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0092 Subject: =?utf-8?Q?Now=20I=20Know=3A=C2=A0Why=20Pisa=E2=80=99s=20Tower=20Leans?=
0093 From: =?utf-8?Q?Dan=20Lewis?= <dan@nowiknow.com>
0094 Reply-To: =?utf-8?Q?Dan=20Lewis?= <dan@nowiknow.com>
0095 To: <cmollekopf@gmail.com>
0096 Date: Thu, 24 Aug 2017 11:36:21 +0000
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0117
0118 And: is it just part of an old European dance craze? (Well=2C no.)
0119
0120 View this email in your browser (http://nowiknow.com/why-pisas-tower-leans=
0121 /) =C2=B7 Missed one? Visit the Archives (http://nowiknow.com/archives/)
0122 http://MIR.INSIRE.COM/click?s=3D188055&layout=3Dmarquee&li=3D689d00e31c&e=
0123 =3Dcmollekopf@gmail.com&p=3D1b9800e15a
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0127 http://nowiknow.com/
0128 Just likes yesterday: I'm on vacation this week=2C so today's Now I Know i=
0129 s a re-run=2C originally from 2010. (The Weekender is still TBD.) -- Dan (=
0130 http://s.nowiknow.com/DLewisNet)
0131
0132
0133 ** Why Pisa=E2=80=99s Tower Leans
0134 ------------------------------------------------------------
0135
0136 The Leaning Tower of Pisa is over 800 years old. Construction started on=
0137 it in 1173 and=2C almost two centuries later (and after two work stoppage=
0138 s)=2C completed in the 1370s. For history=E2=80=99s sake=2C it is a good=
0139 thing that there were two work stoppages =E2=80=94 otherwise=2C the struc=
0140 ture probably would have collapsed long ago. The Tower is built on=2C bas=
0141 ically=2C a marsh =E2=80=94 a thin layer of alluvial silt (http://s.nowikn=
0142 ow.com/2voNXQl) atop soft marine clay. The work stoppages gave time for=
0143 the existing incomplete infrastructure to settle in the soft soil=2C comp=
0144 acting the ground beneath it and=2C effectively=2C letting Mother Earth ad=
0145 apt before construction resumed. A minor miracle=2C in and of itself.
0146
0147 It therefore makes sense that the Tower is unstable=2C likely to shift its=
0148 position any which way as time passes. But the mystery runs deeper. The=
0149 Leaning Tower of Pisa only leans to the south. Assuming the unstable gro=
0150 und beneath is uniformly so=2C that did not make a lot of sense.
0151
0152 In 1989=2C the Tower was leaning roughly 15 feet off its center=2C when di=
0153 saster struck =E2=80=94 in Milan. Another tower=2C the Civic Tower of Pav=
0154 ia (http://s.nowiknow.com/2vo26xt) =2C crumbled=2C killing four passersby.=
0155 Fearing a similar fate for Pisa=2C the Italian government closed the tow=
0156 er and made a $40 million grant to researchers=2C hoping to stave off the=
0157 Tower=E2=80=99s tilt into destruction. The task was daunting=2C as rese=
0158 archers were split =E2=80=94 some believed the problem was with the underl=
0159 ying land; others believed the problem was with the structure itself. Red=
0160 oubling these problems were the art historians=2C who insisted on preservi=
0161 ng the artistic value of the Tower; in short=2C propping the Tower up was=
0162 a non-starter.
0163
0164 Finding a solution took four different tries and almost a decade. In the=
0165 end=2C the team used something called =E2=80=9Csoil extraction=E2=80=9D=
0166 =E2=80=94 as described (http://s.nowiknow.com/2vorzXl) by the Telegraph=
0167 (UK)=2C this meant =E2=80=9Cdrilling out slivers of soil from beneath the=
0168 northern side of the tower =E2=80=93 away from the lean =E2=80=93 and all=
0169 owing gravity to coax the structure back upright.=E2=80=9D It was a nuanc=
0170 ed task in and of itself. Professor John Burland=2C a soil engineer at t=
0171 he Imperial College London=2C lead the efforts with the help of 120 sensor=
0172 s placed in=2C around=2C and outside the Tower=2C and an army of fax machi=
0173 nes. For two years=2C twice a day=2C the sensor readings were faxed to hi=
0174 s attention; he=E2=80=99d run some calculations and inform the drillers ho=
0175 w to continue. The Tower re-opened in late 2001.
0176
0177 In capturing all these data points =E2=80=94 two a day for two years =E2=
0178 =80=94 Burland had in front of him the answer to the previously unanswerab=
0179 le question of the Tower=E2=80=99s southward tilt. In 2003=2C he figured=
0180 it out. The water table (http://s.nowiknow.com/2vovXWF) on the north si=
0181 de of the Tower rose up to a foot higher at times during Pisa=E2=80=99s ra=
0182 iny season. In effect=2C the water tower slowly=2C slightly=2C and tempor=
0183 arily boosted the land on the north side=2C pushing the Tower to lean sout=
0184 h. Using a custom drainage system to normalize the water table=2C Burlan=
0185 d has stemmed the Tower=E2=80=99s further tilt entirely =E2=80=94 since th=
0186 e solution was put in place seven [now 14!] years ago=2C the Tower=E2=80=
0187 =99s tilt has remained the same.
0188 http://s.nowiknow.com/NIKPatreon
0189 Now I Know is supported by readers like you. Please consider becoming a pa=
0190 tron by supporting the project on Patreon. Click here to pledge your suppo=
0191 rt (http://s.nowiknow.com/NIKPatreon) .
