined the politics of embodiment and hybridity as they relate to video games, yet have paid limited attention to the ways in which new gaming technologies might contribute to contemporary systems of {\textquoteright}government{\textquoteright}, or what Foucault calls the {\textquoteright}conduct of conduct{\textquoteright}. Borrowing from influential social theorists, the article argues that, by undergoing what Latour labels {\textquoteright}translation{\textquoteright} (by merging with the body), the Wii invokes and reinscribes governmental and post-disciplinary rationalities. The analysis concludes by contending that the Wii might be a particularly influential innovation in risk-based post-disciplinary societies: rather than connecting {\textquoteright}at-risk{\textquoteright} subjects to human experts, the Wii functions as an active and autonomous quasi-object risk expert, able to diagnose {\textquoteright}problematic{\textquoteright}tendencies and prescribe basic behavioural remedies.},
         url = {http://nms.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/11/4/621},
         author = {Millington, Brad}
 }
 @article {4286,
         title = {Lateral Intraparietal Cortex and Reinforcement Learning during a Mixed-Strategy Game},
         journal = {Journal of Neuroscience},
         volume = {29},
         number = {22},
         year = {2009},
         note = {453SPTimes Cited:2Cited References Count:62},
         month = {Jun 3},
         pages = {7278-7289},
         abstract = {Activity of the neurons in the lateral intraparietal cortex (LIP) displays a mixture of sensory, motor, and memory signals. Moreover, they often encode signals reflecting the accumulation of sensory evidence that certain eye movements might lead to a desirable outcome. However, when the environment changes dynamically, animals are also required to combine the information about its previously chosen actions and their outcomes appropriately to update continually the desirabilities of alternative actions. Here, we investigated whether LIP neurons encoded signals necessary to update an animal{\textquoteright}s decision-making strategies adaptively during a computer-simulated matching-pennies game. Using a reinforcement learning algorithm, we estimated the value functions that best predicted the animal{\textquoteright}s choices on a trial-by-trial basis. We found that, immediately before the animal revealed its choice, similar to 18\% of LIP neurons changed their activity according to the difference in the value functions for the two targets. In addition, a somewhat higher fraction of LIP neurons displayed signals related to the sum of the value functions, which might correspond to the state value function or an average rate of reward used as a reference point. Similar to the neurons in the prefrontal cortex, many LIP neurons also encoded the signals related to the animal{\textquoteright}s previous choices. Thus, the posterior parietal cortex might be a part of the network that provides the substrate for forming appropriate associations between actions and outcomes.},
         keywords = {anterior cingulate cortex, competitive game, decision-making, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, human brain, matching behavior, neural basis, Orbitofrontal cortex, posterior parietal cortex, reward expectancy},
         isbn = {0270-6474},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000266632400019},
         author = {Seo, H. and Barraclough, D. J. and Lee, D.}
 }
 @article {4315,
         title = {Rationale, design and methods for a randomised and controlled trial to investigate whether home access to electronic games decreases children{\textquoteright}s physical activity},
         journal = {BMC Public Health},
         volume = {9},
         year = {2009},
         note = {472PHTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:75},
         month = {Jun 29},
         pages = {-},
         abstract = {Background: Many children are reported to have insufficient physical activity (PA) placing them at greater risk of poor health outcomes. Participating in sedentary activities such as playing electronic games is widely believed to contribute to less PA. However there is no experimental evidence that playing electronic games reduces PA. There is also no evidence regarding the effect of different types of electronic games (traditional sedentary electronic games versus new active input electronic games) on PA. Further, there is a poor understanding about how characteristics of children may moderate the impact of electronic game access on PA and about what leisure activities are displaced when children play electronic games. Given that many children play electronic games, a better understanding of the effect of electronic game use on PA is critical to inform child health policy and intervention.Methods: This randomised and controlled trial will examine whether PA is decreased by access to electronic games and whether any effect is dependent on the type of game input or the child{\textquoteright}s characteristics. Children aged 10-12 years (N = 72, 36 females) will be recruited and randomised to a balanced ordering of {\textquoteright}no electronic games{\textquoteright}, {\textquoteright} traditional{\textquoteright} electronic games and {\textquoteright}active{\textquoteright} electronic games. Each child will participate in each condition for 8 weeks, and be assessed prior to participation and at the end of each condition. The primary outcome is PA, assessed by Actical accelerometers worn for 7 days on the wrist and hip. Energy expenditure will be assessed by the doubly labelled water technique and motor coordination, adiposity, self-confidence, attitudes to technology and PA and leisure activities will also be assessed. A sample of 72 will provide a power of > 0.9 for detecting a 15 mins difference in PA (sd = 30 mins).Discussion: This is the first such trial and will provide critical information to understand whether access to electronic games affects children{\textquoteright}s PA. Given the vital importance of adequate PA to a healthy start to life and establishing patterns which may track into adulthood, this project can inform interventions which could have a profound impact on the long term health of children.Trial registration: This trial is registered in the Australia and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN 12609000279224).},
         keywords = {activity intervention, Body-Mass Index, communication technology, computer use, doubly-labeled water, resting energy-expenditure, Risk-Factors, screen-based media, sedentary behavior, time spent},
         isbn = {1471-2458},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000268143600001},
         author = {Straker, L. M. and Abbott, R. A. and Piek, J. P. and Pollock, C. M. and Davies, P. S. and Smith, A. J.}
 }
 @article {4169,
         title = {An Analysis of the Insertion of Virtual Players in GMABS Methodology Using the Vip-JogoMan Prototype},
         journal = {JASSS: The Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation},
         volume = {12},
         number = {3},
         year = {2009},
         note = {499LHTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:36},
         month = {Jun},
         pages = {-},
         abstract = {The GMABS (Games and Multi-Agent-Based Simulation) methodology was created from the integration of RPG and MABS techniques. This methodology links the dynamic capacity of MABS (Multi-Agent-Based Simulation) and the discussion and learning capacity of RPG (Role-Playing Games). Using GMABS, we have developed two prototypes in the natural resources management domain. The first prototype, called JogoMan (Adamatti et. al, 2005), is a paper-based game: all players need to be physically present in the same place and time, and there is a minimum needed number of participants to play the game. In order to avoid this constraint, we have built a second prototype, called ViP-JogoMan (Adamatti et. al, 2007), which is an extension of the first one. This second game enables the insertion of virtual players that can substitute some real players in the game. These virtual players can partially mime real behaviors and capture autonomy, social abilities, reaction and adaptation of the real players. We have chosen the BDI architecture to model these virtual players, since its paradigm is based on folk psychology; hence, its core concepts easily map the language that people use to describe their reasoning and actions in everyday life. ViP-JogoMan is a computer-based game, in which people play via Web, players can be in different places and it does not have a hard constraint regarding the minimum number of real players. Our aim in this paper is to present some test results obtained with both prototypes, as well as to present a preliminary discussion on how the insertion of virtual players has affected the game results.},
         keywords = {multi-agent based simulation, natural resources, role-playing games, virtual players},
         isbn = {1460-7425},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000270221200006},
         author = {Adamatti, D. F. and Sichman, J. S. and Coelho, H.}
 }
 @article {4199,
         title = {Information-Driven Search Strategies in the Board Game of CLUE (R)},
         journal = {IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics Part B-Cybernetics},
         volume = {39},
         number = {3},
         year = {2009},
         note = {445RQTimes Cited:1Cited References Count:40},
         month = {Jun},
         pages = {607-625},
         abstract = {This paper presents an information-driven sensor management problem, referred to as treasure hunt, which is relevant to mobile-sensor applications such as mine hunting, monitoring, and surveillance. The objective is to infer a hidden variable or treasure by selecting a sequence of measurements associated with multiple fixed targets distributed in the sensor workspace. The workspace is represented by a connectivity graph, where each node represents a possible sensor deployment, and the arcs represent possible sensor movements. An additive conditional entropy reduction function is presented to efficiently compute the expected benefit of a measurement sequence over time. Then, the optimal treasure hunt strategy is determined by a novel label-correcting algorithm operating on the connectivity graph. The methodology is illustrated through the board game of CLUE (R), which is shown to be a benchmark example of the treasure hunt problem. The game results show that a computer player implementing the strategies developed in this paper outperforms players implementing Bayesian networks, Q-learning, or constraint satisfaction, as well as human players.},
         keywords = {Algorithm, bayesian networks (bns), computer game playing, influence diagrams (ids), label-correcting algorithms, mine hunting, NETWORKS, path planning, search theory, sensor management, sensor planning, value of information},
         isbn = {1083-4419},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000266069600003},
         author = {Ferrari, S. and Cai, C. H.}
 }
 @article {4287,
         title = {Worlds of affect: virtual geographies of video games},
         journal = {Environment and Planning A},
         volume = {41},
         number = {6},
         year = {2009},
         note = {465XCTimes Cited:2Cited References Count:70},
         month = {Jun},
         pages = {1332-1343},
         abstract = {Video games are virtual worlds, each with its own, distinctive spatiality. This paper suggests that there are two interrelated conceptual dimensions to the study of video games. First, there are the representational issues concerning the worlds depicted in video games, such as those portraying hypersexualized women or Orientalist depictions of Arab enemies. We suggest, however, that these cultural, sexual, and political representations are not the only forces doing work on the player within the virtual world of a video game. This paper complements a purely representational approach by considering {\textquoteright}affect{\textquoteright} as a precognitive force which disrupts and delights the player with reactions ranging from fear to joy. We argue that, as the spatiality of video games has evolved from simple two-dimensional to complex three-dimensional worlds; the importance of an affective experience to the player has become paramount. Exploiting and manipulating the player{\textquoteright}s sensory experience is now the central strategy for many game designers. The paper is divided in two interrelated sections: the first tackles representational issues from culture to violence, while the second section contributes to our understanding of video games as {\textquoteright}worlds of affect{\textquoteright}.},
         keywords = {computer game, cyberspace, female characters, landscape, NETWORKS, online, player, space, Technology},
         isbn = {0308-518X},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000267622000007},
         author = {Shaw, I. G. R. and Warf, B.}
 }
 @proceedings {4537,
         title = {Uncanny as usability obstacle},
         journal = {Online Communities and Social Computing, HCI International},
         volume = {12},
         year = {2009},
         month = {July 19},
         pages = {622{\textendash}631},
         publisher = {Springer},
         address = {San Diego},
         abstract = {The eerie feeling attributed to photo-realistic human-like video game characters may serve as a usability obstacle leaving viewers dissatisfied with a particular character for a video game. This study investigates the relationships between user satisfaction and perceived strangeness and between user satisfaction and human-like appearance for virtual characters. 65 participants were asked to rate 13 video clips of 12 different virtual characters and one real human. The results indicate that the Uncanny Valley does serve as a usability obstacle with a strong correlation between a user{\textquoteright}s satisfaction rating and the perceived strangeness for a character, with the characters rated the strangest being the least satisfactory. Whilst there was still a positive correlation between human-like appearance for a character with user satisfaction, this was not as significant, with stylised and anthropomorphic characters perceived to be as satisfactory or more so than those of a photo-realistic human-like appearance},
         keywords = {photo-realistic, uncanny valley, Usability Obstacle},
         isbn = {978-3-642-02773-4},
         doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-02774-1_67},
         url = {http://digitalcommons.bolton.ac.uk/gcct_conferencepr/12/},
         author = {Angela Tinwell}
 }
 @article {4230,
         title = {Context and Driving Forces in the Development of the Early Computer Game Nimbi},
         journal = {IEEE Annals of the History of Computing},
         volume = {31},
         number = {3},
         year = {2009},
         note = {489SRTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:54},
         month = {Jul-Sep},
         pages = {44-53},
         abstract = {The Danish computer company Regnecentralen developed a computer version of Piet Hein{\textquoteright}s game Nimbi, a variant of the ancient game Nim, in 1962 and 1963. Piet Hein envisioned computers playing against humans, while Regnecentralen hoped Nimbi would illustrate the potential of computers to the public. Although technologically successful, Nimbi never fulfilled its promise due to hardware constraints and a lack of organizational follow-up.},
         isbn = {1058-6180},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000269443300005},
         author = {Jorgensen, A. H.}
 }
 @article {4350,
         title = {Digital game playing motives among adolescents: Relations to parent-child communication, school performance, sleeping habits, and perceived health},
         journal = {Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology},
         volume = {30},
         number = {4},
         year = {2009},
         note = {465ZDTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:65},
         month = {Jul-Aug},
         pages = {463-474},
         abstract = {The aims of this research were to describe Finnish adolescents{\textquoteright} different motives for digital game playing, and to examine relations between digital game playing and parent-child communication, school performance, sleeping habits, and perceived health. A questionnaire was used to assess a nationwide postal sample of 12-18-year-old Finns (6761 respondents, response rate 69\%) in winter 2003. Among respondents, 4085 adolescents played digital games and answered questions on digital game motives. Two main motives emerged: instrumental (learn new things and procedures, have a common topic for conversation, use and develop game playing skills, experience different roles/worlds) and ritualized (pastime, entertainment; recover, relax; escape everyday life, forget worries). The importance of all motives increased for participants with longer playing times. Instrumental motives were more important to boys and younger respondents. They were associated with earlier bedtime, worse perceived health, better mother communication, and better school grades, but only among boys. The importance of ritualized motives increased with age and was related to better school performance, worse sleeping habits, and worse perceived health in both sexes. Digital games seem to have the same basic functions as media in serving adolescents{\textquoteright} mood management and stimulation seeking. Among boys, gaming is part of the male socio-cultural communication context. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
         keywords = {Adolescents, Computer games, digital game playing motives, Electronic Games, internet paradox, local television-news, low-back-pain, media use, parasocial interaction, parent-child communication, Patterns, perceived health, School Performance, schoolchildren, sleeping habits, Video Games},
         isbn = {0193-3973},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000267628500008},
         author = {Wallenius, M. and Rimpela, A. and Punamaki, R. L. and Lintonen, T.}
 }
 @article {4345,
         title = {Playing TETRIS for science counter-regulatory affective processing in a motivationally "hot" context},
         journal = {Acta Psychologica},
         volume = {131},
         number = {3},
         year = {2009},
         note = {475LQTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:25},
         month = {Jul},
         pages = {171-177},
         abstract = {We adapted the computer game TETRIS to investigate the process of affective-motivational counter-regulation, that is, attentional biases for emotional stimuli that are in opposition to the momentary Motivational focus. Counter-regulation is seen as a mechanism which should prevent escalation and impulsivity, and it should help to avoid becoming "locked up" in affective-motivational states. Accordingly, for a negative outcome focus condition (i.e., risk of losing a current high score), we hypothesized greater interference by positive distractors that were included in the game, whereas for a positive outcome focus (i.e., chance to improve one{\textquoteright}s current high score), we hypothesized greater interference by negative distractors. Supporting our hypotheses, we found the predicted interactions between distractor valence and type of outcome focus. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
         keywords = {action regulation, attention-grabbing power, attentional biases, automatic attention, emotion, emotion regulation, Facial Expressions, flexibility, memory, negativity bias, social information, Stimuli, task, vigilance},
         isbn = {0001-6918},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000268361100001},
         author = {Wentura, D. and Voss, A. and Rothermund, K.}
 }
 @article {4267,
         title = {Tipping the Balance Use of Advergames to Promote Consumption of Nutritious Foods and Beverages by Low-Income African American Children},
         journal = {Archives of Pediatrics \& Adolescent Medicine},
         volume = {163},
         number = {7},
         year = {2009},
         note = {467EKTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:12},
         month = {Jul},
         pages = {633-637},
         abstract = {Objective: To examine how advergames, which are online computer games developed to market a product, affect consumption of healthier and less healthy snacks by low-income African American children.Design: Cross-sectional, between-subjects examination of an advergame in which children were rewarded for having their computer character consume healthier or less healthy foods and beverages. Children were randomly assigned to 1 of the following 3 conditions: (1) the healthier advergame condition, (2) the less healthy advergame condition, or (3) the control condition.Setting: Urban public elementary schools.Participants: Thirty low-income, African American children aged 9 to 10 years.Main Exposure: Children in the treatment conditions played a less healthy or a healthier version of an advergame 2 times before choosing and eating a snack and completing the experimental measures. Children in the control group chose and ate a snack before playing the game and completing the measures.Main Outcome Measures: The number of healthier snack items children selected and ate and how much children liked the game.Results: Children who played the healthier version of the advergame selected and ate significantly more healthy snacks than did those who played the less healthy version. Children reported liking the advergame.Conclusions: Findings suggest that concerns about online advergames that market unhealthy foods are justified. However, advergames may also be used to promote healthier foods and beverages. This kind of social marketing approach could tip the scales toward the selection of higher-quality snacks, thereby helping to curb the obesity epidemic.},
         keywords = {children},
         isbn = {1072-4710},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000267720400006},
         author = {Pempek, T. A. and Calvert, S. L.}
 }
 @article {4253,
         title = {Appetitive and Aversive Taste Conditioning in a Computer Game Influences Real-World Decision Making and Subsequent Activation in Insular Cortex},
         journal = {Journal of Neuroscience},
         volume = {29},
         number = {4},
         year = {2009},
         note = {400HQTimes Cited:1Cited References Count:32},
         month = {Jan 28},
         pages = {1046-1051},
         abstract = {A stimulus, by virtue of its pairing with a rewarding or an aversive outcome, can acquire motivating properties reflecting that outcome. However, there is uncertainty concerning the extent to which such properties might be carried across contexts. In the current study we sought to determine whether conditioning-dependent motivational properties can transfer from a computer game to the real world and, further, whether this conditioning might be expressed in terms of brain responses measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We studied healthy participants conditioned with aversive and appetitive drinks in the context of a virtual cycling race. Three days after conditioning, participants returned for a fMRI session. We took this opportunity to observe the impact of incidental presentation of conditioned stimuli on a real-world decision (seat choice). We found a significant influence of conditioning on seat choice and, moreover, noted that individual susceptibility to this influence was reflected in differential insula cortex responses during subsequent scanning. The choice was also predicted by participants{\textquoteright} personality scores and, as a statistical trend (p = 0.07), by their sense of immersion in the game environment. Our data show that motivational properties of stimuli can transfer from the virtual to the real world. While much concern has been expressed over the impact of virtual experience on general levels of aggression and mood, our data point to another important consideration: the fact that a stimulus in the virtual environment can acquire motivational properties that persist and modify behavior in the real world.},
         keywords = {aversion, classical conditioning, environment, imaging, insights, insula, lesions, motivation, Responses, reward, Virtual-Reality},
         isbn = {0270-6474},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000262859000016},
         author = {McCabe, J. A. and Tobler, P. N. and Schultz, W. and Dickinson, A. and Lupson, V. and Fletcher, P. C.}
 }
 @article {4258,
         title = {Is aggression in children with behavioural and emotional difficulties associated with television viewing and video game playing? A systematic review},
         journal = {Child Care Health and Development},
         volume = {35},
         number = {1},
         year = {2009},
         note = {389OVTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:37},
         month = {Jan},
         pages = {5-15},
         abstract = {Possible associations between television viewing and video game playing and children{\textquoteright}s aggression have become public health concerns. We did a systematic review of studies that examined such associations, focussing on children and young people with behavioural and emotional difficulties, who are thought to be more susceptible.We did computer-assisted searches of health and social science databases, gateways, publications from relevant organizations and for grey literature; scanned bibliographies; hand-searched key journals; and corresponded with authors. We critically appraised all studies.A total of 12 studies: three experiments with children with behavioural and emotional difficulties found increased aggression after watching aggressive as opposed to low-aggressive content television programmes, one found the opposite and two no clear effect, one found such children no more likely than controls to imitate aggressive television characters. One case-control study and one survey found that children and young people with behavioural and emotional difficulties watched more television than controls; another did not. Two studies found that children and young people with behavioural and emotional difficulties viewed more hours of aggressive television programmes than controls. One study on video game use found that young people with behavioural and emotional difficulties viewed more minutes of violence and played longer than controls. In a qualitative study children with behavioural and emotional difficulties, but not their parents, did not associate watching television with aggression. All studies had significant methodological flaws. None was based on power calculations.This systematic review found insufficient, contradictory and methodologically flawed evidence on the association between television viewing and video game playing and aggression in children and young people with behavioural and emotional difficulties. If public health advice is to be evidence-based, good quality research is needed.},
         keywords = {Adolescents, Aggression, appraising qualitative research, cartoons, child, disturbed children, Exposure, Impact, Media Violence, Sample, systematic review, Television, Video Game},
         isbn = {0305-1862},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000262105300002},
         author = {Mitrofan, O. and Paul, M. and Spencer, N.}
 }
 @article {4232,
         title = {Designing physical and social intergenerational family entertainment},
         journal = {Interacting with Computers},
         volume = {21},
         number = {1-2},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Sp. Iss. SI421JGTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:24},
         month = {Jan},
         pages = {76-87},
         abstract = {Present computer games and digital entertainment do not usually facilitate intergenerational family interactions. According to recent survey results in Japan, there is a high percentage of older people who own and play electronic or computer games, but rarely do they play the games with their family members. it is a positive sign that more older people are participating in the digital games arena, but it would be even more beneficial if they Could interact actively with the young family members through gaming activities. This could possibly strengthen family bonding and bridge the gap between older people and youth culture.This paper presents steps for designing an intergenerational family entertainment system which focuses Oil physical and social interactions using a mixed reality floor system. The main design goals include: facilitating interactions between users with varied levels of skill in utilizing technology, utilizing the familiar physical motions from other activities to make an intuitive physical interface, and encouraging social interactions among families and friends. Detailed implementation of these steps is presented in the design of our intergenerational entertainment system, Age Invaders. Four main prototype iterations for the system is presented. Our design process is based on User Centered Design and relies on constant involvement of users to understand the key issues and to help make effective design decisions. The results of the study help to focus the refinements of the existing platform from a usability standpoint and also aids in the development of new physical entertainment and interactive applications. This study provides insights into user issues including how users interact in a complex mixed reality experience, which is heavily based in physicality. The use of one portion of the user base which is most proficient with technology before involving the novice users was found to empower novice users to begin to use digital technology. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved},
         keywords = {family entertainment, Game play, mixed reality entertainment, social computing, user, user-centered design},
         isbn = {0953-5438},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000264354600009},
         author = {Khoo, E. T. and Merritt, T. and Cheok, A. D.}
 }
 @article {4263,
         title = {Digital Game-Based Learning in high school Computer Science education: Impact on educational effectiveness and student motivation},
         journal = {Computers \& Education},
         volume = {52},
         number = {1},
         year = {2009},
         note = {412CVTimes Cited:1Cited References Count:35},
         month = {Jan},
         pages = {1-12},
         abstract = {The aim of this study was to assess the learning effectiveness and motivational appeal of a computer game for learning computer memory concepts, which was designed according to the curricular objectives and the subject matter of the Greek high school Computer Science (CS) curriculum, as compared to a similar application, encompassing identical learning objectives and content but lacking the gaming aspect. The study also investigated potential gender differences in the game{\textquoteright}s learning effectiveness and motivational appeal. The sample was 88 students, who were randomly assigned to two groups, one of which used the gaming application (Group A, N = 47) and the other one the non-gaming one (Group B, N = 41). A Computer Memory Knowledge Test (CMKT) was used as the pretest and posttest. Students were also observed during the interventions. Furthermore, after the interventions. students{\textquoteright} views on the application they had used were elicited through a feedback questionnaire. Data analyses showed that the gaming approach was both more effective in promoting students{\textquoteright} knowledge of computer memory concepts and more motivational than the non-gaming approach. Despite boys{\textquoteright} greater involvement with, liking of and experience in computer gaming, and their greater initial computer memory knowledge, the learning gains that boys and girls achieved through the use of the game did not differ significantly, and the game was found to be equally motivational for boys and girls. The results suggest that within high school CS, educational computer games can be exploited as effective and motivational learning environments, regardless of students{\textquoteright} gender.},
         keywords = {applications in subject areas, gender studies, Home, interactive learning environments, multimedia/hypermedia systems, Secondary education},
         isbn = {0360-1315},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000263701900001},
         author = {Papastergiou, M.}
 }
 @article {4175,
         title = {The effect of violent and non-violent computer games on cognitive performance},
         journal = {Computers in Human Behavior},
         volume = {25},
         number = {1},
         year = {2009},
         note = {418XDTimes Cited:2Cited References Count:21},
         month = {Jan},
         pages = {96-102},
         abstract = {Two studies were conducted in order to determine the impact computer games had on the cognitive performance. Study 1 evaluated a measure of cognition, which incorporates aspects of short-term working memory, visual attention, mathematical decision making, and auditory perception. Study 2 measured the cognitive performance between those who did not play video games versus those who played either a violent or non-violent video game. Results from Study 1 indicate participants needed approximately four trials to reach asymptotic performance on the cognitive measure. Results of Study 2 showed that participants who did not play any video game did not have a change in their cognitive performance, while those who played either a violent or non-violent video game had an increase in their cognitive performance.},
         keywords = {Cognition, Computer games, environment, Performance, synwin, Video Games},
         isbn = {0747-5632},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000264182300011},
         author = {Barlett, C. P. and Vowels, C. L. and Shanteau, J. and Crow, J. and Miller, T.}
 }
 @article {4313,
         title = {The effects of computer games on primary school students{\textquoteright} achievement and motivation in geography learning},
         journal = {Computers \& Education},
         volume = {52},
         number = {1},
         year = {2009},
         note = {412CVTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:37},
         month = {Jan},
         pages = {68-77},
         abstract = {The implementation of a computer game for learning about geography by primary school students is the focus of this article. Researchers designed and developed a three-dimensional educational computer game. Twenty four students in fourth and fifth grades in a private school in Ankara, Turkey learnt about world continents and countries through this game for three weeks. The effects of the game environment on students{\textquoteright} achievement and motivation and related implementation issues were examined through both quantitative and qualitative methods. An analysis of pre and post achievement tests showed that students made significant learning gains by participating in the game-based learning environment. When comparing their motivations while learning in the game-based learning environment and in their traditional school environment, it was found that students demonstrated statistically significant higher intrinsic motivations and statistically significant lower extrinsic motivations learning in the game-based environment. In addition, they had decreased focus on getting grades and they were more independent while participating in the game-based activities. These positive effects on learning and motivation, and the positive attitudes of students and teachers suggest that computer games can be used as an ICT tool in formal learning environments to support students in effective geography learning.},
         keywords = {applications in subject areas, classroom, Computer games, Elementary education, interactive learning environments, software, teaching geography, Virtual Environments, virtual reality, worlds},
         isbn = {0360-1315},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000263701900007},
         author = {Tuzun, H. and Yilmaz-Soylu, M. and Karakus, T. and Inal, Y. and Kizilkaya, G.}
 }
 @article {4224,
         title = {Playing a violent television game affects heart rate variability},
         journal = {Acta Paediatrica},
         volume = {98},
         number = {1},
         year = {2009},
         note = {382WTTimes Cited:1Cited References Count:30},
         month = {Jan},
         pages = {166-172},
         abstract = {Objective: To investigate how playing a violent/nonviolent television game during the evening affects sympathetic and parasympathetic reactions during and after playing as well as sleep quality during the night after playing.Subjects and Methods: In total, 19 boys, 12-15 years of age, played television games on two occasions in their homes and participated once without gaming. Heart rate, heart rate variability (HRV) and physical activity were measured during gaming/participating and the night to follow using a portable combined heart rate and movement sensor. A sleep diary and questionnaires about gaming experiences and session-specific experiences were filled in.Criteria for Selection of Games: Violent game involves/rewards direct physical violence (no handguns) against another person, and nonviolent game involves/rewards no violence; same game design ({\textquoteright}third-person game{\textquoteright}); conducted in the same manner; no differences concerning motor activity; similar sound and light effects; no sexual content, violence against women or racial overtones.Results: During violent (vs. nonviolent) gaming, there was significantly higher activity of the very low frequency component of the HRV and total power. During the night after playing, very low frequency, low frequency and high frequency components were significantly higher during the violent (vs. nonviolent) condition, just as total power. There were no significant differences between the three conditions (violent/nonviolent/no gaming) with respect to an index reflecting subjectively perceived sleep difficulties. Nor was there any difference between violent and nonviolent condition for any single sleep item.Conclusion: Violent gaming induces different autonomic responses in boys compared to nonviolent gaming - during playing and during the following night - suggesting different emotional responses. Subjectively perceived sleep quality is not influenced after a single gaming experience. Future studies should address the development of the autonomic balance after gaming over longer time than a night, physiological adaptation to frequent gaming and potential gender differences.},
         keywords = {Arousal, autonomic nervous system, children, computer game, good sleep, heart rate variability, Impact, latency, mortality, myocardial-infarction, period variability, school children, sleep quality, television game, Video Games},
         isbn = {0803-5253},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000261636800035},
         author = {Ivarsson, M. and Anderson, M. and Angstrom, T. and Lindblad, F.}
 }
 @article {4272,
         title = {Teaming up humans with autonomous synthetic characters},
         journal = {Artificial Intelligence},
         volume = {173},
         number = {1},
         year = {2009},
         note = {387DHTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:76},
         month = {Jan},
         pages = {80-103},
         abstract = {Autonomous synthetic characters have the potential to promote the social engagement of users in virtual environments, enhancing their interaction experience. In computer games, for example, poor interaction with game characters can drastically detract from the gaming experience, making the design of autonomous synthetic characters an important issue. In particular, in Role Playing Games (RPGs), for example, users and autonomous characters often perform in a group. Usually, the role of such characters is very limited since they lack the social skills to perform coherently in group scenarios.The goal of the work presented here is to endow autonomous synthetic characters with social skills that allow them to perform in groups with human members. However, to successfully achieve this, it is not enough to assure that the characters behave in a coherent manner from an individual perspective or that they are able to perform the group task optimally. It is also necessary that the autonomous characters exhibit behaviours that are coherent with the group{\textquoteright}s composition, context and structure.For this reason, we have developed a model to support group dynamics of autonomous synthetic characters (SGD model) inspired by theories developed in human social psychological sciences. This model defines the knowledge that each individual should build about the others and the group, and how this knowledge drives their interactions. The model was used in a collaborative computer game that was tested with users. The results showed that the model had a positive effect on the users{\textquoteright} social engagement, namely. on their trust and identification with the group. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
         keywords = {agents, autonomous synthetic characters, believability, computer-human interaction, group cohesiveness, Group dynamics, Performance, power, Satisfaction, social intelligence, teamwork, Time},
         isbn = {0004-3702},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000261931400003},
         author = {Prada, R. and Paiva, A.}
 }
 @article {4300,
         title = {Experimental Validation of the Learning Effect for a Pedagogical Game on Computer Fundamentals},
         journal = {IEEE Transactions on Education},
         volume = {52},
         number = {1},
         year = {2009},
         note = {405LDTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:23},
         month = {Feb},
         pages = {10-18},
         abstract = {The question/answer-based computer game Age of Computers was introduced to replace traditional weekly paper exercises in a course in Computer Fundamentals in 2003. Questionnaire evaluations and observation of student behavior have indicated that the students found the game more motivating than paper exercises and that a majority of the students also perceived the game to have a higher learning effect than paper exercises or textbook reading. This paper reports on a controlled experiment to compare the learning effectiveness of game play with traditional paper exercises, as well as with textbook reading. The results indicated that with equal time being spent on the various learning activities, the effect of game play was only equal to that of the other activities, not better. Yet this result is promising enough, as the increased motivation means that students work harder in the course. Also, the results indicate that the game has potential for improvement, in particular with respect to its feedback on the more complicated questions.},
         keywords = {computer fundamentals, computer game, computer science education, Edutainment},
         isbn = {0018-9359},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000263225300002},
         author = {Sindre, G. and Natvig, L. and Jahre, M.}
 }
 @article {4180,
         title = {FERMT: A computer game based on fermentation process development (vol 6, pg 38, 1971)},
         journal = {Process Biochemistry},
         volume = {44},
         number = {2},
         year = {2009},
         note = {405VITimes Cited:0Cited References Count:1},
         month = {Feb},
         pages = {256-256},
         isbn = {1359-5113},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000263251900021},
         author = {Bungay, H. R.}
 }
 @article {4178,
         title = {Informing Our Own Choices: A Proposal for User-Generated Classification},
         journal = {Media International Australia},
         number = {130},
         year = {2009},
         note = {417OFTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:27},
         month = {Feb},
         pages = {112-126},
         abstract = {New media are distrusted media, and computer games are the contemporary currency in new media. Computer game content, like other popular media content, is regulated in different jurisdictions by one of three general models: the open market in which consumption decides the availability of product, industry self-regulation in which industry bodies decide, and government regulation in which government or quasi-governmental bodies decide. Arguably, these models represent the twentieth century state of the art and fail to keep pace with changes in the aesthetics and technologies associated with interactive entertainment. In a networked economy alternative models exist to serve content gatekeeping functions, and they serve to close the lags and limitations that plague existing models. These alternatives include innovations such as user-generated classification and dynamic meta-tagging. This paper examines current classification approaches and their limitations, and presents alternative approaches with a hypothetical game title.},
         isbn = {1329-878X},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000264084900012},
         author = {Brand, J. and Finn, M.}
 }
 @article {4181,
         title = {Deus Ex Machina-A Higher Creative Species in the Game of Chess},
         journal = {AI Magazine},
         volume = {30},
         number = {3},
         year = {2009},
         note = {514LXTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:6},
         month = {Fal},
         pages = {63-70},
         abstract = {Computers and human beings play chess differently The basic paradigm that computer programs employ is known as "search and evaluate." Their static evaluation is arguably more primitive than the perceptual one of humans. Yet the intelligence emerging from them is phenomenal. A human spectator is not able to tell the difference between a brilliant computer game and one played by Kasparov Chess played by today{\textquoteright}s machines looks extraordinary, full of imagination and creativity. Such elements may be Me reason that computers are superior to humans in Me sport of kings, at least for the moment. This article is about how roles have changed: humans play chess like machines, and machines play chess the way Minions used to play.},
         isbn = {0738-4602},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000271397300006},
         author = {Bushinsky, S.}
 }
 @booklet {4425,
         title = {Commitment to Meaning: A Reframing of Agency in Games},
         year = {2009},
         month = {December 12-15},
         abstract = {This paper examines the concept of agency within games and proposes a shift from the notion of agency as representing choice or freedom to one of agency as representing commitment to meaning. This conception of agency is aimed at understanding the pleasures of engaging with narratively rich games, and helps to address the tension between player choice and authorial intent. We draw on what speech act theory says about how trust, meaning and communication are achieved in human conversation, applying these notions to interactive storytelling. This new perspective on agency provides us with a better analytical tool for understanding the relationship between interaction and narrative pleasure, and provides a useful metric for designers of story-rich games. },
         keywords = {Agency, game design, game studies, Interactive Storytelling, Speech Act Theory},
         url = {http://escholarship.org/uc/item/6f49r74n},
         author = {Tanenbaum, Karen and Tanenbaum, Joshua}
 }
 @article {4349,
         title = {Advances in Games Technology: Software, Models, and Intelligence},
         journal = {Simulation Gaming},
         volume = {40},
         number = {6},
         year = {2009},
         month = {December 1, 2009},
         pages = {752-801},
         abstract = {Games technology has undergone tremendous development. In this article, the authors report the rapid advancement that has been observed in the way games software is being developed, as well as in the development of games content using game engines. One area that has gained special attention is modeling the game environment such as terrain and buildings. This article presents the continuous level of detail terrain modeling techniques that can help generate and render realistic terrain in real time. Deployment of characters in the environment is increasingly common. This requires strategies to map scalable behavior characteristics for characters as well. The authors present two important aspects of crowd simulation: the realism of the crowd behavior and the computational overhead involved. A good simulation of crowd behavior requires delicate balance between these aspects. The focus in this article is on human behavior representation for crowd simulation. To enhance the player experience, the authors present the concept of player adaptive entertainment computing, which provides a personalized experience for each individual when interacting with the game. The current state of game development involves using very small percentage (typically 4\% to 12\%) of CPU time for game artificial intelligence (AI). Future game AI requires developing computational strategies that have little involvement of CPU for online play, while using CPU{\textquoteright}s idle capacity when the game is not being played, thereby emphasizing the construction of complex game AI models offline. A framework of such nonconventional game AI models is introduced.},
         url = {http://sag.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/40/6/752},
         author = {Prakash, Edmond and Brindle, Geoff and Jones, Kevin and Zhou, Suiping and Chaudhari, Narendra S. and Wong, Kok-Wai}
 }
 @article {4348,
         title = {A Review of Humor for Computer Games: Play, Laugh and More},
         journal = {Simulation Gaming},
         volume = {40},
         number = {6},
         year = {2009},
         month = {December 1, 2009},
         pages = {802-824},
         abstract = {Computer games are now becoming ways to communicate, teach, and influence attitudes and behavior. In this article, we address the role of humor in computer games, especially in support of serious purposes. We begin with a review of the main theories of humor, including superiority, incongruity, and relief. These theories and their interrelationships do well in helping us understand the humor process, but they have been developed in the context of traditional human activity. To explore how they relate to computer games, we present the findings of a qualitative study of player experience of humor and show how it relates to the theoretical perspectives. We then review the main functions of humor, especially its effects on social, emotional, and cognitive behavior. We show how each of these functions can be used in game design to support the specific experiences and outcomes of game-play. Finally, we address the issue of serious games and make suggestions on how humor can inform and support the design of those games. We suggest that humor can support design by smoothing and sustaining the game mechanics. Moreover, games can draw on the functions of humor in the real world for enhancing communication, learning, and social presence. Using humor makes games richer and more powerful, as well as fun.},
         url = {http://sag.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/40/6/802},
         author = {Dormann, Claire and Biddle, Robert}
 }
 @article {4491,
         title = {Theoretical Consoles: Concepts for Gadget Analysis},
         journal = {Journal of Visual Culture},
         volume = {8},
         number = {3},
         year = {2009},
         month = {December 1, 2009},
         pages = {279-298},
         abstract = {Theoretical objects are things that compel us to propose, interrogate, and theorize. They counter the influence of approaches that try to define, position, and fix. The mobile, handheld game console offers us a specific kind of theoretical object. A hybrid screen device that encompasses multiple interfaces, it raises questions about the specificity of the screen gadget as object, and about the entanglement of technologies, applications, and practices. Through an analysis of the Nintendo DS game console I argue that such gadgets are best understood as theoretical consoles: objects that raises theoretical questions, precisely, about their hybrid status.},
         keywords = {gadgets, game console, mobile device, mobility, theoretical object, touch screen},
         url = {http://vcu.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/8/3/279},
         author = {Verhoeff, Nanna}
 }
 @article {4268,
         title = {The Priming Effects of Avatars in Virtual Settings},
         journal = {Communication Research},
         volume = {36},
         number = {6},
         year = {2009},
         note = {514RUTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:35},
         month = {Dec},
         pages = {838-856},
         abstract = {The study extends research on the Proteus effect by demonstrating that avatars can prime negative attitudes and cognition in desktop virtual settings. Experiment 1 shows that, after virtual group discussions, participants using black-cloaked avatars developed more aggressive intentions and attitudes but less group cohesion than those using white-cloaked avatars. In Experiment 2, individual participants using a Ku Klux Klan (KKK)-associated avatar created more aggressive Thematic Apperception Test stories in comparison to a control group. Participants using the KKK avatar also wrote less affiliative stories in comparison to those employing avatars dressed as doctors. Overall, the resulting pattern of activation of negative thoughts (i.e., aggression) coupled with the inhibition of inconsistent thoughts (i.e., cohesion, affiliation) is consistent with principles of current priming models and provides initial evidence for automatic cognitive priming in virtual settings.},
         keywords = {Aggression, automaticity, Avatars, Behavior, computer-mediated communication, Game, Media effects, PERCEPTIONS, physicians, priming, proteus effect, representation, stereotype activation, Thoughts, valence, Virtual Environments},
         isbn = {0093-6502},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000271414100005},
         author = {Pena, J. and Hancock, J. T. and Merola, N. A.}
 }
 @article {4339,
         title = {As real as real? Macroeconomic behavior in a large-scale virtual world},
         journal = {New Media Society},
         volume = {11},
         number = {5},
         year = {2009},
         month = {August 1, 2009},
         pages = {685-707},
         abstract = {This article proposes an empirical test of whether aggregate economic behavior maps from the real to the virtual. Transaction data from a large commercial virtual world -- the first such data set provided to outside researchers -- is used to calculate metrics for production, consumption and money supply based on real-world definitions. Movements in these metrics over time were examined for consistency with common theories of macroeconomic change. The results indicated that virtual economic behavior follows real-world patterns. Moreover, a natural experiment occurred, in that a new version of the virtual world with the same rules came online during the study. The new world{\textquoteright}s macroeconomic aggregates quickly grew to be nearly exact replicas of those of the existing worlds, suggesting that {\textquoteleft}Code is Law{\textquoteright}: macroeconomic outcomes in a virtual world may be explained largely by design structure.},
         url = {http://nms.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/11/5/685},
         author = {Castronova, Edward and Williams, Dmitri and Cuihua Shen, and Ratan, Rabindra and Xiong,Li and Yun Huang, and Keegan, Brian}
 }
 @article {4342,
         title = {The virtual census: representations of gender, race and age in video games},
         journal = {New Media Society},
         volume = {11},
         number = {5},
         year = {2009},
         month = {August 1, 2009},
         pages = {815-834},
         abstract = {A large-scale content analysis of characters in video games was employed to answer questions about their representations of gender, race and age in comparison to the US population. The sample included 150 games from a year across nine platforms, with the results weighted according to game sales. This innovation enabled the results to be analyzed in proportion to the games that were actually played by the public, and thus allowed the first statements able to be generalized about the content of popular video games. The results show a systematic over-representation of males, white and adults and a systematic under-representation of females, Hispanics, Native Americans, children and the elderly. Overall, the results are similar to those found in television research. The implications for identity, cognitive models, cultivation and game research are discussed.},
         url = {http://nms.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/11/5/815},
         author = {Williams, Dmitri and Martins, Nicole and Consalvo,Mia and Ivory, James D}
 }
 @article {4223,
         title = {AgentCubes: Incremental 3D end-user development},
         journal = {Journal of Visual Languages and Computing},
         volume = {20},
         number = {4},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Sp. Iss. SI476TPTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:37},
         month = {Aug},
         pages = {236-251},
         abstract = {3D game development can be an enticing way to attract K-12 students to computer science, but designing and programming 3D games is far from trivial. Students need to achieve a certain level of 3D fluency in modeling, animation, and programming to be able to create compelling 3D content. The combination of innovative end-user development tools and standards-based curriculum that promotes IT fluency by shifting the pedagogical focus from programming to design, can address motivational aspects without sacrificing principled educational goals. The AgentCubes 3D game-authoring environment raises the ceiling of end-user development without raising the threshold. Our formal user study shows that with Incremental 3D, the gradual approach to transition from 2D to 3D authoring, middle school students can build sophisticated 3D games including 3D models, animations, and programming. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
         keywords = {computational thinking, end-user development, game design, incremental 3d, it fluency, visual programming},
         isbn = {1045-926X},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000268468800003},
         author = {Ioannidou, A. and Repenning, A. and Webb, D. C.}
 }
 @article {4312,
         title = {Effect of the computer based game on pre-service teachers{\textquoteright} achievement, attitudes, metacognition and motivation in chemistry},
         journal = {Scientific Research and Essays},
         volume = {4},
         number = {8},
         year = {2009},
         note = {481LNTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:61},
         month = {Aug},
         pages = {780-790},
         abstract = {The purpose of this study is to explore whether the support of traditional teaching methods with computer based games has any effect on students{\textquoteright} achievement in chemistry course, their attitude towards chemistry, their metacognition level and motivation. For this aim, before the application, Chemistry Achievement Test (CAT), Chemistry Attitude Scale (CAS) and Metacognitive Activities Inventory (MCA-I) was used as a pre-test. During the application, such units in General Chemistry as "Basic Conceptions", "Structure of Atom and Periodic Table", "Chemical Bound" and "Naming of the Compound" were taught to the students in traditional teaching methods. However, the course was supported by computer-based games developed during the conduction of the course in the experiment group. At the end of the application, the scales used as pre-test were applied as post-test, too. Result shows that the learning environment supported with computer-based games have a positive effect on students{\textquoteright} achievement in chemistry, on attitudes toward chemistry and motivation.},
         keywords = {achievement, attitude, chemistry, computer-based games, Instruction, Management, metacognition, Science, Students},
         isbn = {1992-2248},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000268812600010},
         author = {Tuysuz, C.}
 }
 @article {4189,
         title = {Network Design with Weighted Players},
         journal = {Theory of Computing Systems},
         volume = {45},
         number = {2},
         year = {2009},
         note = {457LCTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:25},
         month = {Aug},
         pages = {302-324},
         abstract = {We consider a model of game-theoretic network design initially studied by Anshelevich et al. (Proceedings of the 45th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science (FOCS), pp. 295-304, 2004), where selfish players select paths in a network to minimize their cost, which is prescribed by Shapley cost shares. If all players are identical, the cost share incurred by a player for an edge in its path is the fixed cost of the edge divided by the number of players using it. In this special case, Anshelevich et al. (Proceedings of the 45th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science (FOCS), pp. 295-304, 2004) proved that pure-strategy Nash equilibria always exist and that the price of stability-the ratio between the cost of the best Nash equilibrium and that of an optimal solution-is I similar to(log k), where k is the number of players. Little was known about the existence of equilibria or the price of stability in the general weighted version of the game. Here, each player i has a weight w (i) a parts per thousand yen1, and its cost share of an edge in its path equals w (i) times the edge cost, divided by the total weight of the players using the edge.This paper presents the first general results on weighted Shapley network design games. First, we give a simple example with no pure-strategy Nash equilibrium. This motivates considering the price of stability with respect to alpha-approximate Nash equilibria-outcomes from which no player can decrease its cost by more than an alpha multiplicative factor. Our first positive result is that O(log w (max) )-approximate Nash equilibria exist in all weighted Shapley network design games, where w (max) is the maximum player weight. More generally, we establish the following trade-off between the two objectives of good stability and low cost: for every alpha=Omega(log w (max) ), the price of stability with respect to O(alpha)-approximate Nash equilibria is O((log W)/alpha), where W is the sum of the players{\textquoteright} weights. In particular, there is always an O(log W)-approximate Nash equilibrium with cost within a constant factor of optimal.Finally, we show that this trade-off curve is nearly optimal: we construct a family of networks without o(log w (max) / log log w (max) )-approximate Nash equilibria, and show that for all alpha=Omega(log w (max) /log log w (max) ), achieving a price of stability of O(log W/alpha) requires relaxing equilibrium constraints by an Omega(alpha) factor.},
         keywords = {algorithmic game theory, Equilibria, network design, price of stability},
         isbn = {1432-4350},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000266928500007},
         author = {Chen,H L and Roughgarden, T.}
 }
 @article {4207,
         title = {Playing Active Video Games Increases Energy Expenditure in Children},
         journal = {Pediatrics},
         volume = {124},
         number = {2},
         year = {2009},
         note = {475RCTimes Cited:1Cited References Count:28},
         month = {Aug},
         pages = {534-540},
         abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To compare energy expenditure rates in children playing the physically active video games, Dance Dance Revolution ( DDR) and Nintendo{\textquoteright}s Wii Sports in relation to treadmill walking.METHODS: Energy expenditure, heart rate, step rate, and perceived exertion were measured in 14 boys and 9 girls ( ages 10-13 years; BMI at 3-98th percentile for age and gender) while watching television at rest, playing DDR at 2 skill levels, playing Wii bowling and boxing, and walking at 2.6, 4.2, and 5.7 km/h. Arterial elasticity was measured at rest and immediately after gaming.RESULTS: Compared with watching television, energy expenditure while gaming or walking increased 2- to 3-fold. Similarly, high rates of energy expenditure, heart rate, and perceived exertion were elicited from playing Wii boxing, DDR level 2, or walking at 5.7 km/h. This occurred despite variations in step rate among activities, reflecting greater use of upper body during Wii play ( lowest step rate) than during walking ( highest step rate) or DDR play. Wii bowling and beginner level DDR elicited a 2-fold increase in energy expenditure compared to television watching. Large-artery elasticity declined immediately after both DDR and Wii. The change was inversely related to the increment in energy expenditure above rest achieved during the activity.CONCLUSIONS: Energy expenditure during active video game play is comparable to moderate-intensity walking. Thus, for children who spend considerable time playing electronic screen games for entertainment, physically active games seem to be a safe, fun, and valuable means of promoting energy expenditure. Pediatrics 2009; 124: 534-540},
         keywords = {Adolescents, arterial stiffness, doubly labeled water, Exercise, generation computer games, indirect calorimetry, movement, Obesity, Overweight, physical activity, Physical-Activity, Sensitivity, Video Games},
         isbn = {0031-4005},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000268377000013},
         author = {Graf, D. L. and Pratt, L. V. and Hester, C. N. and Short, K. R.}
 }
 @article {4168,
         title = {Response cries and other gaming moves-Building intersubjectivity in gaming},
         journal = {Journal of Pragmatics},
         volume = {41},
         number = {8},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Sp. Iss. SI469NFTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:41},
         month = {Aug},
         pages = {1557-1575},
         abstract = {The present study focuses on the ways in which response cries (Goffman, 1981) are deployed as interactional resources in computer gaming in everyday life. It draws on a large-scale data set of video recordings of the everyday lives of middleclass families. The recordings of gaining between children and between children and parents show that response cries were not arbitrarily located within different phases of gaining (planning, gaming or commenting on gaining). Response cries were primarily used as interactional resources for securing and sustaining joint attention (cf. Goodwin, 1996) during the gaming as such, that is, during periods when the gaming activity was characterized by a relatively high tempo. In gaining between children, response cries co-occurred with their animations of game characters and with sound making, singing along, and code switching in ways that formed something of an action aesthetic, a type of aesthetic that was most clearly seen in gaining between game equals (here: between children). In contrast, response cries were rare during the planning phases and during phases in which the participants primarily engaged in setting up or adjusting the game.},
         keywords = {action aesthetic, Computer, computer gaming, conversation, everyday life, intersubjectivity, Life, response cries, SCHOOL},
         isbn = {0378-2166},
         author = {Aarsand, P. A. and Aronsson, K.}
 }
 @article {4225,
         title = {Virtual world teaching, experiential learning, and assessment: An interdisciplinary communication course in Second Life},
         journal = {Computers \& Education},
         volume = {53},
         number = {1},
         year = {2009},
         note = {447JPTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:36},
         month = {Aug},
         pages = {169-182},
         abstract = {While many reports espouse the potential impact that 3-D virtual worlds are expected to have on teaching and learning in higher education in a few years, there are few empirical studies that inform instructional design and learning assessment in virtual worlds. This study explores the nature and process of learning in Second Life in a graduate interdisciplinary communication course in fall 2007. Literature suggests that 3-D virtual worlds can be well suited for experiential learning environments. In this study, the actual instructional effectiveness of Second Life as an experiential learning environment for interdisciplinary communication is empirically examined using mixed research methods of journal content analysis, surveys, focus group, and virtual world snapshots and video. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
         keywords = {computer-mediated communication, cooperative/collaborative learning, education, Game, interactive learning environments, interdisciplinary projects, virtual reality},
         isbn = {0360-1315},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000266187700017},
         author = {Jarmon, L. and Traphagan, T. and Mayrath, M. and Trivedi, A.}
 }
 @conference {4533,
         title = {Survival horror games: An uncanny modality},
         booktitle = {Thinking After Dark},
         year = {2009},
         month = {April 23},
         address = {Montreal},
         abstract = {This study investigates the relationship between the perceived eeriness of a virtual character with the perception of human-likeness for some attributes of motion and sound. 100 participants were asked to rate 13 video clips of 12 different virtual characters and one human. The results indicate that attributes of motion and sound do exaggerate the uncanny phenomenon and how frightening that character is perceived to be. Strong correlations were identified for the perceived eeriness for a character with how human-like a character{\textquoteright}s voice sounded, how human-like facial expression appeared and the synchronization of the character{\textquoteright}s sound with lip movement; characters rated as the least synchronized were perceived to be the most frightening. Based on the results of this study, this paper seeks to define an initial set of hypotheses for the fear-evoking aspects of character facial rendering and vocalization in survival horror games that can be used by game designers seeking to increase the fear factor in the genre and that will form the basis of further experiments which, it is hoped, will lead to a conceptual framework for the uncanny.},
         keywords = {uncanny valley},
         url = {http://digitalcommons.bolton.ac.uk/gcct_conferencepr/11/},
         author = {Angela Tinwell and Grimshaw, Mark}
 }
 @article {4347,
         title = {Human-centered modeling for style-based adaptive games},
         journal = {Journal of Zhejiang University-Science A},
         volume = {10},
         number = {4},
         year = {2009},
         note = {436AKTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:13},
         month = {Apr},
         pages = {530-534},
         abstract = {This letter proposes a categorization matrix to analyze the playing style of a computer game player for a shooting game genre. Our aim is to use human-centered modeling as a strategy for adaptive games based on entertainment measure to evaluate the playing experience. We utilized a self-organizing map (SOM) to cluster the player{\textquoteright}s style with the data obtained while playing the game. We further argued that style-based adaptation contributes to higher enjoyment, and this is reflected in our experiment using a supervised multilayered perceptron (MLP) network.},
         keywords = {adaptive games, categorization matrix, data clustering, human-centered modeling, player modeling},
         isbn = {1673-565X},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000265384800008},
         author = {Wong, C. O. and Kim, J. and Han, E. and Jung,K}
 }
 @article {4295,
         title = {Relationships between Electronic Game Play, Obesity, and Psychosocial Functioning in Young Men},
         journal = {Cyberpsychology \& Behavior},
         volume = {12},
         number = {2},
         year = {2009},
         note = {431TOTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:18},
         month = {Apr},
         pages = {241-244},
         abstract = {Most estimates suggest that American youth are spending a large amount of time playing video and computer games, spurring researchers to examine the impact this media has on various aspects of health and psychosocial functioning. The current study investigated relationships between frequency of electronic game play and obesity, the social/emotional context of electronic game play, and academic performance among 219 college-aged males. Current game players reported a weekly average of 9.73 hours of game play, with almost 10\% of current players reporting an average of 35 hours of play per week. Results indicated that frequency of play was not significantly related to body mass index or grade point average. However, there was a significant positive correlation between frequency of play and self-reported frequency of playing when bored, lonely, or stressed. As opposed to the general conception of electronic gaming as detrimental to functioning, the results suggest that gaming among college-aged men may provide a healthy source of socialization, relaxation, and coping.},
         keywords = {Performance, Time, Video Games},
         isbn = {1094-9313},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000265087100020},
         author = {Wack, E. and Tantleff-Dunn, S.}
 }
 @conference {4057,
         title = {Gameplay Experience in a Gaze Interaction Game},
         booktitle = {The 5th Conference on Communication by Gaze Interaction {\textendash} COGAIN 2009: Gaze Interaction For Those Who Want It Most},
         series = {COGAIN},
         year = {2009},
         month = {26/05/2009},
         pages = {49-54},
         publisher = {The COGAIN Association},
         organization = {The COGAIN Association},
         address = {Lyngby, Denmark},
         abstract = {Assessing gameplay experience for gaze interaction games is a challenging task. For this study, a gaze interaction Half-Life 2 game modification was created that allowed eye tracking control. The mod was deployed during an experiment at Dreamhack 2007, where participants had to play with gaze navigation and afterwards rate their gameplay experience. The results show low tension and negative affects scores on the gameplay experience questionnaire as well as high positive challenge, immersion and flow ratings. The correlation between spatial presence and immersion for gaze interaction was high and yields further investigation. It is concluded that gameplay experience can be correctly assessed with the methodology presented in this paper.},
         keywords = {eye tracking, flow, Game experience, gaming with gaze, gaze interaction, HCI, Human-computer interaction, immersion, ux},
         isbn = {978-87-643-0475-6},
         url = {http://www.bth.se/fou/forskinfo.nsf/8ea71836fbadac09c125733300214ab9/4771af1c725ee1f4c12575c500452fa2!OpenDocument},
         author = {Nacke,Lennart and Stellmach, Sophie and Sasse, Dennis and Lindley,Craig A}
 }
 @proceedings {3875,
         title = {Easy to use and incredibly difficult: on the mythical border between interface and gameplay},
         journal = {Foundations of Digital Games},
         year = {2009},
         month = {26/04/2009},
         pages = {107-112   },
         publisher = {ACM},
         address = {Orlando, Florida},
         abstract = {In video game literature and video game reviews, video games are often divided into two distinct parts: interface and gameplay. Good video games, it is assumed, have easy to use interfaces, but they also provide difficult gameplay challenges to the player. But must a good game follow this pattern, and what is the difference between interface and gameplay? When does the easy-to-use interface stop, and when does the challenging gameplay begin? By analyzing a number of games, the paper argues that it is rare to find a clear-cut border between interface and gameplay and that the fluidity of this border characterizes games in general. While this border is unclear, we also analyze a number of games where the challenge is unambiguously located in the interface, thereby demonstrating that "easy interface and challenging gameplay" is neither universal nor a requirement for game quality. Finally, the paper argues, the lack of a clear distinction between easy interface and challenging gameplay is due to the fact that games are fundamentally designed not to accomplish something through an activity, but to provide an activity that is pleasurable in itself.},
         keywords = {challenge, game design, game studies, gameplay, interfaces, usability},
         isbn = {978-1-60558-437-9 },
         doi = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1536513.1536539},
         url = {http://www.jesperjuul.net/text/easydifficult/},
         author = {Juul,Jesper and Norton, Marleigh}
 }
 @conference {4474,
         title = {Effects of videogames: Flow, affect and aggression},
         booktitle = {Violence in Public Places and Institutions Conference},
         year = {2009},
         month = {25/06/2009},
         address = {University of Central Lancashire},
         abstract = {Research studying the effects of playing videogames has largely focused on their negative effects on aggressive attitudes and behaviours. The potential positive effects have received less theoretical and empirical attention. The present study used flow theory to permit a wider examination of the potential consequences of gaming for measures of affect and psychological well-being. Furthermore, it aimed to show how aggressive personality was linked to the gaming experience and whether this was associated with consequences for mood and psychological well-being. An experimental design was used, in which videogamers were recruited to play one of two videogames. Pre-test measures of trait aggression; psychological well-being and affect were taken. Following a forty minute game-play period, post-test measures on affect and flow were completed. Preliminary analyses of the pre and post-test measures of affect, revealed evidence to suggest that gaming can facilitate positive mood. Trait aggression showed to be negatively related to dimensions of psychological well-being but was not correlated with violent game content or flow in gaming. This suggests engagement with gaming to be a product of much more than violent content and that aggressive personality is not inherently linked to enjoyment of games with such content. Further research, however, is needed to confirm the importance of violent content and aggressive personality in predicting the social and psychological outcomes of gaming. },
         author = {Linda K Kaye}
 }
 @conference {4156,
         title = {The Making of an Interactive Digital Narrative - InStory},
         booktitle = {Euromedia 2009},
         year = {2009},
         month = {15/04/2009},
         publisher = {Ceti - University Hasslet - Eurosis },
         organization = {Ceti - University Hasslet - Eurosis },
         address = {Bruges, Belgium},
         abstract = {This paper describes the problems that had to be faced
 during the elaboration of an interactive narrative for the
 Instory project (http://img.di.fct.unl.pt/InStory/) directed by
 Prof. Nuno Correia. The project had the goal of defining and
 implementing a platform for mobile and cinematic
 storytelling, information access, and gaming activities, in
 Quinta da Regaleira (World Heritage) in Sintra, Portugal.
 The system is driven and validated by a set of fictional
 threads that are centred on the exploration of physical spaces
 (the real world, in real time). The development of a narrative
 was naturally constrained by the environment which raised
 some practical and theoretical issues in what regards the
 literary strategies involved. InStory received the PMA
 Award (2006) for best Portuguese multimedia project web{\textendash}
 mobile.},
         keywords = {Cultural Heritage, Interactive Fiction, Mobile devices, Multimedia storytelling, Narratology, serious games},
         url = {http://www2.fcsh.unl.pt/docentes/hbarbas/Textos/instory_euromedia_hb_nc_2009.pdf},
         author = {Barbas, Helena and Correia, Nuno}
 }
 @article {4444,
         title = {Conan eller Josefine? Politikk og {\o}konomi i norsk spillbransje},
         journal = {Norsk Medietidsskrift},
         volume = {16},
         year = {2009},
         month = {12/2009},
         pages = {317-343},
         chapter = {317},
         abstract = {The article describes the different players in the Norwegian game industry, and discusses the challenges and possibilities that they face. In particular, it is argued that challenges relate to publishing, financial issues and recruitment, and that there are interesting possibilities in
 connection with the recent political attention that Norwegian game companies have received. An issue in addition is the fact that Norwegian
 game companies have never been closely associated with international publishing houses.},
         keywords = {Computer games, game industry, Norway, Video Games},
         issn = {0804-8452},
         url = {http://www.idunn.no/file/ci/38198929/nmt_2009_04_pdf.pdf},
         author = {J{\o}rgensen, Kristine}
 }
 @conference {4058,
         title = {From Playability to a Hierarchical Game Usability Model},
         booktitle = {Proceedings of the Conference on Future Play},
         series = {Future Play},
         year = {2009},
         month = {12/05/2009},
         pages = {11-12},
         publisher = {ACM},
         organization = {ACM},
         address = {Vancouver, BC, Canada},
         abstract = {This paper presents a brief review of current playability and game usability models. This leads to the conception of a high-level game usability framework model that integrates current usability approaches in game industry and game research.},
         keywords = {community, functionality, Game, gx, model, playability, player experience, px, quality assurance, Theory, usability, User experience, ux},
         url = {http://www.bth.se/fou/forskinfo.nsf/8ea71836fbadac09c125733300214ab9/55cdcbe9e175f256c12575c50057d7a0!OpenDocument},
         author = {Nacke,Lennart}
 }
 @mastersthesis {4510,
         title = {A Conceptual Framework For Gender-Inclusivity},
         volume = {PhD in Computer Science},
         year = {2009},
         month = {11/2009},
         school = {University of Southampton},
         type = {Mini Thesis - Mhil to PhD Upgrade},
         address = {Southampton},
         abstract = {Despite the dramatic growth of gender and games research, many challenges remain in designing a more gender-inclusive game. This report addresses the problem of how to apply the concept of gender-inclusivity into game design. A central contribution of the research is the development of a gender-inclusivity framework. The conceptual framework is founded on the analysis and synthesized information from related theories and research. It demonstrates how the concept of gender-inclusivity can be defined and expressed in three key components: 1) genre, which indicate the type of game, (2) gameplay, which describes the game behaviour e.g. conflict resolution, feedback, challenge and flexibility, (3) aesthetics content, which describes the game content including character/avatar, music, storyline and game world graphics. This framework can be use as a reference point by providing a common vocabulary for discussing issues of gender-inclusivity i.e. literature, methods and results. In addition to that, it serves as a boundary of what constitutes gender-inclusivity in games. Subsequently, it acts as a filtering tool for what is relevant and not relevant to gender-inclusivity in games. Two novel applications of the gender-inclusivity framework are presented.
 
