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(From these references no 0018 text was directly copied.) 0019 0020 Copyright 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 0021 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 Karl Berry. 0022 0023 Copyright 1988, 1994, 2007 Stephen Gilmore. 0024 0025 Copyright 1994, 1995, 1996 Torsten Martinsen. 0026 0027 Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of 0028 this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice 0029 are preserved on all copies. 0030 0031 0032 Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this 0033 manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire 0034 resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission 0035 notice identical to this one. 0036 0037 Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual 0038 into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions. --> 0039 <!-- Created by GNU Texinfo 6.5, http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ --> 0040 <head> 0041 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> 0042 <title>LaTeX command syntax (LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (November 2018))</title> 0043 0044 <meta name="description" content="LaTeX command syntax (LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (November 2018))"> 0045 <meta name="keywords" content="LaTeX command syntax (LaTeX2e unofficial reference manual (November 2018))"> 0046 <meta name="resource-type" content="document"> 0047 <meta name="distribution" content="global"> 0048 <meta name="Generator" content="makeinfo"> 0049 <link href="index.html#Top" rel="start" title="Top"> 0050 <link href="IndexDocument.html#Index" rel="index" title="Index"> 0051 <link href="index.html#SEC_Contents" rel="contents" title="Table of Contents"> 0052 <link href="Overview.html#Overview" rel="up" title="Overview"> 0053 <link href="Environment.html#Environment" rel="next" title="Environment"> 0054 <link href="TeX-engines.html#TeX-engines" rel="prev" title="TeX engines"> 0055 <style type="text/css"> 0056 <!-- 0057 /* $Id: latex2e.css 690 2018-09-15 15:20:19Z jimhefferon $ 0058 Minor css for latexrefman. 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The name itself then consists of either 0128 (a) a string of letters or (b) a single non-letter. 0129 </p> 0130 <p>LaTeX commands names are case sensitive so that <code>\pagebreak</code> 0131 differs from <code>\Pagebreak</code> (the latter is not a standard command). 0132 Most commands are lowercase, but in any event you must enter all 0133 commands in the same case as they are defined. 0134 </p> 0135 <p>A command may be followed by zero, one, or more arguments. These 0136 arguments may be either required or optional. Required arguments are 0137 contained in curly braces, <code>{...}</code>. Optional arguments are 0138 contained in square brackets, <code>[...]</code>. Generally, but not 0139 universally, if the command accepts an optional argument, it comes 0140 first, before any required arguments. 0141 </p> 0142 <p>Inside of an optional argument, to use the character close square 0143 bracket (<code>]</code>) hide it inside curly braces, as 0144 in <code>\item[closing bracket {]}]</code>. Similarly, if an optional 0145 argument comes last, with no required argument after it, then to make 0146 the first character of the following text be an open square bracket, 0147 hide it inside curly braces. 0148 </p> 0149 <p>Some of LaTeX’s commands are a <em>declaration</em>. Such a command 0150 changes the value the meaning of some other command or parameter. For 0151 instance, the <code>\mainmatter</code> declaration changes the typesetting of 0152 page numbers from roman numerals to arabic (see <a href="_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter.html#g_t_005cfrontmatter-_0026-_005cmainmatter-_0026-_005cbackmatter">\frontmatter & \mainmatter & \backmatter</a>). 0153 </p> 0154 <p>LaTeX has the convention that some commands have a <code>*</code> form that 0155 is related to the form without a <code>*</code>, such as <code>\chapter</code> and 0156 <code>\chapter*</code>. The exact difference in behavior varies from command 0157 to command. 0158 </p> 0159 <p>This manual describes all accepted options and <code>*</code>-forms for the 0160 commands it covers (barring unintentional omissions, a.k.a. bugs). 0161 </p> 0162 0163 0164 0165 <hr/><div class='referenceinfo'> <a href='https://latexref.xyz/'> <i>Unofficial LaTeX2e reference manual</i></a></div> 0166 </body> 0167 </html>