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(From these references no 0018 text was directly copied.) 0019 0020 Copyright 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 0021 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 Karl Berry. 0022 0023 Copyright 1988, 1994, 2007 Stephen Gilmore. 0024 0025 Copyright 1994, 1995, 1996 Torsten Martinsen. 0026 0027 Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of 0028 this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice 0029 are preserved on all copies. 0030 0031 0032 Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this 0033 manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire 0034 resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission 0035 notice identical to this one. 0036 0037 Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual 0038 into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions. --> 0039 <!-- Created by GNU Texinfo 6.5, http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ --> 0040 <head> 0041 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> 0042 <title>Spacing in math mode (LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (November 2018))</title> 0043 0044 <meta name="description" content="Spacing in math mode (LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (November 2018))"> 0045 <meta name="keywords" content="Spacing in math mode (LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (November 2018))"> 0046 <meta name="resource-type" content="document"> 0047 <meta name="distribution" content="global"> 0048 <meta name="Generator" content="makeinfo"> 0049 <link href="index.html#Top" rel="start" title="Top"> 0050 <link href="IndexDocument.html#Index" rel="index" title="Index"> 0051 <link href="index.html#SEC_Contents" rel="contents" title="Table of Contents"> 0052 <link href="Math-formulas.html#Math-formulas" rel="up" title="Math formulas"> 0053 <link href="_005csmash.html#g_t_005csmash" rel="next" title="\smash"> 0054 <link href="Over_002d-and-Underlining.html#Over_002d-and-Underlining" rel="prev" title="Over- and Underlining"> 0055 <style type="text/css"> 0056 <!-- 0057 /* $Id: latex2e.css 690 2018-09-15 15:20:19Z jimhefferon $ 0058 Minor css for latexrefman. Public domain. 0059 Originally written by Jim Hefferon and Karl Berry, 2018. */ 0060 0061 /* So you can style for yourself */ 0062 @import url("/css/latexreflocal.css"); 0063 0064 0065 0066 a.summary-letter {text-decoration: none} 0067 blockquote.indentedblock {margin-right: 0em} 0068 blockquote.smallindentedblock {margin-right: 0em; font-size: smaller} 0069 blockquote.smallquotation {font-size: smaller} 0070 div.display {margin-left: 3.2em} 0071 div.example {margin-left: 3.2em} 0072 div.lisp {margin-left: 3.2em} 0073 div.smalldisplay {margin-left: 3.2em} 0074 div.smallexample {margin-left: 3.2em} 0075 div.smalllisp {margin-left: 3.2em} 0076 kbd {font-style: oblique} 0077 pre.display {font-family: inherit} 0078 pre.format {font-family: inherit} 0079 pre.menu-comment {font-family: serif} 0080 pre.menu-preformatted {font-family: serif} 0081 pre.smalldisplay {font-family: inherit; font-size: smaller} 0082 pre.smallexample {font-size: smaller} 0083 pre.smallformat {font-family: inherit; font-size: smaller} 0084 pre.smalllisp {font-size: smaller} 0085 span.nolinebreak {white-space: nowrap} 0086 span.roman {font-family: initial; font-weight: normal} 0087 span.sansserif {font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: normal} 0088 ul.no-bullet {list-style: none} 0089 BODY { 0090 margin-top: 1em; 0091 margin-left: 1em; /* auto results in two-digit <ol> lost off left */ 0092 margin-right: 1em; 0093 margin-bottom: 1em; 0094 /* the idea is to use the whole window, unless it is ridiculously 0095 wide, probably with too-small fonts, too. */ 0096 max-width: 64em; 0097 } 0098 0099 /* Because we want @math{... @code ...} to be upright, not slanted, 0100 and Texinfo won't fix it. */ 0101 code {font-style:normal; font-family:monospace; } 0102 0103 /* We put a link to our own home page at the bottom. */ 0104 div.referenceinfo {font-size:small;} 0105 0106 --> 0107 </style> 0108 0109 0110 </head> 0111 0112 <body lang="en"> 0113 <a name="Spacing-in-math-mode"></a> 0114 <div class="header"> 0115 <p> 0116 Next: <a href="Math-miscellany.html#Math-miscellany" accesskey="n" rel="next">Math miscellany</a>, Previous: <a href="Over_002d-and-Underlining.html#Over_002d-and-Underlining" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Over- and Underlining</a>, Up: <a href="Math-formulas.html#Math-formulas" accesskey="u" rel="up">Math formulas</a> [<a href="index.