 The first is a measuring instrument called the Gender-Inclusivity Rating Scale (GIRS). The GIRS instrument was designed to assess the degree of gender-inclusiveness in a game. The second application extends the notion of gender-inclusivity to design practice. The Gender-Inclusive Game Design Model (GIGaDM) guides designers in the design process. It helps to deconstruct the overall gender-inclusivity design tasks into smaller, conceptually distinct and manageable tasks. Finally, the direction of future work is outlined.},
         keywords = {computer game, Design Model, Framework, game design, Game Framework, Gender Inclusivity, Video Game},
         url = {http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/21569/},
         author = {Roziana Ibrahim}
 }
 @article {4432,
         title = {Educational Fantasy},
         journal = {Game Career Guide},
         year = {2009},
         month = {10/2010},
         abstract = {I was reading Chris Crawford{\textquoteright}s book Art of Computer Game Design, and I came to his point about games and fantasy. In short, he reminds us that part of the appeal in games is their relationship to fantasy. It is not so much that every game needs to involve some mystical orb or sacred sword, but that games appeal to us when they release us from the ordinary experiences of everyday life.},
         keywords = {educational games, Game design research, meaningful play, serious games},
         url = {http://www.gamecareerguide.com/features/791/educational_.php},
         author = {Lindsay Grace}
 }
 @article {Nackeetal2009c,
         title = {Brain Training for Silver Gamers: Effects of Age and Game Form on Effectiveness, Efficiency, Self-Assessment, and Gameplay Experience},
         journal = {CyberPsychology \& Behavior},
         volume = {12},
         number = {5},
         year = {2009},
         month = {10/2009},
         pages = {493-499},
         type = {Original Article},
         chapter = {493},
         abstract = {In recent years, an aging demographic majority in the Western world has come to the attention of the game industry. The recently released {\textquotedblleft}brain-training{\textquotedblright} games target this population, and research investigating gameplay experience of the elderly using this game form is lacking. This study employs a 2{\texttimes}2 mixed factorial design (age group: young and old{\texttimes}game form: paper and Nintendo DS) to investigate effects of age and game form on usability, self-assessment, and gameplay experience in a supervised field study. Effectiveness was evaluated in task completion time, efficiency as error rate, together with self-assessment measures (arousal, pleasure, dominance) and game experience (challenge, flow, competence, tension, positive and negative affect). Results indicate players, regardless of age, are more effective and efficient using pen-and-paper than using a Nintendo DS console. However, the game is more arousing and induces a heightened sense of flow in digital form for gamers of all ages. Logic problem{\textendash}solving challenges within digital games may be associated with positive feelings for the elderly but with negative feelings for the young. Thus, digital logic-training games may provide positive gameplay experience for an aging Western civilization.},
         keywords = {brain-training, elderly, form effects, Games, motivation, Psychology, silver gamer, usability, ux},
         issn = {1094-9313},
         doi = {10.1089/cpb.2009.0013},
         url = {http://www.liebertonline.com/doi/abs/10.1089/cpb.2009.0013},
         author = {Nacke, Lennart E. and Nacke, Anne and Lindley,Craig A}
 }
 @article {4435,
         title = {Video game representations as cues for collaboration and learning},
         journal = {International Journal of Gaming and Computer-Mediated Simulations},
         volume = {1},
         year = {2009},
         month = {09/2009},
         chapter = {28},
         abstract = {Literature suggests that games can support learning in schools by enabling creative problem solving, allowing dynamic resource allocation, by providing a motivating, immersive activity, and by supporting explorations of identity. A descriptive, inductive study was carried out to identify how high school students in a school setting make use of the video game interface and its representations. Results demonstrate that specific cues direct attention, helping to focus efforts on new or underutilized game tasks. In addition, consistent and well-organized visualizations encourage learning and collaboration among students by providing shared referential resources and scaffolding coordinated sequences of problem solving acts during gameplay. Conversely, when affordances are inconsistently represented, students{\textquoteright} focus can shift from problem solving at the goal level (game strategy, etc.) to problem solving why the game interface is frustrating their goals. In general, the design of game representations and behaviors can help guide or hinder student learning.},
         keywords = {Affordances, collaboration, collaborative learning, cues, gameplay, Games, learning, representations, Video Game},
         author = {Sharritt, Matthew J and Suthers, Daniel D.}
 }
 @article {4569,
         title = {Good clean fun? A content analysis of profanity in video games and its prevalence across game systems and ratings. },
         journal = {CyberPsychology and Behavior},
         volume = {12},
         year = {2009},
         month = {08/2009},
         chapter = {457},
         abstract = {Although violent video game content and its effects have been examined extensively by empirical research, verbal aggression in the form of profanity has received less attention. Building on preliminary findings from previous studies, an extensive content analysis of profanity in video games was conducted using a sample of the 150 top-selling video games across all popular game platforms (including home consoles, portable consoles, and personal computers). The frequency of profanity, both in general and across three profanity categories, was measured and compared to games{\textquoteright} ratings, sales, and platforms. Generally, profanity was found in about one in five games and appeared primarily in games rated for teenagers or above. Games containing profanity, however, tended to contain it frequently. Profanity was not found to be related to games{\textquoteright} sales or platforms.},
         keywords = {Content Analysis, Profanity},
         doi = {10.1089/cpb.2008.0337},
         url = {http://dmitriwilliams.com/Profanity.pdf},
         author = {Ivory, J. D. and Williams, Dmitri and Martins, Nicole and Consalvo,Mia}
 }
 @article {4431,
         title = {Truly Independent Game Development: A Case For Making Games By Yourself},
         journal = {Game Career Guide},
         year = {2009},
         month = {08/2009},
         publisher = {UBM Tech Web / CMP Media},
         type = {Web},
         abstract = {For years the industry has focused on the increasing size of development teams. It is both a blessing and a hassle. Teams grow; the quality of games increase. Teams grow; the complexity and investment in each game increases too . . . A brief examination of some of the advantages of truly independent development may prove a plausible approach to building specific types of outlier games. What is a truly independent developer? One person designing and building a game.},
         keywords = {game development, independent game design, rapid prototyping},
         url = {http://www.gamecareerguide.com/features/776/truly_independent_game_.php},
         author = {Lindsay Grace}
 }
 @conference {4056,
         title = {Forget the Magic Circle (or Towards a Sociology of Video Games)},
         booktitle = {Under the Mask 2},
         year = {2009},
         month = {07/06/2009},
         address = {University of Bedfordshire},
         abstract = {There have been several sociologists who have written, sometimes quite extensively and informatively, on video games, and more commonly many within video games studies have tapped into wider sociological literatures. However, more generally, the willingness of sociology to engage with video games and gamer analysis has been rather underwhelming, and this is particularly significant, for as Neiborg and Hermes (2008) argue, video games offer a key area for developing our understanding of contemporary audience, consumer and production patterns. Similarly, the general level of engagement with sociological literatures within games studies has at times been fairly limited. Though writers sometimes draw on philosophical/sociological ideas, such as {\textquoteleft}the magic circle{\textquoteright}, which they claim are {\textquoteleft}social{\textquoteright} concepts, there is little understanding or engagement with what this actually means. Hence, this paper offers a (further) critique of the magic circle and similar concepts, but argues that the key weakness of these concepts is their lack of engagement with, and applicability to, other spheres of social life. To this end, I suggest that the (also sometimes used in game studies) concept of frame analysis, does offer a more social theory; however, what is truly needed in game studies (reflecting the arguments of early criminological debates in the 1960s and 70s) is a {\textquoteleft}fully social theory{\textquoteright} (Taylor, Walton \& Young 1973) of gaming.   },
         keywords = {Frame Analysis, Goffman, magic circle, sociology},
         url = {http://underthemask.wdfiles.com/local--files/key-note/Garry\%20Crawford.doc},
         author = {Crawford, Garry}
 }
 @article {4570,
         title = {You Can{\textquoteright}t Take It with You? Effects of Handheld Portable Media Consoles on Physiological and Psychological Responses to Video Game and Movie Content},
         journal = {CyberPsychology and Behavior},
         volume = {12},
         year = {2009},
         month = {06/2009},
         chapter = {291},
         abstract = {Portable media consoles are becoming extremely popular devices for viewing a number of different types of media content, both for entertainment and for educational purposes. Given the increasingly heavy use of portable consoles as an alternative to traditional television-style monitors, it is important to investigate how physiological and psychological effects of portable consoles may differ from those of television-based consoles, because such differences in physiological and psychological responses may precipitate differences in the delivered content{\textquoteright}s effectiveness. Because portable consoles are popular as a delivery system for multiple types of media content, such as movies and video games, it is also important to investigate whether differences between the effects of portable and television-based consoles are consistent across multiple types of media. This article reports a 2{\texttimes}2 (console: portable or television-based{\texttimes}medium: video game or movie) mixed factorial design experiment with physiological arousal and self-reported flow experience as dependent variables, designed to explore whether console type affects media experiences and whether these effects are consistent across different media. Results indicate that portable media consoles evoke lower levels of physiological arousal and flow experience and that this effect is consistent for both video games and movies. These findings suggest that even though portable media consoles are often convenient compared to television-based consoles, the convenience may come at a cost in terms of the user experience.},
         doi = {10.1089/cpb.2008.0279},
         url = {http://www.liebertonline.com/doi/abs/10.1089/cpb.2008.0279},
         author = {Ivory, J. D. and Robert G. Magee}
 }
 @article {3246,
         title = {More Than a Game: Sports-Themed Video Games and Player Narratives},
         journal = {Sociology of Sport Journal},
         volume = {26},
         year = {2009},
         month = {03/2009},
         pages = {50-66},
         abstract = {This article considers the social importance of sports-themed video games, and more
 specifically, discusses their use and role in the construction of gaming and wider
 social narratives. Here, building on our own and wider sociological and video games
 studies, we advocate adopting an audience research perspective that allows for consideration
 of not only narratives within games but also how these narratives are used
 and located within the everyday lives of gamers. In particular, we argue that sportsthemed
 games provide an illustrative example of how media texts are used in identity
 construction, performances, and social narratives.},
         keywords = {audience, identity, narrative, Performance, sociology, Sport, Text, Video Games},
         url = {http://www.humankinetics.com/SSJ/viewarticle.cfm?jid=XbPvtE4KXgVfhGMTXgAubr2cXaKymypVXeJnfe2rXcEkqkyzX\&aid=16853\&site=XbPvtE4KXgVfhGMTXgAubr2cXaKymypVXeJnfe2rXcEkqkyzX},
         author = {Crawford, Garry and Gosling, Victoria K.}
 }
 @article {4516,
         title = {Reading the Game:Introduction to Video Game Design and Development},
         year = {2009},
         month = {03/2009},
         institution = {University of Southampton},
         type = {Book Review},
         address = {Southampton},
         keywords = {computer game, game design, Video Game},
         issn = {2},
         url = {http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/21562/},
         author = {Roziana Ibrahim}
 }
 @article {4571,
         title = {Video Games Make People Violent{\textemdash}Well, Maybe Not That Game: Effects of Content and Person Abstraction on Perceptions of Violent Video Games{\textquoteright} Effects and Support of Censorship},
         journal = {Communication Reports},
         volume = {22},
         year = {2009},
         month = {01/2009},
         chapter = {1},
         abstract = {This study explores whether people{\textquoteright}s perceptions of violent video games{\textquoteright} potential for negatively affecting others and their support for censoring such games are influenced by whether people consider specific or abstract content and persons. In a 2 (content abstraction)  3 (person abstraction) between-subjects experiment, 122 undergraduate students from two eastern U.S. universities estimated effects of either a specific violent game or violent games in general on a specific person, others on their campus, or others in the United States, then rated their support for censoring violent video games. Findings indicate that content abstraction influences perceived effects and censorship support. },
         keywords = {Media Censorship, Perceptions of Media Effects, Video Games, Violence and Aggression},
         doi = {10.1080/08934210902798536 },
         url = {http://filebox.vt.edu/users/jivory/IvoryKalyanaraman2009CommReportsContentAbstractionPerceivedEffects.pdf},
         author = {Ivory, J. D. and Sriram Kalyanaraman}
 }
 @conference {4442,
         title = {"I{\textquoteright}m overburdened!" An Empirical Study of the Player, the Avatar, and the Gameworld"},
         booktitle = {DiGRA 2009: Breaking New Ground: Innovation in Games, Play, Practice and Theory},
         year = {2009},
         month = {01/09/2009},
         publisher = {DiGRA},
         organization = {DiGRA},
         address = {Brunel University, London},
         abstract = {This paper presents the first results of an empirical study of how players interpret the role of the player and the relationship between the player and playable figures in gameworlds. In the following, we will see examples of four genres that situate the player in different positions with
 respect to the gameworld. Command \& Conquer 3: Tiberium Wars illustrates a game where the player does not have a playable figure in the gameworld, while Crysis exemplifies a game where player and playable figure viewpoints merge into one entity. Diablo 2 represents a game
 with a developing figure, and The Sims 2 demonstrates a hybrid combination of named, developing figures controlled by the player from a god perspective. The study shows that players tend to accept all features that aid them in understanding how to play the game, and that it does not matter whether features have a stylistic or naturalistic relationship to the gameworld. Regarding the relationship between player and playable figure, the respondents do not see the dual position of the player situated in the physical world while having the power to act within the gameworld as a paradox, but a necessary way of communication in games. },
         keywords = {avatar, empirical studies, game system, gameworld, player},
         url = {http://www.digra.org/dl/db/09287.20429.pdf},
         author = {J{\o}rgensen, Kristine}
 }
 @proceedings {Nackeetal2009b,
         title = {Playability and Player Experience Research},
         journal = {Proceedings of DiGRA 2009: Breaking New Ground: Innovation in Games, Play, Practice and Theory},
         year = {2009},
         month = {01/09/2009},
         publisher = {DiGRA},
         address = {London, UK},
         abstract = {As the game industry matures and games become more and more complex, there is an increasing need to develop scientific methodologies for analyzing and measuring player experience, in order to develop a better understanding of the relationship and interactions between players and games. This panel gathers distinguished European playability and user experience experts to discuss current findings and methodological advancements within player experience and playability research.},
         keywords = {experimentation, Game experience, gx, methodology, playability, px, techniques, usability, User experience, ux},
         url = {http://www.bth.se/fou/forskinfo.nsf/17e96a0dab8ab6a1c1257457004d59ab/e0a8cdd8cfc0c7e6c125762c005557c0!OpenDocument},
         author = {Nacke, Lennart E. and Drachen, Anders and Kuikkaniemi, Kai and Niesenhaus, Joerg and Korhonen, Hannu J. and Hoogen, Wouter M. van den and Poels, Karolien and IJsselsteijn, Wijnand A. and Kort, Yvonne A. W. de}
 }
 @article {4331,
         title = {An Analysis of Persistent Non-Player Characters in the First-Person Gaming genre 1998-2007: a case for the fusion of mechanics and diegetics.},
         journal = {Eludamos: Journal of Computer Game Cultures},
         volume = {3},
         year = {2009},
         pages = {279},
         chapter = {261},
         abstract = {This paper describes the results of an analysis of persistent non-player characters (PNPCs) in the first-person gaming genre 1998-2007. Assessing the role, function, gameplay significance and representational characteristics of these critical important gameplay objects from over 34 major releases provides an important set of baseline data within which to situate further research. This kind of extensive, genre-wide analysis is under-represented in game studies, yet it represents a hugely important process in forming clear and robust illustrations of the medium to support understanding. Thus, I offer a fragment of this illustration, demonstrating that many of the cultural and diegetic qualities of PNPCs are a product of a self-assembling set of archetypes formed from gameplay requirements.},
         keywords = {Agency, agent, diegetics, first-person, FPS, gameplay, mechanics, non-player character, NPC},
         issn = {1866-6124 },
         url = {http://www.eludamos.org/index.php/eludamos/article/view/71}
 }
 @book {3263,
         title = {Beyond Barbie and Mortal Kombat: New Perspectives on Gender and Gaming},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Contributors: Cornelia Brunner, Shannon Campe, Justine Cassell, Mia Consalvo, Jill Denner, Mary Flanagan, Janine Fron, Tracy Fullerton, Elisabeth Hayes, Carrie Heeter, Kristin Hughes, Mizuko Ito, Henry Jenkins, Yasmin B. Kafai, Caitlin Kelleher, Brenda Laurel, Nicole Lazzaro, Holin Lin, Jacki Morie, Helen Nissenbaum, Celia Pearce, Caroline Pelletier, Jennifer Y. Sun, T. L. Taylor, Brian Winn, Nick Yee.
 
 Interviews with: Nichol Bradford, Brenda Braithwaite, Megan Gaiser, Sheri Graner Ray, Morgan Romine.},
         publisher = {MIT Press},
         organization = {MIT Press},
         address = {Cambridge, MA},
         abstract = {Ten years after the groundbreaking From Barbie to Mortal Kombat highlighted the ways gender stereotyping and related social and economic issues permeate digital game play, the number of women and girl gamers has risen considerably. Despite this, gender disparities remain in gaming. Women may be warriors in World of Warcraft, but they are also scantily clad "booth babes" whose sex appeal is used to promote games at trade shows. Player-generated content has revolutionized gaming, but few games marketed to girls allow "modding" (game modifications made by players). Gender equity, the contributors to Beyond Barbie and Mortal Kombat argue, requires more than increasing the overall numbers of female players.
 
