File indexing completed on 2023-09-24 09:47:50

 # SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-or-later
 # SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2021-2023 Harald Sitter <sitter@kde.org>
 
 import base64
 from datetime import datetime, timedelta
 import tempfile
 import time
 import traceback
 from flask import Flask, request, jsonify
 import uuid
 import json
 import sys
 import os
 import signal
 import subprocess
 from werkzeug.exceptions import HTTPException
 
 import pyatspi
 from lxml import etree
 
 import gi
 from gi.repository import GLib
 from gi.repository import Gio
 gi.require_version('Gdk', '3.0')
 from gi.repository import Gdk
 gi.require_version('Gtk', '3.0')
 from gi.repository import Gtk
 
 from app_roles import ROLE_NAMES
 
 # Exposes AT-SPI as a webdriver. This is written in python because C sucks and pyatspi is a first class binding so
 # we lose nothing but gain the reduced sucking of python.
 
 # https://github.com/SeleniumHQ/selenium/wiki/JsonWireProtocol#WebElement_JSON_Object.md
 # https://www.w3.org/TR/webdriver
 # https://github.com/microsoft/WinAppDriver/blob/master/Docs/SupportedAPIs.md
 # https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Accessibility/PyAtSpi2Example/
 
 EVENTLOOP_TIME = 0.1
 sys.stdout = sys.stderr
 sessions = {} # global dict of open sessions
 
 # Give the GUI enough time to react. tests run on the CI won't always be responsive in the tight schedule established by at-spi2 (800ms) and run risk
 # of timing out on (e.g.) click events. The second value is the timeout for app startup, we keep that the same as upstream.
 pyatspi.setTimeout(4000, 15000)
 
 # Using flask because I know nothing about writing REST in python and it seemed the most straight-forward framework.
 app = Flask(__name__)
 
 @app.errorhandler(Exception)
 def unknown_error(e):
     if isinstance(e, HTTPException):
         return e
 
     return errorFromException(error='unknown error', exception=e), 500
 
 @app.route('/status', methods=['GET'])
 def status():
     body = {
         'value': {
             'ready': 'true',
             'message': 'There is only one state. Hooray!'
         }
     }
     return json.dumps(body), 200, {'content-type': 'application/json'}
 
 
 def _createNode2(accessible, parentElement, indexInParents=[]):
     if not accessible:
         return
     # A bit of aggressive filtering to not introspect chromium and firefox and the likes when using the desktop root.
     if accessible.toolkitName != "Qt" and accessible.toolkitName != "at-spi-registry":
         return
 
     roleName = accessible.getRoleName()
     e = None
     if roleName:
         e = etree.Element(roleName.replace(" ", "_"))
     else:
         e = etree.Element("accessible")
 
     e.set("name", accessible.name)
     e.set("role", str(int(accessible.getRole())))
     e.set("description", accessible.description)
     if accessible.accessibleId != None:
         e.set("accessibility-id", accessible.accessibleId)
     # NB: pyatspi.getPath is bugged when the QObject has no QObject parent. Instead manually keep track of indexes.
     # while generating the xml.
     # path = pyatspi.getPath(accessible)
     # path is a list of ints for the indexes within the parents
     path_strs = [str(x) for x in indexInParents]
     e.set("path", ' '.join(path_strs))
 
     states = []
     for state in accessible.getState().getStates():
         states.append(pyatspi.stateToString(state))
     e.set("states", ', '.join(states))
 
     for i in range(0, accessible.childCount):
         newIndex = indexInParents.copy()
         newIndex.append(i)
         _createNode2(accessible.getChildAtIndex(i), e, newIndex)
 
     if parentElement != None:
         parentElement.append(e)
     else:
         return e
 
 
 def errorFromMessage(error, message):
     return jsonify({'value': {'error': error, 'message': message}})
 
 
 def errorFromException(error, exception):
     return jsonify({'value': {'error': error, 'message': str(exception), 'stacktrace': traceback.format_exc()}})
 
