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They must be typeset outside of the normal flow of text, 0124 for instance floating to the top of a later page. 0125 </p> 0126 <p>LaTeX can have a number of different classes of floating material. 0127 The default is the two classes, <code>figure</code> (see <a href="figure.html#figure">figure</a>) and 0128 <code>table</code> (see <a href="table.html#table">table</a>), but you can create a new class with the 0129 package <samp>float</samp>. 0130 </p> 0131 <p>Within any one float class LaTeX always respects the order, so that 0132 the first figure in a document source must be typeset before the second 0133 figure. However, LaTeX may mix the classes, so it can happen that 0134 while the first table appears in the source before the first figure, it 0135 appears in the output after it. 0136 </p> 0137 <p>The placement of floats is subject to parameters, given below, that 0138 limit the number of floats that can appear at the top of a page, and 0139 the bottom, etc. If so many floats are queued that the limits prevent 0140 them all from fitting on a page then LaTeX places what it can and 0141 defers the rest to the next page. In this way, floats may end up 0142 being typeset far from their place in the source. In particular, a 0143 float that is big may migrate to the end of the document. In which 0144 event, because all floats in a class must appear in sequential order, 0145 every following float in that class also appears at the end. 0146 </p> 0147 <a name="index-placement-of-floats"></a> 0148 <a name="index-specifier_002c-float-placement"></a> 0149 <p>In addition to changing the parameters, for each float you can tweak 0150 where the float placement algorithm tries to place it by using its 0151 <var>placement</var> argument. The possible values are a sequence of the 0152 letters below. The default for both <code>figure</code> and <code>table</code>, in 0153 both <code>article</code> and <code>book</code> classes, is <code>tbp</code>. 0154 </p> 0155 <dl compact="compact"> 0156 <dt><code>t</code></dt> 0157 <dd><p>(Top)—at the top of a text page. 0158 </p> 0159 </dd> 0160 <dt><code>b</code></dt> 0161 <dd><p>(Bottom)—at the bottom of a text page. (However, <code>b</code> is not 0162 allowed for full-width floats (<code>figure*</code>) with double-column 0163 output. To ameliorate this, use the <samp>stfloats</samp> or 0164 <samp>dblfloatfix</samp> package, but see the discussion at caveats in the 0165 FAQ: <a href="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=2colfloat">http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=2colfloat</a>. 0166 </p> 0167 </dd> 0168 <dt><code>h</code></dt> 0169 <dd><p>(Here)—at the position in the text where the <code>figure</code> environment 0170 appears. However, <code>h</code> is not allowed by itself; <code>t</code> is 0171 automatically added. 0172 </p> 0173 <a name="index-here_002c-putting-floats"></a> 0174 <a name="index-package_002c-float"></a> 0175 <a name="index-float-package"></a> 0176 0177 <p>To absolutely force a float to appear “here”, you can 0178 <code>\usepackage{float}</code> and use the <code>H</code> specifier which it 0179 defines. For further discussion, see the FAQ entry at 0180 <a href="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=figurehere">http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=figurehere</a>. 0181 </p> 0182 </dd> 0183 <dt><code>p</code></dt> 0184 <dd><a name="index-float-page"></a> 0185 <p>(Page of floats)—on a separate <em>float page</em>, which is a page 0186 containing no text, only floats. 0187 </p> 0188 </dd> 0189 <dt><code>!</code></dt> 0190 <dd><p>Used in addition to one of the above; for this float only, LaTeX 0191 ignores the restrictions on both the number of floats that can appear 0192 and the relative amounts of float and non-float text on the page. 0193 The <code>!</code> specifier does <em>not</em> mean “put the float here”; 0194 see above. 0195 </p> 0196 </dd> 0197 </dl> 0198 0199 <p>Note: the order in which letters appear in the <var>placement</var> argument 0200 does not change the order in which LaTeX tries to place the float; 0201 for instance, <code>btp</code> has the same effect as <code>tbp</code>. All that 0202 <var>placement</var> does is that if a letter is not present then the 0203 algorithm does not try that location. Thus, LaTeX’s default of 0204 <code>tbp</code> is to try every location except placing the float where it 0205 occurs in the source. 0206 </p> 0207 <p>To prevent LaTeX from moving floats to the end of the document or a 0208 chapter you can use a <code>\clearpage</code> command to start a new page and 0209 insert all pending floats. If a pagebreak is undesirable then you can 0210 use the <samp>afterpage</samp> package and issue 0211 <code>\afterpage{\clearpage}</code>. This will wait until the current page 0212 is finished and then flush all outstanding floats. 