0192 Bonus fact: Groundwater flows can prevent problems=2C too. In 1958=2C the=
0193 town of Concord=2C Massachusetts opened a landfill adjacent to Walden Pon=
0194 d=2C the eponymous site of Henry David Thoreau=E2=80=99s On Walden Pond. =
0195 Because the groundwater table ran from the pond to the landfill (and not=
0196 vice versa)=2C the pond remained relatively unpolluted by the nearby refu=
0197 se.=E2=80=8B
0198
0199 From the Archives: Patent Leather Shoes (http://dlewis.net/nik-archives/pa=
0200 tent-leather-shoes/) : How Michael Jackson managed to pull off an incredib=
0201 le=2C gravity-defying lean of his own.
0202
0203 Related: A 3-d=2C Leaning Tower of Pisa puzzle (http://s.nowiknow.com/2v5D=
0204 xKs) .
0205
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0771 <td valign=3D"top" class=3D"mcnTextContent" style=
0772 =3D"padding-top: 0;padding-left: 18px;padding-bottom: 9px;padding-right: 1=
0773 8px;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-=
0774 size-adjust: 100%;word-break: break-word;color: #656565;font-family: Helve=
0775 tica;font-size: 12px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">
0776
0777 <div style=3D"text-align: right;"><a href=3D"h=
0778 ttp://nowiknow.us1.list-manage2.com/track/click?u=3D2889002ad89d45ca21f50b=
0779 a46&id=3Db2f647f3ef&e=3Dcd30a9a755" target=3D"_blank" style=3D"mso-line-h=
0780 eight-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 1=
0781 00%;color: #656565;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;">View t=
0782 his email in your browser</a> =C2=B7 <a href=3D"http://nowiknow.=
0783 us1.list-manage2.com/track/click?u=3D2889002ad89d45ca21f50ba46&id=3D8c46c4=
0784 fdfe&e=3Dcd30a9a755" style=3D"mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size=
0785 -adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #656565;font-weight: n=
0786 ormal;text-decoration: underline;">Missed one? Visit the Archives</a></div=
0787 >
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0795
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0807 tyle=3D"background:#FFFFFF none no-repeat center/cover;mso-line-height-rul=
0808 e: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;backg=
0809 round-color: #FFFFFF;background-image: none;background-repeat: no-repeat;b=
0810 ackground-position: center;background-size: cover;border-top: 0;border-bot=
0811 tom: 0;padding-top: 9px;padding-bottom: 0;"><table border=3D"0" cellpaddin=
0812 g=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" width=3D"100%" class=3D"mcnCodeBlock" style=3D"b=
0813 order-collapse: collapse;mso-table-lspace: 0pt;mso-table-rspace: 0pt;-ms-t=
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0820 <table border=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" al=
0821 ign=3D"center" style=3D"margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;border-collap=
0822 se: collapse;mso-table-lspace: 0pt;mso-table-rspace: 0pt;-ms-text-size-adj=
0823 ust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td colspan=3D"2" st=
0824 yle=3D"mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-te=
0825 xt-size-adjust: 100%;"><a href=3D"http://nowiknow.us1.list-manage1.com/tra=
0826 ck/click?u=3D2889002ad89d45ca21f50ba46&id=3D0a6c76aa42&e=3Dcd30a9a755" re=
0827 l=3D"nofollow" style=3D"mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust=
0828 : 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;"><img src=3D"http://MIR.INSIRE.COM/=
0829 imp?s=3D188055&layout=3Dmarquee&li=3D689d00e31c&e=3D=
0830 cmollekopf@gmail.com&p=3D1b9800e15a" border=3D"0" style=3D"display: block;width: 100=
0831 %;height: auto;border: 0;outline: none;text-decoration: none;-ms-interpola=
0832 tion-mode: bicubic;" width=3D"{INSERT TEMPLATE MAX WIDTH HERE AS INTEGER}"=
0833 ></a></td></tr><tr style=3D"display:block; height:1px; line-height:1px;"><=
0834 td style=3D"mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webk=
0835 it-text-size-adjust: 100%;"><img src=3D"http://MIR.INSIRE.COM/imp?s=3D1880=
0836 56&sz=3D1x1&li=3D689d00e31c&e=3Dcmollekopf@gmail.com&p=3D1b980=
0837 0e15a" height=3D"1" width=3D"10" style=3D"border: 0;height: auto;outline:=
0838 none;text-decoration: none;-ms-interpolation-mode: bicubic;"></td><td sty=
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0840 t-size-adjust: 100%;"><img src=3D"http://MIR.INSIRE.COM/imp?s=3D188057&=
0841 ;sz=3D1x1&li=3D689d00e31c&e=3Dcmollekopf@gmail.com&p=3D1b9800e15a"=
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0843 ext-decoration: none;-ms-interpolation-mode: bicubic;"></td></tr><tr><td a=
0844 lign=3D"left" style=3D"mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:=
0845 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;"><a href=3D"http://nowiknow.us1.list=
0846 -manage1.com/track/click?u=3D2889002ad89d45ca21f50ba46&id=3D8f8ede861a&e=
0847 =3Dcd30a9a755" rel=3D"nofollow" style=3D"mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-m=
0848 s-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;"><img src=3D"http=
0849 ://MIR.INSIRE.COM/imp?s=3D188058&sz=3D116x15&li=3D689d00e31c&e=
0850 =3Dcmollekopf@gmail.com&p=3D1b9800e15a" border=3D"0" style=3D"border: 0;he=
0851 ight: auto;outline: none;text-decoration: none;-ms-interpolation-mode: bic=