 Beyond Barbie and Mortal Kombat brings together new media theorists, game designers, educators, psychologists, and industry professionals, including some of the contributors to the earlier volume, to look at how gender intersects with the broader contexts of digital games today: gaming, game industry and design, and serious games. The contributors discuss the rise of massively multiplayer online games (MMOs) and the experience of girl and women players in gaming communities; the still male-dominated gaming industry and the need for different perspectives in game design; and gender concerns related to emerging serious games (games meant not only to entertain but also to educate, persuade, or change behavior). In today{\textquoteright}s game-packed digital landscape, there is an even greater need for games that offer motivating, challenging, and enriching contexts for play to a more diverse population of players.},
         isbn = {0262113198},
         url = {http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2\&tid=11549},
         author = {Kafai, Yasmin B. and Heeter, Carrie and Denner,Jill and Sun, Jennifer Y.},
         editor = {Kafai, Yasmin B. and Heeter, Carrie and Denner,Jill and Sun, Jennifer Y.}
 }
 @article {4346,
         title = {Boxed Pervasive Games: An Experience with User-Created Pervasive Games},
         journal = {Pervasive Computing, Proceedings},
         volume = {5538},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Bjj53Times Cited:0Cited References Count:21Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
         pages = {220-237408},
         abstract = {Pervasive games are rapidly maturing - from early research experiments with locative games we now start to see a range of commercial projects using locative and pervasive technology to create technology-supported pervasive games. In this paper we report on our experiences in transferring the successful involvement of players in computer games to {\textquoteright}modding{\textquoteright} for pervasive games. We present the design process, the enabling tools and two sample games provided in boxes to end users. Finally we discuss how our findings inform the design of {\textquoteright}modding{\textquoteright} tools for a pervasive game community of the future.},
         keywords = {end user programming, games and infotainment, integrated environments, pervasive computing, Pervasive games, programming tools, user-centered design},
         isbn = {0302-9743},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000266435000016},
         author = {Wetzel, R. and Waern, A. and Jonsson, S. and Lindt, I. and Ljungstrand, P. and Akesson, K. P.}
 }
 @conference {4393,
         title = {Characterizing and Understanding Game Reviews},
         booktitle = {4th International Conference on the Foundations of Digital Games},
         year = {2009},
         publisher = {ACM},
         organization = {ACM},
         address = {Orlando, FL},
         url = {http://facsrv.cs.depaul.edu/~jzagal/Papers/Zagal_et_al_GameReviews.pdf},
         author = {Zagal, Jose P. and Ladd, Amanda and Johnson, Terris}
 }
 @conference {4562,
         title = {Churn Prediction in MMORPGs: A Social Influence Based Approach},
         booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE Social Computing (SocialCom-09). Symposium on Social Intelligence and Networking (SIN-09)},
         year = {2009},
         address = {Vancouver, Canada},
         abstract = {Massively Multiplayer Online Role Playing Games (MMORPGs) are computer based games in which players interact with one another in the virtual world. Worldwide revenues for MMORPGs have seen amazing growth in last few years and it is more than a 2 billion dollars industry as per current estimates. Huge amount of revenue potential has attracted several gaming companies to launch online role playing games. One of the major problems these companies suffer apart from fierce competition is erosion of their customer base. Churn is a big problem for the gaming companies as churners impact negatively in the word-of-mouth reports for potential and existing customers leading to further erosion of user base.
 
 We study the problem of player churn in the popular MMORPG EverQuest II. The problem of churn prediction has been studied extensively in the past in various domains and social network analysis has recently been applied to the problem to understand the effects of the strength of social ties and the structure and dynamics of a social network in churn. In this paper, we propose a churn prediction model based on examining social influence among players and their personal engagement in the game. We hypothesize that social influence is a vector quantity, with components negative influence and positive influence. We propose a modified diffusion model to propagate the influence vector in the players network which represents the social influence on the player from his network. We measure a players personal engagement based on his activity patterns and use it in the modified diffusion model and churn prediction. Our method for churn prediction which combines social influence and player engagement factors has shown to improve prediction accuracy significantly for our dataset as compared to prediction using the conventional diffusion model or the player engagement factor, thus validating our hypothesis that combination of both these factors could lead to a more accurate churn prediction.},
         url = {http://www.vwobservatory.com/wp/?p=203},
         author = {Kawale, J. and Pal, A. and Srivastava, J.}
 }
 @book {4443,
         title = {A Comprehensive Study of Sound in Computer Games: How Audio Affects Player Action},
         year = {2009},
         pages = {263},
         publisher = {Edwin Mellen Press},
         organization = {Edwin Mellen Press},
         isbn = {978-0-7734-3826-2},
         url = {http://www.mellenpress.com/mellenpress.cfm?bookid=7897\&pc=9},
         author = {J{\o}rgensen, Kristine}
 }
 @conference {4565,
         title = {The Effects of Group Structure on Group Behavior and Outcomes in an Online Gaming Environment},
         booktitle = {NGroup Annual Conference},
         year = {2009},
         address = {Boulder, CO, USA},
         abstract = {Small group research has been inadequate in systematically examining the direct and indirect effect of group input on group output and statistically defining the mediating effect of group process. To address this issue, a large dataset (N = 2,465) on grouping behavior was collected from an online game. Structural equation modeling was utilized to examine how group size and group competence diversity influences the group interaction process and group performance. The results suggest that group size has both direct and indirect effects on performance outcomes. Specific path analysis also shows that group size has a positive influence on the aggregation of group expertise, which has a positive effect on group performance. Group competence diversity and group size both have a negative effect on the frequency of group IM-based chat, which is in turn negatively related to group success in the online game environment. Theoretical and methodological implications of the findings for communication and small group research are discussed.},
         url = {http://www.vwobservatory.com/wp/?p=272},
         author = {Xiong,Li and Poole, M. and Williams, Dmitri and Ahmad, M.}
 }
 @book {3250,
         title = {The Ethics of Computer Games},
         year = {2009},
         publisher = {MIT Press},
         organization = {MIT Press},
         address = {Cambridge, MA},
         abstract = {Despite the emergence of computer games as a dominant cultural industry (and the accompanying emergence of computer games as the subject of scholarly research), we know little or nothing about the ethics of computer games. Considerations of the morality of computer games seldom go beyond intermittent portrayals of them in the mass media as training devices for teenage serial killers. In this first scholarly exploration of the subject, Miguel Sicart addresses broader issues about the ethics of games, the ethics of playing the games, and the ethical responsibilities of game designers. He argues that computer games are ethical objects, that computer game players are ethical agents, and that the ethics of computer games should be seen as a complex network of responsibilities and moral duties. Players should not be considered passive amoral creatures; they reflect, relate, and create with ethical minds. The games they play are ethical systems, with rules that create game worlds with values at play. Drawing on concepts from philosophy and game studies, Sicart proposes a framework for analyzing the ethics of computer games as both designed objects and player experiences. After presenting his core theoretical arguments and offering a general theory for understanding computer game ethics, Sicart offers case studies examining single-player games (using Bioshack as an example), multi player games (illustrated by Defcon), and online game worlds (illustrated by World of Warcraft) from an ethical perspective. He explores issues raised by unethical content in computer games and its possible effect on players and offers a synthesis of design theory and ethics that could be used as both analytical tool and inspiration in the creation of ethical game play.},
         isbn = {0262012650},
         issn = {0262012650},
         author = {Sicart,Miguel}
 }
 @inbook {3240,
         title = {Fear of Failing? The Many Meanings of Difficulty in Games},
         booktitle = {The Video Game Theory Reader 2},
         year = {2009},
         pages = {237-252},
         publisher = {Routledge},
         organization = {Routledge},
         address = {New York},
         abstract = {It is quite simple: When you play a game, you want to win. Winning makes you happy, losing makes you unhappy. If this seems self-evident, there is nonetheless a contradictory viewpoint, according to which games should be {\textquotedblleft}neither too easy nor too hard{\textquotedblright}, implying that players also want not to win, at least part of the time. This is a contradiction I will try resolve in what follows ...},
         isbn = {0415962838},
         url = {http://www.jesperjuul.net/text/fearoffailing/},
         author = {Juul,Jesper},
         editor = {Perron, Bernard and World, Mark J. P.}
 }
 @proceedings {4560,
         title = {The Formation of Task-Oriented Groups: Exploring Combat Activities in Online Games},
         journal = {Computational Science and Engineering, IEEE International Conference on Social Computing },
         volume = {4},
         year = {2009},
         pages = {122-127},
         abstract = {Advanced communication technologies enable strangers to work together on the same tasks or projects in virtual environments. Understanding the formation of taskoriented groups is an important first step to study the dynamics of team collaboration. In this paper, we investigated group combat activities in Sony{\textquoteright}s EverQuest II game to identify the role of player and group attributes on group formation. We found that group formation is highly influenced by players{\textquoteright} common interests on challenging tasks. Players with less combat experience are more likely to participate in group events for difficult tasks and team performance is positively correlated to group size.},
         url = {http://www.vwobservatory.com/wp/?p=149},
         author = {Huang, Y. and Zhu, M. and Wang, J. and Pathak, N. and Shen, C. and Keegan, B. and Williams, D. and Contractor, N.}
 }
 @book {4380,
         title = {Gaming Cultures and Place in Asia-Pacific},
         year = {2009},
         publisher = {Routledge},
         organization = {Routledge},
         address = {London},
         abstract = {This collection explores the relationship between digital gaming and its cultural context by focusing on the burgeoning Asia-Pacific region. Encompassing key locations for global gaming production and consumption such as Japan, China, and South Korea, as well as increasingly significant sites including Australia and Singapore, the region provides a wealth of divergent examples of the role of gaming as a socio-cultural phenomenon. Drawing from micro ethnographic studies of specific games and gaming locales to macro political economy analyses of techno-nationalisms and trans-cultural flows, this collection provides an interdisciplinary model for thinking through the politics of gaming production, representation, and consumption in the region.},
         issn = {0415996279},
         author = {Hjorth, Larissa and Chan, Dean}
 }
 @conference {4563,
         title = {Inferring Player Rating from Performance Data in Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games (MMORPGs)},
         booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE Social Computing (SocialCom-09). Workshop on Social Intelligence in Applied Gaming},
         year = {2009},
         address = {Vancouver, Canada},
         abstract = {This paper examines online player performance in EverQuest II, a popular massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) developed by Sony Online Entertainment. The study uses the game{\textquoteright}s player performance data to devise performance metrics for online players. We report three major findings. First, we show that the game{\textquoteright}s point-scaling system overestimates performances of lower level players and underestimates performances of higher level players. We present a novel pointscaling system based on the game{\textquoteright}s player performance data that addresses the underestimation and overestimation problems. Second, we present a highly accurate predictive model for player performance as a function of past behavior. Third, we show that playing in groups impacts individual performance and that player-level characteristics alone are insufficient in explaining an individual{\textquoteright}s performance, which calls for a different set of performance metrics methods.},
         url = {http://www.vwobservatory.com/wp/?p=156},
         author = {Shim, K. and Ahmad, M. and Pathak, N. and Srivastava, S.}
 }
 @article {4436,
         title = {"Its not hard, just requires that you have no life". Computer games and the illusion of learning.},
         journal = {Digital kompetanse : nordic journal of digital literacy},
         volume = {4},
         year = {2009},
         pages = {4-19},
         chapter = {4},
         keywords = {Computer games, Digital game-based learning},
         issn = {0809-6724},
         author = {Linderoth, Jonas}
 }
 @article {4564,
         title = {Looking for gender (LFG): Gender roles and behaviors among online gamers},
         journal = {Journal of Communication},
         volume = {59},
         year = {2009},
         pages = {700-725},
         abstract = {Several hypotheses regarding the importance of gender and relationships were tested by combining a large survey dataset with unobtrusive behavioral data from 1 year of play. Consistent with expectations, males played for achievement-oriented reasons and were more aggressive, especially within romantic relationships where both partners played. Female players in such relationships had higher general happiness than their male counterparts. Contrary to stereotypes and current hypotheses, it was the female players who played the most. Female players were also healthier than male players or females in the general population. The findings have implications for gender theory and communication-oriented methods in games and online research{\textemdash}most notably for the use of self-reported time spent, which was systematically incorrect and different by gender.},
         url = {http://www.vwobservatory.com/wp/?p=194},
         author = {Williams, Dmitri and Consalvo,Mia and Caplan,Scott and Yee, Nick}
 }
 @conference {4556,
         title = {Mining for Gold Farmers: Automatic Detection of Deviant Players in MMOGS},
         booktitle = {IEEE Social Computing (SocialCom-09). Symposium on Social Intelligence and Networking (SIN-09)},
         year = {2009},
         address = {Vancouver, Canada},
         abstract = {Gold farming refers to the illicit practice of gathering and selling virtual goods in online games for real money. Although around one million gold farmers engage in gold farming related activities, to date a systematic study of identifying gold farmers has not been done. In this paper we use data from the Massively Multiplayer Online Role Playing Game (MMO) EverQuest II to identify gold farmers. We pose this as a binary classification problem and identify a set of features for classification purpose. Given the cost associated with investigating gold farmers, we also give criteria for evaluating gold farming detection techniques, and provide suggestions for future testing and evaluation techniques.},
         url = {http://www.vwobservatory.com/wp?p=161},
         author = {Ahmad, M. and Keegan, Brian and Srivastava, J. and Williams, Dmitri and Contractor, N.}
 }
 @article {4128,
         title = {Mothers, Play, And Everyday Life: Ethnology meets Game Studies},
         journal = {Ethnologia Scandinavica:  A Journal for Nordic Ethnology},
         volume = {39},
         year = {2009},
         pages = {27-41},
         abstract = {This article should serve as an introduction to a relatively new topic in ethnological studies requiring very specific methods as it involves both offline and online research as well as material objects and immaterial practices. How do we embark on an interdisciplinary venture such as this, and be sure to produce qualitative research of high standard? How should gaming mothers best be studied?
 In what follows we try to answer that question. We also assume that not all of our readers are extensively familiar with games and game culture or have engaged with computer games first-hand or as scientific object of study. We thus begin with a short assessment of its current status as a growing genre, whose image is changing as gamers and game culture become increasingly diversified. We also briefly situate games as an academic subject and outline some of the central concepts focused in the fieldii called Game Studies. Furthermore, understanding the ideological underpinnings of play is vital to understanding the contexts in which games and gaming exist because they constitute some of the fundamental conditions of games research. To explain this, we relate the ambiguous status of game/play to the usage of the term --the magic circle{\textbardbl} and of historically ingrained rhetorics [sic] of play.
 In our survey of the theoretical land, we notice an increasing attention among games researchers to players in addition to the games themselves. We thus assert that ethnologists have a particular methodological edge and a role to fulfill as games research more and more means studying games in relation to gamers, society and political economy and not only the game itself. As part of a huge industry that is a significant economic driver, games take center stage on a global sociocultural and capital market. Educational programs and cross-disciplinary efforts centered on games and gaming grow steadily. Introducing our research project --Gaming Moms{\textbardbl} we explain why it is interesting {\textendash} and now possible and highly apposite {\textendash} to study gaming from the perspective of culture, the family and the everyday. We give our rendition of how to best study a particular category of players such as mothers and why a marriage between ethnology and the interdisciplinary field of Game Studies is necessary and useful. In doing so, we give specific examples from our ongoing project thus presenting a selection of the various methods we apply in our research. Our examples are chosen around two themes {\textendash} gaming and time management and representations of mothers in the context of gaming. We conclude with a brief discussion of our findings, having thus proposed an answer to our methodological question, and outline some missing perspectives and future challenges.},
         keywords = {Computer games, ethnographic-method, ethnography, everyday culture, everyday life, female-gamers, game-time, representation, Time},
         issn = {0348-9698},
         url = {http://gamingmoms.wordpress.com/publications/},
         author = {Enevold, Jessica and Hagstr{\"o}m, Charlotte}
 }
 @article {4158,
         title = {Palestine in Pixels: The Holy Land, Arab-Israeli Conflict, and Reality Construction in Video Games},
         journal = {Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication},
         volume = {2},
         year = {2009},
         pages = {17},
         chapter = {275},
         abstract = {This article explores the ways in which Palestine is envisioned, and its representation constructed, in contemporary video games. At the same time, capitalizing on Bogost{\textquoteright}s notion of {\textquotedblleft}procedurality{\textquotedblright}, this article discusses the potential and limitations of various game genres for modeling complex historical, social, and political realities. It focuses particularly on the ways in which the Arab-Israeli conflict is mediated and its perception and evaluation subsequently shaped by these games. By doing so, this article analyzes how the (re)constructions of reality as provided by the video games{\textquoteright} graphical, textual, and procedural logic, serve parallel {\textendash} albeit contradictory {\textendash} political and ideological interpretations of real-world events. Essentially, this article argues that the procedural forms, i.e. the common models of user interaction as utilized by particular video game genres, fundamentally shape and limit the ways in which reality is communicated to the players. Therefore, on a more general level, this article aims to further develop the game genres{\textquoteright} critique by focusing on two contrasting, but equally signifi cant and simultaneous, aspects of video games {\textendash} the persuasive power of procedurality and the inherent limitations thereof.},
         keywords = {Arab-Israeli conflict, Computer games, Digiplay FAQ, game genre, Palestine, procedurality, realism, reality construction, Video Games},
         issn = {1873-9857},
         url = {http://www.digitalislam.eu/article.do?articleId=2515},
         author = {Sisler, Vit}
 }
 @inbook {4428,
         title = {The Philosophies of Software},
         booktitle = {Handbook of Research on Computational Arts and Creative Informatics},
         year = {2009},
         pages = {326-342},
         publisher = {Information Science Reference},
         organization = {Information Science Reference},
         chapter = {The Philosophies of Software},
         abstract = {Software is philosophical. Software is designed by people who have been influenced by a specific understanding of the way objects, people and systems work. These concepts are then transferred to the user, who manipulates that software within the rules set forth by the software developer.  The use of these rules by the designer reinforces an understanding of the world that is emphasized by the software they use.  The designer then produces works that mimic these same philosophies instead of departing from them.  The three axis of these philosophies are analogy, reductivism, and transferred agency.},
         keywords = {agents, analogy, software philosophy, Visualization},
         isbn = {978-1605663524},
         issn = {1605663522},
         doi = {10.4018/978-1-60566-352-4},
         url = {http://www.igi-global.com/Bookstore/TitleDetails.aspx?TitleId=448\&DetailsType=Description},
         author = {Lindsay Grace}
 }
 @book {3242,
         title = {Racing the Beam: The Atari Video Computer System},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Nick Montfort is Assistant Professor of Digital Media at MIT. He is the author of Twisty Little Passages: A New Approach to Interactive Fiction and the coeditor of The New Media Reader, both published by The MIT Press.
 