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="IndexDocument.html#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> 0117 </div> 0118 <hr> 0119 <a name="Spacing-in-math-mode-1"></a> 0120 <h3 class="section">16.6 Spacing in math mode</h3> 0121 0122 <a name="index-spacing-within-math-mode"></a> 0123 <a name="index-math-mode_002c-spacing"></a> 0124 0125 <p>When typesetting mathematics, LaTeX puts in spacing according to the 0126 normal rules for mathematics texts. If you enter <code>y=m x</code> then 0127 LaTeX ignores the space and in the output the m is next to the x, 0128 as <em>y=mx</em>. 0129 </p> 0130 <p>But LaTeX’s rules sometimes need tweaking. For example, in an 0131 integral the tradition is to put a small extra space between the 0132 <code>f(x)</code> and the <code>dx</code>, here done with the <code>\,</code> command. 0133 </p> 0134 <div class="example"> 0135 <pre class="example">\int_0^1 f(x)\,dx 0136 </pre></div> 0137 0138 <p>LaTeX provides the commands that follow for use in math mode. Many 0139 of these spacing definitions are expressed in terms of the math unit 0140 <em>mu</em>. It is defined as 1/18em, where the em is taken from the 0141 current math symbols family (see <a href="Units-of-length.html#Units-of-length">Units of length</a>). Thus, a 0142 <code>\thickspace</code> is something like 5/18 times the width of 0143 a ‘<samp>M</samp>’. 0144 </p> 0145 <dl compact="compact"> 0146 <dt><code>\;</code></dt> 0147 <dd><a name="index-_005c_003b"></a> 0148 <a name="index-_005cthickspace"></a> 0149 <a name="spacing-in-math-mode-thickspace"></a><p>Synonym: <code>\thickspace</code>. Normally <code>5.0mu plus 5.0mu</code>. Math 0150 mode only. 0151 </p> 0152 </dd> 0153 <dt><code>\:</code></dt> 0154 <dt><code>\></code></dt> 0155 <dd><a name="index-_005c_003a"></a> 0156 <a name="index-_005c_003e-1"></a> 0157 <a name="index-_005cmedspace"></a> 0158 <a name="spacing-in-math-mode-medspace"></a><p>Synonym: <code>\medspace</code>. Normally <code>4.0mu plus 2.0mu minus 4.0mu</code>. 0159 Math mode only. 0160 </p> 0161 </dd> 0162 <dt><code>\,</code></dt> 0163 <dd><a name="index-_005c_002c"></a> 0164 <a name="index-_005cthinspace"></a> 0165 <a name="index-thin-space"></a> 0166 <a name="Spacing-in-math-mode_002f_005cthinspace"></a><a name="spacing-in-math-mode-thinspace"></a><p>Synonym: <code>\thinspace</code>. Normally <code>3mu</code>, which is 1/6em. 0167 Can be used in both math mode and text mode (see <a href="_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace.html#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">\thinspace & \negthinspace</a>). 0168 </p> 0169 <p>This space is widely used, for instance between the function and the 0170 infinitesimal in an integral <code>\int f(x)\,dx</code> and, if an author does 0171 this, before punctuation in a displayed equation. 0172 </p> 0173 <div class="example"> 0174 <pre class="example">The antiderivative is 0175 \begin{equation} 0176 3x^{-1/2}+3^{1/2}\,. 0177 \end{equation} 0178 </pre></div> 0179 0180 </dd> 0181 <dt><code>\!</code></dt> 0182 <dd><a name="index-_005c_0021"></a> 0183 <a name="index-_005cnegthinspace"></a> 0184 <a name="index-thin-space_002c-negative"></a> 0185 <a name="spacing-in-math-mode-negthinspace"></a><p>A negative thin space. Normally <code>-3mu</code>. The <code>\!</code> command is 0186 math mode only but the <code>\negthinspace</code> command is available for 0187 text mode (see <a href="_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace.html#g_t_005cthinspace-_0026-_005cnegthinspace">\thinspace & \negthinspace</a>). 0188 </p> 0189 </dd> 0190 <dt><code>\quad</code></dt> 0191 <dd><a name="index-quad"></a> 0192 <a name="index-_005cquad"></a> 0193 <a name="spacing-in-math-mode-quad"></a><p>This is 18mu, that is, 1em. This is often used for space 0194 surrounding equations or expressions, for instance for the space between 0195 two equations inside a <code>displaymath</code> environment. It is available 0196 in both text and math mode. 0197 </p> 0198 </dd> 0199 <dt><code>\qquad</code></dt> 0200 <dd><a name="index-_005cqquad"></a> 0201 <a name="spacing-in-math-mode-qquad"></a><p>A length of 2 quads, that is, 36mu = 2em. It is available in 0202 both text and math mode. 0203 </p></dd> 0204 </dl> 0205 0206 <table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> 0207 <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="_005csmash.html#g_t_005csmash" accesskey="1">\smash</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Eliminate height or depth of a subformula. 0208 </td></tr> 0209 <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom.html#g_t_005cphantom-_0026-_005cvphantom-_0026-_005chphantom" accesskey="2">\phantom & \vphantom & \hphantom</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Make empty box with the same size as the argument. 0210 </td></tr> 0211 </table> 0212 0213 0214 0215 0216 <hr/><div class='referenceinfo'> <a href='https://latexref.xyz/'> <i>Unofficial LaTeX2e reference manual</i></a></div> 0217 </body> 0218 </html>