0852 ubic;"></a></td><td align=3D"right" style=3D"mso-line-height-rule: exactly=
0853 ;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;"><a href=3D"ht=
0854 tp://nowiknow.us1.list-manage1.com/track/click?u=3D2889002ad89d45ca21f50ba=
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0856 ght-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100=
0857 %;"><img src=3D"http://MIR.INSIRE.COM/imp?s=3D188059&sz=3D69x15&li=
0858 =3D689d00e31c&e=3Dcmollekopf@gmail.com&p=3D1b9800e15a" border=3D"0" st=
0859 yle=3D"border: 0;height: auto;outline: none;text-decoration: none;-ms-inte=
0860 rpolation-mode: bicubic;"></a></td></tr></tbody></table>
0861 </td>
0862 </tr>
0863 </tbody>
0864 </table><table border=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" width=3D"1=
0865 00%" class=3D"mcnImageBlock" style=3D"min-width: 100%;border-collapse: col=
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0872 lass=3D"mcnImageBlockInner">
0873 <table align=3D"left" width=3D"100%" border=3D"0" cell=
0874 padding=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" class=3D"mcnImageContentContainer" style=
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0877 ">
0878 <tbody><tr>
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0880 tyle=3D"padding-right: 9px;padding-left: 9px;padding-top: 0;padding-bottom=
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0882 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;">
0883
0884 <a href=3D"http://nowiknow.us1.list-ma=
0885 nage.com/track/click?u=3D2889002ad89d45ca21f50ba46&id=3D3e7c0fee15&e=3D=
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0895 </a>
0896
0897 </td>
0898 </tr>
0899 </tbody></table>
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0904 </tr>
0905 <tr>
0906 <td valign=3D"top" id=3D"templateBody" sty=
0907 le=3D"background:#FFFFFF none no-repeat center/cover;mso-line-height-rule:=
0908 exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;backgro=
0909 und-color: #FFFFFF;background-image: none;background-repeat: no-repeat;bac=
0910 kground-position: center;background-size: cover;border-top: 0;border-botto=
0911 m: 2px solid #EAEAEA;padding-top: 0;padding-bottom: 9px;"><table border=3D=
0912 "0" cellpadding=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" width=3D"100%" class=3D"mcnTextBlo=
0913 ck" style=3D"min-width: 100%;border-collapse: collapse;mso-table-lspace: 0=
0914 pt;mso-table-rspace: 0pt;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adju=
0915 st: 100%;">
0916 <tbody class=3D"mcnTextBlockOuter">
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0919 g-top: 9px;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webki=
0920 t-text-size-adjust: 100%;">
0921 =09<!--[if mso]>
0922 =09=09=09=09<table align=3D"left" border=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" cellpaddi=
0923 ng=3D"0" width=3D"100%" style=3D"width:100%;">
0924 =09=09=09=09<tr>
0925 =09=09=09=09<![endif]-->
0926 =09=09=09
0927 =09=09=09=09<!--[if mso]>
0928 =09=09=09=09<td valign=3D"top" width=3D"600" style=3D"width:600px;">
0929 =09=09=09=09<![endif]-->
0930 <table align=3D"left" border=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" cells=
0931 pacing=3D"0" style=3D"max-width: 100%;min-width: 100%;border-collapse: col=
0932 lapse;mso-table-lspace: 0pt;mso-table-rspace: 0pt;-ms-text-size-adjust: 10=
0933 0%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;" width=3D"100%" class=3D"mcnTextContent=
0934 Container">
0935 <tbody><tr>
0936
0937 <td valign=3D"top" class=3D"mcnTextContent" style=
0938 =3D"padding-top: 0;padding-right: 18px;padding-bottom: 9px;padding-left: 1=
0939 8px;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-=
0940 size-adjust: 100%;word-break: break-word;color: #202020;font-family: Helve=
0941 tica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">
0942
0943 <div><em>Just likes yesterday: I'm on vacation=
0944 this week=2C so today's Now I Know is a re-run=2C originally from 20=
0945 10. (The Weekender is still TBD.) -- <a href=3D"http://nowiknow.us1.l=
0946 ist-manage.com/track/click?u=3D2889002ad89d45ca21f50ba46&id=3D949248ae12&e=
0947 =3Dcd30a9a755" style=3D"mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjus=
0948 t: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #0000ff;font-weight: normal;=
0949 text-decoration: underline;">Dan</a></em>
0950
0951 <h1 style=3D"display: block;margin: 0;padding: 0;color: #202020;font-famil=
0952 y: Helvetica;font-size: 26px;font-style: normal;font-weight: bold;line-hei=
0953 ght: 125%;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;"><font color=3D"#000080=
0954 ">Why Pisa=E2=80=99s Tower Leans</font></h1>
0955 </div>
0956
0957 </td>
0958 </tr>
0959 </tbody></table>
0960 =09=09=09=09<!--[if mso]>
0961 =09=09=09=09</td>
0962 =09=09=09=09<![endif]-->
0963
0964 =09=09=09=09<!--[if mso]>
0965 =09=09=09=09</tr>
0966 =09=09=09=09</table>
0967 =09=09=09=09<![endif]-->
0968 </td>
0969 </tr>
0970 </tbody>
0971 </table><table border=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" width=3D"1=
0972 00%" class=3D"mcnImageBlock" style=3D"min-width: 100%;border-collapse: col=