 Ian Bogost is Assistant Professor in the School of Literature, Communication, and Culture, at Georgia Institute of Technology and Founding Partner, Persuasive Games LLC. He is the author of Persuasive Games: The Expressive Power of Videogame Criticism and Unit Operations: An Approach to Videogame Criticism, both published by the MIT Press.},
         pages = {184},
         publisher = {MIT Press},
         organization = {MIT Press},
         abstract = {The Atari Video Computer System dominated the home video game market so completely that {\textquoteright}Atari{\textquoteright} became the generic term for a video game console. The Atari VCS was affordable and offered the flexibility of changeable cartridges. Nearly a thousand of these were created, the most significant of which established new techniques, mechanics, and even entire genres. This book offers a detailed and accessible study of this influential video game console from both computational and cultural perspectives. Studies of digital media have rarely investigated platforms - the systems underlying computing. This book (the first in the series of "Platform Studies") does so, developing a critical approach that examines the relationship between platforms and creative expression. Nick Montfort and Ian Bogost discuss the Atari VCS itself and examine in detail six game cartridges: Combat, Adventure, Pac-Man, Yars{\textquoteright} Revenge, Pitfall!, and Star Wars: The Empire Strikes Back. They describe the technical constraints and affordances of the system and track developments in programming, gameplay, interface, and aesthetics. Adventure, for example, was the first game to represent a virtual space larger than the screen (anticipating the boundless virtual spaces of such later games as World of Warcraft and Grand Theft Auto), by allowing the player to walk off one side into another space; and Star Wars: The Empire Strikes Back was an early instance of interaction between media properties and video games. Montfort and Bogost show that the Atari VCS - often considered merely a retro fetish object - is an essential part of the history of video games.},
         isbn = {026201257X},
         url = {http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2\&tid=11696},
         author = {Montfort, Nick and Bogost,Ian}
 }
 @article {4462,
         title = {Rationalizing Play: A Critical Theory of Digital Gaming},
         journal = {The Information Society},
         volume = {25},
         year = {2009},
         pages = {105-118},
         chapter = {105},
         abstract = {This article constructs a new framework for the study of games as sites of social rationalization, applying Feenberg{\textquoteright}s critical theory of technology. We begin by making the case for a consideration of games as systems of social rationality, akin to other modern systems such as capitalist markets and bureaucratic organizations. We then present a conceptualization of play as a process through which the player focuses attention away from the undifferentiated action of everyday life toward a differentiated sphere of playful activity. This approach reveals how the experience of play changes as it becomes rationalized through the technological mediation and widespread standardization that occurs as games become large-scale social practices. We propose a theory of the rationalization of play (ludification), which outlines the key components of socially rationalized games, which we then apply to the specific example of massively multiplayer online games (MMOGs).},
         keywords = {critical theory, massively multiplayer online games, PLAY, rationalization},
         url = {http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a909230753~db=all~jumptype=rss},
         author = {Grimes, Sara M and Feenberg, Andrew}
 }
 @conference {1581093,
         title = {Rock Band: a case study in the design of embodied interface experience},
         booktitle = {Sandbox {\textquoteright}09: Proceedings of the 2009 ACM SIGGRAPH Symposium on Video Games},
         year = {2009},
         pages = {127{\textendash}134},
         publisher = {ACM},
         organization = {ACM},
         address = {New Orleans, Louisiana, USA},
         abstract = {There has been a recent surge of novel interface devices available for home gaming systems. With the rise in popularity of games like Guitar Hero and consoles such as Nintendo{\textquoteright}s Wii comes new opportunities for game design at the interface level. In this paper we propose three interrelated dimensions for the analysis of embodied and gestural game interface hardware devices. We demonstrate how gestural and embodied interactions can be understood as ludic, kinesthetic and narrative experiences. We ground this discussion in a close analysis of the interface affordances of the game Rock Band and demonstrate how these three dimensions allow us to understand more clearly the place of the interface in the design and the experience of games.},
         keywords = {embodiment, Game Interface, ludology, narrative, Novel Interaction, Physical Interaction Design},
         isbn = {978-1-60558-514-7},
         doi = {http://doi.acm.org.proxy.lib.sfu.ca/10.1145/1581073.1581093},
         author = {Tanenbaum, Joshua and Bizzocchi,Jim}
 }
 @conference {4561,
         title = {The Social Behaviors of Experts in Massive Multiplayer Online Role-playing Games},
         booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE Social Computing (SocialCom-09). Symposium on Social Intelligence and Networking (SIN-09)},
         year = {2009},
         address = {Vancouver, Canada},
         abstract = {We examine the social behaviors of game experts in Everquest II, a popular massive multiplayer online role-playing game (MMO). We rely on Exponential Random Graph Models (ERGM) to examine the anonymous privacy-protected social networks of 1,457 players over a five-day period. We find that those who achieve the most in the game send and receive more communication, while those who perform the most efficiently at the game show no difference in communication behavior from other players. Both achievement and performance experts tend to communicate with those at similar expertise levels, and higherlevel experts are more likely to receive communication from other players.},
         url = {http://www.vwobservatory.com/wp/?p=153},
         author = {Huffaker, D. and Wang, J. and Treem, J. and Ahmad, M. and Fullerton, L. and Williams, Dmitri and Poole, M. and Contractor, N.}
 }
 @article {4266,
         title = {SoundPark: Towards Highly Collaborative Game Support in a Ubiquitous Computing Architecture},
         journal = {Distributed Applications and Interoperable Systems, Processings},
         volume = {5523},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Bkh10Times Cited:0Cited References Count:21Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
         pages = {157-170171},
         abstract = {Ubiquitous computing architectures enable interaction and collaboration in multi-user applications. We explore the challenges of integrating the disparate services required in such architectures and describe how we have met these challenges in the context of a real-world application that operates on heterogeneous hardware and run-time environments. As a compelling example, we consider the role of ubiquitous computing to support the needs of a distributed multi-user game, including mobility, mutual awareness, and geo-localization. The game presented here, "SoundPark", is played in a mixed-reality environment, in which the physical space is augmented with computer-generated audio and graphical content, and the players communicate frequently over a low-latency audio channel. Our experience designing and developing the game motivates significant discussion related to issues of general relevance to ubiquitous game architect tires, including integration of heterogeneous components, monitoring, remote control and scalability.},
         isbn = {0302-9743},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000268061500012},
         author = {Pellerin, R. and Bouillot, N. and Pietkiewicz, T. and Wozniewski, M. and Settel, Z. and Gressier-Soudan, E. and Cooperstock, J. R.}
 }
 @inbook {3249,
         title = {The Test of Time: McLuhan, Space, and the Rise of Civilization},
         booktitle = {Ecosee: Image, Rhetoric, and Nature},
         year = {2009},
         pages = {257-77},
         publisher = {SUNY},
         organization = {SUNY},
         address = {New York},
         abstract = {McLuhan probed and explored the social and cultural environments created by media technologies and the modes of perception engendered in those who found themselves immersed therein. In this essay I argue that digital games produce a form of electronic "acoustic space", an instantaneous, inclusive, decentred environment quite distinct from their carefully realised but ludologically irrelevant backstories. Taking as my case study Sid Meier{\textquoteright}s complex and involving Civilization series, I examine the {\textquoteright}aural{\textquoteright} mode of engagement that digital games can encourage and even require. I close by evaluating the equivocal environmental rhetoric of this enduringly successful title, and the continuing relevance of McLuhan{\textquoteright}s provocative and fruitful analyses.},
         keywords = {acoustic space, Civilization, digital game, ecology, electronic age, environment, global village, literacy, McLuhan, print, rhetoric, Sid Meier, space, Test of Time, videogame},
         isbn = {978-1-4384-2584-9},
         url = {http://www.cyberchimp.co.uk/research/testoftime.htm},
         author = {Tyler, Tom},
         editor = {Sid Dobrin and Sean Morey}
 }
 @article {4461,
         title = {The Turbulent Rise of the Child Gamer: Public Fears and Corporate Promises in Cinematic and Promotional Depictions of Children{\textquoteright}s Digital Play},
         journal = {Communication, Culture and Critique},
         volume = {2},
         year = {2009},
         pages = {319-338},
         chapter = {319},
         abstract = {This paper examines depictions of the "cyberchild," and the child at risk in Hollywood films and television advertisements portraying children{\textquoteright}s digital gaming. We examine fears of digital play and adjoining hopes for its conversion into a "productive" and educational practice. We find evidence of a stiflingly polarized conflict over children{\textquoteright}s digital gaming: young gamers are either delinquent and violent, or naturally adept "cyberchildren" with bright futures as information workers. We propose three reasons why this polarity remains unresolved, detail how issues of gender and class are sidelined, and suggest that cinematic and promotional depictions have both helped shape and reflect grossly exaggerated characterizations of the child gamer.},
         keywords = {child gamers, controversy, film, history, Television, Video Games},
         url = {http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122598460/abstract?CRETRY=1\&SRETRY=0},
         author = {Narine, Neil and Grimes, Sara M}
 }
 @article {3245,
         title = {Video games in the Arab world and beyond - Interview with Vit Sisler},
         year = {2009},
         abstract = {Video games are at the core of a renewed focus of interest and have given birth to what are now known as game studies. Games have to be considered as a fully legitimate field of study for both anthropologists and political scientists, as they are shaping worldviews, social networks and identities and they engage phenomenona of cultural domination/resistance. They eventually crystallise new forms of collective mobilisation and action and have to be considered as cultural artefacts. Vit Sisler, a researcher in game studies, tells us more about the religious and other challenges that games are posing in the Middle East and Muslim world. },
         url = {http://religion.info/english/interviews/article_413.shtml},
         author = {Haenni, Patrick}
 }
 @inbook {4159,
         title = {Video Games, Video Clips, and Islam: New Media and the Communication of Values},
         booktitle = {Muslim Societies in the Age of Mass Consumption},
         year = {2009},
         pages = {231{\textendash}258},
         publisher = {Cambridge Scholars Publishing},
         organization = {Cambridge Scholars Publishing},
         address = {Newcastle},
         abstract = {This chapter analyzes video games and video clips with an Islamic emphasis and the various levels at which they convey ethical and moral values. Both video games and video clips have been neglected and marginalized by the academy, albeit to varying degrees. Given their pervasiveness, especially among Middle Eastern youth, we are in crucial need today of critical understanding of the different ways these media articulate Islam and communicate it to consumers. This chapter in particular discusses the appropriation of games by various private Islamic companies, operating in the broader religious and cultural context of the Islamic revival and piety movement, for educational purposes. Finally, this chapter discusses how Islamic game production and, more generally, the public discourse of the Islamic piety movement are shaping mainstream video game production targeted at Muslim audiences and the marketing strategies of game production companies.},
         keywords = {consumption, education, Islam, values, Video Games, virtual worlds},
         issn = {1-4438-1405-9},
         url = {http://www.digitalislam.eu/article.do?articleId=2550},
         author = {Sisler, Vit}
 }
 @mastersthesis {4325,
         title = {Virtual Consumption},
         year = {2009},
         pages = {243},
         school = {University of Turku},
         type = {PhD},
         address = {Turku},
         keywords = {consumer behaviour, cross-cultural study, dematerialisation of consumption, electronic commerce, ethic of consumption, Online communities},
         author = {Lehdonvirta, Vili}
 }
 @proceedings {4559,
         title = {Virtually There: Exploring Proximity and Homophily in a Virtual World},
         journal = {Computational Science and Engineering, IEEE International Conference on Social Computing},
         volume = {4},
         year = {2009},
         pages = {354-359},
         abstract = {Virtual space eliminates the constraints of physical distances on communication and interaction. In this study, we examine the impact of offline proximity and homophily of players on their online interactions in EverQuest II. The results show that spatial proximity as well as homophily still influence players{\textquoteright} online behavior.},
         url = {http://www.vwobservatory.com/wp/?p=151},
         author = {Huang, Y. and Shen, C. and Williams, Dmitri and Contractor, N.}
 }
 @conference {4557,
         title = {Will You Be My Friend? An Exploration of Adolescent Friendship Online in Teen Second Life},
         booktitle = {59th Annual Conference of the International Communication Association},
         year = {2009},
         address = {Chicago, IL},
         abstract = {lthough there have been many studies of the effect that online friendships have on adolescents, fewer have investigated how young people form friendships online. Those that have studied online friendship have found that it is generally different than real-world friendship in form and function. This study applies Monge \& Contractor{\textquoteright}s (2003) Multi-theoretical Multilevel model to study the emergence of adolescent friendships in the online world. This study presents the results of a large scale social network analysis based on computer logs of friendships in Teen Second Life, an online social world for adolescents age 13-17. Results suggest that friendship formation follows several predictable patterns found in the real world, but not found in all previous studies of online friendship formation among adolescents, including tendencies towards balance and a preference for friends of high status and friends who are geographically, temporally, and physically proximate. These findings indicate that online friendship patterns in Teen Second Life mirror those found in real life},
         url = {http://www.vwobservatory.com/wp/?p=201},
         author = {Foucault Welles, B. and Zhu, M. and Huang, Y. and Atrash, Z. and Contractor, N.}
 }
 @article {4251,
         title = {An Academic Kit for Integrating Mobile Devices into the CS Curriculum},
         journal = {Iticse 2009: Proceeding of the 2009 Acm Sigse Annual Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Bkt74Times Cited:0Cited References Count:3},
         pages = {40-44406},
         abstract = {In this paper we present our freely available academic kit to help universities in integrating mobile devices into the Computer Science (CS) curriculum. The kit was designed and developed at the Centre for Mobile Education and Research at the University of Guelph, and includes instructors{\textquoteright} resources for introducing and teaching mobile application development. The first release of the kit includes the teaching material for a full introductory course on mobile application development, and concrete teaching modules for integrating mobile devices into courses on software engineering, game design and development, web services, information security, and operating systems.},
         keywords = {blackberry, mobile application development, Mobile devices, programming for fun, teaching computer programming, teaching tools},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000269212200012},
         author = {Mahmoud, Q. H. and Ngo, T. and Niazi, R. and Popowicz, P. and Sydoryshyn, R. and Wilks, M. and Dietz, D.}
 }
 @article {4314,
         title = {Active-Input Provides More Movement and Muscle Activity During Electronic Game Playing by Children},
         journal = {International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction},
         volume = {25},
         number = {8},
         year = {2009},
         note = {533CATimes Cited:0Cited References Count:48},
         pages = {713-728},
         abstract = {The majority of children in affluent countries now play electronic games, and this has lead to concerns about the health impact of this activity. Traditional electronic games have used gamepad, keyboard, and mouse input, but newer game interfaces that require more movement are now available. However the movement and muscle activity demands of electronic games have not been described. This study compared the amount of movement and muscle activity while 20 children aged 9 to 12 years watched a DVD and played games using handheld computer, gamepad, keyboard, steering wheel and, active-input (Webcam motion analysis-Sony EyeToy (R)) devices. Movement of the head, sacrum, foot, shoulder, wrist, and thumb was measured along with activity in cervical erector spinae, lumbar erector spinae, rectus femoris, upper trapezius, anterior deltoid, and wrist extensor muscles. Use of the wheel resulted in some increase in upper limb movement and muscle activity, but the other traditional input devices were usually as sedentary as watching a DVD. In contrast, use of the active-input device (EyeToy) resulted in substantial movement and muscle activity in limbs and torso. These results suggest that playing traditional electronic games is indeed a sedentary activity but that new active-input technologies may be useful in encouraging more movement and muscle activity in children.},
         keywords = {body fatness, calcium intake, different information technologies, Energy-Expenditure, Exercise, habitual physical-activity, Physiological-Responses, screen-based media, Video Game, Young-Adults},
         isbn = {1044-7318},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000272798500001},
         author = {Straker, L. and Pollock, C. and Piek, J. and Abbott, R. and Skoss, R. and Coleman, J.}
 }
 @article {4183,
         title = {Activity Module Development for Moodle: A Sample Activity Module, EduGame},
         journal = {Proceedings of the 15th American Conference on Applied Mathematics and Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational and Information Sciences 2009, Vols I and Ii},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Bjk33Times Cited:0Cited References Count:3Mathematics and Computers in Science and Engineering},
         pages = {366-371529},
         abstract = {Moodle, one of the most popular course management systems (CMSs), has a highly extendable infrastructure. Moodle is an open source CMS. Everyone can easily contribute to the development of Moodle with plug-ins, activity modules, blocks and so on. The most used contribution method is activity modules. Moodle has a list of activities by default (forums, quizzes, assignments, etc.). Teachers can use these activities in their classroom to support lessons. But sometimes default activities do not meet the needs of teachers. Therefore, activity module development can be important for efficient use of Moodle in some circumstances. In this study, Moodle infrastructure and development steps of a sample activity module, EduGame, will be explained in a step by step manner. EduGame activity module is a tool to integrate educational flash games into the Moodle. It also saves the game points of students into the Moodle database. Educational computer games are great ways for teachers to pique children{\textquoteright}s interest in the learning process. So integrating educational computer games to Moodle can be crucial for computer game based learning.},
         keywords = {activity module, cms, moodle},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000266634600053},
         author = {Cankaya, S. and Izmirli, S.}
 }
 @article {4308,
         title = {An Approach to Sharing Legacy TV/Arcade Games for Real-Time Collaboration},
         journal = {2009 29th IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Bmk51Times Cited:0Cited References Count:16IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems},
         pages = {165-172647},
         abstract = {Interactive TV/arcade games have been entertaining people for over SO years. Nowadays a large number of legacy TV/arcade games have been ported to new platforms such as PCs by emulation. However, they generally require that the players be co-located to interact with one computer that emulates the game. This paper proposes a novel approach to turning those single-computer games into multicomputer games such that multiple players can play their favorite legacy games in real tune over a computer network. The main challenge in this work is how to synchronize multiple replicas of a game without semantic knowledge about or modifications to the game. We present the approach, especially the synchronization algorithm, and evaluate its effectiveness under a variety of network conditions. In future research we will extend this work on mobile devices.},
         keywords = {human-performance, local-lag},
         isbn = {1063-6927},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000272675500019},
         author = {Zhao, S. and Li, D. and Gu, H. and Shao, B. and Gu, N.}
 }
 @article {4235,
         title = {Art Thief: An Educational Computer Game Model for Art Historical Instruction},
         journal = {Leonardo},
         volume = {42},
         number = {2},
         year = {2009},
         note = {420DVTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:9},
         pages = {133-137},
         abstract = {Cognitive research has revealed learning techniques more effective than those utilized by the traditional art history lecture survey course. Informed by these insights, the author and fellow graduate researchers at the University of Illinois at Chicago designed a "serious" computer game demo, Art Thief, as a potential model for a learning tool that incorporates content from art history. The game design implements constructed learning, simulated cooperation and problem solving in a first-person, immersive, goal-oriented mystery set within a virtual art museum.},
         isbn = {0024-094X},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000264269800004},
         author = {Kinkley, J.}
 }
 @article {4173,
         title = {Bridging Realty to Virtual Reality: Investigating gender effect and student engagement on learning through video game play in an elementary school classroom},
         journal = {International Journal of Science Education},
         volume = {31},
         number = {8},
         year = {2009},
         note = {444PJTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:68},
         pages = {1091-1113},
         abstract = {The purpose of this study was to examine students{\textquoteright} learning of simple machines, a fifth-grade (ages 10-11) forces and motion unit, and student engagement using a teacher-created Multiplayer Educational Gaming Application. This mixed-method study collected pre-test/post-test results to determine student knowledge about simple machines. A survey ascertained the time spent using the computer for general purposes, and the time spent playing computer games as a function of gender. The pre-test and post-test design involved 74 students, 31 males and 43 females, who played the Dr. Friction Multiplayer Educational Gaming Application for several days in the middle of the unit. Results showed the females averaged using the computer more than their male counterparts and males played video games more than females. Analysis of covariance suggested no significant difference between the factor gender (p .05) but statistically significant differences in gain scores (p = .001). Observations and qualitative focus groups suggested high student engagement and how video game technology can scaffold learning of simple machines.},
         keywords = {communication, Computer, environment},
         isbn = {0950-0693},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000265992600006},
         author = {Annetta, L. and Mangrum, J. and Holmes, S. and Collazo, K. and Cheng, M. T.}
 }
 @article {4271,
         title = {Case Study on Using RTF for Developing Multi-player Online Games},
         journal = {Euro-Par 2008 Workshops - Parallel Processing},
         volume = {5415},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Bjv48Times Cited:0Cited References Count:9Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
         pages = {390-400462},
         abstract = {Real-Time Online Interactive Applications (ROIA) include a broad spectrum of online computer games. as well as challenging distributed e-learning applications, like virtual classrooms and collaborative environments. Development of ROIA poses several complex tasks that currently are addressed at a low level of abstraction. In our previous work, we presented the Real-Time Framework (RTF) - a novel middle-ware for a high-level development and execution of ROIA in single- and multi-server environments. This paper describes a case study in which a simple but representative online computer game is developed using RTF. We explain how RTF supports the design of data structures and their automatic serialization for network transmission, as well as determining and processing user actions when computing a new game state; the challenge is to provide the state updates to all players in real time at a very high frequency.},
         isbn = {0302-9743},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000267262400038},
         author = {Ploss, A. and Glinka, F. and Gorlatch, S.}
 }
 @article {4182,
         title = {Case Study: The Economics of Arden},
         journal = {Critical Studies in Media Communication},
         volume = {26},
         number = {2},
         year = {2009},
         note = {500PITimes Cited:0Cited References Count:6},
         pages = {165-179},
         abstract = {A synthetic world is a computer-generated Earth-like environment that is accessible online to hundreds or thousands of people on a persistent basis. Due to the genuine human interactions that are cultivated in these environments, this technology may stand to offer much as a social science research tool. In this paper we describe a synthetic world, Arden, which has been designed and constructed for use in macroeconomic experiments. We detail the basis of the Arden economy, the resources and production technologies involved, the game structures that will entice players to make use of them, and the monetary and fiscal policy tools available for regulating the virtual market. The paper concludes with a description of example experiments that could be conducted, as well as a review of key principles and practical considerations to keep in mind when employing this new research tool.},
         keywords = {economics, game design, virtual worlds},
         isbn = {1529-5036},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000270315200005},
         author = {Castronova, E. and Cummings, J. J. and Emigh, W. and Fatten, M. and Mishler, N. and Ross, T. and Ryan, W.}
 }
 @article {4202,
         title = {cMotion: A New Game Design to Teach Emotion Recognition and Programming Logic to Children using Virtual Humans},
         journal = {IEEE Virtual Reality 2009, Proceedings},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Bjh02Times Cited:0Cited References Count:8},
         pages = {249-250323},
         abstract = {This paper presents the design of the final stage of a new game currently in development, entitled cMotion, which will use virtual humans to teach emotion recognition and programming concepts to children. Having multiple facets, cMotion is designed to teach the intended users how to recognize facial expressions and manipulate an interactive virtual character using a visual drag-and-drop programming interface. By creating a game which contextualizes emotions, we hope to foster learning of both emotions in a cultural context and computer programming concepts in children. The game will be completed in three stages which will each be tested separately: a playable introduction which focuses on social skills and emotion recognition, an interactive interface which focuses on computer programming, and a full game which combines the first two stages into one activity.},
         keywords = {emotion recognition, serious games, virtual humans},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000265769200046},
         author = {Finkelstein, S. L. and Nickel, A. and Harrison, L. and Suma, E. A. and Barnes, T.}
 }
 @article {4270,
         title = {Collaborative Game-play as a Site for Participation and Situated Learning of a Second Language},
         journal = {Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research},
         volume = {53},
         number = {2},
         year = {2009},
         note = {434UOTimes Cited:1Cited References Count:52},
         pages = {167-183},
         abstract = {This paper addresses additional language learning as rooted in participation in the social activity of collaborative game-play. Building on a social-interactional view of learning, it analyses some of the detailed practices through which players attend to a video game as the material and semiotic structure that shapes play and creates affordances for additional language learning. We describe how players engage with the language resources offered by the game, drawing on the vocabulary, constructions, prosodic features and utterances modelled on game dialogue, in building their own actions during collaborative play. With these resources, the players display their ongoing engagement with the game as well as their competences in recognising, reproducing and creatively reshaping the available linguistic resources in their own activities.},
         keywords = {accomplishment, Acquisition, classroom, computer and video games, interactional practices, language play, second language acquisition, task},
         isbn = {0031-3831},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000265299800005},
         author = {Piirainen-Marsh, A. and Tainio, L.}
 }
 @article {4179,
         title = {Competence Complexity and Obvious Learning Experience from Developing a Language Learning Game},
         journal = {Design and Use of Serious Games},
         volume = {37},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Bjb44Times Cited:0Cited References Count:10Intelligent Systems, Control, and Automation: Science and Engineering},
         pages = {83-96206},
         abstract = {A computer role-playing game for language learning was created in a European project. The process was challenging with a multidisciplinary team from three countries who did not know each other well before the project started. Game designers, linguists, pedagogues and teachers have different approaches to how such an educational tool should function. The requirements for the game were scarce before the project started, so it was up to the team to agree on the game design and contents. We early realised that we had to work much more closely together than what is common in educational projects, so we used virtual meeting rooms extensively in addition to many physical meetings. One important conclusion regarding the process is that small prototypes should have been made very early to enhance the understanding and cooperation between the writers and designers and those responsible for the pedagogical contents. Designers and pedagogical personnel should also have had a much closer cooperation in the early phases to better integrate the learning material into the game story. This paper discusses how we worked together to get consensus about the game. We will also touch upon some of the technical difficulties we had trying to satisfy all our requirements with the chosen open source platforms. We also say a few words about the first reactions of the target group. The focus is however on the process of making educational games and what can be learnt from this experience.},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000264525500006},
         author = {Brox, E. and Heggelund, A. and Evertsen, G.}
 }
 @article {4176,
         title = {Computer Game Playing: Clinical characteristics of dependence and abuse among adolescents},
         journal = {Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift},
         volume = {121},
         number = {15-16},
         year = {2009},
         note = {493TZTimes Cited:1Cited References Count:18},
         pages = {502-509},
         abstract = {Objective and methods: The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence of excessive computer game playing behaviour among adolescents with psychopathological tendencies that resemble the classic symptoms of addiction. To address this question, criteria for excessive computer game playing behaviour were developed on the basis of diagnostic criteria for substance-related disorders according to ICD-10.Results: Excessive computer playing corresponding to addictive behaviour were found in 12.3\% of the adolescents (n = 1068; 9.6\% showed abusive and 2.7\% dependent behaviour). Adolescents with excessive computer and video game playing behaviour also show substantial correlations with other psychosocial and psychopathological abnormalities, such as alterations in the intensity of social conflict, concentration deficits, maladaptive coping behaviour, stress and psychosomatic challenge, and school phobia.Conclusions: The study provides the first empirical data about excessive computer game playing among adolescents in Austria. It shows that pathological computer game playing can be well described by criteria developed in accordance to substance dependence, and that abusive or dependent Computer game playing shows specific connections with psycho-social, psychopathological and motivational factors. Overall, the results demonstrate a clear need for deeper research on this subject and the need for a design of prevention measures.},
         keywords = {Adolescents, excessive computer game playing behaviour, maladaptive coping behaviour},
         isbn = {0043-5325},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000269762300005},
         author = {Batthyany, D. and Muller, K. W. and Benker, F. and Wolfling, K.}
 }
 @article {4203,
         title = {Computer games in childhood and adolescence: Relations to addictive behavior, ADHD, and aggression},
         journal = {Zeitschrift Fur Kinder-Und Jugendpsychiatrie Und Psychotherapie},
         volume = {37},
         number = {5},
         year = {2009},
         note = {505XSTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:88},
         pages = {393-402},
         abstract = {Playing computer games has become one of the main leisure activities in children and adolescents and increasingly replaces traditional playing and interactional activities. There might exist developmental benefits or positive effects of computer games that can be used for educational or therapeutic purposes. More important several studies have well demonstrated that excessive computer game playing is associated with behavior that features all components of non-chemical addiction and the prevalences across all age groups seem to be impressingly high. Objective: This overview relies on a Medline research. Its objective is to describe motivational and developmental characteristics attributed to computer games as well as the prevalences of computer playing in children and adolescents to better understand the risks for addictive use. We especially focus on the relations of excessive computer playing with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and aggressive behavior. Results: The results demonstrate that children with ADHD are especially vulnerable to addictive use of computer games due to their neuropsychological profile. Moreover excessive violent computer game playing might be a significant risk variable for aggressive behavior in the presence of personality traits with aggressive cognitions and behavior scripts in the consumers. Conclusions: The increasing clinical meaning of addictive computer games playing urgently necessitates the development of diagnostic and therapeutic tools for clinical practice as well as the cooperation with allied disciplines.},
         keywords = {Addiction, aggressive behavior, Attention-Deficit, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (adhd), children, Computer games, Hyperactivity Disorder, internet addiction, Life, model, psychiatric comorbidity, reward deficiency syndrome, Symptoms, Violent Video Games},
         isbn = {1422-4917},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000270735700003},
         author = {Frolich, J. and Lehmkuhl, G. and Dopfner, M.}
 }
 @article {4209,
         title = {A Computer Simulation Game for Learning Product Lifecycle Planning Through the Engineer-To-Order Case},
         journal = {International Journal of Engineering Education},
         volume = {25},
         number = {5},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Sp. Iss. SI522BDTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:40},
         pages = {864-875},
         abstract = {In this paper we present a computer-supported simulation game intended for teaching the planning aspects of Product Lifecycle Management (PLM). The game deals with product lifecycle planning dynamics in the Engineer-To-Order (ETO) industry. The ETO environment that serves as the Working case allows the eliciting of important PLM concepts: unified product development multiproject planning and manufacturing planning, links between PLM software and ERP systems, and emphasis on the PLM holistic approach. The game is designed as a series of group sessions in which the different planning decisions appear progressively so that in the last session a complete lifecycle planning problem is completed The sessions act as a series of practical cases encouraging group discussions. The computer system consists of two main components: a discrete event simulator and a planning decision supper system. The simulator guides the game and stochastically generates the different events that cause the need for planning decisions in the working case. The planning decision support system makes it possible to emulate the resolution of the day-to-day tasks.},
         keywords = {computer simulation games, Context, engineer-to-order, environment, Management, product lifecycle planning, project, Skills},
         isbn = {0949-149X},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000271971800004},
         author = {Gutierrez, M. and Sastron, F.}
 }
 @article {4318,
         title = {Constructing the 2D Adventure Game-Based Assessment System},
         journal = {Advances in Web Based Learning - ICWL 2009},
         volume = {5686},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Blc72Times Cited:0Cited References Count:10Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
         pages = {376-385478},
         abstract = {Due to the advanced computer and network technologies, it could be helpful to conduct an advanced distance learning system for learners to process their learning activities in anytime and anywhere. However, according to many research issues which found that the learning motivation is the most important element to encourage people into their learning and assessment activities. In this paper, we proposed the 2D Adventure Game-Based Assessment System which not only could draw people into their learning activities, but could help instructors easily to design and manage the related learning and assessment content.},
         keywords = {assessment system, game design, GBL, learning motivation},
         isbn = {0302-9743},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000269930300045},
         author = {Tang, J. Y. and Chen, J. H. and Ku, D. T. and Chao, L. R. and Shih, T. K. and Weng, M. M.}
 }
 @article {4306,
         title = {Construction of a Computer Game Oriented to Disaster Education and Reflections on Its Problems},
         journal = {Learning by Playing},
         volume = {5670},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Blc82Times Cited:0Cited References Count:9Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
         pages = {110-119579},
         abstract = {Despite the fact that greater importance has been attached to educational games, the design, development and application of computer games oriented to disaster education is rarely researched. This paper, therefore, attempts to make use of first aid knowledge targeting teenagers to develop a role-playing computer game oriented to disaster education under the guidance of fuzzy strategy. The paper also reflects on some existing problems after a preliminary experiment with the game.},
         keywords = {computer game, Construction, disaster education},
         isbn = {0302-9743},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000269934000015},
         author = {Zhang, S. J. and Gu, H. J.}
 }
 @article {4186,
         title = {Cross Cultural Computer Gaming},
         journal = {Internationalization, Design and Global Development, Proceedings},
         volume = {5623},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Bkt52Times Cited:0Cited References Count:37Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
         pages = {13-18526},
         abstract = {Computer game development is a rapidly growing global business. However, research in the understanding of the global user is lacking. This paper presents a survey of recent research on cross cultural game development. The paper proposes a cross cultural hybrid model to carry out user modeling to assist developers in understanding the cultural nuances of end users.},
         keywords = {Framework},
         isbn = {0302-9743},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000269191600002},
         author = {Chakraborty, J. and Norcio, A. F.}
 }
 @article {4200,
         title = {A Culturally Contextualized Web Based Game Environment to Support Meaningful Learning},
         journal = {CSEDU 2009: Proceedings of the First International Conference on Computer Supported Education, Vol Ii},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Bkc65Times Cited:0Cited References Count:13},
         pages = {205-210352},
         abstract = {The computer game use in education has been growing as a learning facilitator. What is it? educational environment allows teachers to be co-author of an online game based on cards which uses a common sense knowledge base. It also allows teachers to choose language according to their students{\textquoteright} culture and needs providing them with suitable language. The environment also allows researchers to collect common sense knowledge. Every user interaction in each editor{\textquoteright}s module and player{\textquoteright}s module generates a new common sense statement which is stored into Brazilian Open Mind Common Sense (OMCS-BR) project knowledge base. A study case was conducted with teachers and students from two different Brazilian public schools. Results demonstrate there is a large potential of the use of this environment in real classes and the methodology to collect common sense statements naturally through a web game.},
         keywords = {common sense, culture sensitive learning, educational games, Pedagogical issues, sexual education},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000267757200037},
         author = {Ferreira, A. M. and Pereira, E. N. and Anacleto, J. C. and Carelli, I. M. and Silva, M. A. R. and Dias, A. L.}
 }
 @article {4240,
         title = {Design and Architecture of Sidh - a Cave Based Firefighter Training Game},
         journal = {Design and Use of Serious Games},
         volume = {37},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Bjb44Times Cited:0Cited References Count:20Intelligent Systems, Control, and Automation: Science and Engineering},
         pages = {19-31206},
         abstract = {This paper presents the architecture of a game-based training simulator environment developed in collaboration with the Swedish Rescue Services Agency (SRSA). The learning objectives for the game relates to training of firefighters for Breathing Apparatus Entry, and in particular to develop systematic search strategies. The hardware and software system is based on off-the-shelf computer components in combination with tailor made units. The game has been developed as a Half-Life 2 mod - extended to be played in a cave using 5 standard gaming PCs in a local area network. The game environment is a cave where the player is surrounded by four 80" screens giving a 360 degree view of a virtual world. Each screen is projecting a fixed-angle view of the virtual world and the player{\textquoteright}s orientation in the virtual world corresponds to her orientation in the real world. A novel interaction model has been developed for the game in order for it to be played in the cave. The player navigates and performs game actions using course body movements which are captured through a set of sensors.},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000264525500002},
         author = {Lebram, M. and Backlund, P. and Engstrom, H. and Johannesson, M.}
 }
 @article {4269,
         title = {Design and Evaluation of a Computer Game to Promote a Healthy Diet for Young Adults},
         journal = {Health Communication},
         volume = {24},
         number = {2},
         year = {2009},
         note = {417SSTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:51},
         pages = {115-127},
         abstract = {This article reports the development and evaluation of a computer game (RightWay Cafe) as a special medium to promote a healthy diet for young adults. Structural features of computer games, such as interactive tailoring, role playing, the element of fun, and narrative, were operationalized in the RightWay Cafe game to afford behavior rehearsal in a safe and entertaining way. Theories such as the health belief model, social cognitive theory, and theory of reasoned action guided the content design of the game to influence mediators of behavior change, including self-efficacy, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, and behavior change intention. A randomized controlled evaluation study with pretest, posttest, and follow-up design demonstrated that this game was effective in teaching nutrition and weight management knowledge and increasing people{\textquoteright}s self-efficacy and perceived benefits of healthy eating, as well as their intention to be on a healthy diet. Limited long-term effects were also found: participants in the game-playing group had greater self-efficacy than participants in the control group after 1 month. This study validates the computer game-based approach to health promotion for young adults. Limitations and implications are also discussed.},
         keywords = {Adolescents, consumption, education, fat, Fruit, knowledge, nutrition intervention, Predictors, Self-efficacy, vegetable intake},
         isbn = {1041-0236},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000264099000003},
         author = {Peng, W.}
 }
 @article {4264,
         title = {Design of Interactive Emotional Sound Edutainment System},
         journal = {Human-Computer Interaction, Pt Iv},
         volume = {5613},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Bkr83Times Cited:0Cited References Count:9Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
         pages = {368-377781},
         abstract = {This paper introduces an emotional sound edutainment system for children to learn basic musical composition called as musical education sound interactive game (MESIG) employing a new type of user interface. Developed interactive game interface provides children to enjoy the game, so that they learn how to compose musical notes with touching the tangible objectives instead of using ordinary input devices. This way on experiencing and playing the computer games has been evolved to use the body and hands{\textquoteright} movement so as to interact with the game in virtual environment, which brings out interest for the children and their learning capability becomes more effectively improved. This system introduced in this paper requires a single camera and carries out skin color model tracking function to detect hand gesture as input device for playing the game. This computer vision technique based on image processing makes possible to operate an expressive interactive musical education system. To exploit the effectiveness, evaluation and analysis works are accomplished upon the realization of sound edutainment game.},
         keywords = {computer vision, Edutainment, interactive games, skin color model},
         isbn = {0302-9743},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000269034700041},
         author = {Park, M. and Kim, K.}
 }
 @article {4283,
         title = {Design of Videogames in Special Education},
         journal = {New Trends on Human-Computer Interaction: Research, Development, New Tools and Methods},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Bjd44Times Cited:0Cited References Count:14},
         pages = {43-51161},
         abstract = {The use of new technological and learning methods that help to improve the learning process has resulted in the inclusion of the video games as active elements in the classrooms. Videogames are ideal learning tools since they provide training skills, promote independence and increase and improve students{\textquoteright} concentration and attention. For special education students with learning difficulties, it is very important to adapt the game to each student{\textquoteright}s cognitive level and skills. New game technologies have helped to create alternative strategies to increase cognitive skills in the field of Special Education. This chapter describes our experience in video games design and in new forms of human-computer interaction addressed to develop didactic games for children with communication problems such as autism, dysphasia, ictus or some types of cerebral paralysis.},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000265013400005},
         author = {Sanchez, J. L. G. and Cabrera, M. J. and Gutierrez, F. L. and Zea, N. P. and Paderewski, P.}
 }
 @article {4265,
         title = {Designing BOTs with BDI Agents},
         journal = {Proceedings of the 2009 International Symposium on Collaborative Technologies and Systems},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Bls38Times Cited:0Cited References Count:17},
         pages = {180-186575},
         abstract = {In modern computer games, {\textquoteright}bots{\textquoteright} - Intelligent realistic agents play a prominent role in success of a game in market. Typically, bots are modeled using finite-state machine and then programmed via simple conditional statements which are hard-coded in bots logic. Since these bots have become quite predictable to an experienced games player, she might lose her interest in game. We present a model of bots using BDI agents, which will show more human-like behavior, more believable and will provide more realistic feel to the game. These bots will use the inputs from actual game players to specify her Beliefs, Desires, and Intentions while game playing.},
         keywords = {agents, bdi, Bots, collaboration, Games},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000270937300024},
         author = {Patel, P. and Hexmoor, H.}
 }
 @article {4256,
         title = {Designing Serious Games for Computer Assisted Language Learning - a Framework for Development and Analysis},
         journal = {Design and Use of Serious Games},
         volume = {37},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Bjb44Times Cited:0Cited References Count:35Intelligent Systems, Control, and Automation: Science and Engineering},
         pages = {69-82206},
         abstract = {In the paper we shall argue for the potential of serious games for teaching and learning languages online. The paper builds on data from a research project, Serious Games on a Global Market Place (2007-2010), in which an online game-based platform for teaching and learning English (www.Mingoville.com) has been studied in the context of teaching and learning English in Danish primary schools. The initial research process - which was based on an analysis of the platform as well as interviews with platform developers - suggested that one of the challenges of developing a design for serious games in language education consists of renegotiating the serious games genre to balance drill-based exercises with contextualised simulations that involve fruitful thinking, real language interaction and student engagement. One hypothesis of the project is, following the initial research and drawing on previous research in the field, that the process of designing serious games for CALL may significantly benefit from involving children{\textquoteright}s own experiences with using languages (primarily English) online for gaming and interacting. This to some extent involves transcending the dichotomy of {\textquoteright}serious{\textquoteright} and {\textquoteright}pleasurable{\textquoteright} learning found in the discourse on learning with games inside and outside schools.},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000264525500005},
         author = {Meyer, B. and Sorensen, B. H.}
 }
 @article {4220,
         title = {Developing the 3D Adventure Game-Based Assessment System with Wii Remote Interaction},
         journal = {Advances in Web Based Learning - ICWL 2009},
         volume = {5686},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Blc72Times Cited:0Cited References Count:5Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
         pages = {192-195478},
         abstract = {The advanced 3D graphic and computer technologies could provide advanced 3D virtual environment in order to let users have the immersion experiences in that environment. Also, as human interaction technologies, it could be helpful for providing more different and suitable interaction styles when facing some particula0072 interaction situations. The related works pointed out that the game elements could improve learners{\textquoteright} motivation during learning. In this paper, we proposed the 3D Adventure Game-Based Assessment System could not only attract learners to take their assessment activities, but also help instructors to design and manage the related assessment content easily.},
         keywords = {3d virtual environment, game interaction, GBL, wii remote},
         isbn = {0302-9743},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000269930300024},
         author = {Huang, K. M. and Chen, J. H. and Shen, C. Y. and Chao, L. R. and Shih, T. K.}
 }
 @article {4242,
         title = {Development and Validation of a Game Addiction Scale for Adolescents},
         journal = {Media Psychology},
         volume = {12},
         number = {1},
         year = {2009},
         note = {415IGTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:71},
         pages = {77-95},
         abstract = {The aim of this study was to develop and validate a scale to measure computer and videogame addiction. Inspired by earlier theories and research on game addiction, we created 21 items to measure seven underlying criteria (i.e., salience, tolerance, mood modification, relapse, withdrawal, conflict, and problems). The dimensional structure of the scale was investigated in two independent samples of adolescent gamers (N = 352 and N = 369). In both samples, a second-order factor model described our data best. The 21-item scale, as well as a shortened 7-item version, showed high reliabilities. Furthermore, both versions showed good concurrent validity across samples, as indicated by the consistent correlations with usage, loneliness, life satisfaction, social competence, and aggression.},
         keywords = {Aggressive-Behavior, children, Computer games, online games, Personality, Physiological Arousal, Problematic Internet Use, taiwanese adolescents, Validity, Video Games},
         isbn = {1521-3269},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000263926900004},
         author = {Lemmens, J. S. and Valkenburg,P M and Peter, J.}
 }
 @article {4236,
         title = {Diabetes City: How Urban Game Design Strategies Can Help Diabetics},
         journal = {Electronic Healthcare},
         volume = {1},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Bld31Times Cited:0Cited References Count:5Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering},
         pages = {200-204222},
         abstract = {Computer Games are about to leave their "electronic shells" and enter the city. So-called Serious Pervasive Games (SPGs) [1] allow for hybrid simultaneously physical and virtual - experiences, applying technologies of ubiquitous computing, communication and "intelligent" interfaces. They begin to focus on non-entertaining purposes. The following article a) presents game design strategies as a missing link between pervasive computing, Ambient Intelligence and user{\textquoteright}s everyday life. Therefore it spurs a discussion how Pervasive Healthcare focusing on the therapy and prevention of chronic diseases can benefit from urban game design strategies. b) Moreover the article presents the development and work in progress of "DiabetesCity" - an educational game prototype for young diabetics.},
         keywords = {diabetes care, medical documentation, pervasive healthcare, serious games, ubiquitous \& pervasive computing, urban design},
         isbn = {1867-8211},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000269961200028},
         author = {Knoll, M.}
 }
 @article {4245,
         title = {Do Improve Typing Skill But No Significant Difference between Drill-Based and Game-Based Typing Software},
         journal = {Learning by Playing},
         volume = {5670},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Blc82Times Cited:0Cited References Count:0Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
         pages = {149-149579},
         keywords = {Computer-Assisted Instruction, drill-based typing software, game-based typing software, typing speed},
         isbn = {0302-9743},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000269934000019},
         author = {Lin, C. H. and Liu, E. Z. F.}
 }
 @article {4311,
         title = {Does culture affect evaluation expressions? A cross-cultural analysis of Chinese and American computer game reviews},
         journal = {European Journal of Marketing},
         volume = {43},
         number = {5-6},
         year = {2009},
         note = {464NSTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:60},
         pages = {686-707},
         abstract = {Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to look at product reviews from a cross-cultural perspective. Product reviews are potentially an influential form of marketing communication, as well as a predictor of sales performance. With Hofstede{\textquoteright}s typology as a backdrop, the basic proposition of this study is that collectivistic cultural values place more emphasis on giving face to others, even in impersonal social environments, resulting in them giving more positive product reviews than their individualistic counterparts.Design/methodology/approach - The paper uses content analysis of Chinese and American computer game reviews to test the hypotheses.Findings - The results showed that Chinese reviews use fewer negative comments and give higher final ratings for the same set of products than their American counterparts. In addition, Chinese reviews showed a lower consistency between their evaluative comments and their final ratings. Also confirmed is a common belief that final ratings are a summary of the evaluative comments of the review-texts.Research limitations/implications - Future research is invited.Practical implications - Theoretically, the study refines the understanding of differences between individualistic and collectivistic cultures. Practically, it is suggested that if consumers{\textquoteright} cultural values are reflected in product reviews, international marketers should weigh and balance possible cultural bias when they decode evaluations of their products from reviews published in other countries{\textquoteright} media.Originality/value - Product reviews are a rich but ignored resource with high marketing value. It is hoped that the study can stimulate both marketing researchers and practitioners to make better use of product reviews to further understand marketing phenomena and make better marketing decisions.},
         keywords = {Behavior, Cognition, collectivism, communication, communication technologies, computer software, consequences, cross-cultural studies, culture, dimensions, film-critics, function evaluation, Information, values},
         isbn = {0309-0566},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000267512400008},
         author = {Tsang, A. S. L. and Prendergast, G.}
 }
 @article {4246,
         title = {Dynamic Difficulty Adjustment in Computer Games Through Real-Time Anxiety-Based Affective Feedback},
         journal = {International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction},
         volume = {25},
         number = {6},
         year = {2009},
         note = {533BYTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:21},
         pages = {506-529},
         abstract = {A number of studies in recent years have investigated the dynamic difficulty adjustment (DDA) mechanism in computer games to automatically tailor gaming experience to individual player{\textquoteright}s characteristics. Although most of these existing works focus on game adaptation based on player{\textquoteright}s performance, affective state experienced by the players could play a key role in gaming experience and may provide a useful indicator for a DDA mechanism. In this article, an affect-based DDA was designed and implemented for computer games. In this DDA mechanism, a player{\textquoteright}s physiological signals were analyzed to infer his or her probable anxiety level, which was chosen as the target affective state, and the game difficulty level was automatically adjusted in real time as a function of the player{\textquoteright}s affective state. Peripheral physiological signals were measured through wearable biofeedback sensors and several physiological indices were explored to determine their correlations with anxiety. An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the affect-based DDA on game play by comparing it with a performance-based DDA. This is the first time, that is known, that the impact of a real-time affect-based DDA has been demonstrated experimentally.},
         keywords = {emotion, RECOGNITION, signals, spectral-analysis, System},
         isbn = {1044-7318},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000272798300002},
         author = {Liu, C. C. and Agrawal, P. and Sarkar, N. and Chen, S. O.}
 }
 @article {4193,
         title = {Effect of Computer-Based Video Games on Children: An Experimental Study},
         journal = {Educational Technology \& Society},
         volume = {12},
         number = {2},
         year = {2009},
         note = {438BFTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:16},
         pages = {1-10},
         abstract = {This experimental study investigated whether computer-based video games facilitate children{\textquoteright}s cognitive learning. In comparison to traditional computer-assisted instruction (CAI), this study explored the impact of the varied types of instructional delivery strategies on children{\textquoteright}s learning achievement. One major research null hypothesis was tested: there are no statistically significant differences in students{\textquoteright} achievement when they receive two different instructional treatments: (1) traditional CAI; and (2) a computer-based video game. One hundred and eight third-graders from a middle/high socio-economic standard school district in Taiwan participated in the study. Results indicate that computer-based video game playing not only improves participants{\textquoteright} fact/recall processes (F = 5.288, p < .05), but also promotes problem-solving skills by recognizing multiple solutions for problems (F = 5.656, p < .05).},
         keywords = {cognitive processes, educational technology, game learning, play theory},
         isbn = {1436-4522},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000265530200001},
         author = {Chuang, T. Y. and Chen, W. F.}
 }
 @article {4293,
         title = {The Effect of Console/Computer Game Play on Sleepiness and Sleep Hygiene},
         journal = {Sleep},
         volume = {32},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Suppl. S438FT1271Times Cited:0Cited References Count:0},
         pages = {A415-A415},
         isbn = {0161-8105},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000265542001617},
         author = {Woolems, A. G. and Peszka, J. J. and Mastin, D. F.}
 }
 @article {4250,
         title = {The effect of product placement in computer games on brand attitude and recall},
         journal = {International Journal of Advertising},
         volume = {28},
         number = {3},
         year = {2009},
         note = {467IHTimes Cited:2Cited References Count:37},
         pages = {423-438},
         abstract = {Media fragmentation and proliferation, in concert with declining television advertising efficacy, has engendered interest in developing more effective ways to reach consumers - particularly non-users of a brand. This Study explores the effect of active product placement in computer games on both brand attitude (A(brand)) and recall. Findings suggest that exposure to a particular brand in a computer game can increase A(brand) among consumers whose pre-existing attitude towards the brand in question is fairly low. We conclude that product placement within computer games is an effective means of fostering high spontaneous brand recall and even of influencing consumers less positively predisposed towards a brand (analogous to non-users).These findings have promising managerial implications for firms looking to grow their customer base through acquisition and conversion.},
         isbn = {0265-0487},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000267731500002},
         author = {Mackay, T. and Ewing, M. and Newton, F. and Windisch, L.}
 }
 @article {4191,
         title = {The Effects of Type of Interactivity in Experiential Game-Based Learning},
         journal = {Learning by Playing},
         volume = {5670},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Blc82Times Cited:0Cited References Count:24Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
         pages = {273-282579},
         abstract = {The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of type of inter-activity, prior knowledge and gender on learners{\textquoteright} performance in learning computer programming skills through an experiential game-based learning activity. One hundred and forty six junior high school students participated in the experimental activity. Participants{\textquoteright} levels of prior-knowledge (high vs. low) were identified according to previous computer course performance. The interactions of type-of-interactivity-prior-knowledge and type-of-interactivity-gender were significant on participants{\textquoteright} performance. The analysis revealed that (a) for the gender effect, the male group outperformed the female group while receiving the challenge-interactivity game-play activity, but while receiving the mixed-interactivity game-play activity, the male group and the female group performed equally; (b) similarly, for the prior-knowledge effect, the high prior-knowledge group outperformed the low prior-knowledge group while receiving the challenge-interactivity game-play activity, but while receiving the mixed-interactivity game-play activity, the high prior-knowledge group and the low prior-knowledge group performed equally. The mixed-interactivity game-play was found to compensate for females{\textquoteright} gender disadvantage and insufficient prior-knowledge.},
         keywords = {e-learning, game-based learning, Instructional design, Interactivity},
         isbn = {0302-9743},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000269934000033},
         author = {Chen, M. P. and Wang, L. C.}
 }
 @article {4233,
         title = {Emergent Design: Serendipity in Digital Educational Games},
         journal = {Virtual and Mixed Reality, Proceedings},
         volume = {5622},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Blm41Times Cited:0Cited References Count:18Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
         pages = {206-215649},
         abstract = {Using computer games for educational purposes is it fascinating idea that is getting increasingly popular amongst educators, researchers, and developers. From it technical as well as psycho-pedagogical viewpoint, today{\textquoteright}s educational games are at an early stage. Most products cannot compete with non-educational, commercial games and not with conventional educational software. Research must address fundamental challenges such as methods for convincing learning-game design or individualization of gaming experiences. An important key factor is development costs. To enter the market Successfully requires reducing development costs significantly, however, without reducing gaining or learning quality. In this paper we introduce an approach of using existing methods for educational adaptation and personalization together with ideas of emergent game design.},
         keywords = {adaptation, digital educational games, emergent game design, game-based learning, Interactive Storytelling, personalization},
         isbn = {0302-9743},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000270531200024},
         author = {Kickmeier-Rust, M. D. and Albert, D.}
 }
 @article {4288,
         title = {Emotional Processes in Computer Games},
         journal = {Opportunities and Challenges for Next-Generation Applied Intelligence},
         volume = {214},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Bkc59Times Cited:0Cited References Count:6Studies in Computational Intelligence},
         pages = {193-198343},
         abstract = {Expressing emotions in computer games has become a popular focus for game research and development. Many research projects and papers emerged in the fields of game studies, psychology and HCI and others attempting to understand games and emotions. In this work, we present an emotional model that explains the emotional decision-making processes. The model is designed to explore people{\textquoteright}s behavior in certain circumstances, while under specified emotional states. Special attention was given to the thought process and actions displayed in the hypothetical scenarios. Also, we developed an experimental game program for the evaluation of our emotional decision making model.},
         isbn = {1860-949X},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000267755700030},
         author = {Shihab, K. and Chalabi, N.}
 }
 @article {4282,
         title = {Emotionally Adapted Games - An Example of a First Person Shooter},
         journal = {Human-Computer Interaction, Pt Iv},
         volume = {5613},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Bkr83Times Cited:0Cited References Count:15Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
         pages = {406-415781},
         abstract = {This paper discusses a specific customization technology Psychological Customization - which enables the customization of information presented on a computer-based system in real-time and its application to manipulating emotions when playing computer games. The possibilities of customizing different elements of games to manipulate emotions are presented and a definition of emotionally adaptive games is given. A psychophysiologically adaptive game is discussed as an example of emotionally adapted games.},
         keywords = {adaptive systems, customization, emotion, emotionally adapted games, Games, psychological customization, psychological effects, psychophysiological measurement},
         isbn = {0302-9743},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000269034700045},
         author = {Saari, T. and Turpeinen, M. and Kuikkaniemi, K. and Kosunen, I. and Ravaja, N.}
 }
 @article {4273,
         title = {Entertaining Education - Using Games-Based and Service-Oriented Learning to Improve STEM Education},
         journal = {Learning by Playing},
         volume = {5670},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Blc82Times Cited:0Cited References Count:0Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
         pages = {292-292579},
         abstract = {This paper addresses the development of a computer game design and development curriculum at the authors{\textquoteright} institution. The basis for curriculum decisions, as well as comparison to the other institutions{\textquoteright} curricula is covered. In situating the curriculum within the current degree programs, games-based versions of existing courses are also being offered. The experience of the authors with the initial offering of a games-based introductory programming course is also explained, along with the initial assessment of results from the experience. Our experience of using games-based learning in an introductory laboratory is presented. Finally, we demonstrate how games-based learning can be extended beyond the classroom as we work to promote science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) with local elementary schools; our current project develops an ocean ecosystem exploration game that teaches oceanography and ecological sustainability.},
         keywords = {curriculum, development, games-based, k12, learning, motivation, programming, stem, sustainability},
         isbn = {0302-9743},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000269934000036},
         author = {Preston, J. and Morrison, B.}
 }
 @article {4299,
         title = {Entertainment Game to Support Interaction between Teachers and Students},
         journal = {Entertainment Computing - ICEC 2009},
         volume = {5709},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Bly60Times Cited:0Cited References Count:11Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
         pages = {228-233341},
         abstract = {A narrative game is described here which main goal is to support childrens{\textquoteright} free expression and socialization considering their cultural background. This game can be used at school, in which students can develop a story together under the teacher{\textquoteright}s supervision. The idea is to support teachers to create characters and scenarios according to the students{\textquoteright} cultural context, expressed in their common sense knowledge, and consequently enabling them to get engaged on developing the story collaboratively. Also, teacher has the common sense{\textquoteright}s support to conduct the story according to the facts are being narrated, to stimuli the students{\textquoteright} communion. This cultural sensitive RPG-like environment intends to promote a closer contact between teacher and students and among students giving them a more contextualized computer tool to be stimulated to freely express their thoughts, desires and to support them to cooperative work with teachers what is desirable for their intellectual and cognitive development.},
         keywords = {collaboration, common sense, Context, education, Educational game, narrative game, storyteller},
         isbn = {0302-9743},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000271451400025},
         author = {Silva, M. A. R. and Anacleto, J. C.}
 }
 @article {4205,
         title = {eNVyMyCar: A Multiplayer Car Racing Game for Teaching Computer Graphics},
         journal = {Computer Graphics Forum},
         volume = {28},
         number = {8},
         year = {2009},
         note = {530DOTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:7},
         pages = {2025-2032},
         abstract = {The development of a computer game is widely used as a way of conveying concepts regarding Computer Science. There are several reasons for this: it stimulates creativity, it provides an immediate sense of achievement (when the code works), it typically covers all the aspects of an introductory course, and it is easy to find ideas just by looking around and finding stimulation from one{\textquoteright}s environment and from fellow students. In this paper we present eNVyMyCar, a framework for the collaborative/competitive development of a computer game, and report the experience of its use in two Computer Graphics courses held in 2007. We developed a multiplayer car racing game where the student{\textquoteright}s task is just to implement the rendering of the scene, while all the other aspects, communication and synchronization are implemented in the framework and are transparent to the developer. The innovative feature of our framework is that all on-line users can see the views produced by their fellow students. This motivates students to improve their work by comparing it with other students and picking up ideas from them. It also gives students an opportunity to show off to their classmates.},
         keywords = {teaching in context learning computer graphics},
         isbn = {0167-7055},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000272569400001},
         author = {Ganovelli, F. and Corsini, M.}
 }
 @article {4316,
         title = {ePet: A Physical Game Based on Wireless Sensor Networks},
         journal = {International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks},
         volume = {5},
         number = {1},
         year = {2009},
         note = {431ZRTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:0},
         pages = {68-68},
         abstract = {This paper describes ePet, a novel multi-player physical game based on the WSN (Wireless Sensor Network). ePet shifts the traditional virtual pet games to the real world, featuring with the popular RPG (Role-Playing Game) elements. The game, capitalizing on the wireless communication, mobile computing, and sensing ability, can be played both indoors and outdoors, and thus gives players a new exciting gaming experience that profits by the blend of real and virtual game elements. The physical game acquires physical interactions among players, which can bring exciting and novel features to the game and more importantly, avoids some problems caused by traditional computer games such as health problems. The WSN is a promising technology for developing physical games. Although there is already some research and applications of WSN based physical games, the major advantages of the WSN (e.g. wireless communication, mobile computing, and sensing ability) are not fully cultivated in these gaming applications. ePet, which takes good advantages of both the WSN and traditional computer games, simulates a pet both indoors and outdoors. The pet has two life modes: Peaceful Life Mode (PLM) and Aggressive Life Mode (ALM). In the PLM, ePet simulates the physiological activities of a real pet such as hunger and easily getting flu when it is cold in the real world. Moreover, the pet can date with other pets to increase its physiological values. In the ALM, the pet is a character of an RPG controlled by the player and the pet can have a fight with other pets, from which the pet gains experience for level up. This ALM is similar to the computer RPG games but relatively novel in WSN based games. All of the above features are enabled by the WSN technology. For the two life modes, a friend-making protocol and an RPG battle protocol are designed respectively. The architecture design and implementation of ePet are described in detailed. Unlike traditional WSN based games, ePet does not need a centralized base station to organize the network. To implement a self-adaptive wireless sensor network in which each node has a similar functionality, and solve the network conflict problems in the WSN communications, a multi-hop communication routing protocol is designed for ePet. Furthermore, a PC application was developed as the game interface, from which players can check out the ePet{\textquoteright}s properties and interact with ePet. It makes ePet more attractive than traditional WSN based games without losing WSN{\textquoteright}s advantages.},
         isbn = {1550-1329},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000265103800064},
         author = {Tan, W. H. and Li, W. J. and Zheng, Y. Z. and Zhou, X. C.}
 }
 @article {4196,
         title = {Evaluating Adaptive Feedback in an Educational Computer Game},
         journal = {Intelligent Virtual Agents, Proceedings},
         volume = {5773},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Blm67Times Cited:0Cited References Count:23Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence},
         pages = {146-158571},
         abstract = {In this paper, we present a study to evaluate the impact of adaptive feedback on the effectiveness of a pedagogical agent for an educational computer game. We compare a version of the game with no agent, and two versions with agents that differ only in the accuracy of the student model used to guide the agent{\textquoteright}s interventions. We found no difference in student learning across the three conditions, and we report an analysis to understand the reasons of these results.},
         keywords = {educational games, evaluation, student modeling},
         isbn = {0302-9743},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000270543400017},
         author = {Conati, C. and Manske, M.}
 }
 @article {4227,
         title = {Evaluation of an Immersive Learning Programme to Support Triage Training In-game Feedback and its effect on Learning Transfer},
         journal = {Proceedings of the Ieee Virtual Worlds for Serious Applications},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Blz15Times Cited:0Cited References Count:19},
         pages = {117-122234},
         abstract = {This paper describes the evaluation of a computer game to support triage training. Triage is a process for decision-making that prioritises mass casualties in terms of treatment. The main aim of the research was to test the hypothesis that participants using the game for practice would perform better in terms of the accuracy in applying the triage protocol than a group that practised triage with a table-top exercise. The method of giving in-game formative feedback to the learner was modified within the trial programme and that provided the opportunity to investigate whether changing the complexity and timing of feedback affected learning transfer through performance measured in a realistic assessment activity. The results showed that the participants who practised using the game were significantly more accurate for certain measures of performance in applying the triage protocol. The participants that received a modified in-game feedback that reduced complexity and the delay in giving feedback were also significantly more accurate for certain measures of performance in triaging the casualties. These findings will require further experimentation to determine which attributes of the in-game feedback have the greatest impact on the learning of the triage protocol for the given learner group.},
         keywords = {evaluation, feedback, learning transfer, Media, serious games},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000271485600015},
         author = {Jarvis, S. and de Freitas, S.}
 }
 @article {4297,
         title = {Evolving Strategies for Non-player Characters in Unsteady Environments},
         journal = {Applications of Evolutionary Computing, Proceedings},
         volume = {5484},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Bjh22Times Cited:0Cited References Count:10Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
         pages = {313-322831},
         abstract = {Modern computer games place different and more diverse demands on the behavior of non-player characters in comparison to computers playing classical board games like chess. Especially the necessity for a long-term strategy conflicts often with game situations that are unsteady, i.e. many non-deterministic factors might change the possible actions. As a consequence, a computer player is needed who might take into account the danger or the chance of his actions. This work examines whether it is possible to train such a player by evolutionary algorithms. For the sake of controllable game situations, the board game Kalah is turned into an unsteady version and used to examine the problem.},
         isbn = {0302-9743},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000265786800035},
         author = {Weicker, K. and Weicker, N.}
 }
 @article {4172,
         title = {Experiments with Online Reinforcement Learning in Real-Time Strategy Games},
         journal = {Applied Artificial Intelligence},
         volume = {23},
         number = {9},
         year = {2009},
         note = {515YTTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:13},
         pages = {855-871},
         abstract = {Real-time strategy (RTS) games provide a challenging platform to implement online reinforcement learning (RL) techniques in a real application. Computer, as one game player, monitors opponents{\textquoteright} (human or other computers) strategies and then updates its own policy using RL methods. In this article, we first examine the suitability of applying the online RL in various computer games. Reinforcement learning application depends on both RL complexity and the game features. We then propose a multi-layer framework for implementing online RL in an RTS game. The framework significantly reduces RL computational complexity by decomposing the state space in a hierarchical manner. We implement an RTS gameTank Generaland perform a thorough test on the proposed framework. We consider three typical profiles of RTS game players and compare two basic RL techniques applied in the game. The results show the effectiveness of our proposed framework and shed light on relevant issues in using online RL in RTS games.},
         isbn = {0883-9514},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000271509500004},
         author = {Andersen, K. T. and Zeng, Y. F. and Christensen, D. D. and Tran, D.}
 }
 @article {4218,
         title = {Exploring the Elements and Design Criteria of Massively-Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Game (MMORPG) Interfaces},
         journal = {Human-Computer Interaction, Pt Iv},
         volume = {5613},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Bkr83Times Cited:0Cited References Count:12Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
         pages = {325-334781},
         abstract = {A great many people play online games and sales of online games are considerable, but research has further shown that a major reason behind the failure of games in the market is poor user interface design or usability, highlighting even more the importance of these issues in games design. This research uses surveys and focus groups to explore the factors influencing the usability and interface design of online games. First the definition and different types of game are discussed, and then the composition and features of online game interfaces analyzed. Second, a review is made of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) research literature relating to design criteria for game interfaces. Finally, in discussion with experts, this study isolates the design criteria that should be emphasized when designing each key element of an online game interface.},
         keywords = {elements of game interfaces, Interface design, massively-multiplayer online role-playing games (mmorpg)},
         isbn = {0302-9743},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000269034700036},
         author = {Hsu, C. C. and Chen, E. C. H.}
 }
 @article {4222,
         title = {From Fingers to Embodiment: A Study on the Relations of the Usability, Dependability of the Embodied Interactive Video Games and the Elders{\textquoteright} Flow Experience},
         journal = {Learning by Playing},
         volume = {5670},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Blc82Times Cited:0Cited References Count:36Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
         pages = {464-472579},
         abstract = {The elders feel better and healthier when participating in activities and recognizing their ability to move and creating something. Implementing technology can benefit their lives and improve social interaction. This study develops the embodied interactive video games (EIVG) relying on embodied interactions, which are free from the fine motor skills like pointing, grasping etc. Four research objectives include (1) To evaluate the usability of the EIVG; (2) To evaluate the dependability of the EIVG; (3) To understand the flow experiences of the elders during game play; (4) To explore the relations between the usability, dependability, and the elders{\textquoteright} flow experiences. The results were discussed in three aspects. In terms of the usability and dependability of the game system, the elders were satisfied with the EIVG games due to the familiarity of the content and the ease of interaction. In terms of the flow experiences, the challenge of the games played an important role to the elders with high SES. In terms of the relations between usability, dependability, and flow experience, the usability and dependability were identified as critical factors for the elders to use computer technology due to the cognitive ageing.},
         keywords = {Age, Cognition, Computer, dependability, embodied interactive video game, flow experience, usability},
         isbn = {0302-9743},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000269934000055},
         author = {Hwang, M. Y. and Hong,J C and Jong, J. T. and Lee, C. K. and Chang, H. Y.}
 }
 @article {4170,
         title = {GaDeVi Game Development Integrating Tracking and Visualization Devices into Virtools},
         journal = {GRAPP 2009: Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Computer Graphics Theory and Applications},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Bjt60Times Cited:0Cited References Count:10},
         pages = {313-321414},
         abstract = {Computer and console games are increasingly using non-computer conventional input/output devices. This work{\textquoteright}s main goal was to create an interactive 3D application with Virtools, a development tool that appeals to the player dexterity and astuteness through the use of several immersive, non-computer conventional devices like magnetic trackers, data gloves and VR glasses. The present paper describes the integration of interaction and visualization devices into Virtools as well as the development of two games using the VR environment. To finalize the assessment of the performance measurements and user tests is given.},
         keywords = {computer game, Game engine, immersion, immersive devices, Interactivity, virtual reality},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000267137900044},
         author = {Aguiar, R. and Pereira, J. M. and Braz, J.}
 }
 @article {4309,
         title = {Gamers against All Odds},
         journal = {Learning by Playing},
         volume = {5670},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Blc82Times Cited:0Cited References Count:20Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
         pages = {1-12579},
         abstract = {The goal of the project presented in this paper is to enable motor rehabilitation to stroke patients in their home environment and to utilise game enjoyment to achieve frequent training. Stroke patients have an average age above 70 years, which implies that they typically do not belong to a gaming generation. In addition, these patients suffer from motor, and many times cognitive impairments, which make traditional games extremely difficult to use. Nearly all work in this area has been conducted in a clinic environment where it is possible to overcome some of these difficulties by letting professionals assist and guide patients.In this paper, we present the challenges faced, the system itself and the result from a study where five patients were equipped with a game console in their homes for five weeks. The focus of this paper is on analysing the gaming behaviour of patients, which includes the amount of time they spent, the type of games they selected and their comments on the gaming experience. The conclusion from this analysis is that their behaviour resembles that of gamers. They spent significant voluntary time, and it has been possible for patients, with no prior experience of computer games, to enjoy gaming in their homes where they had no professional assistance.},
         keywords = {games as motivation, games for elderly, serious games, virtual stroke rehabilitation},
         isbn = {0302-9743},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000269934000001},
         author = {Taylor, A. S. A. and Backlund, P. and Engstrom, H. and Johannesson, M. and Lebram, M.}
 }
 @article {4294,
         title = {Gamers{\textquoteright} Implicit Knowledge on the Psychological Influence of Game-Playing},
         journal = {Online Communities and Social Computing, Proceedings},
         volume = {5621},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Bku94Times Cited:0Cited References Count:13Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
         pages = {632-640731},
         abstract = {The paper presents the players{\textquoteright} implicit views on psychological aspects of a supposable influence of computer/online/video-games on human beings. And online survey with 74 Likert-type questions were given to adults and older adolescents (16+). The collected replies (N=437) were grouped into an eight-factor model. The key implicit representations include the participants{\textquoteright} belief that gaming: (1) leads to positive self-development, (2) affects the players{\textquoteright} somatics, i.e. causes tiredness and stresses while gaming and in an after-game period, (3) brings pleasing feelings while gaming, (4) stimulates cognitive processes, and (5) supports players{\textquoteright} relaxation and gives pleasure.},
         keywords = {adult players, Computer games, implicit knowledge, online study, Psychology},
         isbn = {0302-9743},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000269304600068},
         author = {Voiskounsky, A. E. and Mitina, O. V. and Avetisova, A. A.}
 }
 @article {4228,
         title = {Hanse 1380-A Learning Game for the German Maritime Museum},
         journal = {Learning in the Synergy of Multiple Disciplines, Proceedings},
         volume = {5794},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Bmj45Times Cited:0Cited References Count:7Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
         pages = {794-799813},
         abstract = {In an one, year lasting project at the University of Applied Sciences in Bremerhaven a digital learning game for the German Maritime Museum in Bremerhaven was developed. It is targeted to school pupils ill the age between 10 and 14 and should explain the importance of the cog for trading activities between Hause cities in the 14th century. More detailed learning objectives were defined through a Survey with history teachers from Bremen. The historical research was done in cooperation with the museum. Another key-interest was the design and building of all easy-to-use and attractive computer terminal including a special control-interface for the game. The resulting game is evaluated in an user-test with 29 school pupil. It shows that the game makes fun and is easy to understand. Approx. 50\% of the pupils achieved all learning objectives.},
         isbn = {0302-9743},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000272585900086},
         author = {Jenner, W. and de Araujo, L. M.}
 }
 @article {4291,
         title = {Head Tracking in First-Person Games: Interaction Using a Web-Camera},
         journal = {Human-Computer Interaction - Interact 2009, Pt I},
         volume = {5726},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Part IBlr80Times Cited:0Cited References Count:13Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
         pages = {342-355928},
         abstract = {Recent advances in face-tracking technology have made it possible to recognize head movements using a commodity web-camera. This development has created exciting possibilities for enhancing player enjoyment during computer game play. In order to ascertain the real-world potential for head gestural input to First Person Shooter games, we have developed seven diverse interaction techniques and integrated these with a modern games engine. Evaluation of the techniques was carried out with four focus groups made up of expert games developers and experienced end-users. One of the techniques was further refined and subjected to a follow-up comparison test with promising results. A set of guidelines for the future development of head interaction techniques for computer games has been derived from the studies. All of the techniques have been built upon freely available software and open-sourced to encourage further research in this area.},
         keywords = {computer game, face tracking, first person shooter, Game engine, head tracking, input and interaction technology},
         isbn = {0302-9743},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000270899000038},
         author = {Sko, T. and Gardner, H. J.}
 }
 @article {4290,
         title = {iiBOARD Development of a Low-Cost Interactive Whiteboard using the Wiimote Controller},
         journal = {Grapp 2009: Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Computer Graphics Theory and Applications},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Bjt60Times Cited:0Cited References Count:18},
         pages = {337-344414},
         abstract = {Interactive whiteboards are gaining importance in our society, both at a business level and, especially, at an educational level. However, the products offered by the major manufacturers have a major barrier to their acquisition: very high prices. There is an urgent need to use new technologies in order to provide solutions that present the same performance levels than typical interactive whiteboards, but with a significantly reduced cost. Throughout this paper the steps taken for the development of an innovative low-cost interactive whiteboard are described. The proposed system is based on the Wii Remote command of the Nintendo Wii video-game console. This command, although very inexpensive has an infrared camera, and supports Bluetooth communication. The system control is based on a wireless device, based on infrared emitters, which supports most of the mouse events. A complete whiteboard application was also developed using Borland Delphi for Windows. This application may be used with either one or two Wiimotes and has a very simple and efficient calibration method. The application also includes viewing capabilities of some of the Wiimote characteristics, as well as a flexible Notebook to increase its range of possible uses. The results obtained through a survey conducted to a small set of whiteboard users were very positive indicators about the acceptance of the inexpensive solution proposed.},
         keywords = {human-computer interface, infrared camera, interactive whiteboard, wii console, wiimote},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000267137900047},
         author = {Silva, M. and Reis, L. P. and Sousa, A. and Faria, B. M. and Costa, A. P.}
 }
 @article {4243,
         title = {Image Smoothing Based on Game of Life},
         journal = {Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Advanced Computer Theory and Engineering (Icacte 2009), Vols 1 and 2},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Blz36Times Cited:0Cited References Count:10},
         pages = {531-5361995},
         abstract = {We do to curb noise and improve image quality, you must first pre-processing of images, that is, smooth images. The purpose of image smoothing is to improve the image of the visual effects and improve image clarity in order to become more conducive to the computer image processing and analysis of various characteristics. We use a classic cellular automata "Game of Life," conducted a study about image smoothing based on game of life to image that a cell for each pixel, using a radius of I neighbors of Moore type. We transform the image of the different rules, the use of two-dimensional cellular automaton model area of the smoothed image. We experimentally demonstrate that the smoothing method with the median filter to the normalized mean square error and peak signal to noise ratio comparison method revealed that the more obvious advantages.},
         keywords = {cellular automata, game of life, image smoothing},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000271545700064},
         author = {Li,K and Tian, S. L. and Geng, L. J. and Zhang, X.}
 }
 @article {4257,
         title = {Improving the Believability of Non-Player Characters in Simulations},
         journal = {Artificial General Intelligence Proceedings},
         volume = {8},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Bjc45Times Cited:0Cited References Count:8Advances in Intelligent Systems Research},
         pages = {210-211224},
         abstract = {In recent years the video game industry has experienced rapid expansion developing virtual environments that accurately mimic a real-world setting. However, the industry almost entirely relies on finite state machines for deploying computer-controlled characters within these environments. This has resulted in simulated inhabitants that lack the same degree of believability as their surroundings. As part of this research a simulation was developed using Java in which an agent was placed. In a survey students were asked to rank the believability of different artificial intelligence techniques employed by the simulation. The genetic algorithm developed for this simulation provided for an agent whose decisions were more believable than the decisions generated by a finite state machine or random selection process.},
         isbn = {1951-6851},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000264744600040},
         author = {Miles, J. D. and Tashakkori, R.}
 }
 @article {4216,
         title = {Incremental Learning Algorithm for Online Action Game System},
         journal = {Entertainment Computing - ICEC 2009},
         volume = {5709},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Bly60Times Cited:0Cited References Count:0Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
         pages = {319-322341},
         abstract = {One of the limitations of computer opponents in action games is that the character AI is constructed in advance, and players may become bored quickly. We have built an online action game system in which a non-player character (NPC) can incrementally learn sequences of action and combinations. NPCs can adopt different fighting strategies for fighting with different players.},
         keywords = {action game, imitation learning, non-player character},
         isbn = {0302-9743},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000271451400051},
         author = {Hoshino, J. and Mori,H}
 }
 @article {4188,
         title = {An Intelligent Tutoring System of Chinese Chess},
         journal = {Next-Generation Applied Intelligence, Proceedings},
         volume = {5579},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Bld63Times Cited:0Cited References Count:9Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence},
         pages = {350-359839},
         abstract = {Computer Chinese chess is an application of artificial intelligence. The playing strength of many Chinese chess programs is at the level of human masters or grandmasters. However, it is not easy for a human player to learn Chinese chess skills from these strong programs because their outputs are no more than moves and score values. It is necessary for a student to understand why he or she loses the game and to receive feedback after practice.In this paper, we propose an intelligent tutoring system for learning Chinese chess. The system interacts with students by playing games with them and gives comments and suggestions to them during a game without any human intervention. After some iterations of practice, our system reports their learning achievements by analyzing their game records.},
         keywords = {computer chinese chess, intelligent tutoring system},
         isbn = {0302-9743},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000269972300036},
         author = {Chen, B. N. and Chen, J. Y. and Chen, J. C. and Hsu, T. S. and Liu, P. F. and Hsu, S. C.}
 }
 @article {4281,
         title = {Intercultural Competence Game That Fosters Metacognitive Agility and Reflection},
         journal = {Online Communities and Social Computing, Proceedings},
         volume = {5621},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Bku94Times Cited:0Cited References Count:10Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
         pages = {603-612731},
         abstract = {In this paper we describe the development of a multi-player computer game created to train the intercultural competence and metacognitive agility (self-awareness and self-regulated learning) of United States Army Special Forces team leaders. We describe a unique design that features a novel role for real-time, in-game peer performance assessment and feedback to encourage user reflection and self-explanation. We also discuss how the multiplayer game is successfully used in Special Forces intercultural communication education and offer user feedback results from a study conducted with 51 Special Forces officers.},
         keywords = {in-game performance assessment, intercultural competence, metacognitive agility, peer learning, Reflection, serious game},
         isbn = {0302-9743},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000269304600065},
         author = {Raybourn, E. M.}
 }
 @article {4351,
         title = {Investigating the Mediating Role of Perceived Playfulness in the Acceptance of Hedonic Information Systems},
         journal = {Proceedings of the 13th Wseas International Conference on Systems},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Bmf43Times Cited:0Cited References Count:31Mathematics and Computers in Science and Engineering},
         pages = {322-327622},
         abstract = {With the proliferation of hedonic information systems, understanding users{\textquoteright} acceptance of hedonic information systems has become a new topic for practitioners and academics. While perceived playfulness or perceived enjoyment has been found to have a significant influence on the behavioral intention to use hedonic information systems, little research has been conducted to Investigate empirically the antecedents of perceived playfulness and the mediating role that perceived playfulness has in user acceptance of hedonic information systems. Thus, the main purpose of this study is to explore the mediating role of perceived playfulness in the psychological process of user acceptance of hedonic online game systems. Based on previous literature, two individual difference variables (i.e., computer self-efficacy and computer anxiety) and three system characteristics variables (i.e., challenge, feedback, and speed) were proposed as potential antecedents of perceived playfulness in the context of massive multiplayer online games. The results indicate that perceived playfulness plays a partial mediating role in the relationship of system characteristics and individual differences to behavioral intention. Both challenge and computer self-efficacy were found to have a significant influence on behavioral intention via perceived playfulness, with computer self-efficacy also having a direct influence on behavioral intention. Computer anxiety, however, was only found to have a direct influence on behavioral intention. Also, neither feedback nor speed was found to have a significant effect on perceived playfulness. The results of this study provide several important implications for research and practices of hedonic information systems/online game design and promotion.},
         keywords = {hedonic information systems, individual differences, Models, motivation, Online game, perceived playfulness, system characteristics, TAM, Technology, usage, user acceptance},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000272165400045},
         author = {Wang, Y. S. and Wang, H. Y. and Lin, H. H.}
 }
 @article {4285,
         title = {An Investigation of Visual Attention in FPS Computer Gameplay},
         journal = {Proceedings of the Ieee Virtual Worlds for Serious Applications},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Blz15Times Cited:0Cited References Count:14},
         pages = {68-75234},
         abstract = {Cognitive science provides a useful approach to studying computer gameplay, especially from the perspective of determining the cognitive skills that players learn during play. Computer games are highly visual medium and game interaction involves continuous visual cognition. A system integrating an eyetracker with a 3D computer game engine has been developed to provide real time gaze object logging, a fast and convenient way of collecting gaze object data for analysis. This system has been used to test three hypotheses concerning visual attention in close combat tactics as simulated by a first-person shooter (FPS) computer game. Firstly, the cuing effect of the player{\textquoteright}s gun graphic on visual attention was tested, but no evidence was found to support this. Data supported the second hypothesis, that a player attends to the target opponent while shooting at them, in most cases, while in a small percentage of cases this is achieved in peripheral vision. Finally, in most cases, a player targets the nearest opponent. These results provide a baseline for further investigations in which the stimulus game design may be modified to provide more detailed models of the visual cognitive processes involved in gameplay. These models document the learning outcomes of game interaction and provide a basis for improvements, such as the optimization of combat survival tactics.},
         keywords = {decision-making, eye-tracking, gameplay, Visual attention},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000271485600009},
         author = {Sennersten, C. C. and Lindley, C. A.}
 }
 @article {4211,
         title = {It{\textquoteright}s Talk, But Not as We Know It: Using VoIP to Communicate in War Games},
         journal = {Proceedings of the Ieee Virtual Worlds for Serious Applications},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Blz15Times Cited:0Cited References Count:12},
         pages = {133-140234},
         abstract = {Recently, computer games producers have integrated Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) into distributed multiplayer games, allowing gamers playing at a distance to talk to each other. What effect does this have on gameplay? A longitudinal study of a multiplayer team game is presented. Our analysis looks at how the players (all adults) used VoIP to resource their interaction with each other in the virtual game world. We found that VoIP represents talk in ways that differ both to face-to-face communication and to text-mediated communications. VoIP audio representations interact with, and mediate, the graphical materials of the game world in distinctive and unusual ways which can generate problems to be overcome for players. But they also provide clear benefits for learning and coordination, which are found neither in face-to-face or text communication. We conclude by considering the implications of these problems and benefits for design.},
         keywords = {computer-mediated communication, Human-computer interaction, Multiplayer games, user study, Virtual Environments, voip},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000271485600017},
         author = {Halloran, J.}
 }
 @article {4307,
         title = {Learning from Video Game: A Study of Video Game Play on Problem-Solving},
         journal = {Advanced Data Mining and Applications, Proceedings},
         volume = {5678},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Bln72Times Cited:0Cited References Count:13Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
         pages = {772-779807},
         abstract = {This research was intended to explore the influence of video game experience on problem representation, efficiency of strategies, meta cognition, and quality of mental models during, solving the problems that encounter in a new game. This experiment asked all the participants to keep thinking aloud during the 20-minite process of playing, and their verbal report was analyzed to study the problem solving. The results indicate a significant influence of computer games on game players{\textquoteright} performance in an unfamiliar game. The most frequently referred comment is direct strategy, next are game rules and cues, monitoring and game progress. Expert players performed better than novice players on problem representation, efficiency of strategies, and meta cognition.},
         keywords = {boys, expert players, Girls, novice players, problem solving, Skills, video game play},
         isbn = {0302-9743},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000270597500078},
         author = {Zhang, X. M. and Shen, Z. J. and Luo, X. and Su, C. H. and Wang, J. Q.}
 }
 @article {4303,
         title = {Little Big Difference: Gender Aspects and Gender-Based Adaptation in Educational Games},
         journal = {Learning by Playing},
         volume = {5670},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Blc82Times Cited:0Cited References Count:44Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
         pages = {150-161579},
         abstract = {Computer games are tremendously successful and this is why the potential of using this medium for educational purposes is increasingly recognized and researched. However, as new learning technologies need to be appropriate for all students and ensure equal learning opportunities, it is important to take into account evidences on gender differences in the context of computer games. This paper reviews relevant research results on gender aspects. Aiming for the realization of gender-based adaptation in digital educational games, a model incorporating research evidences on gender aspects is elaborated and implications for adaptation are derived. Adaptation principles and game design are illustrated by means of the 80Days project.},
         keywords = {adaptation, Educational game, game design, game-based learning, gender difference, Performance, PLAY, Sensation seeking, Sex, Video},
         isbn = {0302-9743},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000269934000020},
         author = {Steiner, C. M. and Kickmeier-Rust, M. D. and Albert, D.}
 }
 @article {4177,
         title = {Logistic Game: learning by doing and knowledge-sharing},
         journal = {Production Planning \& Control},
         volume = {20},
         number = {8},
         year = {2009},
         note = {524IYTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:31},
         pages = {724-736},
         abstract = {The aim of this article is to define a new simulation game in operation management called Logistic Game. The main objectives are to introduce a new simulation game approach in solving the different correlated subsystems based on {\textquoteright}visual interactive learning{\textquoteright} and to verify its positive effects on the learning process with respect to the usual simulation games. The game is based on an inside plant virtual supply chain simulation and copes with the educational challenges of teaching Industrial Logistics in a new, effective way. By applying a visual interactive simulation package, the game creates a virtual dynamic scenario directly visible by participants, with an improvement of experimentation and conceptualisation phases, and offers several logistic decisions and their strategic links from a holistic point of view. The challenge goes beyond a pure theoretical setting and students learn strategies and gain experience directly by operating in a virtual supply chain and sharing knowledge. The Logistic Game has been used to train more then 300 students since December 2006 in three different Italian workshops and has been designed to encourage the employment selection process by the companies involved.},
         keywords = {business, chains, computer game, education, learning effect, logistic, management simulation, operation management, operations management, simulation game, visual interactive simulation},
         isbn = {0953-7287},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000272138200006},
         author = {Battini, D. and Faccio, M. and Persona, A. and Sgarbossa, F.}
 }
 @article {4239,
         title = {Making the Case for Mobile Game Development},
         journal = {Iticse 2009: Proceeding of the 2009 Acm Sigse Annual Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Bkt74Times Cited:0Cited References Count:0},
         pages = {401-401406},
         abstract = {The term "mobile culture" reflects a phenomenal role that mobile devices play in our everyday lives. Accordingly, in the eyes of many current students, computing technology is associated with their mobile phones and gadgets instead of larger desktops that are commonly used in the academic environment. Most of them carry mobile phones with them at all times, and being able to develop and immediately run an application on their phone may offer an experience that is as practical and as close to the real world as it gets. By using mobile computing and, in particular, mobile game development, it may be possible to make course material more relevant to students; this also may show a stronger connection to real-world applications and technology that surround our students.To better understand the role of mobile culture and mobile phones in the life of contemporary students, we surveyed a group of 251 undergraduates, which included 117 females and 134 mates, between 18 and 25 years of age. 100\% of respondents said that they have a mobile phone. 49\% of males and 47\% of females said that they regularly play mobile games; on average they did that on 3.3 days each week. Students were asked to name three different places where they are most likely to play a mobile game. Answers included being at home (41\%) with nothing else to do, in class (39\%) during a lecture or another boring activity, in some form of transport (16\%), at the airport or on a plane, at work (15\%) and apparently not working, while waiting (14\%) for an appointment (e.g. at a doctor{\textquoteright}s office), at school (9\%) between classes, and others. We also asked to name three games that students play most frequently on their mobile phones. Out of 72 games that were mentioned, Tertis, Pacman and Solitaire were the three most popular, while over 40 other games were named only once. There was an approximately equal ratio between males and females who play the top three games. All of the top ten mobile games played by our respondents belong to the class of casual games. Such games are typically played in short bursts of time; their rules are simple, and unlike many desktop or console games, they do not require any major time commitment or any special skills. Most notably, many studies indicate that the demographics of mobile gamers are split equally between the two sexes.Compared to traditional computer games, introduction of mobile game development into Computer Science curricula received relatively little attention. There are very few reports about leveraging the appeal and relative simplicity of mobile game development to increase student interest in pursuing a degree in computing. Compared to desktop or console game development, mobile games are significantly less complex due to their simplified gameplay, smaller scale, simpler graphics, and other factors. In many ways, it may be easier to adopt mobile game development in the Computer Science curriculum than traditional game development while offering additional motivational benefits for students.Traditional game development has become a popular motivational tool; however, it is most effective for students who have already advanced down the course pipeline. In contrast, a playable mobile game could be successfully developed even in an introductory Computer Science course and thus provide a satisfying result to students eager to see tangible outcomes of their projects. Mobile computing can give students a sense of instant gratification - they can quickly compile a working graphical application and play the resulting game on their own mobile device and proudly show it off to their friends.Mobile game development is well positioned to address the challenges of its adoption to the curriculum. Because of a relative simplicity and a smaller scale, a playable mobile game can be developed within reasonable time by many CS students even with limited programming skills. Challenges of developing user interfaces for mobile devices can be a good topic for an in-depth discussion in a human-computer interactions course; overcoming connectivity and security issues could provide a good study framework in a computer networks course; while mobile-specific development issues are a good topic for a software engineering course. Mobile games can help broaden the horizons and motivate many students in introductory computing courses by exposing them to a variety of advanced topics early in the curriculum.As our survey shows, whether we like it or not, students do play games on their mobile phones and mobile gaming is here to stay. It is up to us, however, to use this situation for the benefit of Computer Science education and turn mobile gaming from a disruptive technology into a motivational tool.},
         keywords = {curriculum, mobile culture, mobile games, motivation},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000269212200136},
         author = {Kurkovsky, S.}
 }
 @article {4343,
         title = {Matchmaker: Interpersonal Touch in Gaming},
         journal = {Learning by Playing},
         volume = {5670},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Blc82Times Cited:0Cited References Count:10Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
         pages = {13-24579},
         abstract = {Acts of interpersonal touch - a touch shared between two people are used by couples to communicate in a simple and emotionally intimate way. In this paper, we argue that the intimacy afforded by acts of interpersonal touch can be used in computer entertainment to support enjoyable and engaging activities for couples. To support this notion, we have developed Matchmaker; a two-player, cooperative tabletop video game based on themes of love and romance. Matchmaker{\textquoteright}s gameplay is directly controlled by a set of collaborative tabletop interaction techniques, as well as by acts of interpersonal touch between its players. In this paper we present a detailed description of Matchmaker{\textquoteright}s design and the results of an exploratory user suggesting that Matchmaker is enjoyable to play and that its use of interpersonal touch contributes to players{\textquoteright} enjoyment.},
         keywords = {Games, gaming, matchmaker, tabletop, touch},
         isbn = {0302-9743},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000269934000002},
         author = {Watts, C. and Sharlin, E. and Woytiuk, P.}
 }
 @article {4280,
         title = {Measuring Player Immersion in the Computer Game Narrative},
         journal = {International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction},
         volume = {25},
         number = {2},
         year = {2009},
         note = {414NVTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:72},
         pages = {107-133},
         abstract = {In order to measure player immersion in the computer game narrative, this study explores and analyzes factors of the computer game narrative that influence players who are immersed in the game story world. Originally a questionnaire consisting of six dimensions-Curiosity, Concentration, Challenge, Control, Comprehension, and Empathy-was proposed. To evaluate the questionnaire, two surveys were conducted on the Internet, and data were collected from 734 respondents. After exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis, the dimensions were modified to Curiosity, Concentration, Challenge and Skills, Control, Comprehension, Empathy, and Familiarity.},
         keywords = {design, environments, flow experience},
         isbn = {1044-7318},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000263872300001},
         author = {Qin, H. and Rau, P. L. P. and Salvendy, G.}
 }
 @article {4301,
         title = {Measuring the Effect of Gaming Experience on Virtual Environment Navigation Tasks},
         journal = {3DUI : IEEE Symposium on 3D User Interfaces 2009, Proceedings},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Bjg97Times Cited:0Cited References Count:30},
         pages = {3-10159},
         abstract = {Virtual environments are synthetic 3D worlds typically viewed from a first-person point of view with many potential applications within areas such as visualisation, entertainment and training simulators. To effectively develop and utilise virtual environments, user-centric evaluations are commonly performed. Anecdotal evidence suggests that factors such as prior experience with computer games may affect the results of such evaluations.This paper examines the effects of previous computer gaming experience, user perceived gaming ability and actual gaming performance on navigation tasks in a virtual environment. Two computer games and a virtual environment were developed to elicit performance metrics for use within a user study. Results indicated that perceived gaming skill and progress in a First-Person-Shooter (FPS) game were the most consistent metrics showing significant correlations with performance in time-based navigation tasks. There was also strong evidence that these relations were significantly intensified by the inclusion of participants who play FPS games. In addition, it was found that increased gaming experience decreased spatial perception performance.},
         keywords = {Computer games, evaluation, Gender, navigation tasks, Performance, spatial orientation, User experience, Virtual Environments},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000265740800001},
         author = {Smith, S. R. and Du{\textquoteright}Mont, S.}
 }
 @article {4212,
         title = {A Multimodal Board Game System Interface Using Finger Input for Visually Impaired Computer Users},
         journal = {Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction: Addressing Diversity, Pt I, Proceedings},
         volume = {5614},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Part IBlr59Times Cited:0Cited References Count:6Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
         pages = {68-77689},
         abstract = {In this paper, we developed a new board game system oil a PC that feels like a real board game. The main improvements of this system are the tactile guide, the finger input interface, and an output method using vibrating stimuli. These improvements allow players to grasp the layout better than previous systems. We evaluate the system using the Othello game. As the result, we see that visually impaired persons can play the Othello game.},
         keywords = {auditory display, speech guide, tactile guide, vibrating stimulus, visually impaired person},
         isbn = {0302-9743},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000270884800008},
         author = {Hamaguchi, Y. and Nagasaka, D. and Tamesue, T. and Itoh, K. and Shimizu, M. and Sugimoto, M. and Hashimoto, M. and Kayama, M.}
 }
 @article {4238,
         title = {The Multi-modal Rock-Paper-Scissors Game},
         journal = {Intelligent Virtual Agents, Proceedings},
         volume = {5773},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Blm67Times Cited:0Cited References Count:2Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence},
         pages = {564-565571},
         abstract = {The multi-modal rock-paper-scissors game is an interactive computer game where the opponent of the human player is a virtual agent appearing on the computer screen. The game is similar to the game between humans, the communication takes place by the tools of image and sound processing.},
         keywords = {multi-modal human-computer interfaces, virtual agents},
         isbn = {0302-9743},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000270543400092},
         author = {Kovacs, G. and Makara, C. and Fazekas, A.}
 }
 @article {4237,
         title = {Multi-modal System Architecture for Serious Gaming},
         journal = {Artificial Intelligence Applications and Innovations Iii},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Bjg92Times Cited:0Cited References Count:10International Federation for Information Processing},
         pages = {441-447540},
         abstract = {Human-computer interaction (HCl). especially in the games domain, targets to mimic as much as possible the natural human-to-human interaction, which is multimodal, involving speech, vision. haptic, etc. Furthermore, the domain of serious games, aiming to value-added games, makes use of additional inputs, such as biosensors, motion tracking equipment, etc. In this context, game development has become complex, expensive and burdened with a long development cycle. This creates barriers to independent game developers and inhibits the introduction of innovative games, or new game genres. In this paper the PlayMancer platform is introduced, a work in progress aiming to overcome such barriers by augmenting existing 3D game engines with innovative modes, of interaction. Playmancer integrates open source existing systems, such as a game engine and a spoken dialog management system, extended by newly implemented components, supporting innovative interaction modalities. such as emotion recognition from audio data, motion tracking, etc, and advanced configuration tools.},
         isbn = {1571-5736},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000265736800050},
         author = {Kocsis, O. and Ganchev, T. and Mporas, I. and Papadopoulos, G. and Fakotakis, N.}
 }
 @article {4279,
         title = {Multiplayer Interface for a Computer-Augmented Learning Game},
         journal = {Design and Use of Serious Games},
         volume = {37},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Bjb44Times Cited:0Cited References Count:34Intelligent Systems, Control, and Automation: Science and Engineering},
         pages = {155-167206},
         abstract = {The purpose of this article is to introduce an advanced user interface concept for collaborative simulation game. The user interface design was performed by a constructive proceeding. The functionality and the physical elements of a traditional board game and the calculation performance of a computer simulation model were combined in the new multiplayer interface concept. The operations of players are mediated to the computer through the game board elements, not through the standard input devices of the computer. The key usability targets of the user interface have been also identified. Based on very early findings the developed multiplayer interface seems to support the usability targets in terms of naturalness and collaboration. The conventional arrangement with the digital multiplayer simulation games is the user interface, where each player has their own keyboard and visual display. This study introduces new possibility for game designers to integrate a traditional board game concept and a computer simulation model to enhance collaboration and learning in gaming.},
         keywords = {design, product development process, success},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000264525500011},
         author = {Putkonen, A. and Forsten, M.}
 }
 @article {4185,
         title = {Networking Middleware and Online-Deployment Mechanisms for Java-Based Games},
         journal = {Transactions on Edutainment II},
         volume = {5660},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Bll20Times Cited:0Cited References Count:12Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
         pages = {19-32313},
         abstract = {Currently, web-based online gaming applications are predominately utilising Adobe Flash or Java Applets as their core technologies. These games are often casual, two-dimensional games and do not utilise the specialist graphics hardware which has proliferated across modern PCs and Consoles. Multiuser online game play in these titles is often either non-existent or extremely limited. Computer games applications which grace the current generation of consoles and personal computers are designed to utilise the increasingly impressive hardware power at their disposal. However, these are commonly distributed using a physical medium or deployed through Custom, proprietary networking mechanisms and rely upon platform-specific networking APIs to facilitate multi-user online game play. In order to unify the concepts of these disparate styles of gaming, this paper presents two interconnected systems which are implemented using Java Web Start and JXTA P2P technologies, providing a platform-independent framework capable of deploying hardware accelerated cross-platform, cross-browser online-enabled Java games, as part of the Homura Project.},
         keywords = {deployment, distributed systems, homura, Java, java monkey engine, java web start, jme, jxta, nethomura, P2P games, peer to peer networking, web technologies},
         isbn = {0302-9743},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000270434800002},
         author = {Carter, C. and El Rhalibi, A. and Merabti, M. and Price, M.}
 }
 @article {4284,
         title = {New Interaction Concepts by Using the Wii Remote},
         journal = {Human-Computer Interaction, Pt Ii},
         volume = {5611},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Part IIBkr19Times Cited:0Cited References Count:23Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
         pages = {261-270912},
         abstract = {The interaction concept of the video game console Nintendo Wii has created a furor in the interface design community due to its intuitive interface: the Wii Remote. At the Institute of Ergonomics (IAD) of the Darmstadt University of Technology, several projects investigated the potential of interaction concepts with the Wii Remote, especially in nongaming contexts. In a first Study an interactive whiteboard according to [1] was recreated, modified and evaluated. In this case, the Wii Remote is not the human-machine-interface but the sensor that detects an infrared emitting (IR) pencil. A Survey with 15 Subjects was conducted in which different IR pencils were evaluated. In a second Study the potential of a gesture based human-computer interaction with the help of the Wii-Remote according to [2] Was evaluated by using a multimedia software application. In a Survey with 30 Subjects, the Wii gesture interaction was compared to a standard remote control.},
         keywords = {gesture based interaction, gesture recognition, hidden markov-models, interactive whiteboard, wii, wii remote},
         isbn = {0302-9743},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000268998000029},
         author = {Schreiber, M. and von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, M. and Bruder, R.}
 }
 @article {4304,
         title = {O{\textquoteright}Game, Can You Feel My Frustration?: Improving User{\textquoteright}s Gaming Experience via StressCam},
         journal = {CHI2009: Proceedings of the 27th Annual CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Vols 1-4},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Bjg76Times Cited:0Cited References Count:26},
         pages = {2195-22042390},
         abstract = {One of the major challenges of video game design is to have appropriate difficulty levels for users in order to maximize the entertainment value of the game. Game players may lose interests if a game is either too easy or too difficult. This paper presents a novel methodology to improve user{\textquoteright}s experience in computer games by automatically adjusting the level of the game difficulty. The difficulty level is computed from measurements of the facial physiology of the players at a distance. The measurements are based on the assumption that the players{\textquoteright} performance during. the game-playing session alters blood flow in the supraorbital region, which is an indirect measurement of increased mental activities. This alters heat dissipation, which can be monitored in a contact-free manner through a thermal imaging-based stress monitoring and analysis system, known as StressCam.In this work, we investigated on two primary objectives: (1) the feasibility of utilizing the facial physiology in automatically adjusting the difficulty level of the game and (2) the capability of the automatic difficulty level adjustment in improving game players{\textquoteright} experience. We employed and extended a XNA video game for this study, and performed an in-depth, comparative usability evaluation on it. Our results show that the automatic difficulty adjustable system successfully maintains game players{\textquoteright} interests and substantially outperforms traditional fixed-difficulty mode games. Although a number of issues of this preliminary study remain to be investigated further, this research opens a new direction that utilizes non-contact stress measurements for monitoring and further enhancing a variety of user-centric, interactive entertainment activities.},
         keywords = {Adjustment, aggressive affect, Behavior, Cognition, game difficulty, Human-computer interaction, stress monitoring, thermal imaging, Video Games, Violent Video Games},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000265679301121},
         author = {Yun, C. and Shastri, D. and Pavlidis, I. and Deng, Z. G.}
 }
 @article {4197,
         title = {An Online Survey System on Computer Game Enjoyment and Personality},
         journal = {Human-Computer Interaction, Pt IV},
         volume = {5613},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Bkr83Times Cited:0Cited References Count:30Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
         pages = {304-314781},
         abstract = {This paper discusses the development of an online survey instrument to measure the game enjoyment and player characteristics like age, gender and personality traits. A research framework of game play is proposed based on a review of prior research on computer came enjoyment, game characteristics, personality theories, effects of computer game play, and technology acceptance model. The proposed framework suggests that an appropriate fit between characteristics of the player and gaming technology will result in greater enjoyment while social influence may moderate effects of the fit. The survey will allow the researcher to establish the fit profiles between player characteristics and game play.},
         keywords = {Behavior, Computer games, Enjoyment, entertainment, Game play, Personality, PLAY, Violent Video Games},
         isbn = {0302-9743},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000269034700034},
         author = {Fang, X. W. and Chan, S. and Nair, C.}
 }
 @article {4215,
         title = {Playfulness-based design in educational games: a perspective on an evolutionary contest game},
         journal = {Interactive Learning Environments},
         volume = {17},
         number = {1},
         year = {2009},
         note = {418GWTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:81},
         pages = {15-35},
         abstract = {Playfulness steering is an emerging approach in educational game design and play. The integration of arithmetical computation, game strategy, and teamwork into one game allows players to interactively steer the playfulness and enhance learning. In this paper an evolutionary contest game was designed and implemented to examine the influencial factors. Using action research, focus groups and hermeneutic methods, this study suggest that the playfulness design of an evolutionary game is influenced by the degree of uncertainty and flexibility in decision-making, the level of challenge, equal conditions for fair play, opportunities to compete/cooperate, and the level of interactivity.},
         keywords = {competition, computer interactions, educational games, evolutionary contest game, flow, Information, intrinsic motivation, Mechanisms, model, Performance, playfulness-based design, strategic decision-making, Uncertainty},
         isbn = {1049-4820},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000264137700002},
         author = {Hong,J C and Hwang, M. Y. and Lu, C H and Cheng, C. L. and Lee, Y. C. and Lin, C. L.}
 }
 @article {4249,
         title = {Playing with All Senses: Human-Computer Interface Devices for Games},
         journal = {Advances in Computers, Vol 77},
         volume = {77},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Bjy98Times Cited:0Cited References Count:66Advances in Computers},
         pages = {79-115},
         abstract = {For a long time, computer games were limited to input and output devices such as mouse, joystick, typewriter keyboard, and TV screen. This has changed dramatically with the advent of inexpensive and versatile sensors, actuators, and visual and acoustic Output devices. Modem games employ a wide variety of interface technology, which is bound to broaden even further. This creates a new task for game designers. They have to choose the right option, possibly combining several technologies to let one technology compensate for the deficiencies of the other or to achieve more immersion through new modes of interaction. To facilitate this endeavor, this chapter gives an overview on current and upcoming human-computer interface technologies, describes their inner workings, highlights applications in commercial games and game research, and points out promising new directions.},
         keywords = {communication channel, location},
         isbn = {0065-2458},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000267475900003},
         author = {Loviscach, J.}
 }
 @article {4184,
         title = {Play-Personas: Behaviours and Belief Systems in User-Centred Game Design},
         journal = {Human-Computer Interaction - Interact 2009, Pt Ii, Proceedings},
         volume = {5727},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Blh79Times Cited:0Cited References Count:31Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
         pages = {510-523992},
         abstract = {Game designers attempt to ignite affective, emotional responses from players via engineering game designs to incite definite user experiences. Theories of emotion state that definite emotional responses are individual, and caused by the individual interaction sequence or history. Engendering desired emotions in the audience of traditional audiovisual media is a considerable challenge; however it is potentially even more difficult to achieve the same goal for the audience of interactive entertainment, because a substantial degree of control rests in the hand of the end user rather than the designer. This paper presents a possible solution to the challenge of integrating the user in the design of interactive entertainment such as computer games by employing the "persona" framework introduced by Alan Cooper. This approach is already in use in interaction design. The method can be improved by complementing the traditional narrative description of personas with quantitative, data-oriented models of predicted patterns of user behaviour for a specific computer game Additionally, persona constructs can be applied both as design-oriented metaphors during the development of games, and as analytical lenses to existing games, e.g. for evaluation of patterns of player behaviour.},
         keywords = {emotion, game design, play persona, user centered design, user experience design},
         isbn = {0302-9743},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000270204900055},
         author = {Canossa, A. and Drachen, A.}
 }
 @article {4190,
         title = {Relationship between Motivation and Satisfaction of Online Computer Games: Evidence from Adolescent Players Using Wireless Service in Taiwan},
         journal = {Advances in Information Security and Assurance},
         volume = {5576},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Bkr75Times Cited:0Cited References Count:26Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
         pages = {543-552841},
         abstract = {This study provides insight into the relationship between leisure motivation and leisure satisfaction with wireless service among teenage online gamers. A systematic sampling produced 134 usable questionnaires for the final data analysis. Findings revealed that teenagers playing online games with wireless service for intellectual motivations report educational leisure satisfaction. With wireless service, online game players with social motivations report educational, social and relaxation leisure satisfaction. Players with stimulus-avoidance motivation report greater psychological, educational, relaxation, physiological and aesthetic leisure satisfaction. Finally, this work discusses implications for leisure practice and further research.},
         keywords = {adolescent, leisure motivation, leisure satisfaction, measuring leisure motivation, online computer game, recreation, role-playing games},
         isbn = {0302-9743},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000269024500055},
         author = {Chen, L. S. L. and Wang, M. C. H. and Lee, Y. H.}
 }
 @article {4255,
         title = {Relationship Learning Software: Design and Assessment},
         journal = {Human-Computer Interaction, Pt Iii},
         volume = {5612},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Bkr82Times Cited:0Cited References Count:16Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
         pages = {631-640818},
         abstract = {Interface designers have been studying how to construct graphical user interfaces (GUIs) for a number of years, however adults are often the main focus of these studies. Children constitute a unique user group, making it necessary to design software specifically for them. For this study, several interface design frameworks were combined to synthesize a framework for designing educational software for children. Two types of learning, relationships and categories, are the focus of the present study because of their importance in early-child learning as well as standardized testing. For this study the educational game Melo{\textquoteright}s World was created as an experimental platform. The experiments assessed the performance differences found when including or excluding subsets of interface design features, specifically aesthetic and behavioral features. Software that contains aesthetic, but lack behavioral features, was found to have the greatest positive impact on a child{\textquoteright}s learning of thematic relationships.},
         keywords = {educational technology, human computer interaction, interactive systems design, User interface design},
         isbn = {0302-9743},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000269034000069},
         author = {McMullen, K. A. and Wakefield, G. H.}
 }
 @article {4198,
         title = {Sensation Seeking, Self Forgetfulness, and Computer Game Enjoyment},
         journal = {Human Interface and the Management of Information: Information and Interaction, Pt Ii},
         volume = {5618},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Bmb84Times Cited:0Cited References Count:25Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
         pages = {632-641877},
         abstract = {This paper investigates the relationship between enjoyment of computer game play and two personality traits (sensation seeking and self-forgetfulness). Hypotheses were proposed based on a review of computer game enjoyment, game characteristics, personality theories, and effects of computer game play. A survey is conducted in two US universities. Results and implications are discussed.},
         keywords = {Behavior, computer game, Enjoyment, model, Personality, self forgetfulness, Sensation seeking, Violent Video Games},
         isbn = {0302-9743},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000271799300069},
         author = {Fang, X. W. and Zhao, F.}
 }
 @article {4244,
         title = {Situational Effects on the Usage Intention of Mobile Games},
         journal = {Designing E-Business Systems},
         volume = {22},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Bkk39Times Cited:0Cited References Count:23Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing},
         pages = {51-59213},
         abstract = {As value-added services oil mobile devices are developing rapidly, text messaging, multi-media messaging, music. video, games, GPS navigation, RFID, and mobile TV are all accessible from a single device. Mobile,allies that combine mobile communication With computer games are all emerging industry. The purpose of this research is to explore What situation factors may at feet the intention to play mobile game. We propose a research model to fit the nature of mobile games and Conducted an online survey to examine the effect of situational factors. The model integrates constructs in TAM and TRA. The findings are as follows. First, Subjective norm affects a user{\textquoteright}s intention ill using mobile games when a user has no other task,. Second, perceived playfulness affects a user{\textquoteright}s intention to use mobile games when the user has another task.},
         keywords = {Behavior, commerce, mobile games, payments, situation influences, systems, Technology, Technology Acceptance Model, theory of reasoned action, user acceptance},
         isbn = {1865-1348},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000268378000005},
         author = {Liang, T. P. and Yeh, Y. H.}
 }
 @article {4259,
         title = {Student Attitudes towards Using Culturally-Oriented Educational Games to Improve Programming Proficiency: An Exploratory Study},
         journal = {Learning by Playing},
         volume = {5670},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Blc82Times Cited:0Cited References Count:16Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
         pages = {196-207579},
         abstract = {This exploratory study investigates student attitudes towards culturally-oriented educational games for practicing computer programming, where the mainstream culture appeals to all of the students irrespective of their cultural background. We show that a shared appreciation of culture along the lines of humour promotes positive student attitude towards culturally-aware game based learning which in turn is useful for developing proficiency in specific programming skills such as error detection and correction. Details of the exploratory study undertaken using culturally-oriented educational game prototypes are described, along with the results of the study.},
         isbn = {0302-9743},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000269934000026},
         author = {Mohammed, P. and Mohan, P.}
 }
 @article {4208,
         title = {Terra Nova 2.0-The New World of MMORPGs},
         journal = {Critical Studies in Media Communication},
         volume = {26},
         number = {2},
         year = {2009},
         note = {500PITimes Cited:0Cited References Count:88},
         pages = {104-127},
         abstract = {The dominant metaphor used to describe and situate MMORPGs, or massively multiplayer online role playing games (e.g. Ultima Online, EverQuest, World of Warcraft, Second Life, etc.), has been "new world{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} and "new frontier.{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} By deploying this powerful imagery, game developers, players, the popular media, and academic researchers draw explicit connections between the technology of MMORPGs and the European encounter with the Americas and the western expansion of the United States. Although providing a compelling and often recognizable explanation of the innovations and opportunities of this new technology, the use of this terminology comes with a considerable price, one that had been demonstrated and examined by scholars of the Internet, cyberspace, and virtual reality over a decade ago. This essay explores the impact and significance of the terms "new world{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} and "frontier{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} as they have been deployed to explain and describe MMORPGs.},
         keywords = {Computer games, cultural studies, ethics, Information technology, New media},
         isbn = {1529-5036},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000270315200002},
         author = {Gunkel, D. J. and Gunkel, A. H.}
 }
 @article {4252,
         title = {Three Approaches Towards Teaching Game Production},
         journal = {Design and Use of Serious Games},
         volume = {37},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Bjb44Times Cited:0Cited References Count:7Intelligent Systems, Control, and Automation: Science and Engineering},
         pages = {3-18206},
         abstract = {Teaching game production benefits computer science and engineering students, because game applications are usually complex interactive real-time systems, which are non-trivial to implement. Moreover, game production has a multi-disciplinary nature, because - in addition to software development - a game production process can include areas such as commercialization issues, game design, graphics design and implementation, sound engineering, level design, and story design. This kind of project environment teaches the development team to work and communicate efficiently. Having organized a variety of game production project courses in the Department of Information Technology in the University of Turku the students have implemented complete computer games or game proto-types. Our focus has been on teaching game related algorithms, software technologies and software engineering aspects of game production. We have used three different teaching approaches to organize the courses: (1) the traditional home assignment model where the students take full responsibility of organizing the production, (2) research seminars where the teachers act as direct customers for the production, and (3) intensive courses where the teachers participate in the production as coaches and mentors. In this presentation, we describe the three different teaching approaches, present them as formal process models, and compare them to commercial game production processes. Additionally, we consider the multi-disciplinary nature of game production and discuss how the issue can be taken into consideration in a study environment where the students are mainly technology oriented.},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000264525500001},
         author = {Makila, T. and Hakonen,H and Smed,J and Best, A.}
 }
 @article {4241,
         title = {Understanding the behavioural intention to play online games An extension of the theory of planned behaviour},
         journal = {Online Information Review},
         volume = {33},
         number = {5},
         year = {2009},
         note = {521LFTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:50},
         pages = {849-872},
         abstract = {Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether flow experience, perceived enjoyment, and interaction affect people{\textquoteright}s behavioural intention to play online games and whether gender, age and prior experience have moderating effects on online game acceptance.Design/methodology/approach - This study extends the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) with flow experience, perceived enjoyment, and interaction to propose a theoretical model to explain and predict people{\textquoteright}s behavioural intention to play online games. This model is examined through an empirical study involving 458 participants using structural equation modelling techniques. In addition, a competing model based on the technology acceptance model (TAM) is proposed to evaluate whether TPB is more suitable than TAM to explain the use of online games. The two action-theoretical models are compared in terms of their predictive power and their practical utility.Findings - Although both models explain the players{\textquoteright} intention to play online games very well, the extended TPB model provides a better fit and explanatory power. Notably, this study finds that flow experience is a more important factor than perceived enjoyment in influencing customer acceptance of online games. Further analysis reveals that gender is a key moderator of online game acceptance. Practical implications - Online game developers need to search for flow experience building strategies that might assist in engaging players. This study suggests that game developers should consider focusing more on establishing the interactions between players (social interaction) and online games (human-computer interaction) in their marketing strategies.Originality/value - This study is significant for two reasons. First, it synthesises the theory of planned behaviour with psychological and interaction factors and, second, it presents a blueprint for an entertainment-oriented technology acceptance model.},
         keywords = {adoption, behaviour, communities, competing theories, Computers, flow experience, intrinsic motivation, service, social interaction, TAM, Technology Acceptance Model, user acceptance, Video Games},
         isbn = {1468-4527},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000271922200001},
         author = {Lee, M. C.}
 }
 @article {4187,
         title = {Using Computer-Assisted Test to Harmlessly Improve the Efficiency of Heterogeneous Grouping in Collaborative Learning},
         journal = {International Conference on Advanced Computer Control : Icacc 2009 - Proceedings},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Bjd20Times Cited:0Cited References Count:7},
         pages = {129-133802},
         abstract = {Collaborative learning can bring many benefits when groups of students work together in writing, projects, or other activities. However there are disadvantages of collaborative learning. One of the disadvantages is that the time spent on learning a topic could be unbelievable. To improve the efficiency of a collaborative learning activity, this study used computer-assisted test for the heterogeneous grouping stage. Unfortunately, any test may increase students{\textquoteright} learning anxiety. Therefore, the study aims to find out how to improve efficiency of collaborative learning activities in a classroom without losing the expected objectives. First, the Team-Game-Tournament (TGT) collaborative learning strategy was selected to complement the computer-assisted test. Then, we can use a questionnaire to show that there is no significant increase on learning anxiety after using computer-assisted testing. It? other words, additional testing in collaborative learning is harmless to students{\textquoteright} learning anxiety. Finally, the time spent on learning a topic of experimental group was compared with control group to demonstrate the improvement of efficiency. The most interesting part of this study is showing computer-assisted test as a useful tool for computer-supported collaborative learning.},
         keywords = {Anxiety, collaborative learning, computer-assisted test, computer-supported collaborative learning, learning anxiety},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000264878000024},
         author = {Chang, C. K. and Lee, C. S.}
 }
 @article {4171,
         title = {Using Game Creation for Teaching Computer Programming to High School Students and Teachers},
         journal = {Iticse 2009: Proceeding of the 2009 Acm Sigse Annual Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Bkt74Times Cited:0Cited References Count:7},
         pages = {104-108406},
         abstract = {In this paper we describe a two-week residential summer game camp for rising 9(th) and 10(th) grade students and a four-week high school teacher professional development course. We present survey results that indicate our approach results in increased computer programming knowledge and self-confidence for both students and teachers. Our project aims to use a holistic game creation approach to increase student interest in computer science by directly teaching to students in a summer camp, instructing the teachers during a 4-week professional development course, and finally by supporting teachers as they use our curriculum in their high schools.},
         keywords = {Games, high school teacher professional development, introductory programming},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000269212200025},
         author = {Al-Bow, M. and Austin, D. and Edgington, J. and Fajardo, R. and Fishburn, J. and Lara, C. and Leutenegger, S. and Meyer, S.}
 }
 @article {4195,
         title = {Video Game-Based Education in Mechanical Engineering: A Look at Student Engagement},
         journal = {International Journal of Engineering Education},
         volume = {25},
         number = {2},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Sp. Iss. SI495DGTimes Cited:1Cited References Count:47},
         pages = {308-317},
         abstract = {One of the core courses in the undergraduate mechanical engineering curriculum has been completely redesigned. lit the new numerical methods course, all assignments and learning experiences are built around a video/computer game. Students are given the task of writing computer programs to race a simulated car around a track. In doing so, students learn and implement numerical methods content. The paper describes a preliminary study to measure student engagement. Results show that students {\textquoteright}playing{\textquoteright} the video game in their homework are significantly more engaged than when working oil homework in other engineering courses.},
         keywords = {environments, mechanical engineering, numerical methods, serious game, simulation, student engagement, Video Game},
         isbn = {0949-149X},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000269869600013},
         author = {Coller, B. D. and Shernoff, D. J.}
 }
 @article {4305,
         title = {A Virtual Environment for Learning Aiport Emergency Management Protocols},
         journal = {Human-Computer Interaction, Pt III},
         volume = {5612},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Bkr82Times Cited:0Cited References Count:10Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
         pages = {228-235818},
         abstract = {This paper presents a virtual environment designed to enhance the learning of airport emergency management protocols. The learning is performed in an informal manner, with each learner playing a different role in a particular emergency simulation. Learners interact within the virtual environment, managing the available information and following the steps prescribed for each type of emergency in the Airport Emergency Plan of the Spanish Civil Defence Organization. The simulation can be run in different modes of difficulty, and can be used as a learning tool as well as an evaluation tool to measure the accuracy of the learner{\textquoteright}s actuation within the protocol. It can also support stand-alone training having some of the emergency roles played out by the computer. The virtual environment has been built using DimensioneX, an open source multi-player online game engine.},
         keywords = {emergency, Game engine, simulation, Virtual Environment},
         isbn = {0302-9743},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000269034000025},
         author = {Zarraonandia, T. and Vargas, M. R. R. and Diaz, P. and Aedo, I.}
 }
 @article {4317,
         title = {Virtual Sport System for Optimum Exercising Based on a User Model},
         journal = {Learning by Playing},
         volume = {5670},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Blc82Times Cited:0Cited References Count:6Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
         pages = {283-290579},
         abstract = {It is said that improving movement habits is effective to solve the problem of obesity. In this paper, we describe a physically interactive computer game system that can control a game mode to let a user maintain an appropriate exercise load based on an estimation of the user{\textquoteright}s heart rate state. We propose a Bayesian network model that can estimate heart rate states. The model calculates probability distribution of a heart rate state using user{\textquoteright}s motion features. We also describe an experimental validation of the system.},
         keywords = {bayesian network, exercise load, heart rate state estimation, physically interactive computer game, user model},
         isbn = {0302-9743},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000269934000034},
         author = {Tanaka,K and Kataoka, T. and Hasegawa, M.}
 }
 @article {4248,
         title = {The Web Marriage Game, the Gendered Self, and Chinese Modernity},
         journal = {Cultural Studies},
         volume = {23},
         number = {3},
         year = {2009},
         note = {453FDTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:61},
         pages = {381-403},
         abstract = {This paper examines the web-based virtual marriage game craze that emerged in the 1990s. These online interactive games may have opened up moments of liberation and formulated new ideologies of sexual relations. However, web-based marriages only ensure a male-dominated system and conform to dominant patriarchal standards - regardless of the number of females involved. Re-enacting the rules of marriage, the cyber game is ideologically directed against free unions, mobility, promiscuity, and parafamilial fluidity - all in order to stabilize individuals for reasons of social and political control; at the same time, it promotes the acquisition of skills needed by individual players in a free market, as if paralleling the drastic re-articulation of the economy. I understand the virtual game to be a safe haven for both China and the Chinese people to imagine that they can re-strengthen and re-virilize themselves in a rapidly changing world. They co-fabricate a depthless interface or a pure semblance of a looming powerful China ruled by a male-oriented system. Just as China dreams of achieving modernity through a consistent, dependable, controlled, and {\textquoteright}clean{\textquoteright} path, the virtual reality of the marriage game reveals a social imaginary in which contemporary Chinese people picture their social existence in an unstable transitional moment.},
         keywords = {attraction, Foucault, masculinity, modernity, online computer game, Self, web marriage},
         isbn = {0950-2386},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000266594800003},
         author = {Lo, K. C.}
 }
 @article {4298,
         title = {Where Academics Meet the Real World: Difficulties Encountered When Conducting a Project for Designing a Game-Based Learning in a Company},
         journal = {Learning by Playing},
         volume = {5670},
         year = {2009},
         note = {Blc82Times Cited:0Cited References Count:18Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
         pages = {176-183579},
         abstract = {Educational games have been widely developed and tested by many researchers. Most of results show that the educational games are good to increase students{\textquoteright} learning motivations in formal learning. It seems quite workable, however, is it also true if we want to apply the concepts to business? Or, does it still have effects to on-job-training and orientation in business? This research focuses on the first question. The experience of trying to design and test a Game-Based Learning System, with a joy component, in a real corporation is challenging and risky. This paper shows how hard was to find a company willing to do this test, the negotiations involved, the legal issues and the extensive scrutiny imposed. Constant revisions and postponing, threatening of cancellation and misinformation about company resources needs continuous diplomacy and flexibility from researchers. Prejudice against computer games may play an important barrier and an unfair advantage towards traditional training deliveries.},
         keywords = {computer game, educational games, game-learning learning, joy, training},
         isbn = {0302-9743},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000269934000024},
         author = {Werneck, E. and Chang, M.}
 }
 @article {4366,
         title = {Human-Computer Go Revolution 2008},
         journal = {ICGA Journal},
         volume = {31},
         number = {3},
         year = {2008},
         month = {Sep},
         pages = {179-185},
         abstract = {During the last three years, the level of Go programs has improved tremendously due to a new technique: Monte-Carlo Tree Search. In 2008, several Human-Computer Go events have been organized to assess the level of the new programs. MOGO (in some contests called MOGO TITAN) and CRAZYSTONE, the two pioneer Monte-Carlo Go Tree Search programs, managed to defeat professional players for the first time in history. MOGO won oil the M board, and MOGO TITAN oil the 19x19 board with a 9-stones handicap. A short time later. CRAZYSTONE set a new record by winning a game on a 19x19 board with an 8-stones handicap. In this report, we present the results of the most important human-computer matches that took place in 2008, in the USA, Japan, and Taiwan.},
         isbn = {1389-6911},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000263788400008},
         author = {Chaslot, G. and Hoock, J. B. and Rimmel, A. and Teytaud, O. and Lee, C. S. and Wang, M. H. and Tsai, S. R. and Hsu, S. C.}
 }
 @proceedings {4529,
         title = {Sound and immersion in the first-person shooter: Mixed measurement of the player{\textquoteright}s sonic experience},
         journal = {Audio Mostly},
         year = {2008},
         month = {October 22},
         address = {Pite{\r a}, Sweden},
         abstract = {Player immersion is the holy grail of computer game designers particularly in environments such as those found in first-person shooters. However, little is understood about the processes of immersion and much is assumed. This is certainly the case with sound and its immersive potential. Some theoretical work explores this sonic relationship but little experimental data exist to either confirm or invalidate existing theories and assumptions.
 
