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0001 @c The GNU Free Documentation License.
0002 @center Version 1.3, 3 November 2008
0003 
0004 @c This file is intended to be included within another document,
0005 @c hence no sectioning command or @node.
0006 
0007 @display
0008 Copyright @copyright{} 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
0009 @uref{http://fsf.org/}
0010 
0011 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
0012 of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
0013 @end display
0014 
0015 @enumerate 0
0016 @item
0017 PREAMBLE
0018 
0019 The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
0020 functional and useful document @dfn{free} in the sense of freedom: to
0021 assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
0022 with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially.
0023 Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way
0024 to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible
0025 for modifications made by others.
0026 
0027 This License is a kind of ``copyleft'', which means that derivative
0028 works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense.  It
0029 complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
0030 license designed for free software.
0031 
0032 We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free
0033 software, because free software needs free documentation: a free
0034 program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the
0035 software does.  But this License is not limited to software manuals;
0036 it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or
0037 whether it is published as a printed book.  We recommend this License
0038 principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.
0039 
0040 @item
0041 APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
0042 
0043 This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that
0044 contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be
0045 distributed under the terms of this License.  Such a notice grants a
0046 world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that
0047 work under the conditions stated herein.  The ``Document'', below,
0048 refers to any such manual or work.  Any member of the public is a
0049 licensee, and is addressed as ``you''.  You accept the license if you
0050 copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission
0051 under copyright law.
0052 
0053 A ``Modified Version'' of the Document means any work containing the
0054 Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
0055 modifications and/or translated into another language.
0056 
0057 A ``Secondary Section'' is a named appendix or a front-matter section
0058 of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
0059 publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall
0060 subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall
0061 directly within that overall subject.  (Thus, if the Document is in
0062 part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain
0063 any mathematics.)  The relationship could be a matter of historical
0064 connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal,
0065 commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding
0066 them.
0067 
0068 The ``Invariant Sections'' are certain Secondary Sections whose titles
0069 are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice
0070 that says that the Document is released under this License.  If a
0071 section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not
0072 allowed to be designated as Invariant.  The Document may contain zero
0073 Invariant Sections.  If the Document does not identify any Invariant
0074 Sections then there are none.
0075 
0076 The ``Cover Texts'' are certain short passages of text that are listed,
0077 as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that
0078 the Document is released under this License.  A Front-Cover Text may
0079 be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.
0080 
0081 A ``Transparent'' copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
0082 represented in a format whose specification is available to the
0083 general public, that is suitable for revising the document
0084 straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of
0085 pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available
0086 drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or
0087 for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input
0088 to text formatters.  A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file
0089 format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart
0090 or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent.
0091 An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount
0092 of text.  A copy that is not ``Transparent'' is called ``Opaque''.
0093 
0094 Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
0095 ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, La@TeX{} input
0096 format, SGML or XML using a publicly available
0097 DTD, and standard-conforming simple HTML,
0098 PostScript or PDF designed for human modification.  Examples
0099 of transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and
0100 JPG.  Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be
0101 read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or
0102 XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are
0103 not generally available, and the machine-generated HTML,
0104 PostScript or PDF produced by some word processors for
0105 output purposes only.
0106 
0107 The ``Title Page'' means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
0108 plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material
0109 this License requires to appear in the title page.  For works in
0110 formats which do not have any title page as such, ``Title Page'' means
0111 the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title,
0112 preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
0113 
0114 The ``publisher'' means any person or entity that distributes copies
0115 of the Document to the public.
0116 
0117 A section ``Entitled XYZ'' means a named subunit of the Document whose
0118 title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following
0119 text that translates XYZ in another language.  (Here XYZ stands for a
0120 specific section name mentioned below, such as ``Acknowledgements'',
0121 ``Dedications'', ``Endorsements'', or ``History''.)  To ``Preserve the Title''
0122 of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a
0123 section ``Entitled XYZ'' according to this definition.
0124 
0125 The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which
0126 states that this License applies to the Document.  These Warranty
0127 Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this
0128 License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other
0129 implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has
0130 no effect on the meaning of this License.
0131 
0132 @item
0133 VERBATIM COPYING
0134 
0135 You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
0136 commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
0137 copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies
0138 to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other
0139 conditions whatsoever to those of this License.  You may not use
0140 technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further
0141 copying of the copies you make or distribute.  However, you may accept
0142 compensation in exchange for copies.  If you distribute a large enough
0143 number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.
