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 <book id="kcalc" lang="&language;">
 <bookinfo>
 <title>The &kcalc; Handbook</title>
 
 <authorgroup>
 <author>
 &Bernd.Johannes.Wuebben; &Bernd.Johannes.Wuebben.mail;
 </author>
 
 <author>
 &Pamela.Roberts;&Pamela.Roberts.mail;
 <!-- <affiliation><jobtitle>Handbook maintainer</jobtitle>
 </affiliation> -->
 </author>
 <author>
 &Anne-Marie.Mahfouf;&Anne-Marie.Mahfouf.mail;
 <!-- <affiliation><jobtitle>Handbook maintainer</jobtitle>
 </affiliation> -->
 </author>
 <!-- TRANS:ROLES_OF_TRANSLATORS -->
 </authorgroup>
 
 <copyright>
 <year>2001</year> <year>2002</year> <year>2005</year>   <year>2006</year>
 <holder>&Bernd.Johannes.Wuebben;, &Pamela.Roberts;,
 &Anne-Marie.Mahfouf;</holder>
 </copyright>
 
 <legalnotice>&FDLNotice;</legalnotice>
 
 <date>2016-07-25</date>
 <releaseinfo>Applications 16.08</releaseinfo>
 
 <abstract><para>&kcalc; is a calculator for your desktop environment. In the simple mode it can 
 be used for basic arithmetic operations, but provides advanced modes for scientific, 
 statistical and numeral system calculations.</para></abstract>
 
 <keywordset>
 <keyword>KDE</keyword>
 <keyword>KCalc</keyword>
 <keyword>calculator</keyword>
 </keywordset>
 </bookinfo>
 
 <chapter id="introduction">
 <title>Introduction</title>
 
 <para>&kcalc; offers many more mathematical functions than meet the eye
 on a first glance. Please study the section on keyboard accelerators and
 modes in this handbook to learn more about the many functions
 available.</para>
 
 <para>In addition to the usual functionality offered by most scientific
 calculators, &kcalc; offers a number of features, which I think are
 worthwhile pointing out:</para>
 
 <itemizedlist>
 <listitem>
 <para>&kcalc; provides trigonometric functions, logic operations, and it is
 able to do statistical calculations.</para>
 </listitem>
 <listitem>
 <para>&kcalc; allows you to cut and paste numbers from/into its display.</para>
 </listitem>
 <listitem>
 <para>&kcalc; features a <firstterm>results-stack</firstterm> which lets
 you conveniently recall previous results.</para>
 </listitem>
 <listitem>
 <para>You can configure &kcalc;'s display colors and font.</para>
 </listitem>
 <listitem>
 <para>You can configure &kcalc;'s  precision, the number of displayed digits and the number
 of digits after the period in the settings dialog.</para>
 </listitem>
 <listitem>
 <para> &kcalc; offers a great number of useful  <link linkend="key-accels">
 key-bindings</link>, which make using &kcalc; without using a pointing device easy.</para>
 <para>Hint: pressing (and holding) the &Ctrl;-key, displays on
 every button,the corresponding key-binding.</para>
 </listitem>
 </itemizedlist>
 
 <!--see https://bugs.kde.org/show_bug.cgi?id=326481-->
 <note><para>&kcalc; uses <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculator_input_methods#Infix_notation">Infix 
 notation</ulink> which enforces correct order of operations as taught in school; contrary to  
 <ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculator_input_methods#Immediate_execution">Immediate execution</ulink>
 used by many simple calculators.
 </para></note>
 
 <para>Have fun with &kcalc;!</para>
 
 <para>&Bernd.Johannes.Wuebben;</para>
 
 </chapter>
 
 
 <chapter id="usage">
 <title>Usage</title>
 <sect1 id="general-usage">
 <title>General Usage</title>
 
 <para>General usage is straight forward and similar to the way most
 simple scientific calculators operate, but take note of the following
 special &kcalc; features:</para>
 
 <variablelist>
 <varlistentry>
 <term>Result Stack</term>
 <listitem><para>Each time you &LMB; click on the
 <guibutton>=</guibutton> button or press your keyboard's
 &Enter; or <keysym>=</keysym> keys, the display result is
 written to &kcalc;'s result stack. You can navigate through the result
 stack with your keyboard's
 <keycombo action="simul">&Ctrl;<keycap>Z</keycap></keycombo>
 and <keycombo action="simul">&Ctrl; &Shift;<keycap>Z</keycap></keycombo>
 keys.</para> 
 </listitem>
 </varlistentry> 
 