0973 lapse;mso-table-lspace: 0pt;mso-table-rspace: 0pt;-ms-text-size-adjust: 10=
0974 0%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;">
0975 <tbody class=3D"mcnImageBlockOuter">
0976 <tr>
0977 <td valign=3D"top" style=3D"padding: 9px;mso-line-height-r=
0978 ule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;" c=
0979 lass=3D"mcnImageBlockInner">
0980 <table align=3D"left" width=3D"100%" border=3D"0" cell=
0981 padding=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" class=3D"mcnImageContentContainer" style=
0982 =3D"min-width: 100%;border-collapse: collapse;mso-table-lspace: 0pt;mso-ta=
0983 ble-rspace: 0pt;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;=
0984 ">
0985 <tbody><tr>
0986 <td class=3D"mcnImageContent" valign=3D"top" s=
0987 tyle=3D"padding-right: 9px;padding-left: 9px;padding-top: 0;padding-bottom=
0988 : 0;text-align: center;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:=
0989 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;">
0990
0991
0992 <img align=3D"center" alt=3D"" src=
0993 =3D"https://gallery.mailchimp.com/2889002ad89d45ca21f50ba46/images/a7a2f56=
0994 d-76ce-47ab-8965-91b304217398.jpg" width=3D"300" style=3D"max-width: 300px=
0995 ;padding-bottom: 0;display: inline !important;vertical-align: bottom;borde=
0996 r: 0;height: auto;outline: none;text-decoration: none;-ms-interpolation-mo=
0997 de: bicubic;" class=3D"mcnImage">
0998
0999
1000 </td>
1001 </tr>
1002 </tbody></table>
1003 </td>
1004 </tr>
1005 </tbody>
1006 </table><table border=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" width=3D"1=
1007 00%" class=3D"mcnTextBlock" style=3D"min-width: 100%;border-collapse: coll=
1008 apse;mso-table-lspace: 0pt;mso-table-rspace: 0pt;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100=
1009 %;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;">
1010 <tbody class=3D"mcnTextBlockOuter">
1011 <tr>
1012 <td valign=3D"top" class=3D"mcnTextBlockInner" style=3D"paddin=
1013 g-top: 9px;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webki=
1014 t-text-size-adjust: 100%;">
1015 =09<!--[if mso]>
1016 =09=09=09=09<table align=3D"left" border=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" cellpaddi=
1017 ng=3D"0" width=3D"100%" style=3D"width:100%;">
1018 =09=09=09=09<tr>
1019 =09=09=09=09<![endif]-->
1020 =09=09=09
1021 =09=09=09=09<!--[if mso]>
1022 =09=09=09=09<td valign=3D"top" width=3D"600" style=3D"width:600px;">
1023 =09=09=09=09<![endif]-->
1024 <table align=3D"left" border=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" cells=
1025 pacing=3D"0" style=3D"max-width: 100%;min-width: 100%;border-collapse: col=
1026 lapse;mso-table-lspace: 0pt;mso-table-rspace: 0pt;-ms-text-size-adjust: 10=
1027 0%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;" width=3D"100%" class=3D"mcnTextContent=
1028 Container">
1029 <tbody><tr>
1030
1031 <td valign=3D"top" class=3D"mcnTextContent" style=
1032 =3D"padding-top: 0;padding-right: 18px;padding-bottom: 9px;padding-left: 1=
1033 8px;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-=
1034 size-adjust: 100%;word-break: break-word;color: #202020;font-family: Helve=
1035 tica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">
1036
1037 <p style=3D"margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line=
1038 -height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:=
1039 100%;color: #202020;font-family: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 1=
1040 50%;text-align: left;">The Leaning Tower of Pisa is over 800 years old.&nb=
1041 sp; Construction started on it in 1173 and=2C almost two centuries later (=
1042 and after two work stoppages)=2C completed in the 1370s. For h=
1043 istory=E2=80=99s sake=2C it is a good thing that there were two work stopp=
1044 ages =E2=80=94 otherwise=2C the structure probably would have collapsed lo=
1045 ng ago. The Tower is built on=2C basically=2C a marsh =E2=80=94 a th=
1046 in layer of <a href=3D"http://nowiknow.us1.list-manage.com/track/clic=
1047 k?u=3D2889002ad89d45ca21f50ba46&id=3De624abfe58&e=3Dcd30a9a755" target=3D=
1048 "_blank" style=3D"mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%=
1049 ;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #0000ff;font-weight: normal;text-de=
1050 coration: underline;">alluvial silt</a> atop soft marine clay. &=
1051 nbsp; The work stoppages gave time for the existing incomplete infrastruct=
1052 ure to settle in the soft soil=2C compacting the ground beneath it and=2C=
1053 effectively=2C letting Mother Earth adapt before construction resumed.&nb=
1054 sp; A minor miracle=2C in and of itself.</p>
1055
1056 <p style=3D"margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-te=
1057 xt-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-fa=
1058 mily: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">It th=
1059 erefore makes sense that the Tower is unstable=2C likely to shift its posi=
1060 tion any which way as time passes. But the mystery runs deeper. =
1061 ; The Leaning Tower of Pisa only leans to the south. Assuming the un=
1062 stable ground beneath is uniformly so=2C that did not make a lot of sense.=
1063 </p>
1064
1065 <p style=3D"margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-te=