 This paper summarizes and reports on the results of a preliminary psychophysiological experiment to measure human arousal and valence in the context of sound and immersion in first-person shooter computer games. It is conducted in the context of a larger set of psychophysiological investigations assessing the nature of the player experience and is the first in a series of systematic experiments investigating the player{\textquoteright}s relationship to sound in the genre. In addition to answering questionnaires, participants were required to play a bespoke Half-Life 2 level whilst being measured with electroencephalography, electrocardiography, electromyography, galvanic skin response and eye tracking equipment. We hypothesize that subjective responses correlated with objective measurements provide a more accurate assessment of the player{\textquoteright}s physical arousal and emotional valence and that changes in these factors may be mapped to subjective states of immersion in first-person shooter computer games.},
         keywords = {audio, immersion, Psychophysiology; Sonic user experience (UX); Entertainment; Emotion; Affective gaming; Action video games, sound},
         url = {http://digitalcommons.bolton.ac.uk/gcct_conferencepr/7},
         author = {Grimshaw, Mark and Lindley,Craig A and Nacke,Lennart}
 }
 @proceedings {4530,
         title = {Autopoiesis and sonic immersion: Modelling sound-based player relationships as a self-organizing system},
         journal = {Sixth Annual International Conference in Computer Game Design and Technology},
         year = {2008},
         month = {November 12},
         address = {Liverpool},
         abstract = {In previous work I have provided a conceptual framework for the design and analysis of sound in First-Person Shooter games and have suggested that the relationship between player and soundscape in such games can be modelled as an acoustic ecology. This paper develops these ideas further in the context of multiplayer First-Person Shooter games. I suggest that individual acoustic ecologies within the game combine to create a virtual acoustic ecology, of which no player is wholly aware, and that this virtual acoustic ecology may be modelled as an autopoietic (sonopoietic) system that, in part, explains and enhances player immersion in the game.},
         keywords = {autopoiesis, sound},
         url = {http://digitalcommons.bolton.ac.uk/gcct_conferencepr/1},
         author = {Grimshaw, Mark}
 }
 @article {4489,
         title = {Adoption of Mobile Games as Entertainment Technology : A Test of Extended Technology Acceptance Model},
         journal = {Information-an International Interdisciplinary Journal},
         volume = {11},
         number = {6},
         year = {2008},
         note = {417ASTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:42},
         month = {Nov},
         pages = {759-769},
         abstract = {Mobile games have emerged as the most innovative entertainment technology, adding new revenue streams, taking advantage of the potential of wireless consumer applications and service offerings. Mobile games, like any other types of computer game, offer a unique value for users in providing an exciting digital experience in virtual worlds. Players can become empowered through the development of new characters and strategies within games to achieve rewarding successes against the computers and other players. In this paper, we attempt to investigate the factors influencing the usage and acceptance of the mobile games in Korea, based on the extended version of the Technology Acceptance Model(TAM).Based on data collected from on-line survey, we show that perceived ease of use and perceived enjoyment motivates mobile game users to play mobile games, and that these two factors are empirically shown to determine perceived usefulness, implying that perceived ease of use and perceived enjoyment ate the direct and indirect determinant of intention to use. In addition, se (expressiveness and subjective norms have been showed to significantly and directly affect perceived usefulness. It was also confirmed that self-efficacy and operational quality of device are the antecedents of perceived ease of use. The contents of mobile games as well as perceived enjoyment was used as a determinant of perceived ease of use, and the statistical results confirm that they played a critical role in determining perceptions of enjoyment, and indirectly affecting perceived usefulness.},
         keywords = {determinants, ease, entertainment technology, Gender, Information technology, Internet, intrinsic motivation, Mobile game, perceived usefulness, technology acceptance model(tam), usage, user acceptance, world},
         isbn = {1343-4500},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000264047400007},
         author = {Kim, M. R. and Kim, T. U. and Kim, J.}
 }
 @article {4365,
         title = {Do you believe in magic? Computer games in everyday life},
         journal = {European Journal of Cultural Studies},
         volume = {11},
         number = {2},
         year = {2008},
         month = {May},
         pages = {225-U114},
         abstract = {Huizinga{\textquoteright}s concept of a {\textquoteright}magic circle{\textquoteright} has been used to depict computer games and gaming activities as something separate from ordinary life. In this view, games are special (magical) and they only come to life within temporal and spatial borders that are enacted and performed by the participants. This article discusses the concept of a {\textquoteright}magic circle{\textquoteright} and finds that it lacks specificity. Attempts to use the concept of a magic circle create a number of anomalies that are problematic. This is not, as has been suggested earlier, primarily a matter of the genre of the game, or a discussion of what an appropriate definition of a {\textquoteright}game{\textquoteright} might be. Rather, in this study with hardcore gamers, playing computer games is a routine and mundane activity, making the boundary between play and non-play tenuous to say the least. This article presents an alternative theoretical framework which should be explored further.},
         keywords = {definitions of games, magic circle, place, PLAY, rhetorics, routine, Time},
         isbn = {1367-5494},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000270196700009},
         author = {Pargman, D. and Jakobsson, P.}
 }
 @article {4368,
         title = {Safer sex through entertainment education: Realizing the entertainment education approach with a computer game about HIV/AIDS and condom use for female adolescents},
         journal = {International Journal of Psychology},
         volume = {43},
         number = {3-4},
         year = {2008},
         note = {Poster from XXIX International Congress of Psychology },
         month = {Jun-Aug},
         pages = {658-658},
         abstract = {Entertainment education is a strategy to educate people through entertainment. Research has shown that it can have positive effects on people{\textquoteright}s behavior, attitudes, knowledge, and interpersonal communication. It works with various media (products) such as radio, TV soap operas, street theatre, or comics. The question is whether this strategy also works for computer games. To test this, an entertainment education computer game about HIV/AIDS education was developed. The computer game led to a significant increase in knowledge about HIV/AIDS, but no increases in interest and communication could be observed. Possible explanations and suggestions for future research are discussed.},
         isbn = {0020-7594},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000259264307693},
         author = {Thies-Brandner, Y.}
 }
 @article {4490,
         title = {Avatar motion control by natural body movement via camera},
         journal = {Neurocomputing},
         volume = {72},
         number = {1-3},
         year = {2008},
         month = {Dec},
         pages = {648-652},
         abstract = {With the popularity of cameras and rapid development of computer vision technology, vision-based HCI is attracting extensive interests. In this paper, we present a system for controlling avatars by natural body movement via a single web-camera. A pose database and a set of color markers are utilized to make ill-posed vision problem tractable for real game applications. Based on the proposed algorithms for indexing pose samples and estimating human pose, we build a prototype system that is responsive, easy to manipulate and runs automatically in real time. User study shows that the system is user-friendly and provides immersive experiences. },
         keywords = {game avatar control, interaction, monocular camera, pose estimation},
         isbn = {0925-2312},
         author = {Li, N. and Chen, C. and Wang, Q. and Song, M. L. and Tao, D. C. and Li, X. L.}
 }
 @article {4367,
         title = {Learning the Piece Values for Three Chess Variants},
         journal = {ICGA Journal},
         volume = {31},
         number = {4},
         year = {2008},
         month = {Dec},
         pages = {209-233},
         abstract = {A set of experiments for learning the values of chess pieces is described for the popular chess variants Crazyhouse Chess, Suicide Chess, and Atomic Chess. We follow an established methodology that relies on reinforcement learning from self-games. We attempt to learn piece values and the piece-square tables for three chess variants. The piece values arrived at, are quite different from those of standard chess, and in several ways surprising, but they generally outperform the values that have been previously used in the literature, and in the implementations of computer players for these games. The results also underline the practical importance of piece-square tables for tactical variants of the game.},
         keywords = {computer-chess, Game, temporal differences},
         isbn = {1389-6911},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000268325500003},
         author = {Droste, S. and Furnkranz, J.}
 }
 @article {4356,
         title = {On virtual environments and agents in next-generation computer games},
         journal = {Knowledge Engineering Review},
         volume = {23},
         number = {4},
         year = {2008},
         note = {392OLTimes Cited:0Cited References Count:10},
         month = {Dec},
         pages = {389-397},
         abstract = {This paper holds the material presented at our keynote at the Intelligent Virtual Environments and Virtual Agents Conference. where We analyzed future trends in virtual agent and environment technologies. as applied to the Fields of videogames and interactive multimedia. we be-ill by Observing current tendencies in game development projects. both ill the market and ill the academia. outlining their respective strengths and weaknesses. We follow by describing the aspects of game development that will come to shape the next generation of games. and discuss the requirements for academic projects to achieve the level of quality required to be competitive in this field. In the rest of the paper we analyze the roles, importance. challenges, and research opportunities that a new generation of virtual characters and environments will bring to the world of interactive entertainment.},
         isbn = {0269-8889},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000262311900005},
         author = {Torres, D.}
 }
 @article {4358,
         title = {Machine learning in digital games: a survey},
         journal = {Artificial Intelligence Review},
         volume = {29},
         number = {2},
         year = {2008},
         month = {Apr},
         pages = {123-161},
         abstract = {Artificial intelligence for digital games constitutes the implementation of a set of algorithms and techniques from both traditional and modern artificial intelligence in order to provide solutions to a range of game dependent problems. However, the majority of current approaches lead to predefined, static and predictable game agent responses, with no ability to adjust during game-play to the behaviour or playing style of the player. Machine learning techniques provide a way to improve the behavioural dynamics of computer controlled game agents by facilitating the automated generation and selection of behaviours, thus enhancing the capabilities of digital game artificial intelligence and providing the opportunity to create more engaging and entertaining game-play experiences. This paper provides a survey of the current state of academic machine learning research for digital game environments, with respect to the use of techniques from neural networks, evolutionary computation and reinforcement learning for game agent control.},
         keywords = {computational intelligence, Computer games, digital games, Game AI, injected genetic algorithms, machine learning, NETWORKS, Time},
         isbn = {0269-2821},
         url = {<Go to ISI>://000268949900002},
         author = {Galway, L. and Charles,D and Black,M}
 }
 @proceedings {3248,
         title = {My Momma Shoots Better Than You: Who is the Female Gamer?},
         journal = {The [player] conference},
         year = {2008},
         month = {26/08/2008},
         publisher = {IT University of Copenhagen},
         address = {IT University of Copenhagen, Denmark},
         abstract = {This paper is a component of a three-year empirical study of gaming moms undertaken with the aim to modulate the conventional constructions of gamer identities and examine the contested status of gaming in everyday life. It presents samples of mothers in gaming discourse {\textendash} from TV, Music-video, forums, and ads. Mothers have been largely invisible in popular gaming discourse or formulaically portrayed as unsympathetic to/ policing the gaming habits of other family members. Now, gaming companies increasingly target women and families, female gamers exceed 40 \% of players (US and Sweden), and console gaming is displacing TV-watching as the core living-room activity. The Boy-nerd-in-the-Bedroom is, at least statistically, being dispelled and complemented by the Girl-into-Gaming. Still, a tenacious nineteenth-century icon lingers: the Angel-in-the-House. Mothers today do more than bring Hot Pockets to gaming kids (South Park WoW-Episode) or serve as the implied inferior player populating taunts like {\textquotedblleft}My Momma shoots better than you{\textquotedblright} (Q3A). Mothers game too. The paper uses feminist critical theory (de Lauretis) to illustrate the situation of the female gamer as oscillating between the fixed sign of {\textquotedblleft}Woman{\textquotedblright} and the dynamic experiences of {\textquotedblleft}women{\textquotedblright}. It acknowledges and elucidates both the power and consequences of representation and personal experience in meaning-making processes, to which the growing cultural discourse and practice of gaming belong.},
         keywords = {discourse analysis, female gamers, feminist theory, gaming discourse, gaming moms, Gender, Mothers, popular culture, representation, Women},
         isbn = {978-87-7949-182-3},
         url = {http://gamingmoms.wordpress.com/publications/},
         author = {Enevold, Jessica and Hagstr{\"o}m, Charlotte},
         editor = {Mosberg, Sara and Leino, Olli}
 }
 @proceedings {4446,
         title = {Researching Players to Understand the Game},
         journal = {The [Player] Conference},
         year = {2008},
         month = {26/08/2008},
         pages = {197-219},
         publisher = {IT University of Copenhagen},
         address = {IT University of Copenhagen},
         abstract = {Since the advent of the study of games, scholars have emphasised the idea of games as subsets of the real world, as make-believe and as representational systems. Games have been understood as delimited from the real world by a physical and conceptual boundary that clearly defines what should be understood as part of the game. Players enter and leave the game at will, voluntarily accepting the rules of the game when entering the game subspace, and there is no doubt that players are fully capable of knowing when they cross this boundary, and when they should interpret a specific action as part of the game or not. This paper asks how researchers can investigate the player{\textquoteright}s comprehension of the relationship between a game and the world methodologically by the use of qualitative approaches. The motivation for the paper is a postdoctoral research project facing precisely these issues, and the paper serves as a work in progress for developing a qualitative research method for investigating player{\textquoteright}s understanding of system features, interface elements and what constitutes the game border in computer games. The paper will present the aims of the postdoctoral research project and shortly describe its hypotheses and theoretical points of departure before going on to discuss and suggest methods for investigating these hypotheses.},
         isbn = {978-87-7949-182-3},
         url = {https://bora.uib.no/bitstream/1956/3895/1/jorgensen-researching\%20players.pdf},
         author = {J{\o}rgensen, Kristine},
         editor = {Iversen, Sara Mosberg}
 }
 @conference {4437,
         title = {The struggle for immersion. Narrative re-framing in World of Warcraft.},
         booktitle = {Proceedings of the {player} conference},
         year = {2008},
         month = {26/08/2008},
         publisher = {Copenhagen: N{\o}rrebros Bogtryk ApS.},
         organization = {Copenhagen: N{\o}rrebros Bogtryk ApS.},
         address = {IT-University of Copenhagen, Denmark},
         keywords = {Computer games},
         author = {Linderoth, Jonas},
         editor = {Leino, O. and Calleja, G. and Mosberg Iversen, S.}
 }
 @proceedings {3234,
         title = {Boredom, Immersion, Flow - A pilot study investigating player experience},
         journal = {IADIS International Conference Gaming 2008: Design for engaging experience and social interaction},
         year = {2008},
         month = {25/07/2008},
         pages = {103-107},
         publisher = {IADIS Press},
         address = {Amsterdam, The Netherlands},
         abstract = {Designing and evaluating gameplay experience comes to life after measures for player experience have been found. This paper describes  a pilot  study measuring game experience with  a set of game stimuli especially designed  for different player experiences. Gameplay experience is measured using self-report questionnaires after each play session. Results of the questionnaires are then separately compared to design intentions and player evaluations. Our experiment shows that gameplay experience can be assessed with a high reliability for certain gameplay features.},
         keywords = {Affect, Aggression, bas, bis, boredom, challenge, design, epq, Experience, flow, fuga, game design, gameplay, geq, Half-Life 2, immersion, level design, metrics, Personality, PLAY, quantitative study, reliability, self-report measures, tension, ux},
         isbn = {978-972-8924-64-5},
         url = {http://gamescience.bth.se/download/16/},
         author = {Nacke,Lennart and Lindley,Craig A},
         editor = {Eleonore ten Thij}
 }
 @conference {4447,
         title = {The Intuitive and Integrated Interface: Computer Games and Computer Literacy},
         booktitle = {Digicult symposium: Television and the Digital Public Sphere,},
         year = {2008},
         month = {22/10/2008},
         address = {Universit{\'e} de Pantheon-Assas (Paris II)},
         keywords = {Computer games, digital literacy, gameworld, interface, usability},
         url = {https://bora.uib.no/bitstream/1956/3896/3/KJorgensen-digicult.pdf},
         author = {J{\o}rgensen, Kristine}
 }
 @article {,
         title = {A Conceptual Framework for the Analysis of First-Person Shooter Audio and its Potential Use for Game Engines},
         journal = {International Journal of Computer Games Technology},
         volume = {2008},
         year = {2008},
         month = {2008},
         abstract = {We introduce and describe a new conceptual framework for the design and analysis of audio for immersive first-person shooter games, and discuss its potential implications for the development of the audio component of game engines. The framework was created in order to illustrate and acknowledge the direct role of in-game audio in shaping player-player interactions and in creating a sense of immersion in the game world. Furthermore, it is argued that the relationship between player and sound is best conceptualized theoretically as an acoustic ecology. Current game engines are capable of game world spatiality through acoustic shading, but the ideas presented here provide a framework to explore other immersive possibilities for game audio through real-time synthesis.},
         keywords = {audio, First-Person-Shooter, immersion},
         issn = {1687-7047},
         doi = {10.1155/2008/720280},
         url = {http://www.hindawi.com/GetArticle.aspx?doi=10.1155/2008/720280},
         author = {Grimshaw, Mark and Schott, Gareth}
 }
 @proceedings {3235,
         title = {Log who{\textquoteright}s playing: psychophysiological game analysis made easy through event logging},
         journal = {Second International Conference on Fun and Games 2008},
         volume = {5294/2008},
         year = {2008},
         note = {http://gamescience.bth.se/download/31/, http://tinyurl.com/64v6tv},
         month = {20/10/2008},
         pages = {150-157},
         publisher = {Springer Berlin / Heidelberg},
         address = {Eindhoven, The Netherlands},
         abstract = {Modern psychophysiological game research faces the problem that for understanding the computer game experience, it needs to analyze game events with high temporal resolution and within the game context. This is the only way to achieve greater understanding of gameplay and the player experience with the use of psychophysiological instrumentation. This paper presents a solution to recording in-game events with the frequency and accuracy of psychophysiological recording systems, by sending out event byte codes through a parallel port to the psychophysiological signal acquisition hardware. Thus, psychophysiological data can immediately be correlated with in-game data. By employing this system for psychophysiological game experiments, researchers will be able to analyze gameplay in greater detail in future studies.},
         keywords = {analysis, biometrics, design, Events, Experience, gameplay, Half-Life 2, instrumentation, interactive, level design, logging, metrics, physiological, PLAY, psychophysiology, software, techniques, usability, ux},
         isbn = {978-3-540-88321-0},
         issn = {0302-9743 (1611-3349)},
         doi = {10.1007/978-3-540-88322-7},
         url = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/f3560134p7017541/},
         author = {Nacke,Lennart and Lindley,Craig A and Stellmach, Sophie},
         editor = {Panos Markopoulos, Boris de Ruyter, Wijnand IJsselsteijn, Duncan Rowland}
 }
 @article {3239,
         title = {A Procrustean Probe},
         journal = {Game Studies},
         volume = {8},
         year = {2008},
         month = {12/2008},
         abstract = {The brigand Procrustes dispatched his victims by stretching or trimming their bodies in order that they be made to fit his bed. Considered as a scientific theory, McLuhan{\textquoteright}s four "laws of media" risk violating communications research in a dangerously Procrustean manner. Conceived as an exploratory probe, however, this "tetrad" can provide illuminating insights into the social and psychological effects of individual technologies. Applied to digital games, the tetrad reveals the particular ways in which this distinctive cultural form enhances diverse modes of play, obsolesces traditional television viewing, retrieves lost means of participation, and reverses into pervasive and persistent play. The tetrad helps, in short, to situate digital gameplay within the broader technological and cultural environment of which it is a part.},
         keywords = {enhance, extranoematic, McLuhan, obsolesce, Participation, persistent, pervasive, PLAY, Procrustes, Remediation, retrieve, reverse, Television, tetrad, Theseus},
         issn = {1604-7982},
         url = {http://gamestudies.org/0802/articles/tyler},
         author = {Tyler, Tom}
 }
 @article {3223,
         title = {Assassin{\textquoteright}s Creed: A Multi-Cultural Read},
         journal = {Loading...},
         volume = {1},
         year = {2008},
         month = {11/2008},
         abstract = {Video game playing is becoming a predominant part of popular culture. Games, like Assassin{\textquoteright}s Creed (Ubisoft, released 2007), The Sims (Maxis, released 2000), Guitar Hero (RedOctane, released 2005), and World of War Craft (Bilizzard, released 2004), have attracted many players from different cultures and age groups. In this paper, we propose that the experience of playing a video game, like Assassin{\textquoteright}s Creed, is a personal experience shaped through one{\textquoteright}s emotional values, expectations, knowledge, and attitudes as influenced by culture. To validate this claim, we provide an analysis of the experience of playing Assassins{\textquoteright} Creed from the perspectives of this paper{\textquoteright}s four co-authors, who represent two different cultural viewpoints: Middle-Eastern and Western, as well as different intellectual disciplinary backgrounds, including architecture, theatre, and computer science. To someone from the Middle-East, for example, the game aroused many nostalgic feelings through its simulated Middle-Eastern cities, the use of Arabic words, accents and gestures, and the detailed Middle-Eastern architectural design. While such small details meant much when viewed through a Middle-Eastern eye, their values were different when viewed through a Western eye. From a Western perspective, the game play experience was heightened through the beautiful architectural detail and the use of the environment layout as a function of gameplay, such as the use of rooftops for platforming, fast movement and flying-like actions, and stealth. Thus, apparently the way the game was experienced was very different when viewed through people with different cultural backgrounds. In this paper, we aim to show this claim through thorough analysis of the game as experienced by the co{\textlnot}authors.},
         url = {http://journals.sfu.ca/loading/index.php/loading/article/view/51},
         author = {El Nasr, Magy and Al-Saati, Maha and Niedenthal,Simon and Milam, David}
 }
 @article {3221,
         title = {Authoring the Global Self: Identity, Expression and Role-playing in Virtual Communities},
         journal = {Loading...},
         volume = {1},
         year = {2008},
         month = {11/2008},
         abstract = {We examine Traveler, a social-based 3D online virtual community with over ten years of continuous community use as a case study. Traveler is a client-server application allowing real-time synchronous communication between individuals over the Internet. The Traveler client interface presents the user with a shared user created virtual 3D world, in which participants are represented by avatars. The primary mode of communication is through multi-point, full duplex voice, managed by the server. This paper reports on the initial design goals of the developers in the mid 1990s to emulate natural social paradigms, and then more recently, reports on how the online community uses distance attended multi-point voice and opened end 3D space construction to express themselves both on a personal level and collaborative level to facilitate a tight socially based community.},
         url = {http://journals.sfu.ca/loading/index.php/loading/article/view/40},
         author = {DiPaola,Steve and Turner, Jeremy}
 }
 @article {3219,
         title = {The Creative and Reflexive Realms of Gamaturgy},
         journal = {Loading...},
         volume = {1},
         year = {2008},
         month = {11/2008},
         abstract = {This article introduces the synergy between theatre, games, and social activism that I have coined {\textquotedblleft}Gamaturgy.{\textquotedblright} Gamaturgy, in both the creative and reflexive realms, as I describe them, is derived from theatrical dramaturgy and provides new ideas for creating and critically analyzing serious videogames, especially social issue games. First, I sketch out the formative dramaturgical influences from Augusto Boal{\textquoteright}s Forum Theatre, Paulo Friere{\textquoteright}s transitive pedagogy, and Victor Turner{\textquoteright}s concepts of the liminoid and social justice. I then expand this unique way of play-making into the realm of creative gamaturgy as a way of creating experiential interactions and constructing meanings in the design and creation of serious videogames. As for the aim of finding a new form of thematic analysis for videogames, I use my original case study The Pipeline Pinball Energy Thrill Ride Game to demonstrate a method of recovering meanings from games through the implementation of reflexive gamaturgy.},
         url = {http://journals.sfu.ca/loading/index.php/loading/article/view/50},
         author = {Shyba, Lori}
 }
 @article {3222,
         title = {Language-GAME-Players: Articulating the pleasures of {\textquoteleft}violent{\textquoteright} game texts},
         journal = {Loading...},
         volume = {1},
         year = {2008},
         month = {11/2008},
         abstract = {Young peoples{\textquoteright} voices are often considered irrelevant or unreliable when it comes to assessing the influence and impact of their engagement with screen-mediated depictions of violence. Research emanating from the laboratories of Psychology has continued to propagate the {\textquoteleft}effects{\textquoteright} debate by seeking to substantiate the harmful impact of videogames on individuals that are considered to lack the knowledge and strategies to make sense of them. Paradoxically, this stance is presented within a research paradigm that has failed to demonstrate any understanding of the properties of the particular games or the medium it denigrates, broader awareness of the social dimensions of play or the productivity inherent in the practices of its surrounding cultures. The project discussed, draws together what have essentially remained separate lines of inquiry, through applying the critical and analytical scrutiny of Game Studies to achieve a more contextual understanding of young peoples{\textquoteright} experiences with and around games. The primary aim is to assess the nature of violent content within videogames via the experiences and articulations of young people themselves, using a combination of methods to give them a voice that is all too often absent in its one-way debate.},
         url = {http://journals.sfu.ca/loading/index.php/loading/article/view/41},
         author = {Schott, Gareth}
 }
 @article {4511,
         title = {A Model for Gender-Inclusivity in Games},
         year = {2008},
         month = {11/2008},
         institution = {University of Southampton},
         type = {Progress Report - 9th Month},
         address = {Southampton},
         abstract = {This report describes the theoretical framework based on previous work and the results draw attention to existing issues in gender and games. One of the problems found in current studies is the tendency of games to be on either extreme end of the design styles. Many popular games are designed for the male players in mind and deter female players due to somewhat excessive masculine design e.g. violence and hyper-sexualized characters. Although there are some efforts in designing games for the female market, these custom-made games were too feminized e.g. wedding theme; shopping; and in pink colour, which consequently exclude the male players. Designing a gender-neutral game is important to ensure that both genders are learning as well as the other. The proposed study aims to design a model for gender-inclusivity in games. It will be based on a critical analysis of current game design models and finding principles that represent the composition of a game design model. Based on this, gender-inclusive elements will be incorporated and a new model will be proposed. The model will help determine whether a game is gender-specific, which contains extreme elements of either gender, or gender-inclusive, contains elements that might appeal to both male and female players. The model will be implemented through a series of game experiments and the results will used to improve the model, consequently contribute to the game design theory.},
         keywords = {computer game, Design Model, Framework, game design, Game Framework, Gender Inclusivity, Video Game},
         issn = {1 },
         url = {http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/21568/},
         author = {Roziana Ibrahim}
 }
 @article {3227,
         title = {Periscopic Play: Re-positioning "the Field" in MMO Research},
         journal = {Loading...},
         volume = {1},
         year = {2008},
         month = {11/2008},
         abstract = {Ethnographic research on massively multiplayer online games (MMO{\textquoteright}s) has begun to chart how these games impact {\textquotedblleft}real world{\textquotedblright} identities, practices and institutions. Far less attention has been paid in this emergent field, however, to the ways these games are always already situated in the everyday lives of those that play them {\textendash} and how participants{\textquoteright} embodied subjectivities are therefore {\textquotedblleft}in play{\textquotedblright}. This paper argues that recent MMO scholarship, in re-invoking a tired and unproductive dichotomy between the {\textquotedblleft}real{\textquotedblright} and the {\textquotedblleft}virtual{\textquotedblright}, not only neglects the material and discursive contexts in which games are played, but also renders invisible the play-based participant observation of researchers themselves. I look to cyber-feminist theory, as well as certain strands of feminist ethnography, to call attention to how this kind of {\textquotedblleft}periscopic play{\textquotedblright} significantly skews our understandings of MMO{\textquoteright}s.},
         url = {http://journals.sfu.ca/loading/index.php/loading/article/view/43},
         author = {Taylor, Nick}
 }
 @article {3225,
         title = {Play and the Private},
         journal = {Loading...},
         volume = {1},
         year = {2008},
         month = {11/2008},
         abstract = {Over the past half a century or more, historical, anthropological and philosophical examinations of the concept of play have remained largely situated in the arena of ontological discussion. In these previous interrogations of play, the notion of play has been assumed a priori, been defined stipulatively in relation to larger frameworks of games, or discarded altogether.
 