 
 @app.route('/')
 def index():
     return 'Servas'
 
 # Encapsulates a Session object. Sessions are opened by the client and contain elements. A session is generally speaking
 # an app.
 # TODO: should we expose the root scope somehow? requires a special variant of session and moving logic from the
 #   REST app functions to the Session object.
 
 
 class Session:
 
     def __init__(self) -> None:
         self.id = str(uuid.uuid1())
         self.elements = {}  # a cache to hold elements between finding and interacting with
         self.browsing_context = None
         self.pid = -1
         # implicit deviates from spec, 0 is unreasonable
         self.timeouts = {'script': 30000, 'pageLoad': 300000, 'implicit': 5000}
         self.launched = False
 
         blob = json.loads(request.data)
         print(request.data)
         # TODO the blob from ruby is much more complicated god only knows why
         desired_app = None
         desired_timeouts = None
         if 'desiredCapabilities' in blob:
             if 'app' in blob['desiredCapabilities']:
                 desired_app = blob['desiredCapabilities']['app']
             else:
                 desired_app = blob['desiredCapabilities']['appium:app']
             if 'timeouts' in blob['desiredCapabilities']:
                 desired_timeouts = blob['desiredCapabilities']['timeouts']
         else:
             if 'app' in blob['capabilities']['alwaysMatch']:
                 desired_app = blob['capabilities']['alwaysMatch']['app']
             else:
                 desired_app = blob['capabilities']['alwaysMatch']['appium:app']
             if 'timeouts' in blob['capabilities']['alwaysMatch']:
                 desired_timeouts = blob['capabilities']['alwaysMatch']['timeouts']
 
         if desired_timeouts:
             if 'script' in desired_timeouts:
                 self.timeouts['script'] = desired_timeouts['script']
             if 'pageLoad' in desired_timeouts:
                 self.timeouts['pageLoad'] = desired_timeouts['pageLoad']
             if 'implicit' in desired_timeouts:
                 self.timeouts['implicit'] = desired_timeouts['implicit']
 
         if desired_app == 'Root':
             # NB: at the time of writing there can only be one desktop ever
             self.browsing_context = pyatspi.Registry.getDesktop(0)
             return
 
         self.launched = True
         end_time = datetime.now() + \
             timedelta(milliseconds=(self.timeouts['implicit'] * 2))
 
         context = Gio.AppLaunchContext()
         context.setenv('QT_ACCESSIBILITY', '1')
         context.setenv('QT_LINUX_ACCESSIBILITY_ALWAYS_ON', '1')
         context.setenv('KIO_DISABLE_CACHE_CLEANER', '1')  # don't dangle
 
         def on_launched(context, info, platform_data):
             self.pid = platform_data['pid']
             print("launched " + str(self.pid))
 
             while datetime.now() < end_time:
                 for desktop_index in range(pyatspi.Registry.getDesktopCount()):
                     desktop = pyatspi.Registry.getDesktop(desktop_index)
                     for app in desktop:
                         try:
                             if app.get_process_id() == self.pid:
                                 self.browsing_context = app
                                 break
                         except gi.repository.GLib.GError:
                             print('stumbled over a broken process. ignoring...')
                             continue
                     if self.browsing_context:
                         break
                 if self.browsing_context:
                     break
             if not self.browsing_context:
                 raise RuntimeError('Failed to find application on a11y bus within time limit!')
 
         context.connect("launched", on_launched)
 
         if desired_app.endswith(".desktop"):
             appinfo = Gio.DesktopAppInfo.new(desired_app)
             appinfo.launch([], context)
         elif desired_app.isnumeric():
             on_launched(None, None, {'pid': int(desired_app)})
         else:
             appinfo = Gio.AppInfo.create_from_commandline(
                 desired_app, None, Gio.AppInfoCreateFlags.NONE)
             appinfo.launch([], context)
         print(self.browsing_context)
 
     def close(self) -> None:
         if self.launched:
             try:
                 os.kill(self.pid, signal.SIGKILL)
             except ProcessLookupError:
                 pass
 