 <varlistentry>
 <term>Percent Function</term>
 <listitem>
 <para>The percent function works somewhat differently to that on most
 calculators. However, once understood, its enhanced functionality proves
 quite useful. See the section about the <link
 linkend="percent">percent</link> function for further details.</para>
 </listitem></varlistentry>
       
 <varlistentry>
 <term>Cut and Paste</term>
 <listitem>
 <para><itemizedlist>
 <listitem>
 <para>Pressing <keycombo action="simul">&Ctrl;<keycap>C</keycap></keycombo>
 will place the displayed number on to the clipboard.</para>
 </listitem>
 <listitem>
 <para>Pressing <keycombo action="simul">&Ctrl;<keycap>V</keycap></keycombo>
 will paste the clipboard content into the display if the content of the
 clipboard is a valid floating point number.</para>
 </listitem>
 <listitem>
 <para>It is still possible to copy/paste by clicking on &kcalc;'s display,
 but this may disappear in future versions.</para>
 </listitem>
 </itemizedlist>
 </para></listitem></varlistentry>
 
 <varlistentry>
 <term>Advanced functions</term>
 <listitem>
 <para>When you start &kcalc; for the first time, the calculator will only
 display buttons for basic arithmetic computations.</para>
 <para>Under the menu entry <guimenu>Settings</guimenu> it is possible to select a mode for &kcalc;:
 it is possible to choose
 <link linkend="simple-mode">Simple</link> or
 <link linkend="science-mode">Science</link> or
 <link linkend="statistical-mode">Statistic</link> or
 <link linkend="numeral-system-mode">Numeral System</link> mode. Please note, that these modes will
 slightly change as &kcalc; evolves.</para> 
 </listitem>
 </varlistentry>
 
 <varlistentry>
 <term>Button Layout</term>
 <listitem>
 <para>To give easy access to all the functions in advanced modes in &kcalc;, many keys have a second layout. Click
 on <guibutton>&Shift;</guibutton> or press the shortcut <keycombo action="simul">&Ctrl;<keycap>2</keycap></keycombo> to make
 the second layout of the buttons visible.</para> 
 </listitem>
 </varlistentry>
 
 <varlistentry>
 <term>History</term>
 <listitem>
 <para>The history area shows all the calculations done in &kcalc; for the active session of &kcalc;.
 Click on <guibutton>AC</guibutton> or press the shortcut <keycap>Del</keycap> to clear the content of the history.
 To activate or deactivate it, use the item <guilabel>Show History</guilabel> in the menu <guimenu>Settings</guimenu> of the
 menu bar, or press <keycombo action="simul">&Ctrl;<keycap>H</keycap></keycombo>.</para>
 </listitem>
 </varlistentry>
 
 </variablelist>
 </sect1>
 
 
 <!-- describing MODES here -->
 
 <sect1 id="simple-mode">
 <title>Simple Mode</title>
 <para>This mode contains only those buttons and functions, which are essential necessary for basic calculations.</para>
 <para>If you just want to sum up all items on an invoice this mode may be your choice.</para>
 </sect1>
 
 
 <sect1 id="science-mode">
 <title>Science Mode</title>
 
 <para>In this mode the left column of buttons is allocated to trigonometric
 functions:</para>
 
 <informaltable><tgroup cols="2">
 <thead>
 <row><entry>Buttons</entry>
 <entry>Function</entry></row>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <row><entry><guibutton>Hyp</guibutton></entry>
 <entry>Enter Hyperbolic sub mode. Hyp Sin for example is the hyperbolic sine:
 sinh</entry></row>
 
 <row><entry><guibutton>Sin</guibutton></entry>
 <entry>Compute the sine</entry></row>
 
 <row><entry>&Shift; <guibutton>Sin</guibutton> or <guibutton>Asin</guibutton></entry>
 <entry>Compute the inverse sine</entry></row>
 
 <row><entry><guibutton>Cos</guibutton></entry>
 <entry>Compute the cosine</entry></row>
 
 <row><entry>&Shift; <guibutton>Cos</guibutton> or <guibutton>Acos</guibutton></entry>
 <entry>Compute the inverse cosine</entry></row>
 
 <row><entry><guibutton>Tan</guibutton></entry>
 <entry>Compute the tangent</entry></row>
 
 <row><entry>&Shift; <guibutton>Tan</guibutton> or <guibutton>Atan</guibutton></entry>
 <entry>Compute the inverse tangent</entry></row>
 
 <row><entry><guibutton>Log</guibutton></entry>
 <entry>Compute the Log base 10</entry></row>
 