 This work adopts Wittgenstein{\textquoteright}s Private Language argument as a lever to unpack the usefulness in looking at play from an epistemological perspective: paying special attention to linguistic cues, ostensive relationships and associated activities around those things players call {\textquoteleft}play{\textquoteright} within specific, behavioral, situational and linguistic contexts. This paper explores how unraveling the term {\textquoteleft}play{\textquoteright} in this way can potentially afford us a new perspective on play as an epistemologically dynamic phenomenon.},
         keywords = {design, epistemology, grinding, Language, PLAY},
         url = {http://journals.sfu.ca/loading/index.php/loading/article/view/52},
         author = {Bojin,Nis}
 }
 @article {3224,
         title = {The Relationship Between Perceptions of Video Game Flow and Structure},
         journal = {Loading...},
         volume = {1},
         year = {2008},
         month = {11/2008},
         abstract = {The point of this inquiry is to ask are there preferred structural characteristics of games that are more or less likely to be associated with the experience of psychological flow during gaming? It was found that high game players, as defined by a variety of variables, reported significantly more flow and various structural preferences than low game players when controlling for sex and motion sickness. However, game flow and structure were largely unrelated to each other with one exception. A low preference for thinking type puzzle situations in games was negatively associated with the experience of flow while playing. Other structural variables showed no association to flow suggesting that most structural characteristics of video game play are not in and of themselves associated with experiences of flow in gaming.},
         url = {http://journals.sfu.ca/loading/index.php/loading/article/view/39},
         author = {Gackenbach, Jayne}
 }
 @article {3220,
         title = {The Significance of Jeep Tag: On Player-Imposed Rules in Video Games},
         journal = {Loading...},
         volume = {1},
         year = {2008},
         month = {11/2008},
         abstract = {Based on research into gamer communities, it is apparently relatively common for players to impose additional or alternative rules on video games, in order to refine or expand gameplay and to create new gaming experiences. This paper considers the implications of this phenomenon, dubbed "expansive gameplay," in context of video game studies. How does the existence of expansive gameplay help us to situate video games in relation to traditional games? To what extent is this phenomenon indicative of the broader ways in which players engage with video games? By theorizing expansive gameplay as demonstrative of the nature of video games and gamer culture, this paper endeavours to open further discussion about the relationship between players and the rule-based systems which constitute video games.},
         url = {http://journals.sfu.ca/loading/index.php/loading/article/view/44},
         author = {Parker, Felan}
 }
 @article {3226,
         title = {Stepping into the Subjunctive World of the Fiction in Game, Film and Novel},
         journal = {Loading...},
         volume = {1},
         year = {2008},
         month = {11/2008},
         abstract = {This article reports on how users step into the world of a fiction in a digital game (Shadow of the Colossus), a movie (Run Lola Run) and a novel (Monster by Walter Dean Myers). Moving into the make-believe involves invoking the subjunctive mode of wishing, hoping, expecting, fearing, etc. This article explores how this step into a fictional occurs in in the early stages of encountering stories in different media, drawing on work with twelve undergraduate interpreters of all three fictions.},
         url = {http://journals.sfu.ca/loading/index.php/loading/article/view/46},
         author = {Mackey, Margaret}
 }
 @article {4434,
         title = {Forms of learning in collaborative video game play},
         journal = {Research and Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning},
         volume = {3},
         year = {2008},
         month = {09/2008},
         chapter = {97},
         abstract = {Extensive literature has shown that games provide engaging, dynamic, and authentic learning contexts. An understanding of how learning takes place while gaming can inform the design of effective educational games and aid their integration into contemporary classrooms. This study used inductive methods to provide a detailed description of the use of video games for learning in a school setting. Results demonstrate that learning occurred across multiple levels and multiple granularities, and can be triggered by particular cues in the game or social environment. Characteristics of the most frequently occurring instances of learning are discussed. Results of this study suggest great potential for the use of games in education for learning, and can inform future game design. },
         keywords = {Affordances, collaboration, Game play, learning, learning types, Video Games},
         author = {Sharritt, Matthew J}
 }
 @article {3218,
         title = {Teens, Video Games, and Civics},
         year = {2008},
         month = {09/2008},
         pages = {76},
         institution = {Pew Internet \& American Life Project},
         address = {Washington, DC},
         abstract = {This Pew Internet Project report is based on the findings of a national representative random digit dial telephone survey conducted by Princeton Survey Research Associates between November 1, 2007, and February 5, 2008, among a sample of 1102 teens ages 12-17 and a parent or guardian. For results based on the total sample, one can say with 95\% confidence that the error attributable to sampling and other random effects is +/- 3\%. For results based teens who game (n=1064), the margin of sampling error is +/- 3\%. 
 