0144 
0145 You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and
0146 you may publicly display copies.
0147 
0148 @item
0149 COPYING IN QUANTITY
0150 
0151 If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have
0152 printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the
0153 Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the
0154 copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover
0155 Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on
0156 the back cover.  Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify
0157 you as the publisher of these copies.  The front cover must present
0158 the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and
0159 visible.  You may add other material on the covers in addition.
0160 Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve
0161 the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated
0162 as verbatim copying in other respects.
0163 
0164 If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
0165 legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
0166 reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent
0167 pages.
0168 
0169 If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering
0170 more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent
0171 copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy
0172 a computer-network location from which the general network-using
0173 public has access to download using public-standard network protocols
0174 a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material.
0175 If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps,
0176 when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure
0177 that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated
0178 location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an
0179 Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that
0180 edition to the public.
0181 
0182 It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the
0183 Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give
0184 them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.
0185 
0186 @item
0187 MODIFICATIONS
0188 
0189 You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under
0190 the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release
0191 the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified
0192 Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution
0193 and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy
0194 of it.  In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
0195 
0196 @enumerate A
0197 @item
0198 Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct
0199 from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions
0200 (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section
0201 of the Document).  You may use the same title as a previous version
0202 if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
0203 
0204 @item
0205 List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities
0206 responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified
0207 Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the
0208 Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five),
0209 unless they release you from this requirement.
0210 
0211 @item
0212 State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
0213 Modified Version, as the publisher.
0214 
0215 @item
0216 Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
0217 
0218 @item
0219 Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
0220 adjacent to the other copyright notices.
0221 
0222 @item
0223 Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice
0224 giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the
0225 terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
0226 
0227 @item
0228 Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections
0229 and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.
0230 
0231 @item
0232 Include an unaltered copy of this License.
0233 
0234 @item
0235 Preserve the section Entitled ``History'', Preserve its Title, and add
0236 to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and
0237 publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page.  If
0238 there is no section Entitled ``History'' in the Document, create one
0239 stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as
0240 given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified
0241 Version as stated in the previous sentence.
0242 
0243 @item
0244 Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for
0245 public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise
0246 the network locations given in the Document for previous versions
0247 it was based on.  These may be placed in the ``History'' section.
0248 You may omit a network location for a work that was published at
0249 least four years before the Document itself, or if the original
0250 publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
0251 
0252 @item
0253 For any section Entitled ``Acknowledgements'' or ``Dedications'', Preserve
0254 the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the
0255 substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or
0256 dedications given therein.
0257 
0258 @item
0259 Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
0260 unaltered in their text and in their titles.  Section numbers
0261 or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
0262 
0263 @item
0264 Delete any section Entitled ``Endorsements''.  Such a section
0265 may not be included in the Modified Version.
0266 
0267 @item
0268 Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled ``Endorsements'' or
0269 to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
0270 
0271 @item
0272 Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
0273 @end enumerate
0274 
0275 If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
0276 appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material
0277 copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all
0278 of these sections as invariant.  To do this, add their titles to the
0279 list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice.
0280 These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.
0281 
0282 You may add a section Entitled ``Endorsements'', provided it contains
0283 nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
0284 parties---for example, statements of peer review or that the text has
0285 been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a
0286 standard.
0287 
0288 You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a
0289 passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list
0290 of Cover Texts in the Modified Version.  Only one passage of
0291 Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
0292 through arrangements made by) any one entity.  If the Document already
0293 includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or
0294 by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of,
0295 you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit
0296 permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.
0297 
0298 The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License
0299 give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or
0300 imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
0301 
0302 @item
0303 COMBINING DOCUMENTS
0304 
0305 You may combine the Document with other documents released under this
0306 License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified
0307 versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the
0308 Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and
0309 list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its
0310 license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.
0311 
0312 The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
0313 multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
0314 copy.  If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but
0315 different contents, make the title of each such section unique by
0316 adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original
0317 author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number.
0318 Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of
0319 Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.
0320 
0321 In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled ``History''
0322 in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled
0323 ``History''; likewise combine any sections Entitled ``Acknowledgements'',
0324 and any sections Entitled ``Dedications''.  You must delete all
0325 sections Entitled ``Endorsements.''