 <row><entry>&Shift; <guibutton>Log</guibutton> or 10<superscript>x</superscript></entry>
 <entry>Compute 10 to the power of x</entry></row>
 
 <row><entry><guibutton>Ln</guibutton></entry>
 <entry>Compute the natural logarithm. That is the log to base e</entry></row>
 
 <row><entry>&Shift; <guibutton>Ln</guibutton> or e<superscript>x</superscript></entry>
 <entry>Compute e (the base of the natural logarithm) to the power of x</entry></row>
 
 </tbody></tgroup></informaltable>
 
 <para>The second column has buttons for algebraic functions:</para>
 
 <informaltable><tgroup cols="2">
 <thead>
 <row><entry>Buttons</entry>
 <entry>Function</entry></row>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <row><entry><guibutton>Mod</guibutton></entry>
 <entry>Compute the remainder in Euclidean division</entry></row>
 
 <row><entry><guibutton>&Shift;</guibutton> <guibutton>Mod</guibutton> or <guibutton>IntDiv</guibutton></entry>
 <entry>Integer division (integer part of the quotient)</entry></row>
 
 <row><entry><guibutton>1/x</guibutton></entry>
 <entry>Compute the reciprocal for a number</entry></row>
 
 <row><entry><guibutton>&Shift;</guibutton> <guibutton>1/x</guibutton> or <guibutton>nCm</guibutton></entry>
 <entry>Compute the number of distinct second-operand-element subsets of it that can be formed for any set containing first operand elements (binomial coefficient)</entry></row>
 
 <row><entry><guibutton>x!</guibutton></entry>
 <entry>Compute the product of all positive integers less than or equal to the current integer operand (factorial)</entry></row>
 
 <row><entry><guibutton>x²</guibutton></entry>
 <entry>Compute the square of x</entry></row>
 
  <row><entry><guibutton>&Shift;</guibutton> <guibutton>x²</guibutton> or <guibutton>√x</guibutton></entry>
 <entry>Compute the square root of x</entry></row>
 
 <row><entry><guibutton>xʸ</guibutton></entry>
 <entry>x power y</entry></row>
 
 <row><entry>&Shift; x<superscript>y</superscript> or x<superscript>1/y</superscript></entry>
 <entry>x power 1/y</entry></row>
 
 <row><entry><guibutton>x³</guibutton></entry>
 <entry>Computes the third (cubic) power of x</entry></row>
 
 <row><entry><guibutton>&Shift;</guibutton> <guibutton>x³</guibutton> or <guibutton>∛x</guibutton></entry>
 <entry>Computes the third (cubic) root of x</entry></row>
 
 <row><entry><guibutton>x·10ʸ</guibutton></entry>
 <entry>Computes the product of the first operand and decimal exponent of the second operand</entry></row>
 
 </tbody></tgroup></informaltable>
 
 </sect1>
 
 
 <sect1 id="statistical-mode">
 <title>Statistical Mode</title>
 
 <para>In this mode the left column of buttons is allocated to statistical
 functions:</para>
 <para> Most of the functionality in this mode is centered around the <guibutton>Dat</guibutton>
  button. To create a data list of numbers, enter a number into the calculator and press
  <guibutton>Dat</guibutton>. A sequentially increasing number is shown on the display indicating
  which position in the Data <quote>list</quote> the number occupies. A traditional calculator only
  stores three values for statistical functions: The number of discrete items in a list, the sum of
  the data items entered and the sum of the square of all data items in the list. &kcalc; differs by
  actually storing each discrete value, allowing you to calculate the median value of the data.
 </para>
 
 <informaltable><tgroup cols="2">
 <thead>
 <row><entry>Buttons</entry>
 <entry>Function</entry></row></thead>
 
 <tbody>
 <row><entry><guibutton>N</guibutton></entry>
 <entry>Recall the number of data items entered</entry></row>
 
 <row><entry><guibutton>&Shift;</guibutton> <guibutton>N</guibutton> or <guibutton>&Sgr;x</guibutton></entry>
 <entry>Display the sum of all data items entered</entry></row>
 
 <row><entry><guibutton>Mea</guibutton></entry>
 <entry>Display the mean of the data items entered</entry></row>
 
 <row><entry><guibutton>&Shift;</guibutton> <guibutton>Mea</guibutton> or <guibutton>&Sgr;x²</guibutton></entry>
 <entry>Display the sum of the square of all data items entered</entry></row>
 
 <row><entry>&sgr;<subscript>N</subscript></entry>
 <entry>Display the standard deviation (n)</entry></row>
 
