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(From these references no 0018 text was directly copied.) 0019 0020 Copyright 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 0021 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 Karl Berry. 0022 0023 Copyright 1988, 1994, 2007 Stephen Gilmore. 0024 0025 Copyright 1994, 1995, 1996 Torsten Martinsen. 0026 0027 Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of 0028 this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice 0029 are preserved on all copies. 0030 0031 0032 Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this 0033 manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire 0034 resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission 0035 notice identical to this one. 0036 0037 Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual 0038 into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions. --> 0039 <!-- Created by GNU Texinfo 6.5, http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ --> 0040 <head> 0041 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> 0042 <title>Sectioning (LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (November 2018))</title> 0043 0044 <meta name="description" content="Sectioning (LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (November 2018))"> 0045 <meta name="keywords" content="Sectioning (LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (November 2018))"> 0046 <meta name="resource-type" content="document"> 0047 <meta name="distribution" content="global"> 0048 <meta name="Generator" content="makeinfo"> 0049 <link href="index.html#Top" rel="start" title="Top"> 0050 <link href="IndexDocument.html#Index" rel="index" title="Index"> 0051 <link href="index.html#SEC_Contents" rel="contents" title="Table of Contents"> 0052 <link href="index.html#Top" rel="up" title="Top"> 0053 <link href="_005cpart.html#g_t_005cpart" rel="next" title="\part"> 0054 <link href="Floats.html#Floats" rel="prev" title="Floats"> 0055 <style type="text/css"> 0056 <!-- 0057 /* $Id: latex2e.css 690 2018-09-15 15:20:19Z jimhefferon $ 0058 Minor css for latexrefman. Public domain. 0059 Originally written by Jim Hefferon and Karl Berry, 2018. */ 0060 0061 /* So you can style for yourself */ 0062 @import url("/css/latexreflocal.css"); 0063 0064 0065 0066 a.summary-letter {text-decoration: none} 0067 blockquote.indentedblock {margin-right: 0em} 0068 blockquote.smallindentedblock {margin-right: 0em; font-size: smaller} 0069 blockquote.smallquotation {font-size: smaller} 0070 div.display {margin-left: 3.2em} 0071 div.example {margin-left: 3.2em} 0072 div.lisp {margin-left: 3.2em} 0073 div.smalldisplay {margin-left: 3.2em} 0074 div.smallexample {margin-left: 3.2em} 0075 div.smalllisp {margin-left: 3.2em} 0076 kbd {font-style: oblique} 0077 pre.display {font-family: inherit} 0078 pre.format {font-family: inherit} 0079 pre.menu-comment {font-family: serif} 0080 pre.menu-preformatted {font-family: serif} 0081 pre.smalldisplay {font-family: inherit; font-size: smaller} 0082 pre.smallexample {font-size: smaller} 0083 pre.smallformat {font-family: inherit; font-size: smaller} 0084 pre.smalllisp {font-size: smaller} 0085 span.nolinebreak {white-space: nowrap} 0086 span.roman {font-family: initial; font-weight: normal} 0087 span.sansserif {font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: normal} 0088 ul.no-bullet {list-style: none} 0089 BODY { 0090 margin-top: 1em; 0091 margin-left: 1em; /* auto results in two-digit <ol> lost off left */ 0092 margin-right: 1em; 0093 margin-bottom: 1em; 0094 /* the idea is to use the whole window, unless it is ridiculously 0095 wide, probably with too-small fonts, too. */ 0096 max-width: 64em; 0097 } 0098 0099 /* Because we want @math{... @code ...} to be upright, not slanted, 0100 and Texinfo won't fix it. */ 0101 code {font-style:normal; font-family:monospace; } 0102 0103 /* We put a link to our own home page at the bottom. */ 0104 div.referenceinfo {font-size:small;} 0105 0106 --> 0107 </style> 0108 0109 0110 </head> 0111 0112 <body lang="en"> 0113 <a name="Sectioning"></a> 0114 <div class="header"> 0115 <p> 0116 Next: <a href="Cross-references.html#Cross-references" accesskey="n" rel="next">Cross references</a>, Previous: <a href="Layout.html#Layout" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Layout</a>, Up: <a href="index.html#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="index.