1066 xt-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-fa=
1067 mily: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">In 19=
1068 89=2C the Tower was leaning roughly 15 feet off its center=2C when disaste=
1069 r struck =E2=80=94 in Milan. Another tower=2C the <a href=3D"ht=
1070 tp://nowiknow.us1.list-manage.com/track/click?u=3D2889002ad89d45ca21f50ba4=
1071 6&id=3D995d196326&e=3Dcd30a9a755" target=3D"_blank" style=3D"mso-line-hei=
1072 ght-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100=
1073 %;color: #0000ff;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;">Civic To=
1074 wer of Pavia</a>=2C crumbled=2C killing four passersby. Fearing a si=
1075 milar fate for Pisa=2C the Italian government closed the tower and made a=
1076 $40 million grant to researchers=2C hoping to stave off the Tower=E2=80=
1077 =99s tilt into destruction. The task was daunting=2C as researchers=
1078 were split =E2=80=94 some believed the problem was with the underlying la=
1079 nd; others believed the problem was with the structure itself. Redou=
1080 bling these problems were the art historians=2C who insisted on preserving=
1081 the artistic value of the Tower; in short=2C propping the Tower up was a=
1082 non-starter.</p>
1083
1084 <p style=3D"margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-te=
1085 xt-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-fa=
1086 mily: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">Findi=
1087 ng a solution took four different tries and almost a decade. In the=
1088 end=2C the team used something called =E2=80=9Csoil extraction=E2=80=9D=
1089 =E2=80=94 as <a href=3D"http://nowiknow.us1.list-manage2.com/track/c=
1090 lick?u=3D2889002ad89d45ca21f50ba46&id=3Db0bbe1296f&e=3Dcd30a9a755" target=
1091 =3D"_blank" style=3D"mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 1=
1092 00%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #0000ff;font-weight: normal;text=
1093 -decoration: underline;">described</a> by the Telegraph (UK)=2C this=
1094 meant =E2=80=9Cdrilling out slivers of soil from beneath the northern sid=
1095 e of the tower =E2=80=93 away from the lean =E2=80=93 and allowing gravity=
1096 to coax the structure back upright.=E2=80=9D It was a nuanced task=
1097 in and of itself. Professor John Burland=2C a soil engineer at the=
1098 Imperial College London=2C lead the efforts with the help of 120 sensors=
1099 placed in=2C around=2C and outside the Tower=2C and an army of fax machin=
1100 es. For two years=2C twice a day=2C the sensor readings were faxed t=
1101 o his attention; he=E2=80=99d run some calculations and inform the driller=
1102 s how to continue. The Tower re-opened in late 2001.</p>
1103
1104 <p style=3D"margin: 10px 0;padding: 0;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-te=
1105 xt-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #202020;font-fa=
1106 mily: Helvetica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">In ca=
1107 pturing all these data points =E2=80=94 two a day for two years =E2=80=94=
1108 Burland had in front of him the answer to the previously unanswerable que=
1109 stion of the Tower=E2=80=99s southward tilt. In 2003=2C he figured i=
1110 t out. The <a href=3D"http://nowiknow.us1.list-manage2.com/trac=
1111 k/click?u=3D2889002ad89d45ca21f50ba46&id=3Daccb264095&e=3Dcd30a9a755" tar=
1112 get=3D"_blank" style=3D"mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust=
1113 : 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #0000ff;font-weight: normal;t=
1114 ext-decoration: underline;">water table</a> on the north side of the=
1115 Tower rose up to a foot higher at times during Pisa=E2=80=99s rainy seaso=
1116 n. In effect=2C the water tower slowly=2C slightly=2C and temporaril=
1117 y boosted the land on the north side=2C pushing the Tower to lean south. &=
1118 nbsp; Using a custom drainage system to normalize the water table=2C Burla=
1119 nd has stemmed the Tower=E2=80=99s further tilt entirely =E2=80=94 since t=
1120 he solution was put in place seven [now 14!] years ago=2C the Tower=E2=80=
1121 =99s tilt has remained the same.</p>
1122
1123 </td>
1124 </tr>
1125 </tbody></table>
1126 =09=09=09=09<!--[if mso]>
1127 =09=09=09=09</td>
1128 =09=09=09=09<![endif]-->
1129
1130 =09=09=09=09<!--[if mso]>
1131 =09=09=09=09</tr>
1132 =09=09=09=09</table>
1133 =09=09=09=09<![endif]-->
1134 </td>
1135 </tr>
1136 </tbody>
1137 </table><table border=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" width=3D"1=
1138 00%" class=3D"mcnDividerBlock" style=3D"min-width: 100%;border-collapse: c=
1139 ollapse;mso-table-lspace: 0pt;mso-table-rspace: 0pt;-ms-text-size-adjust:=
1140 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;table-layout: fixed !important;">
1141 <tbody class=3D"mcnDividerBlockOuter">
1142 <tr>
1143 <td class=3D"mcnDividerBlockInner" style=3D"min-width: 100%;pa=
1144 dding: 0px 18px;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-=
1145 webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;">
1146 <table class=3D"mcnDividerContent" border=3D"0" cellpaddin=
1147 g=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" width=3D"100%" style=3D"min-width: 100%;border-t=