 
 Video games provide a diverse set of experiences and related activities and are part of the lives of almost all teens in America. To date, most video game research has focused on how games impact academic and social outcomes (particularly aggression). There has also been some exploration of the relationship between games and civic outcomes, but as of yet there has been no large-scale quantitative research. This survey provides the first nationally representative study of teen video game play and of teen video gaming and civic engagement. The survey looks at which teens are playing games, the games and equipment they are using, the social context of their play, and the role of parents and parental monitoring. Though arguments have been made about the civic potential of video gaming, this is the first large-scale study to examine the relationship between specific gaming experiences and teens{\textquoteright} civic activities and commitments.},
         keywords = {teens, Video Games},
         url = {http://www.pewinternet.org/PPF/r/263/report_display.asp},
         author = {Lenhart, A. and Kahne, J. and Middaugh, E and Macgill, A. R. and Evans, C. and Vitak, J.}
 }
 @article {3229,
         title = {Thinking out of the box (and back in the plane). Concepts of space and spatial representation in two classic adventure games.},
         journal = {Eludamos. Journal for Computer Game Culture},
         volume = {2},
         year = {2008},
         month = {09/2008},
         pages = {215-239},
         abstract = {In this article we examine location, space and spatial representation in two classic adventure games belonging to the same game series: Gabriel Knight Sins of the Fathers, a one screen at a time point-and-click adventure and Gabriel Knight Blood of the Sacred Blood of the Damned, a 3D game. Our aim was to see if the changes in the audiovisual representation of the gamespace in the 3D game would affect gameplay or whether gameplay and representation are independent entities, as some researches have proposed. What we found was that location and space are experienced differently in the 3D game. Furthermore we found that players of the game series had to learn a new visual grammar to bring the 3D game to a successful end. We will therefore propose that gameplay and the representation of gamespace are linked; perhaps even to such an extent that some types of games benefit from a particular audiovisual representation.},
         keywords = {adventure game, gabriel knight, space},
         issn = {1866-6124},
         url = {http://www.eludamos.org/index.php/eludamos/article/view/50},
         author = {Connie Veugen and Qu{\'e}rette, Felipe}
 }
 @proceedings {3238,
         title = {Towards a Novel Paradigm for Educational Games: The Augmented Learning Environment of "Europe 2045"},
         journal = {12th International MindTrek Conference: Entertainment and Media in the Ubiquitous Era},
         year = {2008},
         month = {06/10/2008},
         pages = {34-38},
         address = {Tampere},
         abstract = {This paper introduces the concept of an augmented learning environment into the field of game-based learning. An augmented learning environment (ALE) combines principles of on-line multi-player computer games with social, role-playing games in order to facilitate the development of key skills and transfer of knowledge. Fundamental features of ALE are discussed through the educational game paradigm, Europe 2045, which has been developed and successfully implemented in a number of secondary schools in the Czech Republic during 2008. On a more general level this paper aims to establish a theoretical and case-study-based methodological framework for game researchers and designers, involved in similar future projects, which capitalizes on the notion of ALE.},
         keywords = {educational games, game-based learning, learning, multi-player games, role-playing games, serious games},
         isbn = {978-1-60558-197-2},
         url = {http://uisk.jinonice.cuni.cz/sisler/publications/ACM_MindTrek_Europe_2045.pdf},
         author = {Sisler, Vit and Brom, Cyril and Slavik, Radovan},
         editor = {Lugmayr, A. and M{\"a}yr{\"a}, F. and Franssila, H. and Lietsala, K.}
 }
 @article {3203,
         title = {Digital Arabs: Representation in Video Games},
         journal = {European Journal of Cultural Studies},
         volume = {11},
         year = {2008},
         month = {05/2008},
         pages = {203-220},
         abstract = {This article presents the ways in which Muslims and Arabs are represented and represent themselves in video games. First, it analyses how various genres of European and American video games have constructed the Arab or Muslim Other. Within these games, it demonstrates how the diverse ethnic and religious identities of the Islamic world have been flattened out and reconstructed into a series of social typologies operating within a broader framework of terrorism and hostility. It then  contrasts these broader trends in western digital representation with selected video games produced in the Arab world, whose authors have knowingly subverted and  refashioned these stereotypes in two unique and quite different fashions. In conclusion, it considers the significance of western attempts to transcend  simplified patterns of representation that have dominated the video game industry by offering what are known as {\textquoteright}serious{\textquoteright} games.},
         keywords = {Arabs, Islamic games, Muslims, racial stereotypes, representation, serious games, Video Games},
         issn = {1460-3551 },
         doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367549407088333},
         url = {http://www.digitalislam.eu/article.do?articleId=1704},
         author = {Sisler, Vit}
 }
 @mastersthesis {4433,
         title = {Students{\textquoteright} Use of Social and Cognitive Affordances in Video Game Play within Educational Contexts: Implications for Learning. },
         volume = {Ph.D.},
         year = {2008},
         month = {05/2008},
         pages = {1055},
         school = {University of Hawaii at Manoa},
         type = {Dissertation},
         address = {Honolulu},
         abstract = {Extensive literature has shown that games can provide an engaging, dynamic, and authentic learning context.  Many of the studies on the use of games in education indicate that games can support teaching standards and outcomes; however, they do not describe actual uses of video games for learning.  Through the analysis of affordances employed by student gamers, an understanding of how learning takes place can inform the design of effective educational games and aid their integration into contemporary classrooms.  Informed by ethnomethodology, this study used methods of grounded theory provided a detailed description of the use of video games for learning in educational contexts.
 
 Results demonstrate that learning occurs across multiple levels:  the mastery of the computer interface, followed by the mastery of the game interface and upon which students can achieve advanced strategy aimed at goal achievement.  Learning also occurs across multiple granularities:  occurring either in short episodes, sequences of episodes, or trends.  Learning can be triggered by multiple cues, such as failure, game visualizations or specific representations, as well as by peers or teachers in the social environment.  
 
 Students used affordances provided by the game interface and learning environment, specifically:  the visual representations of games afford particular actions; the persistent display of historical context as well as present and future potentials motivates learning; specific cues can grab attention, helping to focus efforts on new or underutilized game tasks; consistent and well organized visualizations encourage learning; and information presented in a plurality of channels is most effective for learning.
 
 The use of social peers in collaborative learning had several effects on the learning process:  peers disclosed information to achieve shared meaning of objects{\textquoteright} purposes, and negotiated to collaboratively choose game strategies.  Peer teams served cooperative roles as information sources and competitively as a performance gauge.
 
 Implications for students, educators, and game designers are offered to better play, implement, and design games for learning.  A brief comparison of findings with existing theory discusses similarities among collaborative learning and activity theory, and suggests opportunities for future work.  Overall, findings indicate a great potential for the use of games in education for learning.},
         keywords = {Affordances, cognitive, Educational Contexts, high school, Learning games, PLAY, Social, Students, Video Game},
         author = {Sharritt, Matthew J}
 }
 @article {,
         title = {{\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}It{\textquoteright}s in the Game{\textquoteright}: sport fans, film and digital gaming{\textquoteright}},
         journal = {Sport in Society},
         volume = {11},
         year = {2008},
         month = {03/2008},
         pages = {130-145},
         abstract = {This essay compares the relative successes of sport-related films and sport-related digital games. Where sport-related films are relatively infrequent and even more rarely successful when compared with other genres of film, sport-related games are a popular and successful genre of digital gaming. In order to understand this discrepancy, and in particular, sport fans{\textquoteright} relationship with both film and games, this essays draws on the concept of {\textquoteright}narrative{\textquoteright} and, specifically, Ricoeur{\textquoteright}s {\textquoteright}narrative identity{\textquoteright}. Specifically, this essay suggests that sport teams/clubs are to some degree polysemic texts, which allow supporters to construct their own individual narratives around them. However, it is suggested that sport-related films, which tend to offer only limited narratives, are unlikely to fit with fans{\textquoteright} own narrative identities, whereas digital games, with their more fluid narratives, are more easily located within fans{\textquoteright} relationships and narratives with the teams/clubs they support. },
         keywords = {digital games, film, football, narrative, Sport},
         doi = {10.1080/17430430701823380},
         url = {http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a789782126~db=all~order=page},
         author = {Crawford, Garry}
 }
 @conference {3244,
         title = {Flow and immersion in first-person shooters: measuring the player{\textquoteright}s gameplay experience},
         booktitle = {Future Play {\textquoteright}08: Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Future Play},
         series = {Future Play},
         year = {2008},
         month = {03 /11/2008},
         pages = {81--88},
         publisher = {ACM},
         organization = {ACM},
         address = {Toronto, Canada},
         abstract = {Researching experiential phenomena is a challenging undertaking, given the sheer variety of experiences that are described by gamers and missing a formal taxonomy: flow, immersion, boredom, excitement, challenge, and fun. These informal terms require scientific explanation, which amounts to providing measurable criteria for different experiential states. This paper reports the results of an experimental psychophysiological study investigating different traits of gameplay experience using subjective and objective measures. Participants played three Half-Life 2 game modifications while being measured with electroencephalography, electrocardiography, electromyography, galvanic skin response and eye tracking equipment. In addition, questionnaire responses were collected after each play session. A level designed for combat-oriented flow experience demonstrated measurable high-arousal positive affect emotions. The positive correlation between subjective and objective indicators of gameplay experience shows the great potential of the method presented here for providing real-time emotional profiles of gameplay that may be correlated with self-reported subjective descriptions.},
         keywords = {Biofeedback, biometric, emg, flow, Game, gamemetrics, gameplay, Games, geq, gsr, immersion, PLAY, playability, psychophysiology, usability},
         isbn = {978-1-60558-218-4 },
         doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1496984.1496998},
         url = {http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1496984.1496998},
         author = {Nacke,Lennart and Lindley,Craig A},
         editor = {Kapralos,Bill and Katchabaw, Mike and Rajnovich,Jay}
 }
 @article {3211,
         title = {Innovation NOT Opposition: The Logic of Distinction of Independent Games},
         journal = {Eludamos. Journal for Computer Game Culture},
         volume = {2},
         year = {2008},
         month = {02/2008},
         pages = {5-10},
         keywords = {Alternative Games, Game Aesthetics, Game Politics, Independent Games, Indie Games, Innovation},
         url = {http://www.eludamos.org/index.php/eludamos/article/view/38/66},
         author = {Andreas Jahn-Sudmann}
 }
 @article {3247,
         title = {10 Key Principles for Designing Video Games for Foreign Language Learning},
         year = {2008},
         url = {http://knol.google.com/k/ravi-purushotma/10-key-principles-for-designing-video/27mkxqba7b13d/2},
         author = {Purushotma, Ravi and Thorne, Steven and Wheatley, Julian}
 }
 @article {Bioulac:2008hy,
         title = {Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and video games: A comparative study of hyperactive and control children},
         journal = {European Psychiatry},
         volume = {23},
         number = {2},
         year = {2008},
         pages = {134-141},
         type = {article},
         address = {Centre Hospitalier Charles Perrens, Service universitaire de psychiatrie de l{\textquoteright}enfant et de l{\textquoteright}adolescent, 121, rue de la Be?chade, 33076 Bordeaux cedex, France},
         abstract = {Introduction: This study describes and compares the behavior of hyperactive and control children playing video games. Subjects and methods: The sample consisted of 29 ADHD children and 21 controls aged between 6 and 16 years playing video games. We used the Child Behavior Checklist and the Problem Videogame Playing scale (PVP scale). This instrument gives objective measures of problem use, which can be considered as an indication of addictive videogame playing. We designed a questionnaire for the parents, eliciting qualitative information about their child{\textquoteright}s videogame playing. There were no significant differences concerning frequency or duration of play between ADHD children and controls but differences were observed on the PVP scale. None of the controls scored above four whereas 10 hyperactive children answered affirmatively to five or more questions. These children presented a greater intensity of the disorder than the other ADHD children. Conclusion: While no differences concerning video game use were found, ADHD children exhibited more problems associated with videogame playing. It seems that a subgroup of ADHD children could be vulnerable to developing dependence upon video games. \copyright2007 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.},
         keywords = {Addiction, Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, children, Video Game},
         author = {Bioulac, S. and Arfi, L. and Bouvard, M. P.}
 }
 @article {4445,
         title = {Audio and Gameplay: An Analysis of PvP Battlegrounds in World of Warcraft},
         journal = {Game Studies},
         volume = {08},
         year = {2008},
         abstract = {This article addresses how audio works as support for gameplay while remaining true to the perceived reality of the game world in World of Warcraft{\textquoteright}s PvP Battlegrounds. The argument is that the interpretation of game audio is highly contextual, and that the player must understand the specific situation as a whole in order to understand what a specific auditory signal indicates.},
         keywords = {game audio, gameplay, PvP, situation-oriented approach, World of Warcraft},
         issn = {1604-7982},
         url = {http://gamestudies.org/0802/articles/jorgensen},
         author = {J{\o}rgensen, Kristine}
 }
 @conference {Saito:2008hk,
         title = {Brain activity comparison of different-genre video game players},
         booktitle = {Second International Conference on Innovative Computing, Information and Control, ICICIC 2007},
         year = {2008},
         type = {inproceedings},
         address = {Research Centre for Advanced Technologies, Tokyo Denki University, Japan},
         abstract = {Brain areas activated by three different-genre video games, Othello, Tetris and Space Invader, were compared in a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study. The responses of blood oxygenation level-dependent fMRI contrasts while playing games or viewing pseudo-visual stimuli similar to the video games were measured with a 1.5 Tesla scanner in 10 right-handed healthy participants performing experiments and analysed using statistical parametric mapping. Increased activity in the prefrontal cortex, the premotor cortex, the parietal cortex and the visual association cortex was specifically associated with playing the three video games. Othello and Tetris, which require logical thinking, activated broader areas of the prefrontal cortex, and Space Invader and Tetris, which require real-time reaction, activated broader areas of the premotor and parietal cortex. These results indicate that the areas of brain activation while playing different-genre video games depended on the combination of required skills for each game. \copyright2007 IEEE.},
         author = {Saito, K. and Mukawa, N. and Saito, M.}
 }
 @article {Holsapple:2008ll,
         title = {Building effective online game websites with knowledge-based trust},
         journal = {Information Systems Frontiers},
         volume = {10},
         number = {1},
         year = {2008},
         pages = {47-60},
         type = {article},
         address = {425B C.M. Gatton College of Business and Economics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0034, United States},
         abstract = {Knowledge-based trust is trust that is grounded in knowledge about another party developed through repeated interaction. Knowledge-based trust is especially important for online business environments where there are repeated transactions between fixed pairs of consumers and merchants. Building on previous studies of trust, this paper examines the proposition that players{\textquoteright} knowledge about website characteristics (i.e., security and interface design) and about website outputs (i.e., online game quality and service quality) has an effect on the development of trust in the context of online game websites. The impact of trust on building an effective online game website is also investigated. A conceptual model of knowledge-based trust is tested with questionnaire responses of 253 online game players. Overall, the results indicate that all of these four classes of knowledge engender trust and that trust helps develop effective online game websites. \copyright2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.},
         keywords = {e-Commerce, Interface design, Knowledge-based trust, online games, Quality, security},
         author = {Holsapple, C. W. and Wu, J.}
 }
 @article {Borusiak:2008px,
         title = {Cardiovascular effects in adolescents while they are playing video games: A potential health risk factor?},
         journal = {Psychophysiology},
         volume = {45},
         number = {2},
         year = {2008},
         pages = {327-332},
         type = {article},
         abstract = {We analyzed heart rate (HR), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP), oxygen consumption, and carbon dioxide production in 17 male adolescents during a racing simulation video game (VG) and compared to resting state (RS) and exercise testing (ET) measures. We were able to demonstrate a significant (p<.005) increase from RS to VG concerning HR (+13.1 bpm), SBP (+20.8 mmHg), and DBP (+12.1 mmHg) with SBP and DBP elevations exceeding 2 SD in all children and 14/17 children, respectively. The energy consumption during VG (max 1.71 kcal/min) was unaltered compared to RS and significantly lower compared to ET even at the starting strain of 25 W (1.94 kcal/min). Hemodynamic parameters tested demonstrated lower HR, unchanged SBP, and higher DBP during the VG compared with ET. Comparing all measured parameters it can be said that the relation of blood pressure and energy consumption during VG might not be favorable. Copyright \copyright2007 Society for Psychophysiological Research.},
         keywords = {Adolescents, Cardiovascular response, children, Energy consumption, Ergometer, heart rate, Obesity, Video Game},
         author = {Borusiak, P. and Bouikidis, A. and Liersch, R. and Russell, J. B.}
 }
 @article {Brydon:2008xs,
         title = {Classification trees and decision-analytic feedforward control: a case study from the video game industry},
         journal = {Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery},
         year = {2008},
         pages = {1-26},
         type = {article},
         address = {Faculty of Business Administration, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, V5A 1S6, Canada},
         abstract = {The objective of this paper is to use a challenging real-world problem to illustrate how a probabilistic predictive model can provide the foundation for decision-analytic feedforward control. Commercial data mining software and sales data from a market research firm are used to create a predictive model of market success in the video game industry. A procedure is then described for transforming the classification trees into a decision-analytic model that can be solved to produce a value-maximizing game development policy. The video game example shows how the compact predictive models created by data mining algorithms can help to make decision-analytic feedforward control feasible, even for large, complex problems. However, the example also highlights the bounds placed on the practicality of the approach due to combinatorial explosions in the number of contingencies that have to be modeled. We show, for example, how the "option value" of sequels creates complexity that is effectively impossible to address using conventional decision analysis tools. \copyright2008 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.},
         keywords = {data mining, Decision tree analysis, Probability estimation trees, Real options, Video game development},
         author = {Brydon, M. and Gemino, A.}
 }
 @article {4426,
         title = {Close Reading Oblivion: Character Believability and Intelligent Personalization in Games},
         journal = {Loading - The Journal of the Canadian Games Studies Association},
         volume = {3},
         number = {3},
         year = {2008},
         abstract = {This paper investigates issues of character believability and intelligent personalization through a reading of the Elder Scrolls: Oblivion. Oblivion{\textquoteright}s opening sequence simultaneously trains players in the function of the game, and allows them to customize their character class through the choices and actions they take.
 Oblivion makes an ambitious attempt at intelligent personalization in the character creation process. Its strategy is to track early gameplay decisions and {\textquotedblleft}stereotype{\textquotedblright} players into one of 21 possible classes. This approach has two advantages over a less adaptive system. First, it supports the illusion of the game world as a real world by embedding the process of character creation within a narrativised game-play context. Second, the intelligent recommendation system responds to the player{\textquoteright}s desire to believe that the game {\textquotedblleft}knows{\textquotedblright} something about her personality. This leads the players to conceptualize the system as an entity with autonomous, humanlike knowledge.
 Through the analysis of multiple replayings of the opening sequence, this paper considers ways in which Oblivion both succeeds and fails at mapping player behaviour to appropriate class assignments. The paper documents places where the dialogue between player and game breaks down, and argues for alternative techniques to customize the play experience within the desires of the player.},
         keywords = {adaptive systems, believable characters, close reading, game design, interactive narrative},
         url = {http://journals.sfu.ca/loading/index.php/loading/article/view/42},
         author = {Tanenbaum, Joshua and Bizzocchi,Jim}
 }
 @book {4382,
         title = {Coming of Age in Second Life An Anthropologist Explores the Virtually Human},
         year = {2008},
         pages = {336},
         publisher = {Princeton University Press},
         organization = {Princeton University Press},
         abstract = {Millions of people around the world today spend portions of their lives in online virtual worlds. Second Life is one of the largest of these virtual worlds. The residents of Second Life create communities, buy property and build homes, go to concerts, meet in bars, attend weddings and religious services, buy and sell virtual goods and services, find friendship, fall in love--the possibilities are endless, and all encountered through a computer screen. Coming of Age in Second Life is the first book of anthropology to examine this thriving alternate universe.
 
 Tom Boellstorff conducted more than two years of fieldwork in Second Life, living among and observing its residents in exactly the same way anthropologists traditionally have done to learn about cultures and social groups in the so-called real world. He conducted his research as the avatar "Tom Bukowski," and applied the rigorous methods of anthropology to study many facets of this new frontier of human life, including issues of gender, race, sex, money, conflict and antisocial behavior, the construction of place and time, and the interplay of self and group.
 
 Coming of Age in Second Life shows how virtual worlds can change ideas about identity and society. Bringing anthropology into territory never before studied, this book demonstrates that in some ways humans have always been virtual, and that virtual worlds in all their rich complexity build upon a human capacity for culture that is as old as humanity itself.},
         issn = {0691135282},
         author = {Boellstorff, Tom}
 }
 @article {3204,
         title = {Comparison of MVPA while playing DDR and EyeToy},
         journal = {Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport},
         volume = {79},
         year = {2008},
         pages = {A-17},
         abstract = {he USDHHS recommends that children accumulate at least 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) each day. Regular physical activity is believed to be an important component for reducing the levels of obesity. One way to increase physical activity levels that is gaining popularity is interactive video games (exergames).  This is evidenced by its use in school districts throughout the US and also in middle schools throughout the state of West Virginia.   Two of the more popular exergames are Dance Dance Revolution (DDR) by Konami, Inc. and EyeToy Play by Sony, Inc.  DDR is a dance simulation game which requires the player to step (lower-body) on a motion sensing dance pad; whereas, EyeToy is a game that requires the use of the arms (upper-body) to play the games. At this time, there is little evidence to suggest one game is more effective than the other for accumulating MVPA.  The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in time spent in MVPA while playing DDR and EyeToy. Design: Participants in this study were 12 children (ages 9-18) from a local YMCA that were invited to play both DDR and EyeToy while wearing a heart rate monitor. Seven of the children were girls; five were boys. Each child was permitted to play each game on different days for up to 45 minutes.  Results: An analysis of gender difference of each game revealed no significant difference (p = .455); therefore, the data was collapsed.  Overall, participants spent more time in MVPA while playing DDR when compared to EyeToy, 80.84\% to 53.45\% respectively. This difference was found to be significant (p =.039) using a Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test.   For this study, it appears that playing DDR was more effective than EyeToy for accumulating MVPA.  It is important to note that both exergames were played at MVPA for at least half of the time (>= 20 mins), and all participants played the entire 45 minutes except one. These findings suggest that these two exergames could be healthy alternatives to other physical activities for accumulating the recommended 60 minutes of MVPA.},
         keywords = {active gaming, DDR, Exercise, exergame, EyeToy, fitness, MVPA, physical activity},
         author = {Yang, S.P. and Foley, J.T.}
 }
 @article {Robertson:2008gn,
         title = {Computer game design: Opportunities for successful learning},
         journal = {Computers and Education},
         volume = {50},
         number = {2},
         year = {2008},
         pages = {559-578},
         type = {article},
         address = {School of Computing and Mathematical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Earl Mountbatten Building, Riccarton Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom},
         abstract = {Developing children as successful learners is a key aim of A Curriculum for Excellence in Scotland. This paper presents qualitative results from an eight week exploratory field study in which a class of ten year olds made their own computer games. The analysis focuses on the development of aspects of successful learning as identified in the curriculum: enthusiasm and motivation for learning, determination to reach high standards of achievement, independent and group learning, and linking and applying learning in new situations. As teachers have an important role in facilitating and supporting learners as they use technology, the paper concludes with a discussion of implications for classroom practice. \copyright2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
         keywords = {Classroom practice, game based learning, game design, Successful learning},
         url = {http://judyrobertson.typepad.com/judy_robertson/files/RobertsonHowellsComputersEducationInPress.doc},
         author = {Robertson,J and Howells, C.}
 }
 @book {3210,
         title = {Computer Games as a Sociocultural Phenomenon. Games Without Frontiers - War Without Tears.},
         year = {2008},
         pages = {229},
         publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan},
         organization = {Palgrave Macmillan},
         address = {Basingstoke; New York},
         abstract = {In the course of their increasing sociocultural importance, the academic interest in computer games has been growing considerably in the last years. This profound anthology comprehensibly introduces latest approaches in the central fields of game studies and provides an extensive survey of the contemporary game culture. Internationally renowned media and literature scholars, social scientists, game designers, and artists explore the cultural potential of computer games and present new concepts of researching sociocultural, industrial, and aesthetic aspects of digital entertainment.
 },
         keywords = {Cultural Identities, ethics, Game Aesthetics, game design, Ideology, Morality, politics, Violence, War},
         isbn = {978-0-230-54544-1},
         issn = {0230545440},
         url = {http://www.palgrave-usa.com/catalog/product.aspx?isbn=0230545440},
         author = {Andreas Jahn-Sudmann and Stockmann, Ralf}
 }
 @article {3267,
         title = { The Consumption of Counterfeit Goods: {\textquoteleft}Here be Pirates?{\textquoteright} },
         journal = {Sociology},
         volume = {42},
         year = {2008},
         pages = {1146{\textendash}1164},
         abstract = {Social science, policy and popular discourse around counterfeiting regularly position consumers of counterfeit goods as part of a technological elite or motivated by anti-capitalist or anti-corporate positions. In order to explore this construction and highlight its associated limitations, this paper presents quantitative data collected through postal and web-based questionnaires looking at the frequency, location and motivations for the purchase of counterfeit leisure items for consumers in the United Kingdom. The paper suggests the purchase and consumption of counterfeit goods is commonplace across a broader variety of age, gender and socio-economic status categories than often assumed. The study also highlights the value of viewing the consumption of counterfeit goods as social and situated, occurring within existing social networks and familiar locations, and as closely related to other consumption practices.},
         keywords = {Consumers, counterfeit goods, Intellectual property, leisure goods, Software Piracy},
         url = {http://digiplay.info/files/CoC.pdf},
         author = {Rutter, Jason and Bryce, Jo}
 }
 @article {Jon-Hobbs:2008tc,
         title = {Cracking the walnut: Using a computer game to impact cognition, emotion, and behavior of highly aggressive fifth grade students},
         journal = {Computers in Human Behavior},
         volume = {24},
         number = {2},
         year = {2008},
         pages = {421-438},
         type = {article},
         address = {Department of Educational and Counseling Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, United States},
         abstract = {Three fifth grade highly aggressive students participated in a study examining effects of an aggression intervention game. Using single-subject multiple baseline research design, the effect of the game was measured across three domains: attribution of peer intent (cognitive), emotional response (affective) and behavior response (behavioral). The results indicate that, while there were observable individual differences, the game had an immediate impact on attribution of peer behavior across all participants, had a less predictable impact on reported behavioral reactions, and had no discernable impact on reported emotional response. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed. \copyright2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
         author = {Jon Hobbs, L. and Yan, Z.}
 }
 @inbook {3215,
         title = {Designing an Educational Game: Case Study of {\textquoteright}Europe 2045{\textquoteright}},
         booktitle = {Transactions on Edutainment I},
         year = {2008},
         pages = {1-16},
         publisher = {Springer},
         organization = {Springer},
         address = {Berlin / Heidelberg},
         abstract = {This paper presents a theoretical framework, which has been adopted in designing an on-line multi-player strategy game Europe 2045. Europe 2045 is an educational tool for high school social science courses, aimed at familiarizing students with political, economic, and social issues in contemporary Europe. Apart from learning facts, players develop a range of key skills: discussion ability, negotiation, teamwork, and group decision-making. The presented theoretical framework is based on a critical analysis of crucial issues, which seem to determine the success or failure of development and implementation of an educational game in the formal school environment. It demonstrates key approaches the authors of Europe 2045 have adopted in order to overcome already known problems related to game-based learning. On a general level this paper discusses issues related to formal fact learning in educational systems and the possible role of educational games in enhancing these systems.},
         keywords = {educational games, game design, game-based learning, Immersive Environments, serious games},
         isbn = {978-3-540-69737-4},
         issn = {0302-9743},
         doi = {10.1007/978-3-540-69744-2_1},
         url = {http://uisk.jinonice.cuni.cz/sisler/publications/SislerBromEdutainment2008.pdf},
         author = {Sisler, Vit and Brom, Cyril}
 }
 @book {4421,
         title = {Die Raummaschine {\textendash} Raum und Perspektive im Computerspiel},
         year = {2008},
         abstract = {Die wissenschaftliche Auseinandersetzung mit dem Gegenstand Computerspiel hat in den letzten Jahren einen regelrechten Boom erfahren. Aber es gibt kaum eine Publikation {\"u}ber die {\"A}sthetik von Computerspielbildern.
 