 
 @app.route('/session', methods=['GET', 'POST', 'DELETE'])
 def session():
     if request.method == 'POST':
         # TODO:
         # https://www.w3.org/TR/webdriver1/#new-session
         # 1, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14
         print(request)
         try:
             session = Session()
         except Exception as e:
             return errorFromException(error='session not created', exception=e), 500
         sessions[session.id] = session
         print(sessions)
 
         if session.browsing_context is None:
             return errorFromMessage(error='session not created',
                                     message='Application was not found on the a11y bus for unknown reasons. It probably failed to register on the bus.'), 500
 
         return json.dumps({'value': {'sessionId': session.id, 'capabilities': {"app": session.browsing_context.name}}}), 200, {'content-type': 'application/json'}
     elif request.method == 'GET':
         # TODO impl
         print(request)
     elif request.method == 'DELETE':
         # TODO spec review
         return json.dumps({'value': None}), 200, {'content-type': 'application/json'}
 
 
 @app.route('/session/<session_id>', methods=['DELETE'])
 def session_delete(session_id):
     if request.method == 'DELETE':
         # TODO spec review
         session = sessions[session_id]
         if not session:
             return json.dumps({'value': {'error': 'no such window'}}), 404, {'content-type': 'application/json'}
 
         session.close()
         return json.dumps({'value': None}), 200, {'content-type': 'application/json'}
 
 
 @app.route('/session/<session_id>/timeouts/implicit_wait', methods=['POST'])
 def session_implicit_wait(session_id):
     session = sessions[session_id]
     if not session:
         return json.dumps({'value': {'error': 'no such window'}}), 404, {'content-type': 'application/json'}
 
     blob = json.loads(request.data)
     ms = blob['ms']
 
     session.timeouts['implicit'] = ms
     return json.dumps({'value': None})
 
 
 @app.route('/session/<session_id>/source', methods=['GET'])
 def session_source(session_id):
     session = sessions[session_id]
     if not session:
         return json.dumps({'value': {'error': 'no such window'}}), 404, {'content-type': 'application/json'}
 
     doc = _createNode2(session.browsing_context, None)
     return json.dumps({'value': etree.tostring(doc, pretty_print=False).decode("utf-8")}), 200, {'content-type': 'application/xml'}
 
 
 # NB: custom method to get the source without json wrapper
 @app.route('/session/<session_id>/sourceRaw', methods=['GET'])
 def session_source_raw(session_id):
     session = sessions[session_id]
     if not session:
         return json.dumps({'value': {'error': 'no such window'}}), 404, {'content-type': 'application/json'}
 
     doc = _createNode2(session.browsing_context, None)
     return etree.tostring(doc, pretty_print=True).decode("utf-8"), 200, {'content-type': 'application/xml'}
 
 
 def locator(session, strategy, selector, start):
     # pyatspi.findDescendant(start, lambda x: print(x))
 
     end_time = datetime.now() + \
         timedelta(milliseconds=session.timeouts['implicit'])
     results = []
 