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1149 table-rspace: 0pt;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100=
1150 %;">
1151 <tbody><tr>
1152 <td style=3D"mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-tex=
1153 t-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;">
1154 <span></span>
1155 </td>
1156 </tr>
1157 </tbody></table>
1158 <!--
1159 <td class=3D"mcnDividerBlockInner" style=3D"padding: 18px;=
1160 ">
1161 <hr class=3D"mcnDividerContent" style=3D"border-bottom-col=
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1164 ht:0; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:0;" />
1165 -->
1166 </td>
1167 </tr>
1168 </tbody>
1169 </table><table border=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" width=3D"1=
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1173 <tbody class=3D"mcnImageBlockOuter">
1174 <tr>
1175 <td valign=3D"top" style=3D"padding: 9px;mso-line-height-r=
1176 ule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;" c=
1177 lass=3D"mcnImageBlockInner">
1178 <table align=3D"left" width=3D"100%" border=3D"0" cell=
1179 padding=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" class=3D"mcnImageContentContainer" style=
1180 =3D"min-width: 100%;border-collapse: collapse;mso-table-lspace: 0pt;mso-ta=
1181 ble-rspace: 0pt;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;=
1182 ">
1183 <tbody><tr>
1184 <td class=3D"mcnImageContent" valign=3D"top" s=
1185 tyle=3D"padding-right: 9px;padding-left: 9px;padding-top: 0;padding-bottom=
1186 : 0;text-align: center;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust:=
1187 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;">
1188
1189 <a href=3D"http://nowiknow.us1.list-ma=
1190 nage.com/track/click?u=3D2889002ad89d45ca21f50ba46&id=3Db485bbd7b4&e=3D=
1191 cd30a9a755" title=3D"" class=3D"" target=3D"_blank" style=3D"mso-line-height=
1192 -rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;"=
1193 >
1194 <img align=3D"center" alt=3D"" src=
1195 =3D"https://gallery.mailchimp.com/2889002ad89d45ca21f50ba46/images/b588757=
1196 c-459c-4662-9cd4-327f2844f58f.png" width=3D"564" style=3D"max-width: 656px=
1197 ;padding-bottom: 0;display: inline !important;vertical-align: bottom;borde=
1198 r: 0;height: auto;outline: none;text-decoration: none;-ms-interpolation-mo=
1199 de: bicubic;" class=3D"mcnImage">
1200 </a>
1201
1202 </td>
1203 </tr>
1204 </tbody></table>
1205 </td>
1206 </tr>
1207 </tbody>
1208 </table><table border=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" width=3D"1=
1209 00%" class=3D"mcnTextBlock" style=3D"min-width: 100%;border-collapse: coll=
1210 apse;mso-table-lspace: 0pt;mso-table-rspace: 0pt;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100=
1211 %;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;">
1212 <tbody class=3D"mcnTextBlockOuter">
1213 <tr>
1214 <td valign=3D"top" class=3D"mcnTextBlockInner" style=3D"paddin=
1215 g-top: 9px;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webki=
1216 t-text-size-adjust: 100%;">
1217 =09<!--[if mso]>
1218 =09=09=09=09<table align=3D"left" border=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" cellpaddi=
1219 ng=3D"0" width=3D"100%" style=3D"width:100%;">
1220 =09=09=09=09<tr>
1221 =09=09=09=09<![endif]-->
1222 =09=09=09
1223 =09=09=09=09<!--[if mso]>
1224 =09=09=09=09<td valign=3D"top" width=3D"600" style=3D"width:600px;">
1225 =09=09=09=09<![endif]-->
1226 <table align=3D"left" border=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" cells=
1227 pacing=3D"0" style=3D"max-width: 100%;min-width: 100%;border-collapse: col=
1228 lapse;mso-table-lspace: 0pt;mso-table-rspace: 0pt;-ms-text-size-adjust: 10=
1229 0%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;" width=3D"100%" class=3D"mcnTextContent=
1230 Container">
1231 <tbody><tr>
1232
1233 <td valign=3D"top" class=3D"mcnTextContent" style=
1234 =3D"padding-top: 0;padding-right: 18px;padding-bottom: 9px;padding-left: 1=
1235 8px;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-=
1236 size-adjust: 100%;word-break: break-word;color: #202020;font-family: Helve=
1237 tica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">
1238
1239 <div style=3D"text-align: center;"><em>Now I K=
1240 now is supported by readers like you. Please consider becoming a patron by=
1241 supporting the project on Patreon. <a href=3D"http://nowiknow.us1.li=
1242 st-manage.com/track/click?u=3D2889002ad89d45ca21f50ba46&id=3Da51a2ca803&e=
1243 =3Dcd30a9a755" target=3D"_blank" style=3D"mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-=
1244 ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #0000ff;fo=
1245 nt-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;">Click here to pledge your s=
1246 upport</a>.</em></div>
1247
1248 </td>
1249 </tr>
1250 </tbody></table>
1251 =09=09=09=09<!--[if mso]>
1252 =09=09=09=09</td>
1253 =09=09=09=09<![endif]-->
1254
1255 =09=09=09=09<!--[if mso]>
1256 =09=09=09=09</tr>
1257 =09=09=09=09</table>
1258 =09=09=09=09<![endif]-->
1259 </td>
1260 </tr>
1261 </tbody>
1262 </table><table border=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" width=3D"1=
1263 00%" class=3D"mcnDividerBlock" style=3D"min-width: 100%;border-collapse: c=