 <row><entry><guibutton>&Shift;</guibutton> &sgr;<subscript>N</subscript> or &sgr;<subscript>N-1</subscript> </entry>
 <entry>Display the population standard deviation (n-1)</entry></row>
 
 <row><entry><guibutton>Med</guibutton></entry>
 <entry>Display the median</entry></row>
 
 <row><entry><guibutton>Dat</guibutton></entry>
 <entry>Enter a data item</entry></row>
 
 <row><entry><guibutton>&Shift;</guibutton> <guibutton>Dat</guibutton> or <guibutton>CDat</guibutton></entry>
 <entry>Clear last data item entered</entry></row>
 
 <row><entry><guibutton>CSt</guibutton></entry>
 <entry>Clear the store of all data item entered</entry></row>
 
 </tbody></tgroup></informaltable>
 
 <para>The next two columns hold the buttons with trigonometric and algebraic functions described in the
 <link linkend="science-mode">Science</link> mode section.</para>
 
 </sect1>
 
 
 <sect1 id="numeral-system-mode">
 <title>Numeral System Mode</title>
 <para>This mode contains buttons and functions to calculate in binary, hexadecimal, octal and decimal.</para>
 
 <para>You select the numeral system with the radio buttons on the right. To insert a hexadecimal number for example,
 just do the following: Select <guilabel>Hex</guilabel> from the radio buttons. Then enter a number and note, that you can
 use the letters <guibutton>A</guibutton> to <guibutton>F</guibutton>
 for numbers larger than 9. If you would like to see this number in binary, just select <guilabel>Bin</guilabel> from the radio buttons.</para>
 
  <para>Binary, octal and hexadecimal numbers can be displayed as groups of digits separated by whitespaces. Such grouping can improve readability of numbers. For example, hexadecimal number <emphasis>AF1C42</emphasis> can be displayed as <emphasis>AF 1C 42</emphasis> with separation every second digit. Grouping can be turned off or tweaked. Select <menuchoice><guimenu>Settings</guimenu><guimenuitem>Configure &kcalc;...</guimenuitem></menuchoice> to bring up the configuration dialog and change the setting on <guilabel>General</guilabel> page as appropriate.</para>
 
 <para>You may want to select <guimenu>Show Bit Edit</guimenu> from the <guimenu>Settings</guimenu> menu to see selected bits.</para>
 
 <para>There are logic operators available in this mode. These operators are: 
 <informaltable><tgroup cols="2">
 <thead>
 <row><entry>Buttons</entry>
 <entry>Function</entry></row></thead>
 <tbody>
 <row><entry><guibutton>AND</guibutton></entry>
 <entry>Two numbers are logically anded</entry></row>
 
 <row><entry><guibutton>OR</guibutton></entry>
 <entry>Two numbers are logically ored</entry></row>
 
 <row><entry><guibutton>XOR</guibutton></entry>
 <entry>Two numbers are logically exclusive ored</entry></row>
 
 <row><entry><guibutton>Lsh</guibutton></entry>
 <entry>Left shift the value</entry></row>
 
 <row><entry><guibutton>Rsh</guibutton></entry>
 <entry>Right shift the value</entry></row>
 
 <row><entry><guibutton>Cmp</guibutton></entry>
 <entry>Perform a 1's complement</entry></row>
 
 </tbody></tgroup></informaltable>
 </para>
 
 <para>The second column holds the buttons with algebraic functions described in the
 <link linkend="science-mode">Science</link> mode section.</para>
 
 <para>The third column with the buttons <guibutton>A</guibutton> to <guibutton>F</guibutton> is
 enabled only in <guilabel>Hex</guilabel> mode.
 </para>
 </sect1>
 
 <!-- end of MODES -->
 
 
 <sect1 id="memory-operations">
 <title>Memory Operations</title>
 
 <para>&kcalc; supports the memory operations given by standard
 calculators plus six slots to hold constants.</para>
 
 <sect2 id="standard_memory">
 <title> Standard Memory Operations</title>
 
 <para>&kcalc; can remember results of operations for you, and re-use them in
 later calculations.  You can access these functions via several buttons
 labeled <guibutton>MR</guibutton>, <guibutton>MS</guibutton>,
 <guibutton>M+</guibutton> and <guibutton>MC</guibutton>.</para>
 
 <variablelist>
 <varlistentry>
 <term><guibutton>MS</guibutton></term>
 <listitem><para>The <guibutton>MS</guibutton> button stores the currently
 displayed result in memory.</para></listitem>
 </varlistentry>
 
