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Public domain. 0059 Originally written by Jim Hefferon and Karl Berry, 2018. */ 0060 0061 /* So you can style for yourself */ 0062 @import url("/css/latexreflocal.css"); 0063 0064 0065 0066 a.summary-letter {text-decoration: none} 0067 blockquote.indentedblock {margin-right: 0em} 0068 blockquote.smallindentedblock {margin-right: 0em; font-size: smaller} 0069 blockquote.smallquotation {font-size: smaller} 0070 div.display {margin-left: 3.2em} 0071 div.example {margin-left: 3.2em} 0072 div.lisp {margin-left: 3.2em} 0073 div.smalldisplay {margin-left: 3.2em} 0074 div.smallexample {margin-left: 3.2em} 0075 div.smalllisp {margin-left: 3.2em} 0076 kbd {font-style: oblique} 0077 pre.display {font-family: inherit} 0078 pre.format {font-family: inherit} 0079 pre.menu-comment {font-family: serif} 0080 pre.menu-preformatted {font-family: serif} 0081 pre.smalldisplay {font-family: inherit; font-size: smaller} 0082 pre.smallexample {font-size: smaller} 0083 pre.smallformat {font-family: inherit; font-size: smaller} 0084 pre.smalllisp {font-size: smaller} 0085 span.nolinebreak {white-space: nowrap} 0086 span.roman {font-family: initial; font-weight: normal} 0087 span.sansserif {font-family: sans-serif; font-weight: normal} 0088 ul.no-bullet {list-style: none} 0089 BODY { 0090 margin-top: 1em; 0091 margin-left: 1em; /* auto results in two-digit <ol> lost off left */ 0092 margin-right: 1em; 0093 margin-bottom: 1em; 0094 /* the idea is to use the whole window, unless it is ridiculously 0095 wide, probably with too-small fonts, too. */ 0096 max-width: 64em; 0097 } 0098 0099 /* Because we want @math{... @code ...} to be upright, not slanted, 0100 and Texinfo won't fix it. */ 0101 code {font-style:normal; font-family:monospace; } 0102 0103 /* We put a link to our own home page at the bottom. */ 0104 div.referenceinfo {font-size:small;} 0105 0106 --> 0107 </style> 0108 0109 0110 </head> 0111 0112 <body lang="en"> 0113 <a name="Math-formulas"></a> 0114 <div class="header"> 0115 <p> 0116 Next: <a href="Modes.html#Modes" accesskey="n" rel="next">Modes</a>, Previous: <a href="Making-paragraphs.html#Making-paragraphs" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Making paragraphs</a>, Up: <a href="index.html#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="index.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="IndexDocument.html#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> 0117 </div> 0118 <hr> 0119 <a name="Math-formulas-1"></a> 0120 <h2 class="chapter">16 Math formulas</h2> 0121 0122 <a name="index-math-formulas"></a> 0123 <a name="index-formulas_002c-math"></a> 0124 <a name="index-math-mode_002c-entering"></a> 0125 <a name="index-environment_002c-math-1"></a> 0126 <a name="index-math-environment-1"></a> 0127 0128 <a name="index-environment_002c-displaymath-1"></a> 0129 <a name="index-displaymath-environment-1"></a> 0130 0131 <a name="index-environment_002c-equation-1"></a> 0132 <a name="index-equation-environment-1"></a> 0133 0134 0135 <p>Produce mathematical text by putting LaTeX into math mode or display 0136 math mode (see <a href="Modes.html#Modes">Modes</a>). This example shows both. 0137 </p> 0138 <div class="example"> 0139 <pre class="example">The wave equation for \( u \) is 0140 \begin{displaymath} 0141 \frac{\partial^2u}{\partial t^2} = c^2\nabla^2u 0142 \end{displaymath} 0143 where \( \nabla^2 \) is the spatial Laplacian and \( c \) is constant. 0144 </pre></div> 0145 0146 <p>Math mode is for inline mathematics. In the above example it is invoked 0147 by the starting <code>\(</code> and finished by the matching ending <code>\)</code>. 0148 Display math mode is for displayed equations and here is invoked by the 0149 <code>displaymath</code> environment. Note that any mathematical text 0150 whatever, including mathematical text consisting of just one character, 0151 is handled in math mode. 0152 </p> 0153 <p>When in math mode or display math mode, LaTeX handles many aspects of 0154 your input text differently than in other text modes. For example, 0155 </p> 0156 <div class="example"> 0157 <pre class="example">contrast x+y with \( x+y \) 0158 </pre></div> 0159 0160 <p>in math mode the letters are in italics and the spacing around the plus 0161 sign is different. 0162 </p> 0163 <p>There are three ways to make inline formulas, to put LaTeX in math 0164 mode. 0165 </p> 0166 <div class="example"> 0167 <pre class="example">\( <var>mathematical material</var> \) 0168 $ <var>mathematical material</var> $ 0169 \begin{math} <var>mathematical material</var> \end{math} 0170 </pre></div> 0171 0172 <p>The first form is preferred and the second is quite common, but the 0173 third form is rarely used. You can sometimes use one and sometimes 0174 another, as in <code>\(x\) and $y$</code>. You can use these in paragraph 0175 mode or in LR mode (see <a href="Modes.html#Modes">Modes</a>). 