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Public domain. 0059 Originally written by Jim Hefferon and Karl Berry, 2018. */ 0060 0061 /* So you can style for yourself */ 0062 @import url("/css/latexreflocal.css"); 0063 0064 0065 0066 a.summary-letter {text-decoration: none} 0067 blockquote.indentedblock {margin-right: 0em} 0068 blockquote.smallindentedblock {margin-right: 0em; font-size: smaller} 0069 blockquote.smallquotation {font-size: smaller} 0070 div.display {margin-left: 3.2em} 0071 div.example {margin-left: 3.2em} 0072 div.lisp {margin-left: 3.2em} 0073 div.smalldisplay {margin-left: 3.2em} 0074 div.smallexample {margin-left: 3.2em} 0075 div.smalllisp {margin-left: 3.2em} 0076 kbd {font-style: oblique} 0077 pre.display {font-family: inherit} 0078 pre.format {font-family: inherit} 0079 pre.menu-comment {font-family: serif} 0080 pre.menu-preformatted {font-family: serif} 0081 pre.smalldisplay {font-family: inherit; font-size: smaller} 0082 pre.smallexample {font-size: smaller} 0083 pre.smallformat {font-family: inherit; font-size: smaller} 0084 pre.smalllisp {font-size: smaller} 0085 span.nolinebreak {white-space: nowrap} 0086 span.roman {font-family: initial; font-weight: normal} 0087 span.sansserif {font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: normal} 0088 ul.no-bullet {list-style: none} 0089 BODY { 0090 margin-top: 1em; 0091 margin-left: 1em; /* auto results in two-digit <ol> lost off left */ 0092 margin-right: 1em; 0093 margin-bottom: 1em; 0094 /* the idea is to use the whole window, unless it is ridiculously 0095 wide, probably with too-small fonts, too. */ 0096 max-width: 64em; 0097 } 0098 0099 /* Because we want @math{... @code ...} to be upright, not slanted, 0100 and Texinfo won't fix it. */ 0101 code {font-style:normal; font-family:monospace; } 0102 0103 /* We put a link to our own home page at the bottom. */ 0104 div.referenceinfo {font-size:small;} 0105 0106 --> 0107 </style> 0108 0109 0110 </head> 0111 0112 <body lang="en"> 0113 <a name="Subscripts-_0026-superscripts"></a> 0114 <div class="header"> 0115 <p> 0116 Next: <a href="Math-symbols.html#Math-symbols" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math symbols</a>, Up: <a href="Math-formulas.html#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> [<a href="index.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="IndexDocument.html#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> 0117 </div> 0118 <hr> 0119 <a name="Subscripts-_0026-superscripts-1"></a> 0120 <h3 class="section">16.1 Subscripts & superscripts</h3> 0121 0122 <a name="index-superscript"></a> 0123 <a name="index-subscript"></a> 0124 <a name="index-exponent"></a> 0125 <a name="index-_005f"></a> 0126 <a name="index-_005e"></a> 0127 0128 <p>Synopsis (in math mode or display math mode), one of: 0129 </p> 0130 <div class="example"> 0131 <pre class="example"><var>base</var>^<var>exp</var> 0132 <var>base</var>^{<var>exp</var>} 0133 </pre></div> 0134 0135 <p>or, one of: 0136 </p> 0137 <div class="example"> 0138 <pre class="example"><var>base</var>_<var>exp</var> 0139 <var>base</var>_{<var>exp</var>} 0140 </pre></div> 0141 0142 <p>Make <var>exp</var> appear as a superscript of <var>base</var> (with the caret 0143 character, <code>^</code>) or a subscript (with 0144 underscore, <code>_</code>). 0145 </p> 0146 <p>In this example the <code>0</code>’s and <code>1</code>’s are subscripts while the 0147 <code>2</code>’s are superscripts. 0148 </p> 0149 <div class="example"> 0150 <pre class="example">\( (x_0+x_1)^2 \leq (x_0)^2+(x_1)^2 \) 0151 </pre></div> 0152 0153 <p>To have the subscript or superscript contain more than one character, 0154 surround the expression with curly braces, as in <code>e^{-2x}</code>. 0155 This example’s fourth line shows curly braces used to group an expression 0156 for the exponent. 0157 </p> 0158 <div class="example"> 0159 <pre class="example">\begin{displaymath} 0160 (3^3)^3=27^3=19\,683 0161 \qquad 0162 3^{(3^3)}=3^{27}=7\,625\,597\,484\,987 0163 \end{displaymath} 0164 </pre></div> 0165 0166 <p>LaTeX knows how to handle a superscript on a superscript, or a 0167 subscript on a subscript, or supers on subs, or subs on supers. So, 0168 expressions such as <code>e^{x^2}</code> and <code>x_{i_0}</code> give correct 0169 output. Note the use in those expressions of curly braces to give the 0170 <var>base</var> a determined <var>exp</var>. If you enter <code>\(3^3^3\)</code> then 0171 you get ‘<samp>Double superscript</samp>’. 0172 </p> 0173 <p>LaTeX does the right thing when something has both a subscript and a 0174 superscript. In this example the integral has both. They come out in 0175 the correct place without any author intervention. 0176 </p> 0177 <div class="example"> 0178 <pre class="example">\begin{displaymath} 0179 \int_{x=a}^b f'(x)\,dx = f(b)-f(a) 0180 \end{displaymath} 0181 </pre></div> 0182 0183 <p>Note the parentheses around <code>x=a</code> to make the entire expression a 0184 subscript. 0185 </p> 0186 <p>To put a superscript or subscript before a symbol, use a construct like 0187 <code>{}_t K^2</code>. The empty curly braces <code>{}</code> give the 0188 subscript something to attach to and keeps it from accidentally 0189 attaching to a prior symbols. 0190 </p> 0191 <p>Using the subscript or superscript character outside of math mode or 0192 display math mode, as in <code>the expression x^2</code>, will get you 0193 the error ‘<samp>Missing $ inserted</samp>’. 0194 </p> 0195 <a name="index-package_002c-mhchem"></a> 0196 <a name="index-mhchem-package"></a> 0197 0198 <p>A common reason to want subscripts outside of a mathematics mode is to 0199 typeset chemical formulas. There are packages for that, such as 0200 <samp>mhchem</samp>; see CTAN. 0201 </p> 0202 0203 0204 0205 <hr/><div class='referenceinfo'> <a href='https://latexref.xyz/'> <i>Unofficial LaTeX2e reference manual</i></a></div> 0206 </body> 0207 </html>