     while datetime.now() < end_time:
         if strategy == 'xpath':
             print("-- xml")
             doc = _createNode2(start, None)
             for c in doc.xpath(selector):
                 path = [int(x) for x in c.get('path').split()]
                 # path is relative to the app root, not our start item!
                 item = session.browsing_context
                 for i in path:
                     item = item[i]
                 if c.get('name') != item.name or c.get('description') != item.description:
                     return []
                 results.append(item)
             print("-- xml")
         else:
             # TODO can I switch this in python +++ raise on unmapped strategy
             pred = None
             if strategy == 'accessibility id':
                 def pred(x): return x.accessibleId.endswith(selector) and (x.getState().contains(pyatspi.STATE_VISIBLE) and x.getState().contains(pyatspi.STATE_SENSITIVE))
             # pyatspi strings "[ roleName | name ]"
             elif strategy == 'class name':
                 def pred(x): return str(x) == selector and (x.getState().contains(
                     pyatspi.STATE_VISIBLE) or x.getState().contains(pyatspi.STATE_SENSITIVE))
             elif strategy == 'name':
                 def pred(x): return x.name == selector and (x.getState().contains(
                     pyatspi.STATE_VISIBLE) or x.getState().contains(pyatspi.STATE_SENSITIVE))
             elif strategy == 'description':
                 def pred(x): return x.description == selector and (x.getState().contains(
                     pyatspi.STATE_VISIBLE) or x.getState().contains(pyatspi.STATE_SENSITIVE))
             # there are also id and accessibleId but they seem not ever set. Not sure what to make of that :shrug:
             accessible = pyatspi.findDescendant(start, pred)
             print(accessible)
             if accessible:
                 results.append(accessible)
         if len(results) > 0:
             break
 
     return results
 
 
 @app.route('/session/<session_id>/element', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
 def session_element(session_id=None):
     # https://www.w3.org/TR/webdriver1/#dfn-find-element
 
     # TODO scope elements to session somehow when the session gets closed we can throw away the references
     print(request.url)
     print(session_id)
     print(request.args)
     print(request.data)
     session = sessions[session_id]
     blob = json.loads(request.data)
 
     strategy = blob['using']
     selector = blob['value']
     if not strategy or not selector:
         return json.dumps({'value': {'error': 'invalid argument'}}), 404, {'content-type': 'application/json'}
 
     start = session.browsing_context
     if not start: # browsing context (no longer) valid
         return json.dumps({'value': {'error': 'no such window'}}), 404, {'content-type': 'application/json'}
 
     results = locator(session, strategy, selector, start)
 
     if not results:
         return json.dumps({'value': {'error': 'no such element'}}), 404, {'content-type': 'application/json'}
 
     result = results[0]
     unique_id = result.path.replace('/', '-')
     session.elements[unique_id] = result
     return json.dumps({'value': {'element-6066-11e4-a52e-4f735466cecf': unique_id}}), 200, {'content-type': 'application/json'}
 
 
 @app.route('/session/<session_id>/elements', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
 def session_element2(session_id=None):
     # https://www.w3.org/TR/webdriver1/#dfn-find-elements
 
     # TODO scope elements to session somehow when the session gets closed we can throw away the references
     print(request.url)
     print(session_id)
     print(request.args)
     print(request.data)
     session = sessions[session_id]
     blob = json.loads(request.data)
 
     strategy = blob['using']
     selector = blob['value']
     if not strategy or not selector:
         return json.dumps({'value': {'error': 'invalid argument'}}), 404, {'content-type': 'application/json'}
 
     start = session.browsing_context
     if not start:  # browsing context (no longer) valid
         return json.dumps({'value': {'error': 'no such window'}}), 404, {'content-type': 'application/json'}
 
     results = locator(session, strategy, selector, start)
 
     if not results:
         return json.dumps({'value': {'error': 'no such element'}}), 404, {'content-type': 'application/json'}
 
     serializations = []
     for result in results:
         unique_id = result.path.replace('/', '-')
         print(unique_id)
         session.elements[unique_id] = result
         serializations.append({'element-6066-11e4-a52e-4f735466cecf': unique_id})
 
     return json.dumps({'value': serializations}), 200, {'content-type': 'application/json'}
 