 <varlistentry>
 <term><guibutton>M+</guibutton></term>
 <listitem><para>The <guibutton>M+</guibutton> button adds the current result to the
 one in memory. So, if you had stored a 20, and the current result is a 5,
 your memory would contain 25 when you press it. If the memory is empty, it
 acts like <guibutton>MS</guibutton> and simply stores the
 result.</para></listitem>
 </varlistentry>
 
 <varlistentry>
 <term><guibutton>MR</guibutton></term>
 <listitem><para>The <guibutton>MR</guibutton> button gets the value stored
 in memory and puts it in the display.</para></listitem>
 </varlistentry>
 
 <varlistentry>
 <term><guibutton>MC</guibutton></term>
 <listitem><para>The <guibutton>MC</guibutton> button clears the
 memory.</para></listitem>
 </varlistentry>
 </variablelist>
 
 <para>If a value is stored in memory a <guilabel>M</guilabel> will appear in
 the status bar, next to the calculator mode indicator</para>
 </sect2>
 
 <sect2 id="constant_buttons">
 <title>Constants</title>
 
 <para>The six constants buttons <guibutton>C1</guibutton> to
 <guibutton>C6</guibutton> will only be visible after activating the
 item <guilabel>Constants Buttons</guilabel> in the menu
 <guimenu>Settings</guimenu> of the menu bar. They are available in <guilabel>Science mode</guilabel>
 and <guilabel>Statistics mode</guilabel></para>
 
 <para>To see the value stored in each constant hover the button with the mouse pointer.</para>
 
 <para>To store the number shown in the &kcalc; display in one of the
 six constants, first press <guibutton>&Shift;</guibutton> followed
 by the desired button key <guibutton>C1</guibutton> up to
 <guibutton>C6</guibutton>.</para>
 
 <para>To use the value stored in any of the constants in a calculation, just 
  press the desired button (<guibutton>C1</guibutton> to <guibutton>C6</guibutton>), 
  and the corresponding number will appear in the display. </para>
 
 <para>It is possible to change the label of the constants button to make it easier 
  to remember which button holds which constant. Click with the right mouse 
  button on one of the buttons <guibutton>C1</guibutton> to <guibutton> 
  C6</guibutton>. A popup menu appears, in which you select <guilabel> 
  Set Name</guilabel>. </para>
 
 <para>There are many (mostly physical) predefined constants, which can
 be put on any of the six buttons <guibutton>C1</guibutton> -
 <guibutton>C6</guibutton> by selecting the desired constant in the
 popup menu that appears after right clicking on one of the constant
 buttons and selecting <guilabel>Choose from List</guilabel>. Though
 the predefined constants can also be accessed via the
 <guimenu>Constants</guimenu> in the menu bar, storing it on a
 constants button is very handy, if the number is used
 frequently.</para>
 
 </sect2>
 
 </sect1>
 
 <sect1 id="key-accels">
 <title>Single Key Accelerators</title>
 
 <para>To simplify entering calculations from the keyboard &kcalc; has single key
 accelerators for most functions. For example entering <userinput>7R</userinput>
 or <userinput>7r</userinput> will calculate the reciprocal of 7 (1/7).</para>
 
 <para>During a computation, you can always press &Ctrl; to make each
 button display its key-binding.</para>
 <!-- Shift works like Caps Lock-->
 <informaltable><tgroup cols="3">
 <thead>
 <row><entry>Key</entry>
 <entry>Function</entry>
 <entry>Notes</entry></row>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 
 <row><entry><keycap>H</keycap></entry>
 <entry><guibutton>Hyp</guibutton></entry>
 <entry>Hyperbolic as in Hyp Sin,
 the sinh</entry></row>
 
 <row><entry><keycap>S</keycap></entry>
 <entry><guibutton>Sin</guibutton></entry>
 <entry></entry></row>
 
 <row><entry><keycap>C</keycap></entry>
 <entry><guibutton>Cos</guibutton></entry>
 <entry></entry></row>
 
 <row><entry><keycap>T</keycap></entry>
 <entry><guibutton>Tan</guibutton></entry>
 <entry></entry></row>
 
 <row><entry><keycap>N</keycap></entry>
 <entry><guibutton>Ln</guibutton></entry>
 <entry>log base e</entry></row>
 
 <row><entry><keycap>L</keycap></entry>
 <entry><guibutton>Log</guibutton></entry>
 <entry>log base 10</entry></row>
 
 <row><entry><keycap>Ctrl-2</keycap></entry>
 <entry> <guibutton>&Shift;</guibutton></entry>
 <entry>Second function for this button. &eg; if
 you want arcsin type <userinput>Ctrl-2 s </userinput></entry></row>
 