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="IndexDocument.html#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> 0117 </div> 0118 <hr> 0119 <a name="Sectioning-1"></a> 0120 <h2 class="chapter">6 Sectioning</h2> 0121 0122 <a name="index-sectioning-commands"></a> 0123 <a name="index-part"></a> 0124 <a name="index-chapter"></a> 0125 <a name="index-section"></a> 0126 <a name="index-subsection"></a> 0127 <a name="index-paragraph"></a> 0128 <a name="index-subparagraph"></a> 0129 <a name="index-_005cpart"></a> 0130 <a name="index-_005cchapter"></a> 0131 <a name="index-_005csection"></a> 0132 <a name="index-_005csubsection"></a> 0133 <a name="index-_005cparagraph"></a> 0134 <a name="index-_005csubparagraph"></a> 0135 0136 <p>Structure your text into divisions: parts, chapters, sections, etc. All 0137 sectioning commands have the same form, one of: 0138 </p> 0139 <div class="example"> 0140 <pre class="example"><var>sectioning-command</var>{<var>title</var>} 0141 <var>sectioning-command</var>*{<var>title</var>} 0142 <var>sectioning-command</var>[<var>toc-title</var>]{<var>title</var>} 0143 </pre></div> 0144 0145 <p>For instance, declare the start of a subsection as with 0146 <code>\subsection{Motivation}</code>. 0147 </p> 0148 <p>The table has each <var>sectioning-command</var> in LaTeX. All are 0149 available in all of LaTeX’s standard document classes <code>book</code>, 0150 <code>report</code>, and <code>article</code>, except that <code>\chapter</code> is 0151 not available in <code>article</code>. 0152 </p> 0153 <table> 0154 <thead><tr><th width="25%">Sectioning unit</th><th width="25%">Command</th><th width="40%">Level</th></tr></thead> 0155 <tr><td width="25%">Part</td><td width="25%"><code>\part</code></td><td width="40%">-1 (<code>book</code>, <code>report</code>), 0 (<code>article</code>)</td></tr> 0156 <tr><td width="25%">Chapter</td><td width="25%"><code>\chapter</code></td><td width="40%">0</td></tr> 0157 <tr><td width="25%">Section</td><td width="25%"><code>\section</code></td><td width="40%">1</td></tr> 0158 <tr><td width="25%">Subsection</td><td width="25%"><code>\subsection</code></td><td width="40%">2</td></tr> 0159 <tr><td width="25%">Subsubsection</td><td width="25%"><code>\subsubsection</code></td><td width="40%">3</td></tr> 0160 <tr><td width="25%">Paragraph</td><td width="25%"><code>\paragraph</code></td><td width="40%">4</td></tr> 0161 <tr><td width="25%">Subparagraph</td><td width="25%"><code>\subparagraph</code></td><td width="40%">5</td></tr> 0162 </table> 0163 0164 <a name="index-_002a_002dform-of-sectioning-commands"></a> 0165 <p>All these commands have a <code>*</code>-form that prints <var>title</var> as usual 0166 but is not numbered and does not make an entry in the table of contents. 0167 An example of using this is for an appendix in an <code>article</code> . The 0168 input <code>\appendix\section{Appendix}</code> gives the output ‘<samp>A 0169 Appendix</samp>’ (see <a href="_005cappendix.html#g_t_005cappendix">\appendix</a>). You can lose the numbering ‘<samp>A</samp>’ 0170 by instead entering <code>\section*{Appendix}</code> (articles often omit a 0171 table of contents and have simple page headers so the other differences 0172 from the <code>\section</code> command may not matter). 0173 </p> 0174 <p>The section title <var>title</var> provides the heading in the main text, but 0175 it may also appear in the table of contents and in the running head or 0176 foot (see <a href="Page-styles.html#Page-styles">Page styles</a>). You may not want the same text in these 0177 places as in the main text. All of these commands have an optional 0178 argument <var>toc-title</var> for these other places. 0179 </p> 0180 <p>The level number in the table above determines which sectional units are 0181 numbered, and which appear in the table of contents. If the sectioning 0182 command’s <var>level</var> is less than or equal to the value of the counter 0183 <code>secnumdepth</code> then the titles for this sectioning command will be 0184 numbered (see <a href="#Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth">Sectioning/secnumdepth</a>). And, if <var>level</var> is less 0185 than or equal to the value of the counter <code>tocdepth</code> then the table 0186 of contents will have an entry for this sectioning unit 0187 (see <a href="#Sectioning_002ftocdepth">Sectioning/tocdepth</a>). 0188 </p> 0189 <p>LaTeX expects that before you have a <code>\subsection</code> you will have 0190 a <code>\section</code> and, in a book, that before a <code>\section</code> you will 0191 have a <code>\chapter</code>. Otherwise you can get a something like a 0192 subsection numbered ‘<samp>3.0.1</samp>’. 