1264 ollapse;mso-table-lspace: 0pt;mso-table-rspace: 0pt;-ms-text-size-adjust:=
1265 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;table-layout: fixed !important;">
1266 <tbody class=3D"mcnDividerBlockOuter">
1267 <tr>
1268 <td class=3D"mcnDividerBlockInner" style=3D"min-width: 100%;pa=
1269 dding: 0px 18px;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-=
1270 webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;">
1271 <table class=3D"mcnDividerContent" border=3D"0" cellpaddin=
1272 g=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" width=3D"100%" style=3D"min-width: 100%;border-t=
1273 op: 3px solid #EAEAEA;border-collapse: collapse;mso-table-lspace: 0pt;mso-=
1274 table-rspace: 0pt;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100=
1275 %;">
1276 <tbody><tr>
1277 <td style=3D"mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-tex=
1278 t-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;">
1279 <span></span>
1280 </td>
1281 </tr>
1282 </tbody></table>
1283 <!--
1284 <td class=3D"mcnDividerBlockInner" style=3D"padding: 18px;=
1285 ">
1286 <hr class=3D"mcnDividerContent" style=3D"border-bottom-col=
1287 or:none; border-left-color:none; border-right-color:none; border-bottom-wi=
1288 dth:0; border-left-width:0; border-right-width:0; margin-top:0; margin-rig=
1289 ht:0; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:0;" />
1290 -->
1291 </td>
1292 </tr>
1293 </tbody>
1294 </table><table border=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" width=3D"1=
1295 00%" class=3D"mcnTextBlock" style=3D"min-width: 100%;border-collapse: coll=
1296 apse;mso-table-lspace: 0pt;mso-table-rspace: 0pt;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100=
1297 %;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;">
1298 <tbody class=3D"mcnTextBlockOuter">
1299 <tr>
1300 <td valign=3D"top" class=3D"mcnTextBlockInner" style=3D"paddin=
1301 g-top: 9px;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webki=
1302 t-text-size-adjust: 100%;">
1303 =09<!--[if mso]>
1304 =09=09=09=09<table align=3D"left" border=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" cellpaddi=
1305 ng=3D"0" width=3D"100%" style=3D"width:100%;">
1306 =09=09=09=09<tr>
1307 =09=09=09=09<![endif]-->
1308 =09=09=09
1309 =09=09=09=09<!--[if mso]>
1310 =09=09=09=09<td valign=3D"top" width=3D"600" style=3D"width:600px;">
1311 =09=09=09=09<![endif]-->
1312 <table align=3D"left" border=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" cells=
1313 pacing=3D"0" style=3D"max-width: 100%;min-width: 100%;border-collapse: col=
1314 lapse;mso-table-lspace: 0pt;mso-table-rspace: 0pt;-ms-text-size-adjust: 10=
1315 0%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;" width=3D"100%" class=3D"mcnTextContent=
1316 Container">
1317 <tbody><tr>
1318
1319 <td valign=3D"top" class=3D"mcnTextContent" style=
1320 =3D"padding-top: 0;padding-right: 18px;padding-bottom: 9px;padding-left: 1=
1321 8px;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-=
1322 size-adjust: 100%;word-break: break-word;color: #202020;font-family: Helve=
1323 tica;font-size: 16px;line-height: 150%;text-align: left;">
1324
1325 <div style=3D"text-align: left;"><br>
1326 <font color=3D"#000080"><strong><u>Bonus fact</u></strong></font>: Groundw=
1327 ater flows can prevent problems=2C too. In 1958=2C the town of Conco=
1328 rd=2C Massachusetts opened a landfill adjacent to Walden Pond=2C the=
1329 eponymous site of Henry David Thoreau=E2=80=99s <em>On Walden Pond</=
1330 em>. Because the groundwater table ran from the pond to the landfill=
1331 (and not vice versa)=2C the pond remained relatively unpolluted by the ne=
1332 arby refuse.=E2=80=8B<br>
1333 <br>
1334 <font color=3D"#000080"><strong><u>From the Archives</u></strong></font>:=
1335 <a href=3D"http://nowiknow.us1.list-manage.com/track/click?u=3D2889002ad8=
1336 9d45ca21f50ba46&id=3D9cfb51a117&e=3Dcd30a9a755" style=3D"mso-line-height-=
1337 rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;co=
1338 lor: #0000ff;font-weight: normal;text-decoration: underline;">Patent Leath=
1339 er Shoes</a>: How Michael Jackson managed to pull off an incredible=2C gra=
1340 vity-defying lean of his own.<br>
1341 </div>
1342 <font color=3D"#000080"><strong><u>Related</u></strong></font>: A 3-d=
1343 =2C Leaning Tower of Pisa <a href=3D"http://nowiknow.us1.list-manage.=
1344 com/track/click?u=3D2889002ad89d45ca21f50ba46&id=3D3e98ab8352&e=3D=
1345 cd30a9a755" target=3D"_blank" style=3D"mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-siz=
1346 e-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;color: #0000ff;font-weight:=
1347 normal;text-decoration: underline;">puzzle</a>.<br>
1348
1349 </td>
1350 </tr>
1351 </tbody></table>
1352 =09=09=09=09<!--[if mso]>
1353 =09=09=09=09</td>
1354 =09=09=09=09<![endif]-->
1355
1356 =09=09=09=09<!--[if mso]>
1357 =09=09=09=09</tr>
1358 =09=09=09=09</table>
1359 =09=09=09=09<![endif]-->
1360 </td>
1361 </tr>
1362 </tbody>
1363 </table><table border=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" width=3D"1=
1364 00%" class=3D"mcnCodeBlock" style=3D"border-collapse: collapse;mso-table-l=