 <row><entry><keysym>\</keysym></entry>
 <entry><guibutton>+/-</guibutton></entry>
 <entry>Change sign</entry></row>
 
 <row><entry><keysym>[</keysym></entry>
 <entry><guibutton>x^2</guibutton></entry>
 <entry></entry></row>
 
 <row><entry><keysym>^</keysym></entry>
 <entry><guibutton>x^y</guibutton></entry>
 <entry></entry></row>
 
 <row><entry><keysym>!</keysym></entry>
 <entry><guibutton>x!</guibutton></entry>
 <entry>Factorial</entry></row>
 
 <row><entry><keysym>E</keysym></entry>
 <entry>x10<superscript>y</superscript></entry>
 <entry>Exponent</entry></row>
 
 <row><entry><keysym>&lt;</keysym></entry>
 <entry><guibutton>Lsh</guibutton></entry>
 <entry>Left shift</entry></row>
 <!-- no "<" on Lsh key only ">" on Rsh key-->
 <row><entry><keysym>&gt;</keysym></entry>
 <entry><guibutton>Rsh</guibutton></entry>
 <entry>Right shift.</entry></row>
 <row><entry><keysym>&amp;</keysym></entry>
 <entry><guibutton>AND</guibutton></entry>
 <entry>Logical AND</entry></row>
 
 <row><entry><keysym>x</keysym> or <keysym>*</keysym></entry>
 <entry><guibutton>X</guibutton></entry>
 <entry>Multiply</entry></row>
 
 <row><entry><keysym>/</keysym></entry>
 <entry><guibutton>/</guibutton></entry>
 <entry>Divide</entry></row>
 
 <row><entry><keycap>D</keycap></entry>
 <entry><guibutton>Dat</guibutton></entry>
 <entry>Enter data item in statistical mode</entry></row>
 
 <row><entry><keycap>|</keycap></entry>
 <entry><guibutton>OR</guibutton></entry>
 <entry>Logical OR. Note: <guibutton>&Shift;</guibutton>
 <guibutton>OR</guibutton> is XOR</entry></row>
 
 <row><entry><keycap>R</keycap></entry>
 <entry><guibutton>1/x</guibutton></entry>
 <entry>Reciprocal</entry></row>
 
 <row><entry>&Enter;</entry>
 <entry><guibutton>=</guibutton></entry>
 <entry></entry></row>
 
 <row><entry><keycap>Return</keycap></entry>
 <entry><guibutton>=</guibutton></entry>
 <entry></entry></row>
 
 <row><entry>&Backspace;</entry>
 <entry><guibutton>&lt;=</guibutton></entry>
 <entry>Delete last number</entry></row>
 
 <row><entry><keycap>PgUp</keycap></entry>
 <entry><guibutton>C</guibutton></entry>
 <entry>Clear</entry></row>
 
 <row><entry>&Esc;</entry>
 <entry><guibutton>C</guibutton></entry>
 <entry>Clear</entry></row>
 <!--
 <row><entry><keycap>Prior</keycap></entry>
 <entry><guibutton>C</guibutton></entry>
 <entry>Clear</entry></row>
 -->
 <row><entry><keycap>PgDown</keycap></entry>
 <entry><guibutton>AC</guibutton></entry>
 <entry>Clear all</entry></row>
 <!--
 <row><entry><keycap>Next</keycap></entry>
 <entry><guibutton>AC</guibutton></entry>
 <entry>Clear all</entry></row>
 -->
 <row><entry><keycap>Del</keycap></entry>
 <entry><guibutton>AC</guibutton></entry>
 <entry>Clear all</entry></row>
 
 <row><entry><keycap>:</keycap></entry>
 <entry><guibutton>Mod</guibutton></entry>
 <entry>remainder of dividing</entry></row>
 
 <row><entry>&Alt;+<keycap>1</keycap> to &Alt;+<keycap>6</keycap></entry>
 <entry><guibutton>C1</guibutton></entry>
 <entry>use the value stored in C1 to C6</entry></row>
 
 </tbody></tgroup></informaltable>
 
 </sect1>
 </chapter>
 
 <chapter id="comments-on-specific-functions">
 <title>Comments on Specific Functions</title>
 
 <sect1 id="mod">
 <title>Mod and IntDiv</title>
 
 <variablelist>
 <varlistentry>
 <term><guibutton>Mod</guibutton> gives the remainder of dividing the displayed
 number by the next input number.</term>
 <listitem><para><userinput>22 Mod 8 = </userinput> will give the result
 <emphasis>6</emphasis></para>
 <para><userinput>22.345 Mod 8 = </userinput> will give the result
 <emphasis>6.345</emphasis></para>
 </listitem></varlistentry>
 