0193 </p> 0194 <a name="index-package_002c-titlesec"></a> 0195 <a name="index-titlesec-package"></a> 0196 0197 <p>LaTeX lets you change the appearance of the sectional units. As a 0198 simple example, you can change the section numbering to upper-case 0199 letters with <code>\renewcommand\thesection{\Alph{section}}</code> in the 0200 preamble (see <a href="_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol.html#g_t_005calph-_005cAlph-_005carabic-_005croman-_005cRoman-_005cfnsymbol">\alph \Alph \arabic \roman \Roman \fnsymbol</a>). CTAN 0201 has many package that make this adjustment easier, including 0202 <samp>titlesec</samp>. 0203 </p> 0204 <p>Two counters relate to the appearance of sectioning commands. 0205 </p> 0206 <dl compact="compact"> 0207 <dt><code>secnumdepth</code> 0208 <a name="index-secnumdepth"></a> 0209 </dt> 0210 <dd><a name="index-secnumdepth-counter"></a> 0211 <a name="index-section-numbers_002c-printing"></a> 0212 <a name="sectioning-secnumdepth"></a><a name="Sectioning_002fsecnumdepth"></a><p>Controls which sectioning commands are 0213 numbered. Suppress numbering of sectioning at any depth greater than 0214 <var>level</var> <code>\setcounter{secnumdepth}{<var>level</var>}</code> 0215 (see <a href="_005csetcounter.html#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a>). See the above table for the level numbers. For 0216 instance, if the <code>secnumdepth</code> is 1 in an <code>article</code> then a 0217 <code>\section{Introduction}</code> command will produce output like ‘<samp>1 0218 Introduction</samp>’ while <code>\subsection{Discussion}</code> will produce output 0219 like ‘<samp>Discussion</samp>’, without the number. LaTeX’s default 0220 <code>secnumdepth</code> is 3 in <samp>article</samp> class and 2 in the 0221 <samp>book</samp> and <samp>report</samp> classes. 0222 </p> 0223 </dd> 0224 <dt><code>tocdepth</code> 0225 <a name="index-tocdepth"></a> 0226 </dt> 0227 <dd><a name="index-tocdepth-counter"></a> 0228 <a name="index-table-of-contents_002c-sectioning-numbers-printed"></a> 0229 <a name="sectioning-tocdepth"></a><a name="Sectioning_002ftocdepth"></a><p>Controls which sectioning units are listed in the table of contents. 0230 The setting <code>\setcounter{tocdepth}{<var>level</var>}</code> makes the 0231 sectioning units at <var>level</var> be the smallest ones listed 0232 (see <a href="_005csetcounter.html#g_t_005csetcounter">\setcounter</a>). See the above table for the level numbers. For 0233 instance, if <code>tocdepth</code> is 1 then the table of contents will 0234 list sections but not subsections. LaTeX’s default 0235 <code>secnumdepth</code> is 3 in <samp>article</samp> class and 2 in the 0236 <samp>book</samp> and <samp>report</samp> classes. 0237 </p> 0238 </dd> 0239 </dl> 0240 0241 <table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> 0242 <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="_005cpart.html#g_t_005cpart" accesskey="1">\part</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Start a part. 0243 </td></tr> 0244 <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="_005cchapter.html#g_t_005cchapter" accesskey="2">\chapter</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Start a chapter. 0245 </td></tr> 0246 <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="_005csection.html#g_t_005csection" accesskey="3">\section</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Start a section. 0247 </td></tr> 0248 <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="_005csubsection.html#g_t_005csubsection" accesskey="4">\subsection</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Start a subsection. 0249 </td></tr> 0250 <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph.html#g_t_005csubsubsection-_0026-_005cparagraph-_0026-_005csubparagraph" accesskey="5">\subsubsection & \paragraph & \subparagraph</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Lower divisions. 0251 </td></tr> 0252 <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="_005cappendix.html#g_t_005cappendix" accesskey="6">\appendix</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Start appendices. 0253 </td></tr> 0254 <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter.html#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter" accesskey="7">\frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">The three parts of a book. 0255 </td></tr> 0256 <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="_005c_0040startsection.html#g_t_005c_0040startsection" accesskey="8">\@startsection</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Layout of sectional units. 0257 </td></tr> 0258 </table> 0259 0260 0261 0262 0263 <hr/><div class='referenceinfo'> <a href='https://latexref.xyz/'> <i>Unofficial LaTeX2e reference manual</i></a></div> 0264 </body> 0265 </html>