 
 @app.route('/session/<session_id>/element/<element_id>/click', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
 def session_element_click(session_id, element_id):
     session = sessions[session_id]
     if not session:
         return json.dumps({'value': {'error': 'no such window'}}), 404, {'content-type': 'application/json'}
 
     element = session.elements[element_id]
     if not element:
         return json.dumps({'value': {'error': 'no such element'}}), 404, {'content-type': 'application/json'}
 
     action = element.queryAction()
     availableActions = {}
     for i in range(0, action.nActions):
         availableActions[action.getName(i)] = i
 
     keys = availableActions.keys()
     if 'SetFocus' in keys: # this is used in addition to actual actions so focus is where it would be expected after a click
         print("actioning focus")
         action.doAction(availableActions['SetFocus'])
         time.sleep(EVENTLOOP_TIME)
 
     try:
         if 'Press' in keys:
             print("actioning press")
             action.doAction(availableActions['Press'])
         elif 'Toggle' in keys:
             print("actioning toggle")
             action.doAction(availableActions['Toggle'])
         elif 'ShowMenu' in keys:
             print("actioning showmenu")
             action.doAction(availableActions['ShowMenu'])
     except gi.repository.GLib.GError as e:
         print(e)
         print("Ignoring! There is a chance your application is misbehaving. Could also just be a blocked eventloop though.")
     time.sleep(EVENTLOOP_TIME)
 
     return json.dumps({'value': None}), 200, {'content-type': 'application/json'}
 
 
 @app.route('/session/<session_id>/element/<element_id>/text', methods=['GET'])
 def session_element_text(session_id, element_id):
     session = sessions[session_id]
     element = session.elements[element_id]
     try:
         textElement = element.queryText()
         return json.dumps({'value': textElement.getText(0, -1)}), 200, {'content-type': 'application/json'}
     except NotImplementedError:
         return json.dumps({'value': element.name}), 200, {'content-type': 'application/json'}
 
 
 @app.route('/session/<session_id>/element/<element_id>/enabled', methods=['GET'])
 def session_element_enabled(session_id, element_id):
     session = sessions[session_id]
     element = session.elements[element_id]
     return json.dumps({'value': element.getState().contains(pyatspi.STATE_ENABLED)}), 200, {'content-type': 'application/json'}
 
 
 @app.route('/session/<session_id>/element/<element_id>/displayed', methods=['GET'])
 def session_element_displayed(session_id, element_id):
     session = sessions[session_id]
     element = session.elements[element_id]
     return json.dumps({'value': element.getState().contains(pyatspi.STATE_VISIBLE) and element.getState().contains(pyatspi.STATE_SHOWING)}), 200, {'content-type': 'application/json'}
 
 
 @app.route('/session/<session_id>/element/<element_id>/selected', methods=['GET'])
 def session_element_selected(session_id, element_id):
     session = sessions[session_id]
     element = session.elements[element_id]
     return json.dumps({'value': (element.getState().contains(pyatspi.STATE_SELECTED) or element.getState().contains(pyatspi.STATE_FOCUSED))}), 200, {'content-type': 'application/json'}
 
 
 @app.route('/session/<session_id>/element/<element_id>/attribute/<name>', methods=['GET'])
 def session_element_attribute(session_id, element_id, name):
     session = sessions[session_id]
     if not session:
         return json.dumps({'value': {'error': 'no such window'}}), 404, {'content-type': 'application/json'}
 
     element = session.elements[element_id]
     if not element:
         return json.dumps({'value': {'error': 'no such element'}}), 404, {'content-type': 'application/json'}
 
     print(request.data)
 
     if name == "accessibility-id":
         return json.dumps({'value': element.accessibleId}), 200, {'content-type': 'application/json'}
 
     if name == "value":
         elementValue = element.queryValue()
         return json.dumps({'value': elementValue.currentValue}), 200, {'content-type': 'application/json'}
 
     print(pyatspi.STATE_VALUE_TO_NAME)
     result = None
     for value, string in pyatspi.STATE_VALUE_TO_NAME.items():
         if string == name:
             result = element.getState().contains(value)
             break
 
     return json.dumps({'value': result}), 200, {'content-type': 'application/json'}
 
 
 @app.route('/session/<session_id>/element/<element_id>/element', methods=['POST'])
 def session_element_element(session_id, element_id):
     session = sessions[session_id]
     if not session:
         return json.dumps({'value': {'error': 'no such window'}}), 404, {'content-type': 'application/json'}
 
     blob = json.loads(request.data)
     print(blob)
     strategy = blob['using']
     selector = blob['value']
     if not strategy or not selector:
         return json.dumps({'value': {'error': 'invalid argument'}}), 404, {'content-type': 'application/json'}
 
     start = session.elements[element_id]
     if not start:  # browsing context (no longer) valid
         return json.dumps({'value': {'error': 'no such element'}}), 404, {'content-type': 'application/json'}
 
     return locator(session, strategy, selector, start)
 