0213 </p> 0214 <a name="index-package_002c-flafter"></a> 0215 <a name="index-flafter-package"></a> 0216 0217 <p>LaTeX can typeset a float before where it appears in the source 0218 (although on the same output page) if there is a <code>t</code> specifier in 0219 the <var>placement</var> parameter. If this is not desired, and deleting 0220 the <code>t</code> is not acceptable as it keeps the float from being placed 0221 at the top of the next page, then you can prevent it by either using 0222 the <samp>flafter</samp> package or using the command 0223 <a name="index-_005csuppressfloats"></a> 0224 <code>\suppressfloats[t]</code>, which causes floats for the top position on 0225 this page to moved to the next page. 0226 </p> 0227 <p>Parameters relating to fractions of pages occupied by float and 0228 non-float text (change them with 0229 <code>\renewcommand{<var>parameter</var>}{<var>decimal between 0 and 1</var>}</code>): 0230 </p> 0231 <dl compact="compact"> 0232 <dt><code>\bottomfraction</code> 0233 <a name="index-_005cbottomfraction"></a> 0234 </dt> 0235 <dd><a name="index-_005cbottomfraction-1"></a> 0236 <a name="floats-bottomfraction"></a><p>The maximum fraction of the page allowed to be occupied by floats at 0237 the bottom; default ‘<samp>.3</samp>’. 0238 </p> 0239 </dd> 0240 <dt><code>\floatpagefraction</code> 0241 <a name="index-_005cfloatpagefraction"></a> 0242 </dt> 0243 <dd><a name="index-_005cfloatpagefraction-1"></a> 0244 <a name="floats-floatpagefraction"></a><p>The minimum fraction of a float page that must be occupied by floats; 0245 default ‘<samp>.5</samp>’. 0246 </p> 0247 </dd> 0248 <dt><code>\textfraction</code> 0249 <a name="index-_005ctextfraction"></a> 0250 </dt> 0251 <dd><a name="index-_005ctextfraction-1"></a> 0252 <a name="floats-textfraction"></a><p>Minimum fraction of a page that must be text; if floats take up too 0253 much space to preserve this much text, floats will be moved to a 0254 different page. The default is ‘<samp>.2</samp>’. 0255 </p> 0256 </dd> 0257 <dt><code>\topfraction</code> 0258 <a name="index-_005ctopfraction"></a> 0259 </dt> 0260 <dd><a name="index-_005ctopfraction-1"></a> 0261 <a name="floats-topfraction"></a><p>Maximum fraction at the top of a page that may be occupied before 0262 floats; default ‘<samp>.7</samp>’. 0263 </p></dd> 0264 </dl> 0265 0266 <p>Parameters relating to vertical space around floats (change them with a 0267 command of the form <code>\setlength{<var>parameter</var>}{<var>length 0268 expression</var>}</code>): 0269 </p> 0270 <dl compact="compact"> 0271 <dt><code>\floatsep</code> 0272 <a name="index-_005cfloatsep"></a> 0273 </dt> 0274 <dd><a name="index-_005cfloatsep-1"></a> 0275 <a name="floats-floatsep"></a><p>Space between floats at the top or bottom of a page; default 0276 ‘<samp>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</samp>’. 0277 </p> 0278 </dd> 0279 <dt><code>\intextsep</code> 0280 <a name="index-_005cintextsep"></a> 0281 </dt> 0282 <dd><a name="index-_005cintextsep-1"></a> 0283 <a name="floats-intextsep"></a><p>Space above and below a float in the middle of the main text; default 0284 ‘<samp>12pt plus2pt minus2pt</samp>’ for 10 point and 11 point documents, 0285 and ‘<samp>14pt plus4pt minus4pt</samp>’ for 12 point documents. 0286 </p> 0287 </dd> 0288 <dt><code>\textfloatsep</code> 0289 <a name="index-_005ctextfloatsep"></a> 0290 </dt> 0291 <dd><a name="index-_005ctextfloatsep-1"></a> 0292 <a name="floats-textfloatsep"></a><p>Space between the last (first) float at the top (bottom) of a page; 0293 default ‘<samp>20pt plus2pt minus4pt</samp>’. 0294 </p></dd> 0295 </dl> 0296 0297 <p>Counters relating to the number of floats on a page (change them with a 0298 command of the form <code>\setcounter{<var>ctrname</var>}{<var>natural 0299 number</var>}</code>): 0300 </p> 0301 <dl compact="compact"> 0302 <dt><code>bottomnumber</code> 0303 <a name="index-bottomnumber"></a> 0304 </dt> 0305 <dd><a name="index-bottomnumber-1"></a> 0306 <a name="floats-bottomnumber"></a><p>Maximum number of floats that can appear at the bottom of a text page; 0307 default 1. 0308 </p> 0309 </dd> 0310 <dt><code>dbltopnumber</code> 0311 <a name="index-dbltopnumber"></a> 0312 </dt> 0313 <dd><a name="index-dbltopnumber-1"></a> 0314 <a name="floats-dbltopnumber"></a><p>Maximum number of full-sized floats that can appear at the top of a 0315 two-column page; default 2. 0316 </p> 0317 </dd> 0318 <dt><code>topnumber</code> 0319 <a name="index-topnumber"></a> 0320 </dt> 0321 <dd><a name="index-topnumber-1"></a> 0322 <a name="floats-topnumber"></a><p>Maximum number of floats that can appear at the top of a text page; 0323 default 2. 0324 </p> 0325 </dd> 0326 <dt><code>totalnumber</code> 0327 <a name="index-totalnumber"></a> 0328 </dt> 0329 <dd><a name="index-totalnumber-1"></a> 0330 <a name="floats-totalnumber"></a><p>Maximum number of floats that can appear on a text page; default 3. 0331 </p></dd> 0332 </dl> 0333 0334 <p>The principal TeX FAQ entry relating to floats 0335 <a href="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=floats">http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=floats</a> contains 0336 suggestions for relaxing LaTeX’s default parameters to reduce the 0337 problem of floats being pushed to the end. A full explanation of the 0338 float placement algorithm is in Frank Mittelbach’s article “How to 0339 influence the position of float environments like figure and table in 0340 LaTeX?” 0341 (<a href="http://latex-project.org/papers/tb111mitt-float.pdf">http://latex-project.org/papers/tb111mitt-float.pdf</a>). 0342 </p> 0343 0344 0345 0346 <hr/><div class='referenceinfo'> <a href='https://latexref.xyz/'> <i>Unofficial LaTeX2e reference manual</i></a></div> 0347 </body> 0348 </html>