 Die Raummaschine bietet einen kunsthistorisch fundierten, breiten {\"U}berblick {\"u}ber die Darstellung von Raum im Computerspielbild.
 
 Die Bilder, die von aktuellen Computerspielen hervorgebracht werden, sind einer bildtraditionellen Linie zuzuordnen, die bis zur Entwicklung der Renaissanceperspektive im 15. Jahrhundert zur{\"u}ckreicht. Der Autor zeigt auf, wie sich die Darstellung r{\"a}umlicher Ph{\"a}nomene vom Quattrocento bis zum heutigen Tag entwickelt hat und sie in dreidimensionalen, virtuellen Welten m{\"u}ndet. Auch die verschiedenen Raumkonzepte, die Computerspielen zugrunde liegen, werden kategorisiert und eingehend diskutiert.
 
 Bilder heutiger Computerspiele sind digital, automatisch erzeugt, perspektivisch, dreidimensional, in Echtzeit berechnet, bewegt und interaktiv. Sie werden f{\"u}r den User zu drangvollen Welten und virtuellen R{\"a}umen, in die er sich hineinbegibt. Der subjektive Blick des Users in den Raum des Computerspiels wird vom Autor mit dem Begriff der arbitr{\"a}ren Perspektive bezeichnet. Diese neue Art des Blicks beschlie{\ss}t die Erkundung des Computerspiels als "Raummaschine".},
         keywords = {Art, Art History, Perspective, space},
         isbn = {3940317241},
         issn = {3940317241},
         author = {Schwingeler, Stephan}
 }
 @article {Schreiner:2008cx,
         title = {Digital games target social change},
         journal = {IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications},
         volume = {28},
         number = {1},
         year = {2008},
         pages = {12-17},
         type = {article},
         abstract = {The field of games aimed at social change is young and ripe with opportunity, and several recent announcements of corporate/public-sector partnerships to develop such games are further fueling hopes for its success. However, given the cost of creating a digital game which can creep past \$10 million in some cases and the as-yet-to-appear killer app, the possibilities remain dogged by challenges. \copyright2008 IEEE.},
         author = {Schreiner, K.}
 }
 @book {3206,
         title = {Dungeons and Desktops: The History of Computer Role-Playing Games},
         year = {2008},
         publisher = {A.K. Peters},
         organization = {A.K. Peters},
         address = {Wellesley, MA},
         issn = {1568814119},
         author = {Barton, Matt}
 }
 @article {Callele:2008ut,
         title = {Emotional requirements},
         journal = {IEEE Software},
         volume = {25},
         number = {1},
         year = {2008},
         pages = {43-45},
         type = {article},
         address = {University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada},
         abstract = {Imagine that you{\textquoteright}re a software developer working on a video game. One morning, your boss comes in and says, "Make sure the new game is fun or we{\textquoteright}re all out of a job! Our last game just got savaged by the reviewers!" Now, what can you as a developer do to help make this happen? Like a movie director instructing the technical crew on implementing nuanced set design, lighting, sound, and acting, a game development team must work together to implement the game designer{\textquoteright}s vision. We introduced emotional requirements to assist game developers with this task. Just as with functional requirements, emotional requirements have attributes that you must describe and model, and those attributes sometimes require careful balancing. \copyright2008 IEEE.},
         keywords = {Emotional requirements, game design, Requirements, Specification},
         author = {Callele, D. and Neufeld, E. and Schneider, K.}
 }
 @article {Cheung:2008nj,
         title = {FARMTASIA: an online game-based learning environment based on the VISOLE pedagogy},
         journal = {Virtual Reality},
         year = {2008},
         pages = {1-9},
         type = {article},
         address = {Centre for the Advancement of Information Technology in Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong},
         abstract = {Virtual interactive student-oriented learning environment (VISOLE) is a game-based constructivist pedagogical approach that encompasses the creation of an online interactive world modeled upon a set of interdisciplinary domains, in which students participate as "citizens" to take part cooperatively and competitively in shaping the development of the virtual world as a means to construct their knowledge and skills. FARMTASIA is the first online game designed using the VISOLE philosophy, encompassing the subject areas of biology, government, economics, technology, production system and natural environment. The "virtual world" deployed is a farming system covering the domains of cultivation, horticulture and pasturage, situated in a competitive economy governed by good public policies. The design and implementation of FARMTASIA pursue three vital principles. The first one is to make the game as realistic as possible so that students can learn in a near-real life environment; the second one is to inject motivational elements so that students can sustain to learn and acquire various knowledge and skills with the game; and the third one is to make easy for teachers to conduct various VISOLE facilitation tasks. According to our exploratory educational study, we show evidentially that positive perceptions and an advancement of subject-specific and interdisciplinary knowledge appeared among the students who participated in VISOLE learning with FARMTASIA. \copyright2008 Springer-Verlag London Limited.},
         keywords = {Educational game, Edutainment, Virtual learning environment, VISOLE},
         author = {Cheung, K. K. F. and Jong, M. S. Y. and Lee, F. L. and Lee, J. H. M. and Luk, E. T. H. and Shang, J. and Wong, M. K. H.}
 }
 @article {Gloor:2008pq,
         title = {Finding collaborative innovation networks through correlating performance with social network structure},
         journal = {International Journal of Production Research},
         volume = {46},
         number = {5},
         year = {2008},
         pages = {1357-1371},
         type = {article},
         address = {MIT Centre for Collective Intelligence, 3 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States},
         abstract = {This paper contributes to the ongoing stream of research correlating social network structure with individual and organizational performance. While teaching a course on optimizing online communication behaviour and social network analysis, we collected preliminary data on the relationship between dynamic social network structures and individual and team performance. Students from Helsinki University of Technology and University of Cologne, who had never met face to face, formed virtual interdisciplinary teams collaborating on a common task, the communication analysis of online communities. As part of their task, students correlated performance of the community they were analysing with social network structure. In this research, we compare social network structure and individual and team performance of participants in a multi-user online computer game with social network structure and performance among the student teams. While among computer gamers the number of communication links predicts performance, a balanced contribution index predicts performance of the student knowledge worker teams. We also give general recommendations for efficient virtual communication behaviour.},
         keywords = {Collaborative innovation networks, Contribution index, Performance measurement, Social network analysis, TeCFlow},
         url = {http://www.islp.uni-koeln.de/venus/Material/Gloor_Schoder.pdf},
         author = {Gloor, P. A. and Paasivaara, M. and Schoder, D. and Willems, P.}
 }
 @mastersthesis {3237,
         title = {Gaming 2.0 {\textendash} Computer Games and Cultural Production},
         year = {2008},
         note = {German},
         pages = {440},
         school = {University for Applied Arts Vienna},
         type = {PhD Thesis},
         address = {Vienna},
         abstract = {Gaming 2.0 {\textendash} Computer Games and Cultural Production
 
 Participation Analysis of Computer Gamers
 in a convergent Media Culture
 and taxonomy of ludic artefacts
 
 This text thesis aims to examine media products which are produced by computer game players. Players approach these games in a non-trivial way and are part of cooperative and intensive communication project-communities. Within these communities they generate ludic artefacts in form of videos, images and real objects, produced out of games and by playing. Beginning with a very general discussion of the term game, the thesis continues with examining concepts of the computer game, web participation and convergent media culture. Additionally, a series of case studies is collected and described. The examinations lead to a taxonomy of ludic artefacts, which is divided into six main groups. Each of them contains further six subcategories, which explain the motivations for the production of such pieces of art, as well as different ways of using the medium computer game.
 
 The proposal of this taxonomy of ludic artefacts aims to support the understanding of gamers who produce media artefacts, which transport and communicate the mental state and emotions of the gaming community. Convergent media culture, which incorporates participation of users and collective intelligence, enables a very special way of creativity. Thereby, the gamer is transformed into a prosumer and team player, who is able to articulate and express himself as an individual through these artefacts, travelling between the fields of popular culture and art. Therefore, the social type of the gamer is a co-creative representative of an avantgardistic gaming-, creation-, and networking-community, which uses the computer game as a platform and a creative programme.},
         url = {http://io-noi-aldo.sonance.net/gaming-2-0/Gaming_2_0_Thesis_lowres.pdf},
         author = {Tolino, Aldo}
 }
 @article {Hoeft:2008ps,
         title = {Gender differences in the mesocorticolimbic system during computer game-play},
         journal = {Journal of Psychiatric Research},
         volume = {42},
         number = {4},
         year = {2008},
         pages = {253-258},
         type = {article},
         address = {Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research (CIBSR), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA 94305-5795, United States},
         abstract = {Little is known about the underlying neural processes of playing computer/video games, despite the high prevalence of its gaming behavior, especially in males. In a functional magnetic resonance imaging study contrasting a space-infringement game with a control task, males showed greater activation and functional connectivity compared to females in the mesocorticolimbic system. These findings may be attributable to higher motivational states in males, as well as gender differences in reward prediction, learning reward values and cognitive state during computer video games. These gender differences may help explain why males are more attracted to, and more likely to become "hooked" on video games than females. \copyright2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
         keywords = {amygdala, fmri, Game, Gender Differences, Nucleus accumbens, Orbitofrontal cortex},
         url = {http://spnl.stanford.edu/publications/pdfs/Hoeft_2008JPsychiatrRes.pdf},
         author = {Hoeft, F. and Watson, C. L. and Kesler, S. R. and Bettinger, K. E. and Reiss, A. L.}
 }
 @article {Ferguson:2008ru,
         title = {Gender, video game playing habits and visual memory tasks},
         journal = {Sex Roles},
         volume = {58},
         number = {3-4},
         year = {2008},
         pages = {279-286},
         type = {article},
         address = {Texas A and M International University, Laredo, TX, United States},
         abstract = {The current research examined whether visuospatial recall of both abstract and common objects was related to gender or object familiarity. Seventy two undergraduates from a university in the Southern U.S. were asked to draw the Rey Complex Figure and a series of common objects from memory. A pilot sample of seventy three undergraduates had previously identified common objects as "male" "female" and "neutral" exemplars. Males were significantly better at drawing "male" and "neutral" exemplars whereas females were better at drawing "female" exemplars. Neither gender was significantly better at the Rey task. These results question whether males have an inherent advantage in visual memory. Results also found that experience with playing violent video games was associated with higher visual memory recall. \copyright2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.},
         keywords = {Computer games, Gender, Visual memory},
         author = {Ferguson, C. J. and Cruz, A. M. and Rueda, S. M.}
 }
 @article {3214,
         title = {Grove Street Grimm: Grand Theft Auto and Digital Folklore},
         journal = {Journal of American Folklore},
         volume = {121},
         year = {2008},
         pages = {255-285},
         abstract = {This article investigates the Grand Theft Auto videogame series in order to demonstrate the potential of a folkloristic, ethnographic approach for the analysis of digital games. I discuss Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas as a story collection, a frame for performance, a virtual museum of vernacular culture, and a widely circulated pop culture artifact whose double-voiced aesthetic has given rise to diverse interpretive communities. This case study suggests that digital gameplay should be regarded as a form of performance practice with the capacity to invoke traditional folkloric genres and engender new traditions. },
         keywords = {ethnography, folklore, game theory, Grand Theft Auto, GTA, hip-hop, museum, music, Performance, Race, San Andreas, tourism},
         author = {Miller, Kiri}
 }
 @article {Persky:2008ig,
         title = {Immersive virtual video game play and presence: Influences on aggressive feelings and behavior},
         journal = {Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments},
         volume = {17},
         number = {1},
         year = {2008},
         pages = {57-72},
         type = {article},
         address = {National Human Genome Research Institute, Building 31, 31 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892},
         abstract = {Immersive virtual environment technology (IVET) allows developers to create simulated environments that can engage users in context relevant behaviors and that can produce relatively intense user experiences for purposes such as entertainment (e.g., video games), phobia desensitization, and training. We predicted that playing a violent video game using an IVET platform would lead to increased presence and aggressive feelings and behavior compared to playing on a less immersive desktop platform. The results of two experiments supported this hypothesis. The data suggest that presence mediated the relationship between playing platform and aggressive feelings but not the relationship between playing platform and aggressive behavior. Finally, we explored the utility of using cardiovascular measures within this research paradigm.},
         author = {Persky, S. and Blascovich, J.}
 }
 @inbook {4427,
         title = {Improvisation and Performance as Models for Interacting with Stories},
         booktitle = {Interactive Storytelling},
         series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
         volume = {5334},
         year = {2008},
         pages = {250 - 263},
         publisher = {Springer Berlin / Heidelberg},
         organization = {Springer Berlin / Heidelberg},
         address = {Berlin},
         abstract = {One common metaphor for Interactive Storytelling has been the notion of Interactive Dramas, in which players assume the first-person role of the main character in a digitally mediated narrative. In this paper we explore the model of improvisation as a means of understanding the relationship between the author/designer and the reader/player of such narratives. This model allows for a new formulation of the notion of agency, by shifting the concept of the reader from a player-centric model to a performer-centric model. We also show how we can conceive of interactions between performers and authors as being governed by the same rules that are in play between multiple performers in a piece of improvisational theatre. We connect this idea to a phenomenological theory of human computer interaction and cognition which foregrounds the role of communication and commitment between interactors.},
         keywords = {Agency, Drama, Improvisational Theatre, interactive narrative, Performance},
         author = {Tanenbaum, Joshua and Tanenbaum, Karen},
         editor = {Spierling,Ulrike and Szilas,Nicolas}
 }
 @article {Silk:2008pz,
         title = {Increasing Nutrition Literacy: Testing the Effectiveness of Print, Web site, and Game Modalities},
         journal = {Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior},
         volume = {40},
         number = {1},
         year = {2008},
         pages = {3-10},
         type = {article},
         address = {Department of Communication, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States},
         abstract = {Objective: To examine the effectiveness of three modalities for delivery of nutrition education. Design: Between-subjects, repeated-measures design. Setting: Data were collected at community agencies or during home visits. Participants: Low-income, European American and African American mothers (N = 155). Intervention: Participants were exposed to nutrition education material in 1 of 3 modalities (a computer game, The Fantastic Food Challenge; Web site; or pamphlet). Likeability, nutrition knowledge, intention to use, and demographic measures followed the intervention at T1 and T2. Main Outcome Measures: 5-point Likert-type scales measured likeability (5 items), and 33 multiple-choice questions measured knowledge. Analysis: Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) procedures using SPSS version 15.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL) software, P < .05. Results: Overall, the Web site was liked more than the other conditions with this audience of women. Significant differences in attention, understanding, and intent to use the information existed across modalities. The Web site performed better than other modalities on knowledge outcomes, with no differences in knowledge retention from T1 toT2. Conclusions and Implications: The Web site modality performed best with this audience of women, indicating that interactive computer games may not confer greater benefits than traditional modes of information delivery for all audiences, particularly those with low computer skills. \copyright2008 SOCIETY FOR NUTRITION EDUCATION.},
         keywords = {Entertainment-education, evaluation, media uses and gratifications, nutrition literacy},
         author = {Silk, K. J. and Sherry, J. and Winn, B. and Keesecker, N. and Horodynski, M. A. and Sayir, A.}
 }
 @mastersthesis {,
         title = {The invention of good games: Understanding learning design in commercial video games},
         year = {2008},
         pages = {425},
         school = {University of Calgary},
         type = {PhD},
         address = {Calgary, Alberta},
         abstract = {This work sought to help inform the design of educational digital games by the studying the design of successful commercial videogames. The main thesis question was: How does a commercially and critically successful modern video game support the learning that players must accomplish in order to succeed in the game (i.e. get to the end or win)? This work takes a two-pronged approach to supporting the main argument, which is that the reason we can learn about designing educational games by studying commercial games is that people already learn from games and the best ones are already quite effective at teaching players what they need to learn in order to succeed in the game. The first part of the research establishes a foundation for the argument, namely that accepted pedagogy can be found in existing commercial games. The second part of the work proposes new methods for analysing games that can uncover mechanisms used to support learning in games which can be emplyed even if those games were not originally designed as educational objects. In order to support the claim that {\textquoteleft}good{\textquoteright} commercial videogames already embody elements of sound pedagogy an explicit connection is made between game design and formally accepted theory and models in teaching and learning. During this phase of the work a significant concern was raised regarding the classification of games as {\textquoteleft}good{\textquoteright}, so a new methodology using Borda Counts was devised and tested that combines various disjoint subjective reviews and rankings from disparate sources in non-trivial manner that accounts for relative standings. Complementary to that was a meta-analysis of the criteria used to select games chosen as subjects of study as reported by researchers. Then, several games were chosen using this new ranking method and analysed using another new methodology that was designed for this work, called Instructional Ethology. This is a new methodology for game design deconstruction and analysis that would allows the extraction of information about mechanisms used to support learning. This methodology combines behavioural and structural analysis to examine how commercial games support learning by examining the game itself from the perspective of what the game does. Further, this methodology can be applied to the analysis of any software system and offers a new approach to studying any interactive software. The results of the present study offered new insights into how several highly successful commercial games support players while they learn what they must learn in order to succeed in those games. A new design model was proposed, known as the {\textquoteright}Magic Bullet{\textquoteright} that allows designers to visualize the relative proportions of potential learning in a game to assess the potential of a design. },
         keywords = {Learning Design, Video Games},
         url = {http://www.minkhollow.ca/KB/PhD/Thesis07/doku.php?id=thesis:main},
         author = {Becker,Katrin}
 }
 @article {4464,
         title = {Kids{\textquoteright} Ad Play: Regulating Children{\textquoteright}s Advergames in the Converging Media Context},
         journal = {International Journal of Communications Law and Policy},
         volume = {8},
         year = {2008},
         pages = {162-78},
         chapter = {162},
         abstract = {This article explores possibilities for regulating emerging forms of advertising within children{\textquoteright}s online culture, focusing specifically on the rising phenomenon of advergames. An immensely popular form of entertainment among children and teens, advergames integrate advertising and market research strategies directly into the fabric of online games and environments. I begin by situating advergames within broader traditions of advertising to children. I then present and discuss four potential {\textquotedblleft}points of entry{\textquotedblright} for the regulation of these new media advertising practices, which include media regulation, consumer protection law, industry self regulation and contract law. As media regulation in Canada and the US share many similarities, and because children{\textquoteright}s digital media is most often transnational with a large proportion of content originating from the US, the discussion draws upon both Canadian and US legislation, providing comparisons where relevant. I discuss different courses of action that could potentially establish clearer restrictions on marketers{\textquoteright} interactions with children online, as well as enforce regulation of the role of advertising in children{\textquoteright}s online games. The aim of this paper is to explore the Canadian government{\textquoteright}s position that existing regulatory frameworks can be effectively extended to digital media, as well as demonstrate the necessity of enhanced coordination and integration if these regulatory regimes are to remain relevant within the converging media context.},
         keywords = {Advergames, children{\textquoteright}s media, cross-cultural study, online games, regulation},
         url = {http://www.ijclp.net/files/ijclp_web-doc_8-12-2008.pdf},
         author = {Grimes, Sara M}
 }
 @article {3212,
         title = {Language Games/Game Languages: Examining Game Design Epistemologies Through a {\textquoteleft}Wittgensteinian{\textquoteright} Lens},
         journal = {ELUDAMOS Journal for Computer Game Culture},
         volume = {1},
         year = {2008},
         pages = {55-71},
         abstract = {Recent theorizing around games and notions of play has drawn from a pool of mid-20th century scholars including such notables as Johann Huizinga, Gregory Bateson, Roger Caillois and Ludwig Wittgenstein. Through his articulation of the concept of language as a type of game, Wittgenstein has been both adopted and critiqued for purposes of circumscribing what are now commonly held as the necessary constituents of games including their systemic nature and the acquiescence of their participants to an agreed-upon rule structure: a set of rules which Wittgenstein likens to the {\textquoteleft}grammar{\textquoteright} of language (Salen and Zimmerman, 2001;Suits, 1978; Juul, 2005; Wittgenstein, 1953; Finch, 2001; Brenner, 1999). 
 Although thus far Wittgenstein has served as a pillar of 20th and 21st century game theory canon, this paper adopts Wittgenstein{\textquoteright}s notion of language-games not for purposes of examining games, but for purposes of examining the design of games.  The pursuit of this paper is to utilize Wittgenstein{\textquoteright}s lens of the language-game to investigate what it is that informs and consequently shapes and reinforces game design epistemologies in an attempt to encourage a reflexivity about the design practices behind the games we create.},
         keywords = {design, epistemology, Game, Language, Meaning, PLAY},
         url = {http://www.eludamos.org/index.php/eludamos/article/view/21},
         author = {Bojin,Nis}
 }
 @article {Jannink:2008xq,
         title = {A low-cost video game applied for training of upper extremity function in children with cerebral palsy: A pilot study},
         journal = {Cyberpsychology and Behavior},
         volume = {11},
         number = {1},
         year = {2008},
         pages = {27-32},
         type = {article},
         address = {Roessingh Research and Development, Enschede, Netherlands},
         abstract = {The aim of the present study was to determine the user satisfaction of the EyeToy for the training of the upper limb in children with cerebral palsy (CP). User satisfaction was measured in 12 children with CP, using a postexperience questionnaire, primarily based on a presence questionnaire. In general, children with CP were satisfied with and motivated by the EyeToy training. In addition, a first evaluation study was performed to determine the effect of this training method on the upper limb function. Ten children with CP were randomly assigned to the intervention (mean age 11 years, 9 months; SD 2,3) and the control group (mean age 12 years, 3 months; SD 3,2). After a treatment period of 6 weeks, the intervention group completed a user satisfaction questionnaire. Functional outcome was measured using the Melbourne Assessment scores. Percentage scores of the Melbourne Assessment of 7 of the 10 children were the same or changed only 1\% to 2\% from baseline to followup. However, in the experimental group, two children improved more, 9\% and 13\% respectively. In conclusion, it can be said that the EyeToy is a motivational training tool for the training of children with CP and has the potential to improve upper extremity function. \copyright2008 Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.},
         url = {http://www.liebertonline.com/doi/abs/10.1089/cpb.2007.0014},
         author = {Jannink, M. J. A. and Van Der Wilden, G. J. and Navis, D. W. and Visser, G. and Gussinklo, J. and Ijzerman, M.}
 }
 @proceedings {4157,
         title = {The Magic Circle and the Puzzle Piece},
         journal = {Philosophy of Computer Games},
         year = {2008},
         publisher = {Potsdam University Pres},
         address = {Potsdam},
         url = {http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2008/2455/pdf/digarec01_03.pdf},
         author = {Juul,Jesper}
 }
 @article {Chin-A-Paw:2008l,
         title = {The motivation of children to play an active video game},
         journal = {Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport},
         volume = {11},
         number = {2},
         year = {2008},
         pages = {163-166},
         type = {article},
         address = {EMGO Institute, Department of Public and Occupational Health, VU University Medical Center, Netherlands},
         abstract = {The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the effect of a weekly multiplayer class on the motivation of children aged 9-12 years to play an interactive dance simulation video game (IDSVG) at home over a period of 12 weeks. A sample of 27 children was randomly assigned to (1) a home group instructed to play the IDSVG at home; (2) a multiplayer group instructed to play the IDSVG at home and to participate in a weekly IDSVG multiplayer class. Participants were asked to play the IDSVG as often as they liked and report the playing time daily on a calendar for a 12-week period. Motivation to play was assessed by the playing duration of IDSVG in minutes and the dropout during the study. Mean age of the 16 children who completed the study was 10.6 $\pm$0.8 years. During the 12-week intervention period, the multiplayer group played approximately twice as many minutes (901 min) as the home group (376 min, p = 0.13). Dropout was significantly (p = 0.02) lower in the multiplayer group (15\%) than in the home group (64\%). Our findings suggest that multiplayer classes may increase children{\textquoteright}s motivation to play interactive dance simulation video games. \copyright2007 Sports Medicine Australia.},
         keywords = {Dance simulation video, intervention, physical activity, Youth},
         author = {Chin A Paw, M. J. M. and Jacobs, W. M. and Vaessen, E. P. G. and Titze, S. and van Mechelen, W.}
 }
 @article {Kutner:2008zk,
         title = {Parents{\textquoteright} and sons{\textquoteright} perspectives on video game play: A qualitative study},
         journal = {Journal of Adolescent Research},
         volume = {23},
         number = {1},
         year = {2008},
         pages = {76-96},
         type = {article},
         address = {Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital},
         abstract = {Public policy efforts to restrict children{\textquoteright}s access to electronic games with violent or sexual content are often predicated on assumptions about parental concerns. As an initial step in determining whether those assumptions are accurate, the authors conduct focus groups of 21 adolescent boys and 21 of their parents or guardians to explore parents{\textquoteright} concerns, compare parents{\textquoteright} and children{\textquoteright}s perceptions, and see whether these are consistent with the focus of proposed legislation and other public policy efforts. Parents{\textquoteright} primary concern is that games not interfere with their children{\textquoteright}s schoolwork, social skills, and exercise. They worry about exposure to violent content, but definitions of and opinions about what is harmful vary and may not match proposed public policies. \copyright2008 Sage Publications.},
         keywords = {adolescence, Focus groups, Media Violence, Parenting, Video Games},
         author = {Kutner, L. A. and Olson, C. K. and Warner, D. E. and Hertzog, S. M.}
 }
 @conference {Yen:2008co,
         title = {Pattern matching in go game records},
         booktitle = {Second International Conference on Innovative Computing, Information and Control, ICICIC 2007},
         year = {2008},
         type = {inproceedings},
         address = {Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan},
         abstract = {Many professional Go games, Go life-and-death problems and others are saved as digital game records by SGF (Smart Game Format). Valuable information hides in these records. This article presents a novel Go game record information retrieval system. In this system, the most difficult part is Go pattern matching in Go game records. In this article, a Go pattern matching algorithm is given to find game records that contain a desired query pattern. Then, a proposed index structure for a Go record database integrates methods of information retrieval and domain knowledge of Go. This index can increase the speed of pattern matching in the game database. \copyright2007 IEEE.},
         author = {Yen, S. -J. and Yang, T. -N. and Chen, J. -C. and Hsu, S. -C.}
 }
 @inbook {4528,
         title = {Per un{\textquoteright}analisi comparata del suono nei videogiochi e nel cinema},
         booktitle = {Schermi interattivi saggi critici su videogiochi e cinema},
         year = {2008},
         pages = {95-121},
         publisher = {Meltemi},
         organization = {Meltemi},
         address = {Roma},
         keywords = {audio, sound},
         issn = {978-88-8353-634-2},
         author = {Grimshaw, Mark}
 }
 @article {Case-Smith:2008g,
         title = {Play preferences of typically developing children and children with developmental delays between ages 3 and 7 years},
         journal = {OTJR Occupation, Participation and Health},
         volume = {28},
         number = {1},
         year = {2008},
         pages = {19-29},
         type = {article},
         address = {Division of Occupational Therapy, School of Allied Medical Professions, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States},
         abstract = {This cross-sectional survey research investigated play preferences of children with and without developmental delays who were between 3 and 7 years old. Parents completed questionnaires regarding their child{\textquoteright}s play activity and context preferences. Valid results were obtained for 166 children, 83 of whom had developmental delays. Preference ratings were compared by gender, age, and delay status. Play preference did not differ by gender. Rough-and-tumble play and computer/video game play increased with age, whereas object exploration decreased. Children with developmental delays had higher preferences for rough-and-tumble play and object exploration and lower preferences for drawing and coloring, construction, and doll and action figurine play than typically developing children. This comparison of children{\textquoteright}s play preferences across ages, gender, and developmental status enhances our understanding of how these variables influence children{\textquoteright}s play.},
         keywords = {Gender, Play occupations},
         author = {Case-Smith, J. and Kuhaneck, H. M.}
 }
 @book {3207,
         title = {The Pleasures of Computer Gaming},
         year = {2008},
         pages = {203},
         publisher = {McFarland},
         organization = {McFarland},
         address = {Jefferson, N.C.},
         keywords = {aesthetics, Computer games, history, Theory},
         isbn = {078643595X},
         issn = {078643595X},
         author = {Swalwell,Melanie and Jason Wilson}
 }
 @article {Reiner:2008jz,
         title = {The Potential for Gaming Techniques in Radiology Education and Practice},
         journal = {JACR Journal of the American College of Radiology},
         volume = {5},
         number = {2},
         year = {2008},
         pages = {110-114},
         type = {article},
         address = {Baltimore VA Medical Center, Diagnostic Imaging, Baltimore, MD, United States},
         abstract = {Traditional means of communication, education and training, and research have been dramatically transformed with the advent of computerized medicine, and no other medical specialty has been more greatly affected than radiology. Of the myriad of newer computer applications currently available, computer gaming stands out for its unique potential to enhance end-user performance and job satisfaction. Research in other disciplines has demonstrated computer gaming to offer the potential for enhanced decision making, resource management, visual acuity, memory, and motor skills. Within medical imaging, video gaming provides a novel means to enhance radiologist and technologist performance and visual perception by increasing attentional capacity, visual field of view, and visual-motor coordination. These enhancements take on heightened importance with the increasing size and complexity of three-dimensional imaging datasets. Although these operational gains are important in themselves, psychologic gains intrinsic to video gaming offer the potential to reduce stress and improve job satisfaction by creating a fun and engaging means of spirited competition. By creating customized gaming programs and rewards systems, video game applications can be customized to the skill levels and preferences of individual users, thereby creating a comprehensive means to improve individual and collective job performance. \copyright2008 American College of Radiology.},
         keywords = {medical education and training, Video gaming, visual perception},
         author = {Reiner, B. and Siegel, E.}
 }
 @article {Joe:2008go,
         title = {Proposing online game loyalty and its antecedents considering gender as a moderator: a qualitative study},
         journal = {Quality \& Quantity},
         year = {2008},
         pages = {1-11},
         type = {article},
         address = {Department of Business Administration, Vanung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan},
         abstract = {This study discusses the formation of consumer loyalty in the context of online games. Loyalty to a specific online game may be conceptualized in terms of repeat patronage, switching behavior, and word-of-mouth recommendations toward the game. A conceptual model is proposed. In the model, virtual power-status, incentive utility, relational interacting behavior, and feature enhancement indirectly influence loyalty through the mediation of satisfaction and commitment. Gender is proposed to moderate each model path given that individuals with stronger feminine or masculine identities are likely to make repeated consumption on online games based on different game product choices accordingly. Finally, the implications of the proposed model and suggestions for future research are also discussed. \copyright2008 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.},
         keywords = {Feature enhancement, Gender, Incentive utility, loyalty, Relational interacting behavior, Virtual power-status},
         author = {Joe, S. -W. and Chiu, C. -K.}
 }
 @article {Ravaja:2008oi,
         title = {The Psychophysiology of James Bond: Phasic Emotional Responses to Violent Video Game Events},
         journal = {Emotion},
         volume = {8},
         number = {1},
         year = {2008},
         pages = {114-120},
         type = {article},
         address = {Center for Knowledge and Innovation Research, Helsinki School of Economics, Helsinki, Finland},
         abstract = {The authors examined emotional valence- and arousal-related phasic psychophysiological responses to different violent events in the first-person shooter video game "James Bond 007: NightFire" among 36 young adults. Event-related changes in zygomaticus major, corrugator supercilii, and orbicularis oculi electromyographic (EMG) activity and skin conductance level (SCL) were recorded, and the participants rated their emotions and the trait psychoticism based on the Psychoticism dimension of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised, Short Form. Wounding and killing the opponent elicited an increase in SCL and a decrease in zygomatic and orbicularis oculi EMG activity. The decrease in zygomatic and orbicularis oculi activity was less pronounced among high Psychoticism scorers compared with low Psychoticism scorers. The wounding and death of the player{\textquoteright}s own character (James Bond) elicited an increase in SCL and zygomatic and orbicularis oculi EMG activity and a decrease in corrugator activity. Instead of joy resulting from victory and success, wounding and killing the opponent may elicit high-arousal negative affect (anxiety), with high Psychoticism scorers experiencing less anxiety than low Psychoticism scorers. Although counterintuitive, the wounding and death of the player{\textquoteright}s own character may increase some aspect of positive emotion. \copyright2008 American Psychological Association.},
         keywords = {aggressive behavior, emotions, facial EMG, skin conductance, Video Games},
         author = {Ravaja, N. and Turpeinen, M. and Saari, T. and Puttonen, S. and Keltikangas-J{\"a}rvinen, L.}
 }
 @article {Olson:2008tw,
         title = {The role of violent video game content in adolescent development: Boys{\textquoteright} perspectives},
         journal = {Journal of Adolescent Research},
         volume = {23},
         number = {1},
         year = {2008},
         pages = {55-75},
         type = {article},
         address = {Massachusetts General Hospital},
         abstract = {Numerous policies have been proposed at the local, state, and national level to restrict youth access to violent video and computer games. Although studies are cited to support policies, there is no published research on how children perceive the uses and influence of violent interactive games. The authors conduct focus groups with 42 boys ages 12 to 14. Boys use games to experience fantasies of power and fame, to explore and master what they perceive as exciting and realistic environments (but distinct from real life), to work through angry feelings or relieve stress, and as social tools. Boys did not believe they had been harmed by violent games but were concerned that younger children might imitate game behavior (especially swearing). \copyright2008 Sage Publications.},
         keywords = {adolescence, anger, Focus groups, Gender, Media Violence, Video Games},
         author = {Olson, C. K. and Kutner, L. A. and Warner, D. E.}
 }
 @article {4463,
         title = {Saturday Morning Cartoons Go MMOG},
         journal = {Media International Australia},
         year = {2008},
         pages = {120-31},
         chapter = {120},
         abstract = {This paper traces the migration of North American children{\textquoteright}s television into the realm of massively multiplayer online games (MMOGs), and the issues this raises in terms of the commercialisation of children{\textquoteright}s (digital) play. Through a content analysis of three television-themed MMOGs targeted to children, Nickelodeon{\textquoteright}s Nicktropolis, Cartoon Network{\textquoteright}s Big Fat Awesome House Party and Corus Entertainment{\textquoteright}s GalaXseeds, I examine how this new development within children{\textquoteright}s online culture operates in relation to existing industry practices of cross-media integration and promotion. Dominant trends identified in the content analysis are compared with emerging conventions within the MMOG genre, which is generally found to contain numerous opportunities for player creativity and collaboration. Within the cases examined, however, many of these opportunities have been omitted and ultimately replaced by promotional features. I conclude that all three case studies operate primarily as large-scale advergames, promoting transmedia intertextuality and third-party advertiser interests.},
         keywords = {children\&$\#$039;s media, children{\textquoteright}s television, media convergence, MMOGs, Transmedia, virtual worlds},
         url = {http://www.uq.edu.au/emsah/mia/issues/mia126.html$\#$grimes},
         author = {Grimes, Sara M}
 }
 @article {4369,
         title = {Serious Games : Advergaming, edugaming, training and more},
         year = {2008},
         institution = {IDATE},
         abstract = {By analysing in detail the characteristics, uses and different genres of serious game, this study outlines the challenges involved with the design, development and distribution of various types of title. Similarly, the report examines the outlook for the industry and its probable growth drivers. The serious gaming market is of considerable importance. As the link between traditional video games and practical software, serious games offer a genuine opportunity to develop a sector that is all too often considered a niche. Furthermore, they offer huge potential for growth: "In 2008,{\textquotedblright} comments Laurent Michaud, project leader of the report, {\textquotedblleft}the number of potential users worldwide stands between 600 million and one billion.{\textquotedblright} This number includes purchasers and non purchasers of video games, and though the under 25s represent the key target audience, serious games are aimed at all age groups.},
         keywords = {advergame, advergaming, edugame, edugaming, edumarket game, news game, serious game, serious gaming},
         url = {http://ja.games.free.fr/ludoscience/PDF/EtudeIDATE08_UK.pdf},
         author = {J. Alvarez and L. Michaud}
 }
 @article {Willoughby:2008s,
         title = {A Short-Term Longitudinal Study of Internet and Computer Game Use by Adolescent Boys and Girls: Prevalence, Frequency of Use, and Psychosocial Predictors},
         journal = {Developmental Psychology},
         volume = {44},
         number = {1},
         year = {2008},
         pages = {195-204},
         type = {article},
         address = {Brock University},
         abstract = {Prevalence, frequency, and psychosocial predictors of Internet and computer game use were assessed with 803 male and 788 female adolescents across 2 time periods, 21 months apart. At Time 1, participants were in the 9th or 10th grade; at Time 2, they were in the 11th or 12th grade. Most girls (93.7\%) and boys (94.7\%) reported using the Internet at both time periods, whereas more boys (80.3\%) than girls (28.8\%) reported gaming at both time periods. Girls reported a small decrease over time in the frequency of hours spent per day on overall technology use, mostly due to a decrease in gaming. Both linear and curvilinear relations were examined between parental relationships, friendship quality, academic orientation, and well-being measured in early high school and the frequency of technology use in late high school. Being male significantly predicted both computer gaming and Internet use. There also were trends in favor of higher friendship quality and less positive parental relationships predicting higher frequency of Internet use. Importantly, moderate use of the Internet was associated with a more positive academic orientation than nonuse or high levels of use. \copyright2008 American Psychological Association.},
         keywords = {adolescence, computer game use, Gender, internet use, psychosocial adjustment},
         author = {Willoughby, T.}
 }
 @article {Ferguson:2008zb,
         title = {Violent video games and aggression: Causal relationship or byproduct of family violence and intrinsic violence motivation?},
         journal = {Criminal Justice and Behavior},
         volume = {35},
         number = {3},
         year = {2008},
         pages = {311-332},
         type = {article},
         address = {Texas A and M International University},
         abstract = {Two studies examined the relationship between exposure to violent video games and aggression or violence in the laboratory and in real life. Study 1 participants were either randomized or allowed to choose to play a violent or nonviolent game. Although males were more aggressive than females, neither randomized exposure to violent-video-game conditions nor previous real-life exposure to violent video games caused any differences in aggression. Study 2 examined correlations between trait aggression, violent criminal acts, and exposure to both violent games and family violence. Results indicated that trait aggression, family violence, and male gender were predictive of violent crime, but exposure to violent games was not. Structural equation modeling suggested that family violence and innate aggression as predictors of violent crime were a better fit to the data than was exposure to video game violence. These results question the common belief that violent-video-game exposure causes violent acts. \copyright2008 American Association for Correctional and Forensic Psychology.},
         keywords = {Aggression, Computer games, Family violence, Personality, Violent crime},
         author = {Ferguson, C. J. and Rueda, S. M. and Cruz, A. M. and Ferguson, D. E. and Fritz, S. and Smith, S. M.}
 }
 @article {Gentile:2008ng,
         title = {Violent video games as exemplary teachers: A conceptual analysis},
         journal = {Journal of Youth and Adolescence},
         volume = {37},
         number = {2},
         year = {2008},
         pages = {127-141},
         type = {article},
         address = {Department of Psychology, Iowa State University, W112 Lagomarcino Hall, Ames, IA 50011-3180, United States},
         abstract = {This article presents conceptual and empirical analyses of several of the "best practices" of learning and instruction, and demonstrates how violent video games use them effectively to motivate learners to persevere in acquiring and mastering a number of skills, to navigate through complex problems and changing environments, and to experiment with different identities until success is achieved. These educational principles allow for the generation of several testable hypotheses, two of which are tested with samples of 430 elementary school children (mean age 10 years), 607 young adolescents (mean age 14 years), and 1,441 older adolescents (mean age 19 y