 
 @app.route('/session/<session_id>/element/<element_id>/value', methods=['POST'])
 def session_element_value(session_id, element_id):
     session = sessions[session_id]
     if not session:
         return json.dumps({'value': {'error': 'no such window'}}), 404, {'content-type': 'application/json'}
 
     element = session.elements[element_id]
     if not element:
         return json.dumps({'value': {'error': 'no such element'}}), 404, {'content-type': 'application/json'}
 
     blob = json.loads(request.data)
     text = blob['text']
 
     print(blob)
     print(element)
 
     try:
         offset = element.queryText().caretOffset
         textElement = element.queryEditableText()
         textElement.insertText(offset, text, len(text))
         return json.dumps({'value': None}), 200, {'content-type': 'application/json'}
     except NotImplementedError:
         print("element is not text type, falling back to synthesizing keyboard events")
         action = element.queryAction()
         processed = False
         for i in range(0, action.nActions):
             if action.getName(i) == 'SetFocus':
                 processed = True
                 action.doAction(i)
                 time.sleep(EVENTLOOP_TIME) # give the focus time to apply
                 for ch in text:
                     generate_keyboard_event(ch)
                 break
         if not processed:
             raise RuntimeError("element's actions list didn't contain SetFocus. The element may be malformed")
         return json.dumps({'value': None}), 200, {'content-type': 'application/json'}
 
 
 @app.route('/session/<session_id>/element/<element_id>/clear', methods=['POST'])
 def session_element_clear(session_id, element_id):
     session = sessions[session_id]
     if not session:
         return json.dumps({'value': {'error': 'no such window'}}), 404, {'content-type': 'application/json'}
 
     element = session.elements[element_id]
     if not element:
         return json.dumps({'value': {'error': 'no such element'}}), 404, {'content-type': 'application/json'}
 
     characterCount = element.queryText().characterCount
     try:
         textElement = element.queryEditableText()
         textElement.deleteText(0, characterCount)
         return json.dumps({'value': None}), 200, {'content-type': 'application/json'}
     except NotImplementedError:
         print("element is not text type, falling back to synthesizing keyboard events")
         action = element.queryAction()
         processed = False
         for i in range(0, action.nActions):
             if action.getName(i) == 'SetFocus':
                 processed = True
                 action.doAction(i)
                 time.sleep(EVENTLOOP_TIME) # give the focus time to apply
                 generate_keyboard_event('\ue010') # end
                 for _ in range(characterCount):
                     generate_keyboard_event('\ue003') # backspace
                 break
         if not processed:
             raise RuntimeError("element's actions list didn't contain SetFocus. The element may be malformed")
         return json.dumps({'value': None}), 200, {'content-type': 'application/json'}
 
 
 @app.route('/session/<session_id>/appium/device/app_state', methods=['POST'])
 def session_appium_device_app_state(session_id):
     session = sessions[session_id]
     if not session:
         return json.dumps({'value': {'error': 'no such window'}}), 404, {'content-type': 'application/json'}
 
     blob = json.loads(request.data)
     appId = blob['appId']
 
     proc = subprocess.Popen(
         'selenium-webdriver-at-spi-appidlister', stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
     out, err = proc.communicate()
 
     apps = json.loads(out)
     print(apps)
     if appId in apps.values():
         return json.dumps({'value': 4}), 200, {'content-type': 'application/json'}
     # TODO: implement rest of codes
     return json.dumps({'value': 1}), 200, {'content-type': 'application/json'}
 