 <varlistentry>
 <term><guibutton>&Shift;</guibutton> <guibutton>IntDiv</guibutton> does integer
 division of the displayed number by the next input number.</term>
 <listitem><para><userinput>22 Shift IntDiv 8 = </userinput> will give the result
 <emphasis>2</emphasis></para>
 <para><userinput>22.345 Shift IntDiv 8 = </userinput> also gives <emphasis>2</emphasis>
 </para></listitem></varlistentry>
 </variablelist>
 
 </sect1>
 
 
 <sect1 id="percent">
 <title>&percnt;</title>
 
 <para>Used instead of the <guibutton>=</guibutton> key,
 <guibutton>%</guibutton> interprets the final operation carried out in  the
 current calculation as follows:</para>
 
 <para><itemizedlist>
 <listitem>
 <para>If the final operator is + or - the second argument is interpreted as percentage of the first operand.
 </para>
 </listitem>
 <listitem>
 <para>If the final operator is * divide the result of the multiplication by 100.
 </para>
 </listitem>
 <listitem>
 <para>If the final operator is / give the left operand
 as a percentage of the right operand.
 </para>
 </listitem>
 <listitem>
 <para> In all other cases the &percnt; key gives identical results to the = key.
 </para>
 </listitem>
 </itemizedlist></para>
 
 <variablelist>
 <varlistentry>
 <term>Examples:</term>
 <listitem>
 <para><userinput>150 + 50 %</userinput> gives <emphasis>225</emphasis> (150 plus 50 percent of this amount)</para>
 <para><userinput>42 * 3 %</userinput> gives
 <emphasis>1.26</emphasis>  (42 * 3 / 100)</para>
 <para><userinput>45 / 55 %</userinput> gives
 <emphasis>81.81...</emphasis> (45 is 81.81.. percent of 55)</para>
 </listitem>
 </varlistentry>
 </variablelist>
 
 </sect1>
 
 <sect1 id="lsh-rsh">
 <title>Lsh and Rsh</title>
 <variablelist>
 <varlistentry>
 <term><guibutton>Lsh</guibutton> left shifts the integer part of the displayed
 value (multiplies it by 2) n times, where n is the next input number, and
 gives an integer result (base is set to <guibutton>Bin</guibutton>):</term>
 <listitem><para><userinput>10 Lsh 3 =</userinput> gives <emphasis>80</emphasis>
 (10 multiplied by 2 three times).</para>
 <para><userinput>10.345 Lsh 3 =</userinput> also gives
 <emphasis>80</emphasis>.</para></listitem>
 </varlistentry>
 
 <varlistentry>
 <term><guibutton>Rsh</guibutton> right shifts the
 value (performs an integer divide by 2) n times.</term>
 <listitem><para><userinput>16 Rsh 2 =</userinput> gives
 <emphasis>4</emphasis> (16 divided by 2 twice).</para>
 <para><userinput>16.999 Rsh 2 =</userinput> also gives
 <emphasis>4</emphasis>.</para>
 </listitem>
 </varlistentry>
 </variablelist>
 
 </sect1>
 
 <sect1 id="and-or-xor">
 <title>Cmp, And, Or and Xor</title>
 
 <para>The <guibutton>Cmp</guibutton>, <guibutton>And</guibutton> and 
 <guibutton>Or</guibutton> functions perform bitwise logical operations and
 therefore appear more meaningful if the base is set to
 <guilabel>Hex</guilabel>, <guilabel>Oct</guilabel> or <guilabel>Bin</guilabel>
 rather than <guilabel>Dec</guilabel>. In the following
 examples base is set to <guilabel>Bin</guilabel>.</para>
 
 <variablelist>
 <varlistentry>
 <term><guibutton>Cmp</guibutton> performs a 1's complement (inverts the
 bits).</term>
 <listitem><para><userinput>101 Cmp</userinput> gives
 <emphasis>111...111010</emphasis></para> </listitem>
 </varlistentry>
 
 <varlistentry>
 <term><guibutton>AND</guibutton> does a logical AND.</term>
 <listitem><para><userinput>101 AND 110 =</userinput> gives
 <emphasis>100</emphasis></para> </listitem>
 </varlistentry>
 
 <varlistentry>
 <term><guibutton>OR</guibutton> does the logical OR.</term>
 <listitem><para><userinput>101 OR 110 =</userinput> gives
 <emphasis>111</emphasis></para> </listitem>
 </varlistentry>
 