0176 </p> 0177 <p>To make displayed formulas, put LaTeX into display math mode with 0178 either: 0179 </p> 0180 <div class="example"> 0181 <pre class="example">\begin{displaymath} 0182 <var>mathematical material</var> 0183 \end{displaymath} 0184 </pre></div> 0185 0186 <p>or 0187 </p> 0188 <div class="example"> 0189 <pre class="example">\begin{equation} 0190 <var>mathematical material</var> 0191 \end{equation} 0192 </pre></div> 0193 0194 <p>(see <a href="displaymath.html#displaymath">displaymath</a>, see <a href="equation.html#equation">equation</a>). The only difference is that 0195 with the <code>equation</code> environment, LaTeX puts a formula number 0196 alongside the formula. The construct <code>\[ <var>math</var> \]</code> is 0197 equivalent to <code>\begin{displaymath} <var>math</var> 0198 \end{displaymath}</code>. These environments can only be used in paragraph 0199 mode (see <a href="Modes.html#Modes">Modes</a>). 0200 </p> 0201 <a name="index-_005cdisplaystyle"></a> 0202 <p>The two mathematics modes are similar, but there are some differences. 0203 One involves the placement of subscripts and superscripts; in display 0204 math mode they are further apart and in inline math mode they are closer 0205 together. 0206 </p> 0207 <p>Sometimes you want the display math typographical treatment to happen in 0208 the inline math mode. For this, the <code>\displaystyle</code> declaration 0209 forces the size and style of the formula to be that of 0210 <code>displaymath</code>. Thus <code>\(\displaystyle \sum_{n=0}^\infty 0211 x_n\)</code> will have the limits above and below the summation sign, not next 0212 to it. Another example is that 0213 </p> 0214 <div class="example"> 0215 <pre class="example">\begin{tabular}{r|cc} 0216 \textsc{Name} &\textsc{Series} &\textsc{Sum} \\ \hline 0217 Arithmetic &\( a+(a+b)+(a+2b)+\cdots+(a+(n-1)b) \) 0218 &\( na+(n-1)n\cdot\frac{b}{2}\) \\ 0219 Geometric &\( a+ab+ab^2+\cdots+ab^{n-1} \) 0220 &\(\displaystyle a\cdot\frac{1-b^n}{1-b}\) \\ 0221 \end{tabular} 0222 </pre></div> 0223 0224 <p>because it has no <code>\displaystyle</code>, the ‘<samp>Arithmetic</samp>’ line’s 0225 fraction will be scrunched. But, because of its <code>\displaystyle</code>, 0226 the ‘<samp>Geometric</samp>’ line’s fraction will be easy to read, with 0227 characters the same size as in the rest of the line. 0228 </p> 0229 <a name="index-package_002c-amsmath-5"></a> 0230 <a name="index-amsmath-package-5"></a> 0231 0232 <a name="index-package_002c-amsfonts"></a> 0233 <a name="index-amsfonts-package"></a> 0234 0235 <a name="index-package_002c-mathtools"></a> 0236 <a name="index-mathtools-package"></a> 0237 0238 <p>The American Mathematical Society has made freely available a set of 0239 packages that greatly expand your options for writing mathematics, 0240 <samp>amsmath</samp> and <samp>amssymb</samp> (also be aware of the <samp>mathtools</samp> 0241 package that is an extension to, and loads, <samp>amsmath</samp>). New 0242 documents that will have mathematical text should use these packages. 0243 Descriptions of these packages is outside the scope of this document; 0244 see their documentation on CTAN. 0245 </p> 0246 <table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0"> 0247 <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Subscripts-_0026-superscripts.html#Subscripts-_0026-superscripts" accesskey="1">Subscripts & superscripts</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Also known as exponent or index. 0248 </td></tr> 0249 <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Math-symbols.html#Math-symbols" accesskey="2">Math symbols</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Various mathematical squiggles. 0250 </td></tr> 0251 <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Math-functions.html#Math-functions" accesskey="3">Math functions</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Math function names like sin and exp. 0252 </td></tr> 0253 <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Math-accents.html#Math-accents" accesskey="4">Math accents</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Accents in math. 0254 </td></tr> 0255 <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Over_002d-and-Underlining.html#Over_002d-and-Underlining" accesskey="5">Over- and Underlining</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Things over or under formulas. 0256 </td></tr> 0257 <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Spacing-in-math-mode.html#Spacing-in-math-mode" accesskey="6">Spacing in math mode</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Thick, medium, thin, and negative spaces. 0258 </td></tr> 0259 <tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Math-miscellany.html#Math-miscellany" accesskey="7">Math miscellany</a>:</td><td> </td><td align="left" valign="top">Stuff that doesn’t fit anywhere else. 0260 </td></tr> 0261 </table> 0262 0263 0264 0265 0266 <hr/><div class='referenceinfo'> <a href='https://latexref.xyz/'> <i>Unofficial LaTeX2e reference manual</i></a></div> 0267 </body> 0268 </html>