 
 @app.route('/session/<session_id>/appium/device/terminate_app', methods=['POST'])
 def session_appium_device_terminate_app(session_id):
     session = sessions[session_id]
     if not session:
         return json.dumps({'value': {'error': 'no such window'}}), 404, {'content-type': 'application/json'}
 
     blob = json.loads(request.data)
     appId = blob['appId']
 
     proc = subprocess.Popen(
         'selenium-webdriver-at-spi-appidlister', stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
     out, err = proc.communicate()
 
     apps = json.loads(out)
     if appId in apps.values():
         pid = list(apps.keys())[list(apps.values()).index(appId)]
         os.kill(int(pid), signal.SIGKILL)
     return json.dumps({'value': None}), 200, {'content-type': 'application/json'}
 
 
 @app.route('/session/<session_id>/appium/device/press_keycode', methods=['POST'])
 def session_appium_device_press_keycode(session_id):
     session = sessions[session_id]
     if not session:
         return json.dumps({'value': {'error': 'no such window'}}), 404, {'content-type': 'application/json'}
 
     blob = json.loads(request.data)
     keycode = blob['keycode']
     # Not doing anything with these for now
     # metastate = blob['metastate']
     # flags = blob['flags']
     for ch in keycode:
         generate_keyboard_event(ch)
     return json.dumps({'value': None}), 200, {'content-type': 'application/json'}
 
 
 @app.route('/session/<session_id>/appium/device/get_clipboard', methods=['POST'])
 def session_appium_device_get_clipboard(session_id):
     session = sessions[session_id]
     if not session:
         return json.dumps({'value': {'error': 'no such window'}}), 404, {'content-type': 'application/json'}
 
     blob = json.loads(request.data)
     contentType = blob['contentType']
 
     # NOTE: need a window because on wayland we must be the active window to manipulate the clipboard (currently anyway)
     window = Gtk.Window()
     window.set_default_size(20, 20)
     window.show()
     display = window.get_display()
     clipboard = Gtk.Clipboard.get_for_display(display, Gdk.SELECTION_CLIPBOARD)
 
     context = GLib.MainContext.default()
     for _ in range(4):
         time.sleep(0.5)
         while context.pending():
             context.iteration(may_block=False)
 
     data = None
     if contentType == 'plaintext':
         data = clipboard.wait_for_text()
     else:
         raise 'content type not currently supported'
 
     window.close()
     return json.dumps({'value': base64.b64encode(data.encode('utf-8')).decode('utf-8')}), 200, {'content-type': 'application/json'}
 
 
 @app.route('/session/<session_id>/appium/device/set_clipboard', methods=['POST'])
 def session_appium_device_set_clipboard(session_id):
     session = sessions[session_id]
     if not session:
         return json.dumps({'value': {'error': 'no such window'}}), 404, {'content-type': 'application/json'}
 
     blob = json.loads(request.data)
     contentType = blob['contentType']
     content = blob['content']
 
     # NOTE: need a window because on wayland we must be the active window to manipulate the clipboard (currently anyway)
     window = Gtk.Window()
     window.set_default_size(20, 20)
     display = window.get_display()
     clipboard = Gtk.Clipboard.get_for_display(display, Gdk.SELECTION_CLIPBOARD)
 
     if contentType == 'plaintext':
         clipboard.set_text(base64.b64decode(content).decode('utf-8'), -1)
     else:
         raise 'content type not currently supported'
 
     context = GLib.MainContext.default()
     for _ in range(4):
         time.sleep(0.5)
         while context.pending():
             context.iteration(may_block=False)
 
     window.close()
     return json.dumps({'value': None}), 200, {'content-type': 'application/json'}
 