 <varlistentry>
 <term><guibutton>XOR</guibutton> performs the logical
 XOR (exclusive OR) operation.</term>
 <listitem><para><userinput>101 XOR 110 =</userinput> gives
 <emphasis>11</emphasis></para> </listitem>
 </varlistentry>
 
 </variablelist>
 </sect1>
 </chapter>
 
 
 <chapter id="questions-and-answers">
 <title>Questions and Answers</title>
 
 <qandaset>
 
 
 <qandaentry>
 <question><para>How do I get e, the Euler number?</para></question>
 <answer><para>Press <userinput>1 Shift e<superscript>x</superscript></userinput> in the &kcalc; window,
 press <userinput>1 <keycombo action="simul">&Ctrl;<keycap>2</keycap></keycombo> <keycap>N</keycap></userinput> on the keyboard
 or use the <menuchoice><guimenu>Constants</guimenu><guimenuitem>Mathematics</guimenuitem>
 </menuchoice> menu.</para></answer>
 </qandaentry>
 
 <qandaentry>
 <question><para>How do I get two fixed digits after the period?</para></question>
 <answer><para>Select <menuchoice><guimenu>Settings</guimenu><guimenuitem>
 Configure &kcalc;...</guimenuitem></menuchoice> on the menubar, this will
 bring up the configuration dialog. Check <guilabel>Set decimal
 precision</guilabel> and adjust the spin control so that it shows a
 2.</para></answer> </qandaentry>
 
 <qandaentry>
 <question><para>What about Precision?</para></question>
 <answer><para>The main factor determining the precision of &kcalc; is whether your libc and libmath
 supports the C data type <type>long double</type>. If this is the case, &kcalc; will detect this
 at compile time and use it as its fundamental data type to represent numbers.
 </para>
 
 <para>Adjust the <guilabel>Precision</guilabel> in &kcalc;'s
 <guibutton>Configure</guibutton> dialog so that the above computations
 work correctly. I recommend a precision of 14 if the fundamental data type
 for your copy of &kcalc; is <type>long double</type>, otherwise 8 or 10.</para>
 
 <para>Higher precision doesn't necessarily lead to better results. Play with
 the precision and you will see what I mean.</para>
 </answer>
 </qandaentry>
 
 </qandaset>
 </chapter>
 
 &commands;
 
 <chapter id="copyright">
 <title>Credits and License</title>
 
 <para>&kcalc; Program Copyright &copy;:</para>
 <para>&Bernd.Johannes.Wuebben; 1996-2000</para>
 <para>The &kde; Team 2000-2008</para>
 <para>&Evan.Teran; 2008-2013</para>
 
 <itemizedlist>
 <listitem><para>&Bernd.Johannes.Wuebben; &Bernd.Johannes.Wuebben.mail;</para></listitem>
 <listitem><para>&Evan.Teran; &Evan.Teran.mail;</para></listitem>
 <listitem><para>&Espen.Sand; &Espen.Sand.mail;</para></listitem>
 <listitem><para>&Chris.Howells; &Chris.Howells.mail;</para></listitem>
 <listitem><para>&Aaron.J.Seigo; &Aaron.J.Seigo.mail;</para></listitem>
 <listitem><para>&Charles.Samuels; &Charles.Samuels.mail;</para></listitem>
 <listitem><para>&David.Johnson; &David.Johnson.mail;</para></listitem>
 </itemizedlist>
 
 <para>&kcalc; was inspired by <personname><firstname>Martin</firstname> <surname>Bartlett</surname></personname>'s <application>xfrmcalc</application>,
 whose stack engine is still part of &kcalc;.</para>
 
 <para>Documentation Copyright &copy; 2001,2002,2005, 2006,2010:</para>
 <itemizedlist>
 <listitem><para>&Bernd.Johannes.Wuebben; &Bernd.Johannes.Wuebben.mail;</para></listitem>
 <listitem><para>&Pamela.Roberts; &Pamela.Roberts.mail;</para></listitem>
 <listitem><para>&J.Hall; &J.Hall.mail;</para></listitem>
 <listitem><para>&Anne-Marie.Mahfouf; &Anne-Marie.Mahfouf.mail;</para></listitem>
 <listitem><para><personname><firstname>Eike</firstname><surname>Krumbacher</surname></personname>
 <email>eike.krumbacher@x-eike.de</email></para></listitem>
 </itemizedlist>
 
 <!-- TRANS:CREDIT_FOR_TRANSLATORS -->
 &underFDL;
 &underGPL;
 
 </chapter>
 
 </book>
 
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