1365 space: 0pt;mso-table-rspace: 0pt;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-s=
1366 ize-adjust: 100%;">
1367 <tbody class=3D"mcnTextBlockOuter">
1368 <tr>
1369 <td valign=3D"top" class=3D"mcnTextBlockInner" style=3D"mso-li=
1370 ne-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjus=
1371 t: 100%;">
1372 <center><table border=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" cellspacing=
1373 =3D"0" style=3D"border-collapse: collapse;mso-table-lspace: 0pt;mso-table-=
1374 rspace: 0pt;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;"><t=
1375 body><tr><td colspan=3D"2" style=3D"mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text=
1376 -size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;"><a style=3D"display: b=
1377 lock;width: 300px;height: 250px;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-siz=
1378 e-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;" href=3D"http://nowiknow.us=
1379 1.list-manage.com/track/click?u=3D2889002ad89d45ca21f50ba46&id=3D8d9e2bf2f=
1380 a&e=3Dcd30a9a755" rel=3D"nofollow"><img src=3D"http://MIR.INSIRE.COM/imp?=
1381 s=3D97521&sz=3D300x250&li=3D689d00e31c&e=3Dcmollekopf@gmail.com&am=
1382 p;p=3D1b9800e15a" border=3D"0" width=3D"300" height=3D"250" style=3D"borde=
1383 r: 0;height: auto;outline: none;text-decoration: none;-ms-interpolation-mo=
1384 de: bicubic;"></a></td></tr><tr style=3D"display:block; height:1px; line-h=
1385 eight:1px;"><td style=3D"mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjus=
1386 t: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;"><img src=3D"http://MIR.INSIRE.COM=
1387 /imp?s=3D97522&sz=3D1x1&li=3D689d00e31c&e=3Dcmollekopf@gmail.com&a=
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1390 /td><td style=3D"mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;=
1391 -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;"><img src=3D"http://MIR.INSIRE.COM/imp?s=
1392 =3D97523&sz=3D1x1&li=3D689d00e31c&e=3Dcmollekopf@gmail.com&p=
1393 =3D1b9800e15a" height=3D"1" width=3D"10" style=3D"border: 0;height: auto;o=
1394 utline: none;text-decoration: none;-ms-interpolation-mode: bicubic;"></td>=
1395 </tr><tr><td align=3D"left" style=3D"mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-tex=
1396 t-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;"><a href=3D"http://now=
1397 iknow.us1.list-manage.com/track/click?u=3D2889002ad89d45ca21f50ba46&id=3D4=
1398 f3db3ffca&e=3Dcd30a9a755" rel=3D"nofollow" style=3D"mso-line-height-rule:=
1399 exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;"><img=
1400 src=3D"http://MIR.INSIRE.COM/imp?s=3D2054&sz=3D116x15&li=3D689d00=
1401 e31c&e=3Dcmollekopf@gmail.com&p=3D1b9800e15a" border=3D"0" style=3D"bo=
1402 rder: 0;height: auto;outline: none;text-decoration: none;-ms-interpolation=
1403 -mode: bicubic;"></a></td><td align=3D"right" style=3D"mso-line-height-rul=
1404 e: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;"><a=
1405 href=3D"http://nowiknow.us1.list-manage.com/track/click?u=3D2889002ad89d4=
1406 5ca21f50ba46&id=3Daf6b1e86bf&e=3Dcd30a9a755" rel=3D"nofollow" style=3D"ms=
1407 o-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-a=
1408 djust: 100%;"><img src=3D"http://MIR.INSIRE.COM/imp?s=3D96003&sz=3D69x=
1409 15&li=3D689d00e31c&e=3Dcmollekopf@gmail.com&p=3D1b9800e15a" border=
1410 =3D"0" style=3D"border: 0;height: auto;outline: none;text-decoration: none=
1411 ;-ms-interpolation-mode: bicubic;"></a></td></tr></tbody></table>
1412 </center>
1413 </td>
1414 </tr>
1415 </tbody>
1416 </table><table border=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0" width=3D"1=
1417 00%" class=3D"mcnShareBlock" style=3D"min-width: 100%;border-collapse: col=
1418 lapse;mso-table-lspace: 0pt;mso-table-rspace: 0pt;-ms-text-size-adjust: 10=
1419 0%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;">
1420 <tbody class=3D"mcnShareBlockOuter">
1421 <tr>
1422 <td valign=3D"top" style=3D"padding: 9px;mso-line-height-r=
1423 ule: exactly;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;" c=
1424 lass=3D"mcnShareBlockInner">
1425 <table border=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" cellspacing=3D"0=
1426 " width=3D"100%" class=3D"mcnShareContentContainer" style=3D"min-width: 10=
1427 0%;border-collapse: collapse;mso-table-lspace: 0pt;mso-table-rspace: 0pt;-=
1428 ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;">
1429 <tbody><tr>
1430 <td align=3D"center" style=3D"padding-top: 0;padding-left: 9px;pad=
1431 ding-bottom: 0;padding-right: 9px;mso-line-height-rule: exactly;-ms-text-s=
1432 ize-adjust: 100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;">
1433 <table align=3D"center" border=3D"0" cellpadding=3D"0" cellspa=
1434 cing=3D"0" width=3D"100%" style=3D"min-width: 100%;border-collapse: collap=
1435 se;mso-table-lspace: 0pt;mso-table-rspace: 0pt;-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%;=
1436 -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;" class=3D"mcnShareContent">
1437 <tbody><tr>
1438 <td align=3D"center" valign=3D"top" class=3D"mcnShareC=
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1709 <a href=3D"http://nowiknow.us1.list-manage.com/track/click?u=3D2=
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