 
 @app.route('/session/<session_id>/appium/element/<element_id>/value', methods=['POST'])
 def session_appium_element_value(session_id, element_id):
     session = sessions[session_id]
     if not session:
         return json.dumps({'value': {'error': 'no such window'}}), 404, {'content-type': 'application/json'}
 
     element = session.elements[element_id]
     if not element:
         return json.dumps({'value': {'error': 'no such element'}}), 404, {'content-type': 'application/json'}
 
     blob = json.loads(request.data)
     print(blob)
     print(element)
     value = blob['value'][0]
 
     try:
         valueElement = element.queryValue()
         valueElement.currentValue = float(value)
         return json.dumps({'value': None}), 200, {'content-type': 'application/json'}
     except NotImplementedError:
         return json.dumps({'value': None}), 200, {'content-type': 'application/json'}
 
 
 @app.route('/session/<session_id>/screenshot', methods=['GET'])
 def session_appium_screenshot(session_id):
     session = sessions[session_id]
     if not session:
         return json.dumps({'value': {'error': 'no such window'}}), 404, {'content-type': 'application/json'}
 
     # NB: these values incorrectly do not include the device pixel ratio, so they are off when used on a scaling display
     # position_x, position_y = session.browsing_context.getChildAtIndex(0).queryComponent().getPosition(pyatspi.XY_SCREEN)
     # size_width, size_height = session.browsing_context.getChildAtIndex(0).queryComponent().getSize()
 
     proc = subprocess.Popen(['selenium-webdriver-at-spi-screenshotter',
                              str(0), str(0), str(0), str(0)],
                             stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
     out, err = proc.communicate()
 
     if not out:
         return json.dumps({'value': {'error': err}}), 404, {'content-type': 'application/json'}
 
     return json.dumps({'value': out.decode('utf-8')}), 200, {'content-type': 'application/json'}
 
 
 def generate_keyboard_event(ch):
     # using a nested kwin. need to synthesize keys into wayland (not supported in atspi right now)
     if 'KWIN_PID' in os.environ:
         with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile() as fp:
             keymap = keyval_to_keycode(char_to_keyval(ch))
             fp.write(json.dumps([
                 {'type': 'keyboard', 'level': keymap.level, 'keycode': keymap.keycode}
             ]).encode())
             fp.flush()
             subprocess.run(["selenium-webdriver-at-spi-inputsynth", fp.name])
         time.sleep(EVENTLOOP_TIME)
     else:
         pyatspi.Registry.generateKeyboardEvent(char_to_keyval(ch), None, pyatspi.KEY_SYM)
         time.sleep(EVENTLOOP_TIME)
 
 
 def keyval_to_keycode(keyval):
     keymap = Gdk.Keymap.get_default()
     ret, keys = keymap.get_entries_for_keyval(keyval)
     if not ret:
         raise RuntimeError("Failed to map key!")
     return keys[0]
 
 
 def char_to_keyval(ch):
     print("----------::::::")
     keyval = Gdk.unicode_to_keyval(ord(ch))
     # I Don't know why this doesn't work, also doesn't work with \033 as input. :((
     # https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/gtk/-/blob/gtk-3-24/gdk/gdkkeyuni.c
     # Other useful resources:
     # https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/ucs/keysymdef.h
     if ch == "\uE00C":
         keyval = 0xff1b # escape
     elif ch == "\ue03d":
         keyval = 0xffeb # left meta
     elif ch == "\ue006":
         keyval = 0xff0d # return
     elif ch == "\ue007":
         keyval = 0xff8d # enter
     elif ch == "\ue003":
         keyval = 0xff08 # backspace
     elif ch == "\ue010":
         keyval = 0xff57 # end
     elif ch == "\ue012":
         keyval = 0xff51 # left
     elif ch == "\ue014":
         keyval = 0xff53 # right
     elif ch == "\ue013":
         keyval = 0xff52 # up
     elif ch == "\ue015":
         keyval = 0xff54 # down
     elif ch == "\ue004":
         keyval = 0xff09 # tab
     print(ord(ch))
     print(hex(keyval))
     return keyval