0326 
0327 @item
0328 COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
0329 
0330 You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents
0331 released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this
0332 License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in
0333 the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for
0334 verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.
0335 
0336 You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute
0337 it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this
0338 License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all
0339 other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.
0340 
0341 @item
0342 AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
0343 
0344 A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate
0345 and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or
0346 distribution medium, is called an ``aggregate'' if the copyright
0347 resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights
0348 of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit.
0349 When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not
0350 apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves
0351 derivative works of the Document.
0352 
0353 If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
0354 copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of
0355 the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on
0356 covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
0357 electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form.
0358 Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole
0359 aggregate.
0360 
0361 @item
0362 TRANSLATION
0363 
0364 Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
0365 distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4.
0366 Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
0367 permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
0368 translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
0369 original versions of these Invariant Sections.  You may include a
0370 translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
0371 Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include
0372 the original English version of this License and the original versions
0373 of those notices and disclaimers.  In case of a disagreement between
0374 the translation and the original version of this License or a notice
0375 or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.
0376 
0377 If a section in the Document is Entitled ``Acknowledgements'',
0378 ``Dedications'', or ``History'', the requirement (section 4) to Preserve
0379 its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual
0380 title.
0381 
0382 @item
0383 TERMINATION
0384 
0385 You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
0386 except as expressly provided under this License.  Any attempt
0387 otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, and
0388 will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
0389 
0390 However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license
0391 from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally,
0392 unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally
0393 terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder
0394 fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to
0395 60 days after the cessation.
0396 
0397 Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is
0398 reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the
0399 violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have
0400 received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that
0401 copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after
0402 your receipt of the notice.
0403 
0404 Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the
0405 licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under
0406 this License.  If your rights have been terminated and not permanently
0407 reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the same material does
0408 not give you any rights to use it.
0409 
0410 @item
0411 FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
0412 
0413 The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions
0414 of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time.  Such new
0415 versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
0416 differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.  See
0417 @uref{http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/}.
0418 
0419 Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.
0420 If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this
0421 License ``or any later version'' applies to it, you have the option of
0422 following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or
0423 of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the
0424 Free Software Foundation.  If the Document does not specify a version
0425 number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not
0426 as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.  If the Document
0427 specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of this
0428 License can be used, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of a
0429 version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the
0430 Document.
0431 
0432 @item
0433 RELICENSING
0434 
0435 ``Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site'' (or ``MMC Site'') means any
0436 World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also
0437 provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works.  A
0438 public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server.  A
0439 ``Massive Multiauthor Collaboration'' (or ``MMC'') contained in the
0440 site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC
0441 site.
0442 
0443 ``CC-BY-SA'' means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
0444 license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit
0445 corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco,
0446 California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license
0447 published by that same organization.
0448 
0449 ``Incorporate'' means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or
0450 in part, as part of another Document.
0451 
0452 An MMC is ``eligible for relicensing'' if it is licensed under this
0453 License, and if all works that were first published under this License
0454 somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole
0455 or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections,
0456 and (2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008.
0457 
0458 The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site
0459 under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009,
0460 provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.
0461 
0462 @end enumerate
0463 
0464 @page
0465 @heading ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
0466 
0467 To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
0468 the License in the document and put the following copyright and
0469 license notices just after the title page:
0470 
0471 @smallexample
0472 @group
0473   Copyright (C)  @var{year}  @var{your name}.
0474   Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
0475   under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
0476   or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
0477   with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
0478   Texts.  A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
0479   Free Documentation License''.
0480 @end group
0481 @end smallexample
0482 
0483 If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts,
0484 replace the ``with@dots{}Texts.''@: line with this:
0485 
0486 @smallexample
0487 @group
0488     with the Invariant Sections being @var{list their titles}, with
0489     the Front-Cover Texts being @var{list}, and with the Back-Cover Texts
0490     being @var{list}.
0491 @end group
0492 @end smallexample
0493 
0494 If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
0495 combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
0496 situation.
0497 
0498 If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
0499 recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
0500 free software license, such as the GNU General Public License,
0501 to permit their use in free software.
0502 
0503 @c Local Variables:
0504 @c ispell-local-pdict: "ispell-dict"
0505 @c End: