File indexing completed on 2024-05-12 16:41:01
0001 <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN"> 0002 <html> 0003 <head> 0004 <meta name="generator" content= 0005 "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 1st January 2004), see www.w3.org"> 0006 <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content= 0007 "text/html; charset=us-ascii"> 0008 <title>Kile : LaTex Reference</title> 0009 0010 <style type="text/css"> 0011 <!-- 0012 h3.fn,span.fn {font-family:sans-serif; margin-left: 1cm; text-indent: -1cm; } 0013 a:link {font-family:sans-serif; color: #004faf; text-decoration: none } 0014 a:visited {font-family:sans-serif; color: #004faf; text-decoration: none } 0015 body {font-family:sans-serif; background: white; color: black; } 0016 P { font-family:sans-serif; } 0017 OL { font-family:sans-serif; } 0018 UL { font-family:sans-serif; } 0019 LI { font-family:sans-serif; } 0020 TD { font-family:sans-serif; } 0021 DD { font-family:sans-serif; } 0022 DL { font-family:sans-serif; } 0023 DT { font-family:sans-serif; } 0024 H1 { font-family:sans-serif; } 0025 H2 { font-family:sans-serif; background:#3f5881; } 0026 CODE { font-family:monospace; } 0027 --> 0028 </style> 0029 </head> 0030 <body bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> 0031 <h1 align="center"><a name="top">LaTeX Reference</a></h1> 0032 <table width="100%"> 0033 <tr bgcolor="#3F5881"> 0034 <td align="center"><b><font size="+2" color="white">Alphabetical 0035 Index</font></b></td> 0036 </tr> 0037 <tr bgcolor="#F0F0F0"> 0038 <td align="center" colspan="0"><b> <a href= 0039 "#index0">#</a> <a href="#indexa">A</a> 0040 <a href="#indexb">B</a> <a href= 0041 "#indexc">C</a> <a href="#indexd">D</a> 0042 <a href="#indexe">E</a> <a href= 0043 "#indexf">F</a> <a href="#indexh">H</a> 0044 <a href="#indexi">I</a> <a href= 0045 "#indexk">K</a> <a href="#indexl">L</a> 0046 <a href="#indexm">M</a> <a href= 0047 "#indexn">N</a> <a href="#indexo">O</a> 0048 <a href="#indexp">P</a> <a href= 0049 "#indexq">Q</a> <a href="#indexr">R</a> 0050 <a href="#indexs">S</a> <a href= 0051 "#indext">T</a> <a href="#indexu">U</a> 0052 <a href="#indexv">V</a> <a href= 0053 "#indexw">W</a> </b></td> 0054 </tr> 0055 </table> 0056 <hr> 0057 <br> 0058 <br> 0059 <!-- INDEX BY SUBJECT --> 0060 <table width="100%"> 0061 <tr bgcolor="#3F5881"> 0062 <td align="center"><b><font size="+2" color="white">Index by 0063 subject</font></b></td> 0064 </tr> 0065 </table> 0066 <table> 0067 <tr bgcolor="#F0F0FA"> 0068 <td align="left"><b><a href="#SEC3">Counters</a></b></td> 0069 <td>Internal counters used by LaTeX.</td> 0070 </tr> 0071 <tr bgcolor="#F0F0F0"> 0072 <td> 0073 <ul> 0074 <li><a name="TOC4" href="#SEC4">\addtocounter</a></li> 0075 <li><a name="TOC5" href="#SEC5">\alph</a></li> 0076 <li><a name="TOC6" href="#SEC6">\arabic</a></li> 0077 <li><a name="TOC7" href="#SEC7">\fnsymbol</a></li> 0078 <li><a name="TOC8" href="#SEC8">\newcounter</a></li> 0079 <li><a name="TOC9" href="#SEC9">\refstepcounter</a></li> 0080 <li><a name="TOC10" href="#SEC10">\roman</a></li> 0081 <li><a name="TOC11" href="#SEC11">\stepcounter</a></li> 0082 <li><a name="TOC12" href="#SEC12">\setcounter</a></li> 0083 <li><a name="TOC13" href="#SEC13">\usecounter</a></li> 0084 <li><a name="TOC14" href="#SEC14">\value</a></li> 0085 </ul> 0086 </td> 0087 <td> </td> 0088 </tr> 0089 <tr bgcolor="#F0F0FA"> 0090 <td align="left"><b><a href="#SEC15">Cross References</a></b></td> 0091 <td>Automatic referencing.</td> 0092 </tr> 0093 <tr bgcolor="#F0F0F0"> 0094 <td> 0095 <ul> 0096 <li><a name="TOC16" href="#SEC16">\label</a></li> 0097 <li><a name="TOC17" href="#SEC17">\pageref</a></li> 0098 <li><a name="TOC18" href="#SEC18">\ref</a></li> 0099 </ul> 0100 </td> 0101 <td> </td> 0102 </tr> 0103 <tr bgcolor="#F0F0FA"> 0104 <td align="left"><b><a href="#SEC19">Definitions</a></b></td> 0105 <td>Define your own commands etc.</td> 0106 </tr> 0107 <tr bgcolor="#F0F0F0"> 0108 <td> 0109 <ul> 0110 <li><a name="TOC20" href="#SEC20">\newcommand</a></li> 0111 <li><a name="TOC21" href="#SEC21">\newenvironment</a></li> 0112 <li><a name="TOC22" href="#SEC22">\newtheorem</a></li> 0113 <li><a name="TOC23" href="#SEC23">\newfont</a></li> 0114 </ul> 0115 </td> 0116 <td> </td> 0117 </tr> 0118 <tr bgcolor="#F0F0FA"> 0119 <td align="left"><b><a href="#SEC24">Document Classes</a></b></td> 0120 <td>Some of the various classes available.</td> 0121 </tr> 0122 <tr bgcolor="#F0F0FA"> 0123 <td align="left"><b><a href="#SEC30">Environments</a></b></td> 0124 <td>Such as enumerate & itemize.</td> 0125 </tr> 0126 <tr bgcolor="#F0F0F0"> 0127 <td> 0128 <div style="margin-left: 2em"> 0129 <ul> 0130 <li><a name="TOC31" href="#SEC31">array</a></li> 0131 <li><a name="TOC32" href="#SEC32">center</a> 0132 <ul> 0133 <li><a name="TOC33" href="#SEC33">\centering</a></li> 0134 </ul> 0135 </li> 0136 <li><a name="TOC34" href="#SEC34">description</a></li> 0137 <li><a name="TOC35" href="#SEC35">enumerate</a></li> 0138 <li><a name="TOC36" href="#SEC36">eqnarray</a></li> 0139 <li><a name="TOC37" href="#SEC37">equation</a></li> 0140 <li><a name="TOC38" href="#SEC38">figure</a></li> 0141 <li><a name="TOC39" href="#SEC39">flushleft</a> 0142 <ul> 0143 <li><a name="TOC40" href="#SEC40">\raggedright</a></li> 0144 </ul> 0145 </li> 0146 <li><a name="TOC41" href="#SEC41">flushright</a> 0147 <ul> 0148 <li><a name="TOC42" href="#SEC42">\raggedleft</a></li> 0149 </ul> 0150 </li> 0151 <li><a name="TOC43" href="#SEC43">itemize</a></li> 0152 <li><a name="TOC44" href="#SEC44">letter</a></li> 0153 <li><a name="TOC45" href="#SEC45">list</a></li> 0154 <li><a name="TOC46" href="#SEC46">minipage</a></li> 0155 <li><a name="TOC47" href="#SEC47">picture</a> 0156 <ul> 0157 <li><a name="TOC48" href="#SEC48">\circle</a></li> 0158 <li><a name="TOC49" href="#SEC49">\dashbox</a></li> 0159 <li><a name="TOC50" href="#SEC50">\frame</a></li> 0160 <li><a name="TOC51" href="#SEC51">\framebox</a></li> 0161 <li><a name="TOC52" href="#SEC52">\line</a></li> 0162 <li><a name="TOC53" href="#SEC53">\linethickness</a></li> 0163 <li><a name="TOC54" href="#SEC54">\makebox</a></li> 0164 <li><a name="TOC55" href="#SEC55">\multiput</a></li> 0165 <li><a name="TOC56" href="#SEC56">\oval</a></li> 0166 <li><a name="TOC57" href="#SEC57">\put</a></li> 0167 <li><a name="TOC58" href="#SEC58">\shortstack</a></li> 0168 <li><a name="TOC59" href="#SEC59">\vector</a></li> 0169 </ul> 0170 </li> 0171 <li><a name="TOC60" href="#SEC60">quotation</a></li> 0172 <li><a name="TOC61" href="#SEC61">quote</a></li> 0173 <li><a name="TOC62" href="#SEC62">tabbing</a></li> 0174 <li><a name="TOC63" href="#SEC63">table</a></li> 0175 <li><a name="TOC64" href="#SEC64">tabular</a> 0176 <ul> 0177 <li><a name="TOC65" href="#SEC65">\cline</a></li> 0178 <li><a name="TOC66" href="#SEC66">\hline</a></li> 0179 <li><a name="TOC67" href="#SEC67">\multicolumn</a></li> 0180 <li><a name="TOC68" href="#SEC68">\vline</a></li> 0181 </ul> 0182 </li> 0183 <li><a name="TOC69" href="#SEC69">thebibliography</a> 0184 <ul> 0185 <li><a name="TOC70" href="#SEC70">\bibitem</a></li> 0186 <li><a name="TOC71" href="#SEC71">\cite</a></li> 0187 <li><a name="TOC72" href="#SEC72">\nocite</a></li> 0188 <li><a name="TOC73" href="#SEC73">Using BibTeX</a></li> 0189 </ul> 0190 </li> 0191 <li><a name="TOC74" href="#SEC74">theorem</a></li> 0192 <li><a name="TOC75" href="#SEC75">titlepage</a></li> 0193 <li><a name="TOC76" href="#SEC76">verbatim</a> 0194 <ul> 0195 <li><a name="TOC77" href="#SEC77">\verb</a></li> 0196 </ul> 0197 </li> 0198 <li><a name="TOC78" href="#SEC78">verse</a></li> 0199 </ul> 0200 </div> 0201 </td> 0202 <td> </td> 0203 </tr> 0204 <tr bgcolor="#F0F0FA"> 0205 <td align="left"><b><a href="#SEC79">Footnotes</a></b></td> 0206 <td>How to produce footnotes.</td> 0207 </tr> 0208 <tr bgcolor="#F0F0F0"> 0209 <td> 0210 <ul> 0211 <li><a name="TOC80" href="#SEC80">\footnote</a></li> 0212 <li><a name="TOC81" href="#SEC81">\footnotemark</a></li> 0213 <li><a name="TOC82" href="#SEC82">\footnotetext</a></li> 0214 </ul> 0215 </td> 0216 <td> </td> 0217 </tr> 0218 <tr bgcolor="#F0F0FA"> 0219 <td align="left"><b><a href="#SEC25">Layout</a></b></td> 0220 <td>Controlling the page layout.</td> 0221 </tr> 0222 <tr bgcolor="#F0F0F0"> 0223 <td> 0224 <ul> 0225 <li><a name="TOC26" href="#SEC26">\flushbottom</a></li> 0226 <li><a name="TOC27" href="#SEC27">\onecolumn</a></li> 0227 <li><a name="TOC28" href="#SEC28">\raggedbottom</a></li> 0228 <li><a name="TOC29" href="#SEC29">\twocolumn</a></li> 0229 </ul> 0230 </td> 0231 <td> </td> 0232 </tr> 0233 <tr bgcolor="#F0F0FA"> 0234 <td align="left"><b><a href="#SEC83">Lengths</a></b></td> 0235 <td>The length commands.</td> 0236 </tr> 0237 <tr bgcolor="#F0F0F0"> 0238 <td> 0239 <ul> 0240 <li><a name="TOC84" href="#SEC84">\newlength</a></li> 0241 <li><a name="TOC85" href="#SEC85">\setlength</a></li> 0242 <li><a name="TOC86" href="#SEC86">\addtolength</a></li> 0243 <li><a name="TOC87" href="#SEC87">\settodepth</a></li> 0244 <li><a name="TOC88" href="#SEC88">\settoheight</a></li> 0245 <li><a name="TOC89" href="#SEC89">\settowidth</a></li> 0246 <li><a name="TOC90" href="#SEC90">Predefined lengths</a></li> 0247 </ul> 0248 </td> 0249 <td> </td> 0250 </tr> 0251 <tr bgcolor="#F0F0FA"> 0252 <td align="left"><b><a href="#SEC91">Letters</a></b></td> 0253 <td>The letter class.</td> 0254 </tr> 0255 <tr bgcolor="#F0F0F0"> 0256 <td> 0257 <ul> 0258 <li><a name="TOC92" href="#SEC92">\address</a></li> 0259 <li><a name="TOC93" href="#SEC93">\cc</a></li> 0260 <li><a name="TOC94" href="#SEC94">\closing</a></li> 0261 <li><a name="TOC95" href="#SEC95">\encl</a></li> 0262 <li><a name="TOC96" href="#SEC96">\location</a></li> 0263 <li><a name="TOC97" href="#SEC97">\makelabels</a></li> 0264 <li><a name="TOC98" href="#SEC98">\name</a></li> 0265 <li><a name="TOC99" href="#SEC99">\opening</a></li> 0266 <li><a name="TOC100" href="#SEC100">\ps</a></li> 0267 <li><a name="TOC101" href="#SEC101">\signature</a></li> 0268 <li><a name="TOC102" href="#SEC102">\startbreaks</a></li> 0269 <li><a name="TOC103" href="#SEC103">\stopbreaks</a></li> 0270 <li><a name="TOC104" href="#SEC104">\telephone</a></li> 0271 </ul> 0272 </td> 0273 <td> </td> 0274 </tr> 0275 <tr bgcolor="#F0F0FA"> 0276 <td align="left"><b><a href="#SEC105">Line & Page 0277 Breaking</a></b></td> 0278 <td>How to insert pagebreaks etc.</td> 0279 </tr> 0280 <tr bgcolor="#F0F0F0"> 0281 <td> 0282 <ul> 0283 <li><a name="TOC106" href="#SEC106">\\</a></li> 0284 <li><a name="TOC107" href="#SEC107">\-</a></li> 0285 <li><a name="TOC108" href="#SEC108">\cleardoublepage</a></li> 0286 <li><a name="TOC109" href="#SEC109">\clearpage</a></li> 0287 <li><a name="TOC110" href="#SEC110">\enlargethispage</a></li> 0288 <li><a name="TOC111" href="#SEC111">\fussy</a></li> 0289 <li><a name="TOC112" href="#SEC112">\hyphenation</a></li> 0290 <li><a name="TOC113" href="#SEC113">\linebreak</a></li> 0291 <li><a name="TOC114" href="#SEC114">\newline</a></li> 0292 <li><a name="TOC115" href="#SEC115">\newpage</a></li> 0293 <li><a name="TOC116" href="#SEC116">\nolinebreak</a></li> 0294 <li><a name="TOC117" href="#SEC117">\nopagebreak</a></li> 0295 <li><a name="TOC118" href="#SEC118">\pagebreak</a></li> 0296 <li><a name="TOC119" href="#SEC119">\sloppy</a></li> 0297 </ul> 0298 </td> 0299 <td> </td> 0300 </tr> 0301 <tr bgcolor="#F0F0FA"> 0302 <td align="left"><b><a href="#SEC120">Making 0303 Paragraphs</a></b></td> 0304 <td>Paragraph commands.</td> 0305 </tr> 0306 <tr bgcolor="#F0F0F0"> 0307 <td> 0308 <ul> 0309 <li><a name="TOC121" href="#SEC121">\indent</a></li> 0310 <li><a name="TOC122" href="#SEC122">\noindent</a></li> 0311 <li><a name="TOC123" href="#SEC123">\par</a></li> 0312 </ul> 0313 </td> 0314 <td> </td> 0315 </tr> 0316 <tr bgcolor="#F0F0FA"> 0317 <td align="left"><b><a href="#SEC124">Margin Notes</a></b></td> 0318 <td>Putting remarks in the margin.</td> 0319 </tr> 0320 <tr bgcolor="#F0F0FA"> 0321 <td align="left"><b><a href="#SEC125">Math Formulae</a></b></td> 0322 <td>How to create mathematical formulae.</td> 0323 </tr> 0324 <tr bgcolor="#F0F0F0"> 0325 <td> 0326 <ul> 0327 <li><a name="TOC126" href="#SEC126">Subscripts & 0328 Superscripts</a></li> 0329 <li><a name="TOC127" href="#SEC127">Math Symbols</a></li> 0330 <li><a name="TOC128" href="#SEC128">Spacing in Math Mode</a></li> 0331 <li><a name="TOC129" href="#SEC129">Math Miscellany</a></li> 0332 </ul> 0333 </td> 0334 <td> </td> 0335 </tr> 0336 <tr bgcolor="#F0F0FA"> 0337 <td align="left"><b><a href="#SEC130">Modes</a></b></td> 0338 <td>Paragraph, Math or LR modes.</td> 0339 </tr> 0340 <tr bgcolor="#F0F0FA"> 0341 <td align="left"><b><a href="#SEC131">Page Styles</a></b></td> 0342 <td>Various styles of page layout.</td> 0343 </tr> 0344 <tr bgcolor="#F0F0F0"> 0345 <td> 0346 <ul> 0347 <li><a name="TOC132" href="#SEC132">\maketitle</a></li> 0348 <li><a name="TOC133" href="#SEC133">\author</a></li> 0349 <li><a name="TOC134" href="#SEC134">\date</a></li> 0350 <li><a name="TOC135" href="#SEC135">\thanks</a></li> 0351 <li><a name="TOC136" href="#SEC136">\title</a></li> 0352 <li><a name="TOC137" href="#SEC137">\pagenumbering</a></li> 0353 <li><a name="TOC138" href="#SEC138">\pagestyle</a></li> 0354 <li><a name="TOC139" href="#SEC139">\markboth</a></li> 0355 <li><a name="TOC140" href="#SEC140">\markright</a></li> 0356 <li><a name="TOC141" href="#SEC141">\thispagestyle</a></li> 0357 </ul> 0358 </td> 0359 <td> </td> 0360 </tr> 0361 <tr bgcolor="#F0F0FA"> 0362 <td align="left"><b><a href="#SEC142">Sectioning</a></b></td> 0363 <td>How to section properly.</td> 0364 </tr> 0365 <tr bgcolor="#F0F0FA"> 0366 <td align="left"><b><a href="#SEC143">Spaces & 0367 Boxes</a></b></td> 0368 <td>All the associated commands.</td> 0369 </tr> 0370 <tr bgcolor="#F0F0F0"> 0371 <td> 0372 <ul> 0373 <li><a name="TOC144" href="#SEC144">\dotfill</a></li> 0374 <li><a name="TOC145" href="#SEC145">\hfill</a></li> 0375 <li><a name="TOC146" href="#SEC146">\hrulefill</a></li> 0376 <li><a name="TOC147" href="#SEC147">\hspace</a></li> 0377 <li><a name="TOC148" href="#SEC148">\addvspace</a></li> 0378 <li><a name="TOC149" href="#SEC149">\bigskip</a></li> 0379 <li><a name="TOC150" href="#SEC150">\medskip</a></li> 0380 <li><a name="TOC151" href="#SEC151">\smallskip</a></li> 0381 <li><a name="TOC152" href="#SEC152">\vfill</a></li> 0382 <li><a name="TOC153" href="#SEC153">\vspace</a></li> 0383 <li><a name="TOC154" href="#SEC154">\fbox</a></li> 0384 <li><a name="TOC155" href="#SEC155">\framebox</a></li> 0385 <li><a name="TOC156" href="#SEC156">lrbox</a></li> 0386 <li><a name="TOC157" href="#SEC157">\makebox</a></li> 0387 <li><a name="TOC158" href="#SEC158">\mbox</a></li> 0388 <li><a name="TOC159" href="#SEC159">\newsavebox</a></li> 0389 <li><a name="TOC160" href="#SEC160">\parbox</a></li> 0390 <li><a name="TOC161" href="#SEC161">\raisebox</a></li> 0391 <li><a name="TOC162" href="#SEC162">\rule</a></li> 0392 <li><a name="TOC163" href="#SEC163">\savebox</a></li> 0393 <li><a name="TOC164" href="#SEC164">\sbox</a></li> 0394 <li><a name="TOC165" href="#SEC165">\usebox</a></li> 0395 </ul> 0396 </td> 0397 <td> </td> 0398 </tr> 0399 <tr bgcolor="#F0F0FA"> 0400 <td align="left"><b><a href="#SEC166">Special 0401 Characters</a></b></td> 0402 <td>Special reserved characters.</td> 0403 </tr> 0404 <tr bgcolor="#F0F0FA"> 0405 <td align="left"><b><a href="#SEC167">Splitting the 0406 Input</a></b></td> 0407 <td>Dealing with big files by splitting.</td> 0408 </tr> 0409 <tr bgcolor="#F0F0F0"> 0410 <td> 0411 <ul> 0412 <li><a name="TOC168" href="#SEC168">\include</a></li> 0413 <li><a name="TOC169" href="#SEC169">\includeonly</a></li> 0414 <li><a name="TOC170" href="#SEC170">\input</a></li> 0415 </ul> 0416 </td> 0417 <td> </td> 0418 </tr> 0419 <tr bgcolor="#F0F0FA"> 0420 <td align="left"><b><a href="#SEC171">Starting & 0421 Ending</a></b></td> 0422 <td>The formal start & end layouts.</td> 0423 </tr> 0424 <tr bgcolor="#F0F0FA"> 0425 <td align="left"><b><a href="#SEC172">Table of 0426 Contents</a></b></td> 0427 <td>How to create a table of contents.</td> 0428 </tr> 0429 <tr bgcolor="#F0F0F0"> 0430 <td> 0431 <ul> 0432 <li><a name="TOC173" href="#SEC173">\addcontentsline</a></li> 0433 <li><a name="TOC174" href="#SEC174">\addtocontents</a></li> 0434 </ul> 0435 </td> 0436 <td> </td> 0437 </tr> 0438 <tr bgcolor="#F0F0FA"> 0439 <td align="left"><b><a href="#SEC175">Terminal 0440 Input/Output</a></b></td> 0441 <td>User interaction.</td> 0442 </tr> 0443 <tr bgcolor="#F0F0F0"> 0444 <td> 0445 <ul> 0446 <li><a name="TOC176" href="#SEC176">\typein</a></li> 0447 <li><a name="TOC177" href="#SEC177">\typeout</a></li> 0448 </ul> 0449 </td> 0450 <td> </td> 0451 </tr> 0452 <tr bgcolor="#F0F0FA"> 0453 <td align="left"><b><a href="#SEC178">Typefaces</a></b></td> 0454 <td>Such as bold, italics etc.</td> 0455 </tr> 0456 <tr bgcolor="#F0F0F0"> 0457 <td> 0458 <ul> 0459 <li><a name="TOC179" href="#SEC179">Styles</a></li> 0460 <li><a name="TOC180" href="#SEC180">Sizes</a></li> 0461 <li><a name="TOC181" href="#SEC181">Low-level font 0462 commands</a></li> 0463 </ul> 0464 </td> 0465 <td> </td> 0466 </tr> 0467 </table> 0468 <!-- ALPHABETICAL INDEX --> 0469 <hr> 0470 <table width="100%"> 0471 <tr bgcolor="#3F5881"> 0472 <td align="center"><b><a name="alpha"><font size="+2" color= 0473 "white">Alphabetical index</font></a></b></td> 0474 </tr> 0475 </table> 0476 <table> 0477 <tr valign="top"> 0478 <td bgcolor="#3F5881"><b><font size="+2" color= 0479 "white"> # </font></b></td> 0480 <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0"> 0481 <ul> 0482 <li><a name="index0" href="#IDX259">$</a></li> 0483 <li><a href="#SEC128">\!</a></li> 0484 <li><a href="#IDX134">\' (tabbing)</a></li> 0485 <li><a href="#SEC125">\(</a></li> 0486 <li><a href="#SEC125">\)</a></li> 0487 <li><a href="#IDX132">\+</a></li> 0488 <li><a href="#SEC128">\,</a></li> 0489 <li><a href="#SEC107">\- (hyphenation)</a></li> 0490 <li><a href="#IDX133">\- (tabbing)</a></li> 0491 <li><a href="#SEC128">\;</a></li> 0492 <li><a href="#IDX131">\<</a></li> 0493 <li><a href="#IDX129">\=</a></li> 0494 <li><a href="#IDX130">\></a></li> 0495 <li><a href="#SEC125">\[</a></li> 0496 <li><a href="#SEC106">\\</a></li> 0497 <li><a href="#SEC125">\]</a></li> 0498 <li><a href="#IDX135">\` (tabbing)</a></li> 0499 </ul> 0500 </td> 0501 </tr> 0502 <tr valign="top"> 0503 <td bgcolor="#3F5881"><b><font size="+2" color= 0504 "white"> A </font></b></td> 0505 <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0"> 0506 <ul> 0507 <li><a name="indexa" href="#IDX139">\a</a></li> 0508 <li><a href="#SEC173">\addcontentsline</a></li> 0509 <li><a href="#SEC92">\address</a></li> 0510 <li><a href="#SEC174">\addtocontents</a></li> 0511 <li><a href="#SEC4">\addtocounter</a></li> 0512 <li><a href="#SEC86">\addtolength</a></li> 0513 <li><a href="#SEC148">\addvspace</a></li> 0514 <li><a href="#SEC5">\alph</a></li> 0515 <li><a href="#SEC5">\Alph</a></li> 0516 <li><a href="#IDX314">\appendix</a></li> 0517 <li><a href="#SEC6">\arabic</a></li> 0518 <li><a href="#SEC31">array (environment)</a></li> 0519 <li><a href="#SEC133">\author</a></li> 0520 </ul> 0521 </td> 0522 </tr> 0523 <tr valign="top"> 0524 <td bgcolor="#3F5881"><b><font size="+2" color= 0525 "white"> B </font></b></td> 0526 <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0"> 0527 <ul> 0528 <li><a name="indexb" href="#IDX346">\backslash</a></li> 0529 <li><a href="#SEC30">\begin</a></li> 0530 <li><a href="#IDX380">\bfseries</a></li> 0531 <li><a href="#SEC70">\bibitem</a></li> 0532 <li><a href="#SEC73">\bibliography</a></li> 0533 <li><a href="#SEC73">\bibliographystyle</a></li> 0534 <li><a href="#SEC149">\bigskip</a></li> 0535 </ul> 0536 </td> 0537 </tr> 0538 <tr valign="top"> 0539 <td bgcolor="#3F5881"><b><font size="+2" color= 0540 "white"> C </font></b></td> 0541 <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0"> 0542 <ul> 0543 <li><a name="indexc" href="#IDX80">\caption</a></li> 0544 <li><a href="#SEC93">\cc</a></li> 0545 <li><a href="#IDX275">\cdots</a></li> 0546 <li><a href="#SEC32">center</a></li> 0547 <li><a href="#SEC33">\centering</a></li> 0548 <li><a href="#SEC142">\chapter</a></li> 0549 <li><a href="#SEC48">\circle</a></li> 0550 <li><a href="#SEC71">\cite</a></li> 0551 <li><a href="#SEC108">\cleardoublepage</a></li> 0552 <li><a href="#SEC109">\clearpage</a></li> 0553 <li><a href="#SEC65">\cline</a></li> 0554 <li><a href="#SEC94">\closing</a></li> 0555 </ul> 0556 </td> 0557 </tr> 0558 <tr valign="top"> 0559 <td bgcolor="#3F5881"><b><font size="+2" color= 0560 "white"> D </font></b></td> 0561 <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0"> 0562 <ul> 0563 <li><a name="indexd" href="#SEC49">\dashbox</a></li> 0564 <li><a href="#SEC134">\date</a></li> 0565 <li><a href="#IDX276">\ddots</a></li> 0566 <li><a href="#IDX193">\depth</a></li> 0567 <li><a href="#SEC34">description</a></li> 0568 <li><a href="#SEC24">\documentclass</a></li> 0569 <li><a href="#SEC144">\dotfill</a></li> 0570 </ul> 0571 </td> 0572 </tr> 0573 <tr valign="top"> 0574 <td bgcolor="#3F5881"><b><font size="+2" color= 0575 "white"> E </font></b></td> 0576 <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0"> 0577 <ul> 0578 <li><a name="indexe" href="#IDX376">\emph</a></li> 0579 <li><a href="#SEC95">\encl</a></li> 0580 <li><a href="#SEC30">\end</a></li> 0581 <li><a href="#SEC110">\enlargethispage</a></li> 0582 <li><a href="#SEC35">enumerate</a></li> 0583 <li><a href="#SEC36">eqnarray</a></li> 0584 <li><a href="#SEC37">equation</a></li> 0585 </ul> 0586 </td> 0587 </tr> 0588 <tr valign="top"> 0589 <td bgcolor="#3F5881"><b><font size="+2" color= 0590 "white"> F </font></b></td> 0591 <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0"> 0592 <ul> 0593 <li><a name="indexf" href="#SEC154">\fbox</a></li> 0594 <li><a href="#SEC38">figure</a></li> 0595 <li><a href="#SEC26">\flushbottom</a></li> 0596 <li><a href="#SEC39">flushleft</a></li> 0597 <li><a href="#SEC41">flushright</a></li> 0598 <li><a href="#SEC7">\fnsymbol</a></li> 0599 <li><a href="#IDX416">\fontencoding</a></li> 0600 <li><a href="#IDX417">\fontfamily</a></li> 0601 <li><a href="#IDX418">\fontseries</a></li> 0602 <li><a href="#IDX419">\fontshape</a></li> 0603 <li><a href="#IDX420">\fontsize</a></li> 0604 <li><a href="#SEC80">\footnote</a></li> 0605 <li><a href="#SEC81">\footnotemark</a></li> 0606 <li><a href="#IDX406">\footnotesize</a></li> 0607 <li><a href="#SEC82">\footnotetext</a></li> 0608 <li><a href="#IDX277">\frac</a></li> 0609 <li><a href="#SEC50">\frame</a></li> 0610 <li><a href="#SEC51">\framebox</a></li> 0611 <li><a href="#SEC111">\fussy</a></li> 0612 </ul> 0613 </td> 0614 </tr> 0615 <tr valign="top"> 0616 <td bgcolor="#3F5881"><b><font size="+2" color= 0617 "white"> H </font></b></td> 0618 <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0"> 0619 <ul> 0620 <li><a name="indexh" href="#IDX192">\height</a></li> 0621 <li><a href="#SEC145">\hfill</a></li> 0622 <li><a href="#SEC66">\hline</a></li> 0623 <li><a href="#SEC146">\hrulefill</a></li> 0624 <li><a href="#SEC147">\hspace</a></li> 0625 <li><a href="#IDX413">\Huge</a></li> 0626 <li><a href="#IDX412">\huge</a></li> 0627 <li><a href="#SEC112">\hyphenation</a></li> 0628 </ul> 0629 </td> 0630 </tr> 0631 <tr valign="top"> 0632 <td bgcolor="#3F5881"><b><font size="+2" color= 0633 "white"> I </font></b></td> 0634 <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0"> 0635 <ul> 0636 <li><a name="indexi" href="#SEC168">\include</a></li> 0637 <li><a href="#SEC169">\includeonly</a></li> 0638 <li><a href="#SEC121">\indent</a></li> 0639 <li><a href="#SEC170">\input</a></li> 0640 <li><a href="#SEC43">\item</a></li> 0641 <li><a href="#SEC43">itemize</a></li> 0642 <li><a href="#IDX375">\itshape</a></li> 0643 </ul> 0644 </td> 0645 </tr> 0646 <tr valign="top"> 0647 <td bgcolor="#3F5881"><b><font size="+2" color= 0648 "white"> K </font></b></td> 0649 <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0"> 0650 <ul> 0651 <li><a name="indexk" href="#IDX136">\kill</a></li> 0652 </ul> 0653 </td> 0654 </tr> 0655 <tr valign="top"> 0656 <td bgcolor="#3F5881"><b><font size="+2" color= 0657 "white"> L </font></b></td> 0658 <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0"> 0659 <ul> 0660 <li><a name="indexl" href="#SEC16">\label</a></li> 0661 <li><a href="#IDX409">\large</a></li> 0662 <li><a href="#IDX411">\LARGE</a></li> 0663 <li><a href="#IDX410">\Large</a></li> 0664 <li><a href="#IDX278">\ldots</a></li> 0665 <li><a href="#IDX74">\lefteqn</a></li> 0666 <li><a href="#SEC44">letter</a></li> 0667 <li><a href="#SEC52">\line</a></li> 0668 <li><a href="#SEC113">\linebreak</a></li> 0669 <li><a href="#SEC53">\linethickness</a></li> 0670 <li><a href="#SEC45">list</a></li> 0671 <li><a href="#IDX358">\listoffigures</a></li> 0672 <li><a href="#IDX359">\listoftables</a></li> 0673 <li><a href="#IDX204">\location</a></li> 0674 <li><a href="#SEC156">lrbox</a></li> 0675 </ul> 0676 </td> 0677 </tr> 0678 <tr valign="top"> 0679 <td bgcolor="#3F5881"><b><font size="+2" color= 0680 "white"> M </font></b></td> 0681 <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0"> 0682 <ul> 0683 <li><a name="indexm" href="#SEC157">\makebox</a></li> 0684 <li><a href="#SEC54">\makebox (picture)</a></li> 0685 <li><a href="#SEC97">\makelabels</a></li> 0686 <li><a href="#SEC132">\maketitle</a></li> 0687 <li><a href="#SEC139">\markboth</a></li> 0688 <li><a href="#SEC140">\markright</a></li> 0689 <li><a href="#IDX394">\mathbf</a></li> 0690 <li><a href="#IDX399">\mathcal</a></li> 0691 <li><a href="#IDX397">\mathit</a></li> 0692 <li><a href="#IDX398">\mathnormal</a></li> 0693 <li><a href="#IDX393">\mathrm</a></li> 0694 <li><a href="#IDX395">\mathsf</a></li> 0695 <li><a href="#IDX396">\mathtt</a></li> 0696 <li><a href="#IDX400">\mathversion</a></li> 0697 <li><a href="#SEC158">\mbox</a></li> 0698 <li><a href="#IDX378">\mdseries</a></li> 0699 <li><a href="#SEC150">\medskip</a></li> 0700 <li><a href="#SEC46">minipage</a></li> 0701 <li><a href="#SEC67">\multicolumn</a></li> 0702 <li><a href="#SEC55">\multiput</a></li> 0703 </ul> 0704 </td> 0705 </tr> 0706 <tr valign="top"> 0707 <td bgcolor="#3F5881"><b><font size="+2" color= 0708 "white"> N </font></b></td> 0709 <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0"> 0710 <ul> 0711 <li><a name="indexn" href="#SEC98">\name</a></li> 0712 <li><a href="#SEC20">\newcommand</a></li> 0713 <li><a href="#SEC8">\newcounter</a></li> 0714 <li><a href="#SEC21">\newenvironment</a></li> 0715 <li><a href="#SEC23">\newfont</a></li> 0716 <li><a href="#SEC84">\newlength</a></li> 0717 <li><a href="#SEC114">\newline</a></li> 0718 <li><a href="#SEC115">\newpage</a></li> 0719 <li><a href="#SEC159">\newsavebox</a></li> 0720 <li><a href="#SEC22">\newtheorem</a></li> 0721 <li><a href="#SEC72">\nocite</a></li> 0722 <li><a href="#IDX360">\nofiles</a></li> 0723 <li><a href="#SEC122">\noindent</a></li> 0724 <li><a href="#SEC116">\nolinebreak</a></li> 0725 <li><a href="#SEC117">\nopagebreak</a></li> 0726 <li><a href="#IDX392">\normalfont</a></li> 0727 <li><a href="#IDX408">\normalsize</a></li> 0728 </ul> 0729 </td> 0730 </tr> 0731 <tr valign="top"> 0732 <td bgcolor="#3F5881"><b><font size="+2" color= 0733 "white"> O </font></b></td> 0734 <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0"> 0735 <ul> 0736 <li><a name="indexo" href="#SEC27">\onecolumn</a></li> 0737 <li><a href="#SEC99">\opening</a></li> 0738 <li><a href="#SEC56">\oval</a></li> 0739 <li><a href="#IDX279">\overbrace</a></li> 0740 <li><a href="#IDX280">\overline</a></li> 0741 </ul> 0742 </td> 0743 </tr> 0744 <tr valign="top"> 0745 <td bgcolor="#3F5881"><b><font size="+2" color= 0746 "white"> P </font></b></td> 0747 <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0"> 0748 <ul> 0749 <li><a name="indexp" href="#SEC118">\pagebreak</a></li> 0750 <li><a href="#SEC137">\pagenumbering</a></li> 0751 <li><a href="#SEC17">\pageref</a></li> 0752 <li><a href="#SEC138">\pagestyle</a></li> 0753 <li><a href="#SEC123">\par</a></li> 0754 <li><a href="#SEC142">\paragraph</a></li> 0755 <li><a href="#SEC160">\parbox</a></li> 0756 <li><a href="#SEC47">picture</a></li> 0757 <li><a href="#SEC100">\ps</a></li> 0758 <li><a href="#IDX137">\pushtabs</a></li> 0759 <li><a href="#SEC57">\put</a></li> 0760 </ul> 0761 </td> 0762 </tr> 0763 <tr valign="top"> 0764 <td bgcolor="#3F5881"><b><font size="+2" color= 0765 "white"> Q </font></b></td> 0766 <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0"> 0767 <ul> 0768 <li><a name="indexq" href="#SEC60">quotation</a></li> 0769 <li><a href="#SEC61">quote</a></li> 0770 </ul> 0771 </td> 0772 </tr> 0773 <tr valign="top"> 0774 <td bgcolor="#3F5881"><b><font size="+2" color= 0775 "white"> R </font></b></td> 0776 <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0"> 0777 <ul> 0778 <li><a name="indexr" href="#SEC28">\raggedbottom</a></li> 0779 <li><a href="#SEC42">\raggedleft</a></li> 0780 <li><a href="#SEC40">\raggedright</a></li> 0781 <li><a href="#SEC161">\raisebox</a></li> 0782 <li><a href="#SEC18">\ref</a></li> 0783 <li><a href="#SEC9">\refstepcounter</a></li> 0784 <li><a href="#IDX373">\rmfamily</a></li> 0785 <li><a href="#SEC10">\roman</a></li> 0786 <li><a href="#SEC10">\Roman</a></li> 0787 <li><a href="#SEC162">\rule</a></li> 0788 </ul> 0789 </td> 0790 </tr> 0791 <tr valign="top"> 0792 <td bgcolor="#3F5881"><b><font size="+2" color= 0793 "white"> S </font></b></td> 0794 <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0"> 0795 <ul> 0796 <li><a name="indexs" href="#SEC163">\savebox</a></li> 0797 <li><a href="#SEC164">\sbox</a></li> 0798 <li><a href="#IDX405">\scriptsize</a></li> 0799 <li><a href="#IDX388">\scshape</a></li> 0800 <li><a href="#SEC142">\section</a></li> 0801 <li><a href="#IDX421">\selectfont</a></li> 0802 <li><a href="#SEC12">\setcounter</a></li> 0803 <li><a href="#SEC85">\setlength</a></li> 0804 <li><a href="#SEC87">\settodepth</a></li> 0805 <li><a href="#SEC88">\settoheight</a></li> 0806 <li><a href="#SEC89">\settowidth</a></li> 0807 <li><a href="#IDX386">\sffamily</a></li> 0808 <li><a href="#SEC58">\shortstack</a></li> 0809 <li><a href="#SEC101">\signature</a></li> 0810 <li><a href="#SEC119">\sloppy</a></li> 0811 <li><a href="#IDX384">\slshape</a></li> 0812 <li><a href="#IDX407">\small</a></li> 0813 <li><a href="#SEC151">\smallskip</a></li> 0814 <li><a href="#IDX281">\sqrt</a></li> 0815 <li><a href="#SEC102">\startbreaks</a></li> 0816 <li><a href="#SEC11">\stepcounter</a></li> 0817 <li><a href="#SEC103">\stopbreaks</a></li> 0818 <li><a href="#SEC142">\subparagraph</a></li> 0819 <li><a href="#SEC142">\subsection</a></li> 0820 <li><a href="#SEC142">\subsubsection</a></li> 0821 <li><a href="#IDX347">\symbol</a></li> 0822 </ul> 0823 </td> 0824 </tr> 0825 <tr valign="top"> 0826 <td bgcolor="#3F5881"><b><font size="+2" color= 0827 "white"> T </font></b></td> 0828 <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0"> 0829 <ul> 0830 <li><a name="indext" href="#SEC62">tabbing</a></li> 0831 <li><a href="#SEC63">table</a></li> 0832 <li><a href="#IDX357">\tableofcontents</a></li> 0833 <li><a href="#SEC64">tabular</a></li> 0834 <li><a href="#SEC104">\telephone</a></li> 0835 <li><a href="#IDX380">\textbf</a></li> 0836 <li><a href="#IDX375">\textit</a></li> 0837 <li><a href="#IDX378">\textmd</a></li> 0838 <li><a href="#IDX392">\textnormal</a></li> 0839 <li><a href="#IDX373">\textrm</a></li> 0840 <li><a href="#IDX388">\textsc</a></li> 0841 <li><a href="#IDX386">\textsf</a></li> 0842 <li><a href="#IDX384">\textsl</a></li> 0843 <li><a href="#IDX389">\texttt</a></li> 0844 <li><a href="#IDX381">\textup</a></li> 0845 <li><a href="#SEC135">\thanks</a></li> 0846 <li><a href="#SEC69">thebibliography</a></li> 0847 <li><a href="#SEC74">theorem</a></li> 0848 <li><a href="#SEC141">\thispagestyle</a></li> 0849 <li><a href="#IDX404">\tiny</a></li> 0850 <li><a href="#SEC136">\title</a></li> 0851 <li><a href="#SEC75">titlepage</a></li> 0852 <li><a href="#IDX165">\today</a></li> 0853 <li><a href="#IDX194">\totalheight</a></li> 0854 <li><a href="#IDX389">\ttfamily</a></li> 0855 <li><a href="#SEC29">\twocolumn</a></li> 0856 <li><a href="#SEC176">\typein</a></li> 0857 <li><a href="#SEC177">\typeout</a></li> 0858 </ul> 0859 </td> 0860 </tr> 0861 <tr valign="top"> 0862 <td bgcolor="#3F5881"><b><font size="+2" color= 0863 "white"> U </font></b></td> 0864 <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0"> 0865 <ul> 0866 <li><a name="indexu" href="#IDX282">\underbrace</a></li> 0867 <li><a href="#IDX283">\underline</a></li> 0868 <li><a href="#IDX381">\upshape</a></li> 0869 <li><a href="#SEC165">\usebox</a></li> 0870 <li><a href="#SEC13">\usecounter</a></li> 0871 <li><a href="#IDX422">\usefont</a></li> 0872 <li><a href="#IDX46">\usepackage</a></li> 0873 </ul> 0874 </td> 0875 </tr> 0876 <tr valign="top"> 0877 <td bgcolor="#3F5881"><b><font size="+2" color= 0878 "white"> V </font></b></td> 0879 <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0"> 0880 <ul> 0881 <li><a name="indexv" href="#SEC14">\value</a></li> 0882 <li><a href="#IDX284">\vdots</a></li> 0883 <li><a href="#SEC59">\vector</a></li> 0884 <li><a href="#SEC77">\verb</a></li> 0885 <li><a href="#SEC76">verbatim</a></li> 0886 <li><a href="#SEC78">verse</a></li> 0887 <li><a href="#SEC152">\vfill</a></li> 0888 <li><a href="#SEC68">\vline</a></li> 0889 <li><a href="#SEC153">\vspace</a></li> 0890 </ul> 0891 </td> 0892 </tr> 0893 <tr valign="top"> 0894 <td bgcolor="#3F5881"><b><font size="+2" color= 0895 "white"> W </font></b></td> 0896 <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0"> 0897 <ul> 0898 <li><a name="indexw" href="#SEC90">\width</a></li> 0899 </ul> 0900 </td> 0901 </tr> 0902 </table> 0903 <br> 0904 <br> 0905 <hr> 0906 <!-- HELP CONTENTS --> 0907 <table width="100%"> 0908 <tr bgcolor="#3F5881"> 0909 <td align="left"><b><font size="+2" color="white"> <a name= 0910 "SEC3">Counters</a></font></b></td> 0911 </tr> 0912 </table> 0913 <p>Everything LaTeX numbers for you has a counter associated with 0914 it. The name of the counter is the same as the name of the 0915 environment or command that produces the number, except with no 0916 <code>\</code>. (enumi - enumiv are used for the nested enumerate 0917 environment.) Below is a list of the counters used in LaTeX's 0918 standard document classes to control numbering.</p> 0919 <pre> 0920 part paragraph figure enumi 0921 chapter subparagraph table enumii 0922 section page footnote enumiii 0923 subsection equation mpfootnote enumiv 0924 subsubsection 0925 </pre> 0926 <ul> 0927 <li><a href="#SEC4">\addtocounter</a>: Add a quantity to a 0928 counter.</li> 0929 <li><a href="#SEC5">\alph</a>: Print value of a counter using 0930 letters.</li> 0931 <li><a href="#SEC6">\arabic</a>: Print value of a counter using 0932 numerals.</li> 0933 <li><a href="#SEC7">\fnsymbol</a>: Print value of a counter using 0934 symbols.</li> 0935 <li><a href="#SEC8">\newcounter</a>: Define a new counter.</li> 0936 <li><a href="#SEC9">\refstepcounter</a>: Add to counter, resetting 0937 subsidiary counters.</li> 0938 <li><a href="#SEC10">\roman</a>: Print value of a counter using 0939 roman numerals.</li> 0940 <li><a href="#SEC12">\setcounter</a>: Set the value of a 0941 counter.</li> 0942 <li><a href="#SEC11">\stepcounter</a>: Add to counter, resetting 0943 subsidiary counters.</li> 0944 <li><a href="#SEC13">\usecounter</a>: Use a specified counter in a 0945 list environment.</li> 0946 <li><a href="#SEC14">\value</a>: Use the value of a counter in an 0947 expression.</li> 0948 </ul> 0949 <h3><a name="SEC4" href="#TOC4">\addtocounter</a></h3> 0950 <p><code>\addtocounter{counter}{value}</code></p> 0951 <p>The <code>\addtocounter</code> command increments the 0952 <code>counter</code> by the amount specified by the 0953 <code>value</code> argument. The <code>value</code> argument can be 0954 negative.</p> 0955 <h3><a name="SEC5" href="#TOC5">\alph</a></h3> 0956 <p><code>\alph{counter}</code></p> 0957 <p>This command causes the value of the <code>counter</code> to be 0958 printed in alphabetic characters. The <code>\alph</code> command 0959 uses lower case alphabetic characters, i.e., <code>a, b, 0960 c...</code> while the <code>\Alph</code> command uses upper case 0961 alphabetic characters, i.e., <code>A, B, C...</code>.</p> 0962 <h3><a name="SEC6" href="#TOC6">\arabic</a></h3> 0963 <p><code>\arabic{counter}</code></p> 0964 <p>The <code>\arabic</code> command causes the value of the 0965 <code>counter</code> to be printed in Arabic numbers, i.e., 0966 <code>3</code>.</p> 0967 <h3><a name="SEC7" href="#TOC7">\fnsymbol</a></h3> 0968 <p><code>\fnsymbol{counter}</code></p> 0969 <p>The <code>\fnsymbol</code> command causes the value of the 0970 <code>counter</code> to be printed in a specific sequence of nine 0971 symbols that can be used for numbering footnotes.</p> 0972 <p>eg. From 1-9:</p> 0973 <p>NB. <code>counter</code> must have a value between 1 and 9 0974 inclusive.</p> 0975 <h3><a name="SEC8" href="#TOC8">\newcounter</a></h3> 0976 <p><code>\newcounter{foo}[counter]</code></p> 0977 <p>The <code>\newcounter</code> command defines a new counter named 0978 <code>foo</code>. The counter is initialized to zero.</p> 0979 <p>The optional argument <code>[counter]</code> causes the counter 0980 <code>foo</code> to be reset whenever the counter named in the 0981 optional argument is incremented.</p> 0982 <h3><a name="SEC9" href="#TOC9">\refstepcounter</a></h3> 0983 <p><code>\refstepcounter{counter}</code></p> 0984 <p>The <code>\refstepcounter</code> command works like 0985 <code>\stepcounter</code> See section <a href= 0986 "#SEC11">\stepcounter</a>, except it also defines the current 0987 <code>\ref</code> value to be the result of 0988 <code>\thecounter</code>.</p> 0989 <h3><a name="SEC10" href="#TOC10">\roman</a></h3> 0990 <p><code>\roman{counter}</code></p> 0991 <p>This command causes the value of the <code>counter</code> to be 0992 printed in Roman numerals. The <code>\roman</code> command uses 0993 lower case Roman numerals, i.e., <code>i, ii, iii...</code>, while 0994 the <code>\Roman</code> command uses upper case Roman numerals, 0995 i.e., <code>I, II, III...</code>.</p> 0996 <h3><a name="SEC11" href="#TOC11">\stepcounter</a></h3> 0997 <p><code>\stepcounter{counter}</code></p> 0998 <p>The <code>\stepcounter</code> command adds one to the 0999 <code>counter</code> and resets all subsidiary counters.</p> 1000 <h3><a name="SEC12" href="#TOC12">\setcounter</a></h3> 1001 <p><code>\setcounter{counter}{value}</code></p> 1002 <p>The <code>\setcounter</code> command sets the value of the 1003 <code>counter</code> to that specified by the <code>value</code> 1004 argument.</p> 1005 <h3><a name="SEC13" href="#TOC13">\usecounter</a></h3> 1006 <p><code>\usecounter{counter}</code></p> 1007 <p>The <code>\usecounter</code> command is used in the second 1008 argument of the <code>list</code> environment to allow the counter 1009 specified to be used to number the list items.</p> 1010 <h3><a name="SEC14" href="#TOC14">\value</a></h3> 1011 <p><code>\value{counter}</code></p> 1012 <p>The <code>\value</code> command produces the value of the 1013 <code>counter</code> named in the mandatory argument. It can be 1014 used where LaTeX expects an integer or number, such as the second 1015 argument of a <code>\setcounter</code> or 1016 <code>\addtocounter</code> command, or in:</p> 1017 <pre> 1018 \hspace{\value{foo}\parindent} 1019 </pre> 1020 <p>It is useful for doing arithmetic with counters.</p> 1021 <table width="100%"> 1022 <tr bgcolor="#3F5881"> 1023 <td align="left"><b><font size="+2" color="white"> <a name= 1024 "SEC15">Cross References</a></font></b></td> 1025 </tr> 1026 </table> 1027 <p>One reason for numbering things like figures and equations is to 1028 refer the reader to them, as in "See Figure 3 for more 1029 details."</p> 1030 <ul> 1031 <li><a href="#SEC16">\label</a>: Assign a symbolic name to a piece 1032 of text.</li> 1033 <li><a href="#SEC17">\pageref</a>: Refer to a page number.</li> 1034 <li><a href="#SEC18">\ref</a>: Refer to a section, figure or 1035 similar.</li> 1036 </ul> 1037 <h3><a name="SEC16" href="#TOC16">\label</a></h3> 1038 <p><code>\label{key}</code></p> 1039 <p>A <code>\label</code> command appearing in ordinary text assigns 1040 to the <code>key</code> the number of the current sectional unit; 1041 one appearing inside a numbered environment assigns that number to 1042 the <code>key</code>.</p> 1043 <p>A <code>key</code> can consist of any sequence of letters, 1044 digits, or punctuation characters. Upper and lowercase letters are 1045 different.</p> 1046 <p>To avoid accidentally creating two labels with the same name, it 1047 is common to use labels consisting of a prefix and a suffix 1048 separated by a colon. The prefixes conventionally used are</p> 1049 <ul> 1050 <li><code>cha</code> for chapters</li> 1051 <li><code>sec</code> for lower-level sectioning commands</li> 1052 <li><code>fig</code> for figures</li> 1053 <li><code>tab</code> for tables</li> 1054 <li><code>eq</code> for equations</li> 1055 </ul> 1056 <p>Thus, a label for a figure would look like 1057 <code>fig:bandersnatch</code>.</p> 1058 <h3><a name="SEC17" href="#TOC17">\pageref</a></h3> 1059 <p><code>\pageref{key}</code></p> 1060 <p>The <code>\pageref</code> command produces the page number of 1061 the place in the text where the corresponding <code>\label</code> 1062 command appears. ie. where <code>\label{key}</code> appears.</p> 1063 <h3><a name="SEC18" href="#TOC18">\ref</a></h3> 1064 <p><code>\ref{key}</code></p> 1065 <p>The <code>\ref</code> command produces the number of the 1066 sectional unit, equation number, ... of the corresponding 1067 <code>\label</code> command.</p> 1068 <table width="100%"> 1069 <tr bgcolor="#3F5881"> 1070 <td align="left"><b><font size="+2" color="white"> <a name= 1071 "SEC19">Definitions</a></font></b></td> 1072 </tr> 1073 </table> 1074 <ul> 1075 <li><a href="#SEC20">\newcommand</a>: Define a new command.</li> 1076 <li><a href="#SEC21">\newenvironment</a>: Define a new 1077 environment.</li> 1078 <li><a href="#SEC22">\newtheorem</a>: Define a new theorem-like 1079 environment.</li> 1080 <li><a href="#SEC23">\newfont</a>: Define a new font name.</li> 1081 </ul> 1082 <h3><a name="SEC20" href="#TOC20">\newcommand</a></h3> 1083 <pre> 1084 \newcommand{cmd}[args]{definition} 1085 \newcommand{cmd}[args][default]{definition} 1086 \renewcommand{cmd}[args]{definition} 1087 \renewcommand{cmd}[args][default]{definition} 1088 </pre> 1089 <p>These commands define (or redefine) a command.</p> 1090 <dl> 1091 <dt><code>cmd</code></dt> 1092 <dd>A command name beginning with a <code>\</code>. For 1093 <code>\newcommand</code> it must not be already defined and must 1094 not begin with <code>\end</code>; for <code>\renewcommand</code> it 1095 must already be defined.</dd> 1096 <dt><code>args</code></dt> 1097 <dd>An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of the 1098 command being defined. The default is for the command to have no 1099 arguments.</dd> 1100 <dt><code>def</code></dt> 1101 <dd>If this optional parameter is present, it means that the 1102 command's first argument is optional. The default value of the 1103 optional argument is <code>def</code>.</dd> 1104 <dt><code>definition</code></dt> 1105 <dd>The text to be substituted for every occurrence of 1106 <code>cmd</code>; a parameter of the form <code>#n</code> in 1107 <code>cmd</code> is replaced by the text of the nth argument when 1108 this substitution takes place.</dd> 1109 </dl> 1110 <h3><a name="SEC21" href="#TOC21">\newenvironment</a></h3> 1111 <pre> 1112 \newenvironment{nam}[args]{begdef}{enddef} 1113 \newenvironment{nam}[args][default]{begdef}{enddef} 1114 \renewenvironment{nam}[args]{begdef}{enddef} 1115 </pre> 1116 <p>These commands define or redefine an environment.</p> 1117 <dl> 1118 <dt><code>nam</code></dt> 1119 <dd>The name of the environment. For <code>\newenvironment</code> 1120 there must be no currently defined environment by that name, and 1121 the command <code>\nam</code> must be undefined. For 1122 <code>\renewenvironment</code> the environment must already be 1123 defined.</dd> 1124 <dt><code>args</code></dt> 1125 <dd>An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of the 1126 newly-defined environment. The default is no arguments.</dd> 1127 <dt><code>default</code></dt> 1128 <dd>If this is specified, the first argument is optional, and 1129 <code>default</code> gives the default value for that 1130 argument.</dd> 1131 <dt><code>begdef</code></dt> 1132 <dd>The text substituted for every occurrence of 1133 <code>\begin{nam}</code>; a parameter of the form <code>#n</code> 1134 in <code>cmd</code> is replaced by the text of the nth argument 1135 when this substitution takes place.</dd> 1136 <dt><code>enddef</code></dt> 1137 <dd>The text substituted for every occurrence of 1138 <code>\end{nam}</code>. It may not contain any argument 1139 parameters.</dd> 1140 </dl> 1141 <h3><a name="SEC22" href="#TOC22">\newtheorem</a></h3> 1142 <pre> 1143 \newtheorem{env_name}{caption}[within] 1144 \newtheorem{env_name}[numbered_like]{caption} 1145 </pre> 1146 <p>This command defines a theorem-like environment.</p> 1147 <dl> 1148 <dt><code>env_name</code></dt> 1149 <dd>The name of the environment to be defined. A string of letters. 1150 It must not be the name of an existing environment or counter.</dd> 1151 <dt><code>caption</code></dt> 1152 <dd>The text printed at the beginning of the environment, right 1153 before the number. This may simply say "Theorem", for example.</dd> 1154 <dt><code>within</code></dt> 1155 <dd>The name of an already defined counter, usually of a sectional 1156 unit. Provides a means of resetting the new theorem counter 1157 <strong>within</strong> the sectional unit.</dd> 1158 <dt><code>numbered_like</code></dt> 1159 <dd>The name of an already defined theorem-like environment.</dd> 1160 </dl> 1161 <p>The <code>\newtheorem</code> command may have at most one 1162 optional argument.</p> 1163 <h3><a name="SEC23" href="#TOC23">\newfont</a></h3> 1164 <p><code>\newfont{cmd}{font_name}</code></p> 1165 <p>Defines the command name <code>cmd</code>, which must not be 1166 currently defined, to be a declaration that selects the font named 1167 <code>font_name</code> to be the current font.</p> 1168 <table width="100%"> 1169 <tr bgcolor="#3F5881"> 1170 <td align="left"><b><font size="+2" color="white"> <a name= 1171 "SEC24">Document Classes</a></font></b></td> 1172 </tr> 1173 </table> 1174 <p>Valid LaTeX document classes include:</p> 1175 <ul> 1176 <li>article</li> 1177 <li>report</li> 1178 <li>letter</li> 1179 <li>book</li> 1180 <li>slides</li> 1181 </ul> 1182 <p>Other document classes are often available. They are selected 1183 with the following command:</p> 1184 <p><code>\documentclass [options] {class}</code></p> 1185 <p>All the standard classes (except slides) accept the following 1186 options for selecting the typeface size (10 pt is default):</p> 1187 <p>10pt, 11pt, 12pt</p> 1188 <p>All classes accept these options for selecting the paper size 1189 (default is letter):</p> 1190 <p>a4paper, a5paper, b5paper, letterpaper, legalpaper, 1191 executivepaper</p> 1192 <p>Miscellaneous options:</p> 1193 <ul> 1194 <li>landscape -- selects landscape format. Default is 1195 portrait.</li> 1196 <li>titlepage, notitlepage -- selects if there should be a separate 1197 title page.</li> 1198 <li>leqno -- equation number on left side of equations. Default is 1199 right side.</li> 1200 <li>fleqn -- displayed formulas flush left. Default is 1201 centred.</li> 1202 <li>openbib -- use "open" bibliography format.</li> 1203 <li>draft, final -- mark/do not mark overfull boxes with a rule. 1204 Default is final.</li> 1205 </ul> 1206 <p>These options are not available with the slides class:</p> 1207 <ul> 1208 <li>oneside, twoside -- selects one- or twosided layout. Default is 1209 oneside, except for the book class.</li> 1210 <li>openright, openany -- determines if a chapter should start on a 1211 right-hand page. Default is openright for book.</li> 1212 <li>onecolumn, twocolumn -- one or two columns. Defaults to one 1213 column.</li> 1214 </ul> 1215 <p>The slides class offers the option <code>clock</code> for 1216 printing the time at the bottom of each note.</p> 1217 <p>If you specify more than one option, they must be separated by a 1218 comma.</p> 1219 <p>Additional packages are loaded by a</p> 1220 <p><code><a name="IDX46">\usepackage[options]{pkg}</a></code></p> 1221 <p>command. If you specify more than one package, they must be 1222 separated by a comma.</p> 1223 <p>Any options given in the <code>\documentclass</code> command 1224 that are unknown by the selected document class are passed on to 1225 the packages loaded with <code>\usepackage</code>.</p> 1226 <table width="100%"> 1227 <tr bgcolor="#3F5881"> 1228 <td align="left"><b><font size="+2" color="white"> <a name= 1229 "SEC25">Layout</a></font></b></td> 1230 </tr> 1231 </table> 1232 <p>Miscellaneous commands for controlling the general layout of the 1233 page.</p> 1234 <ul> 1235 <li><a href="#SEC26">\flushbottom</a>: Make all text pages the same 1236 height.</li> 1237 <li><a href="#SEC27">\onecolumn</a>: Use one-column layout.</li> 1238 <li><a href="#SEC28">\raggedbottom</a>: Allow text pages of 1239 differing height.</li> 1240 <li><a href="#SEC29">\twocolumn</a>: Use two-column layout.</li> 1241 </ul> 1242 <h3><a name="SEC26" href="#TOC26">\flushbottom</a></h3> 1243 <p>The <code>\flushbottom</code> declaration makes all text pages 1244 the same height, adding extra vertical space when necessary to fill 1245 out the page.</p> 1246 <p>This is the standard if twocolumn mode is selected.</p> 1247 <h3><a name="SEC27" href="#TOC27">\onecolumn</a></h3> 1248 <p>The <code>\onecolumn</code> declaration starts a new page and 1249 produces single-column output.</p> 1250 <h3><a name="SEC28" href="#TOC28">\raggedbottom</a></h3> 1251 <p>The <code>\raggedbottom</code> declaration makes all pages the 1252 height of the text on that page. No extra vertical space is 1253 added.</p> 1254 <h3><a name="SEC29" href="#TOC29">\twocolumn</a></h3> 1255 <p><code>\twocolumn[text]</code></p> 1256 <p>The <code>\twocolumn</code> declaration starts a new page and 1257 produces two-column output. If the optional <code>text</code> 1258 argument is present, it is typeset in one-column mode.</p> 1259 <table width="100%"> 1260 <tr bgcolor="#3F5881"> 1261 <td align="left"><b><font size="+2" color="white"> <a name= 1262 "SEC30">Environments</a></font></b></td> 1263 </tr> 1264 </table> 1265 <p>LaTeX provides a number of different paragraph-making 1266 environments. Each environment begins and ends in the same 1267 manner.</p> 1268 <pre> 1269 \begin{environment-name} 1270 . 1271 . 1272 . 1273 \end{environment-name} 1274 </pre> 1275 <ul> 1276 <li><a href="#SEC31">array</a>: Math arrays.</li> 1277 <li><a href="#SEC32">center</a>: Centred lines.</li> 1278 <li><a href="#SEC34">description</a>: Labelled lists.</li> 1279 <li><a href="#SEC35">enumerate</a>: Numbered lists.</li> 1280 <li><a href="#SEC36">eqnarray</a>: Sequences of aligned 1281 equations.</li> 1282 <li><a href="#SEC37">equation</a>: Displayed equation.</li> 1283 <li><a href="#SEC38">figure</a>: Floating figures.</li> 1284 <li><a href="#SEC39">flushleft</a>: Flushed left lines.</li> 1285 <li><a href="#SEC41">flushright</a>: Flushed right lines.</li> 1286 <li><a href="#SEC43">itemize</a>: Bulleted lists.</li> 1287 <li><a href="#SEC44">letter</a>: Letters.</li> 1288 <li><a href="#SEC45">list</a>: Generic list environment.</li> 1289 <li><a href="#SEC46">minipage</a>: Miniature page.</li> 1290 <li><a href="#SEC47">picture</a>: Picture with text, arrows, lines 1291 and circles.</li> 1292 <li><a href="#SEC60">quotation</a>: Indented environment with 1293 paragraph indentation.</li> 1294 <li><a href="#SEC61">quote</a>: Indented environment with no 1295 paragraph indentation.</li> 1296 <li><a href="#SEC62">tabbing</a>: Align text arbitrarily.</li> 1297 <li><a href="#SEC63">table</a>: Floating tables.</li> 1298 <li><a href="#SEC64">tabular</a>: Align text in columns.</li> 1299 <li><a href="#SEC69">thebibliography</a>: Bibliography or reference 1300 list.</li> 1301 <li><a href="#SEC74">theorem</a>: Theorems, lemmas, etc.</li> 1302 <li><a href="#SEC75">titlepage</a>: For hand crafted title 1303 pages.</li> 1304 <li><a href="#SEC76">verbatim</a>: Simulating typed input.</li> 1305 <li><a href="#SEC78">verse</a>: For poetry and other things.</li> 1306 </ul> 1307 <h3><a name="SEC31" href="#TOC31">array</a></h3> 1308 <pre> 1309 \begin{array}{col1col2...coln} 1310 column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\ 1311 . 1312 . 1313 . 1314 \end{array} 1315 </pre> 1316 <p>Math arrays are produced with the array environment. It has a 1317 single mandatory argument describing the number of columns and the 1318 alignment within them. Each column, <code>coln</code>, is specified 1319 by a single letter that tells how items in that row should be 1320 formatted.</p> 1321 <ul> 1322 <li><code>c</code> -- for centred</li> 1323 <li><code>l</code> -- for flush left</li> 1324 <li><code>r</code> -- for flush right</li> 1325 </ul> 1326 <p>Column entries must be separated by an <code>&</code>. 1327 Column entries may include other LaTeX commands. Each row of the 1328 array must be terminated with the string <code>\\</code>.</p> 1329 <p>Note that the <code>array</code> environment can only be used in 1330 math mode, so normally it is used inside an <code>equation</code> 1331 environment.</p> 1332 <h3><a name="SEC32" href="#TOC32">center</a></h3> 1333 <pre> 1334 \begin{center} 1335 Text on line 1 \\ 1336 Text on line 2 \\ 1337 . 1338 . 1339 . 1340 \end{center} 1341 </pre> 1342 <p>The <code>center</code> environment allows you to create a 1343 paragraph consisting of lines that are centred within the left and 1344 right margins on the current page. Each line must be terminated 1345 with the string <code>\\</code>.</p> 1346 <ul> 1347 <li><a href="#SEC33">\centering</a>: The declaration form of the 1348 <code>center</code> environment.</li> 1349 </ul> 1350 <h4><a name="SEC33" href="#TOC33">\centering</a></h4> 1351 <p>This declaration corresponds to the <code>center</code> 1352 environment. This declaration can be used inside an environment 1353 such as <code>quote</code> or in a <code>parbox</code>. The text of 1354 a figure or table can be centred on the page by putting a 1355 <code>\centering</code> command at the beginning of the figure or 1356 table environment.</p> 1357 <p>Unlike the <code>center</code> environment, the 1358 <code>\centering</code> command does not start a new paragraph; it 1359 simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph units. To affect a 1360 paragraph unit's format, the scope of the declaration must contain 1361 the blank line or <code>\end</code> command (of an environment like 1362 quote) that ends the paragraph unit.</p> 1363 <h3><a name="SEC34" href="#TOC34">description</a></h3> 1364 <pre> 1365 \begin{description} 1366 \item [label] First item 1367 \item [label] Second item 1368 . 1369 . 1370 . 1371 \end{description} 1372 </pre> 1373 <p>The <code>description</code> environment is used to make 1374 labelled lists. The <code>label</code> is bold face and flushed 1375 right.</p> 1376 <h3><a name="SEC35" href="#TOC35">enumerate</a></h3> 1377 <p><a name="IDX69"></a> <a name="IDX70"></a></p> 1378 <pre> 1379 \begin{enumerate} 1380 \item First item 1381 \item Second item 1382 . 1383 . 1384 . 1385 \end{enumerate} 1386 </pre> 1387 <p>The <code>enumerate</code> environment produces a numbered list. 1388 Enumerations can be nested within one another, up to four levels 1389 deep. They can also be nested within other paragraph-making 1390 environments.</p> 1391 <p>Each item of an enumerated list begins with an 1392 <code>\item</code> command. There must be at least one 1393 <code>\item</code> command within the environment.</p> 1394 <p>The <code>enumerate</code> environment uses the 1395 <code>enumi</code> through <code>enumiv</code> counters (see 1396 section <a href="#SEC3">Counters</a>). The type of numbering can be 1397 changed by redefining <code>\theenumi</code> etc.</p> 1398 <h3><a name="SEC36" href="#TOC36">eqnarray</a></h3> 1399 <p><a name="IDX71"></a> <a name="IDX72"></a> <a name= 1400 "IDX73"></a></p> 1401 <pre> 1402 \begin{eqnarray} 1403 math formula 1 \\ 1404 math formula 2 \\ 1405 . 1406 . 1407 . 1408 \end{eqnarray} 1409 </pre> 1410 <p>The <code>eqnarray</code> environment is used to display a 1411 sequence of equations or inequalities. It is very much like a 1412 three-column <code>array</code> environment, with consecutive rows 1413 separated by <code>\\</code> and consecutive items within a row 1414 separated by an <code>&</code>.</p> 1415 <p>An equation number is placed on every line unless that line has 1416 a <code>\nonumber</code> command.</p> 1417 <p>The command <code><a name="IDX74">\lefteqn</a></code> is used 1418 for splitting long formulas across lines. It typesets its argument 1419 in display style flush left in a box of zero width.</p> 1420 <h3><a name="SEC37" href="#TOC37">equation</a></h3> 1421 <p><a name="IDX75"></a> <a name="IDX76"></a> <a name= 1422 "IDX77"></a></p> 1423 <pre> 1424 \begin{equation} 1425 math formula 1426 \end{equation} 1427 </pre> 1428 <p>The <code>equation</code> environment centres your equation on 1429 the page and places the equation number in the right margin.</p> 1430 <h3><a name="SEC38" href="#TOC38">figure</a></h3> 1431 <p><a name="IDX78"></a> <a name="IDX79"></a></p> 1432 <pre> 1433 \begin{figure}[placement] 1434 1435 body of the figure 1436 1437 <a name="IDX80">\caption{figure title}</a> 1438 \end{figure} 1439 </pre> 1440 <p>Figures are objects that are not part of the normal text, and 1441 are usually "floated" to a convenient place, like the top of a 1442 page. Figures will not be split between two pages.</p> 1443 <p>The optional argument <code>[placement]</code> determines where 1444 LaTeX will try to place your figure. There are four places where 1445 LaTeX can possibly put a float:</p> 1446 <ol> 1447 <li><code>h</code> (Here) - at the position in the text where the 1448 figure environment appears.</li> 1449 <li><code>t</code> (Top) - at the top of a text page.</li> 1450 <li><code>b</code> (Bottom) - at the bottom of a text page.</li> 1451 <li><code>p</code> (Page of floats) - on a separate float page, 1452 which is a page containing no text, only floats.</li> 1453 </ol> 1454 <p>The standard report and article classes use the default 1455 placement <code>tbp</code>.</p> 1456 <p>The body of the figure is made up of whatever text, LaTeX 1457 commands, etc. you wish. The <code>\caption</code> command allows 1458 you to title your figure.</p> 1459 <h3><a name="SEC39" href="#TOC39">flushleft</a></h3> 1460 <p><a name="IDX81"></a> <a name="IDX82"></a> <a name= 1461 "IDX83"></a></p> 1462 <pre> 1463 \begin{flushleft} 1464 Text on line 1 \\ 1465 Text on line 2 \\ 1466 . 1467 . 1468 . 1469 \end{flushleft} 1470 </pre> 1471 <p>The <code>flushleft</code> environment allows you to create a 1472 paragraph consisting of lines that are flushed left, to the 1473 left-hand margin. Each line must be terminated with the string 1474 <code>\\</code>.</p> 1475 <ul> 1476 <li><a href="#SEC40">\raggedright</a>: The declaration form of the 1477 <code>flushleft</code> environment.</li> 1478 </ul> 1479 <h4><a name="SEC40" href="#TOC40">\raggedright</a></h4> 1480 <p><a name="IDX84"></a> <a name="IDX85"></a> <a name="IDX86"></a> 1481 <a name="IDX87"></a></p> 1482 <p>This declaration corresponds to the <code>flushleft</code> 1483 environment. This declaration can be used inside an environment 1484 such as <code>quote</code> or in a <code>parbox</code>.</p> 1485 <p>Unlike the <code>flushleft</code> environment, the 1486 <code>\raggedright</code> command does not start a new paragraph; 1487 it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph units. To affect a 1488 paragraph unit's format, the scope of the declaration must contain 1489 the blank line or <code>\end</code> command (of an environment like 1490 quote) that ends the paragraph unit.</p> 1491 <h3><a name="SEC41" href="#TOC41">flushright</a></h3> 1492 <p><a name="IDX88"></a> <a name="IDX89"></a> <a name= 1493 "IDX90"></a></p> 1494 <pre> 1495 \begin{flushright} 1496 Text on line 1 \\ 1497 Text on line 2 \\ 1498 . 1499 . 1500 . 1501 \end{flushright} 1502 </pre> 1503 <p>The <code>flushright</code> environment allows you to create a 1504 paragraph consisting of lines that are flushed right, to the 1505 right-hand margin. Each line must be terminated with the string 1506 <code>\\</code>.</p> 1507 <ul> 1508 <li><a href="#SEC42">\raggedleft</a>: The declaration form of the 1509 <code>flushright</code> environment.</li> 1510 </ul> 1511 <h4><a name="SEC42" href="#TOC42">\raggedleft</a></h4> 1512 <p><a name="IDX91"></a> <a name="IDX92"></a> <a name="IDX93"></a> 1513 <a name="IDX94"></a></p> 1514 <p>This declaration corresponds to the <code>flushright</code> 1515 environment. This declaration can be used inside an environment 1516 such as <code>quote</code> or in a <code>parbox</code>.</p> 1517 <p>Unlike the <code>flushright</code> environment, the 1518 <code>\raggedleft</code> command does not start a new paragraph; it 1519 simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph units. To affect a 1520 paragraph unit's format, the scope of the declaration must contain 1521 the blank line or <code>\end</code> command (of an environment like 1522 quote) that ends the paragraph unit.</p> 1523 <h3><a name="SEC43" href="#TOC43">itemize</a></h3> 1524 <p><a name="IDX95"></a> <a name="IDX96"></a> <a name= 1525 "IDX97"></a></p> 1526 <pre> 1527 \begin{itemize} 1528 \item First item 1529 \item Second item 1530 . 1531 . 1532 . 1533 \end{itemize} 1534 </pre> 1535 <p>The <code>itemize</code> environment produces a "bulleted" list. 1536 Itemizations can be nested within one another, up to four levels 1537 deep. They can also be nested within other paragraph-making 1538 environments.</p> 1539 <p>Each item of an <code>itemized</code> list begins with an 1540 <code>\item</code> command. There must be at least one 1541 <code>\item</code> command within the environment.</p> 1542 <p>The <code>itemize</code> environment uses the <code>itemi</code> 1543 through <code>itemiv</code> counters (see section <a href= 1544 "#SEC3">Counters</a>). The type of numbering can be changed by 1545 redefining <code>\theitemi</code> etc.</p> 1546 <h3><a name="SEC44" href="#TOC44">letter</a></h3> 1547 <p><a name="IDX98"></a></p> 1548 <p>This environment is used for creating letters. See section 1549 <a href="#SEC91">Letters</a>.</p> 1550 <h3><a name="SEC45" href="#TOC45">list</a></h3> 1551 <p><a name="IDX99"></a> <a name="IDX100"></a></p> 1552 <p>The <code>list</code> environment is a generic environment which 1553 is used for defining many of the more specific environments. It is 1554 seldom used in documents, but often in macros.</p> 1555 <pre> 1556 \begin{list}{label}{spacing} 1557 \item First item 1558 \item Second item 1559 . 1560 . 1561 . 1562 \end{list} 1563 </pre> 1564 <p>The <code>{label}</code> argument specifies how items should be 1565 labelled. This argument is a piece of text that is inserted in a 1566 box to form the label. This argument can and usually does contain 1567 other LaTeX commands.</p> 1568 <p>The <code>{spacing}</code> argument contains commands to change 1569 the spacing parameters for the list. This argument will most often 1570 be null, i.e., <code>{}</code>. This will select all default 1571 spacing which should suffice for most cases.</p> 1572 <h3><a name="SEC46" href="#TOC46">minipage</a></h3> 1573 <p><a name="IDX101"></a> <a name="IDX102"></a> <a name= 1574 "IDX103"></a> <a name="IDX104"></a></p> 1575 <pre> 1576 \begin{minipage}[position]{width} 1577 text 1578 \end{minipage} 1579 </pre> 1580 <p>The <code>minipage</code> environment is similar to a 1581 <code>\parbox</code> command. It takes the same optional 1582 <code>position</code> argument and mandatory <code>width</code> 1583 argument. You may use other paragraph-making environments inside a 1584 minipage.</p> 1585 <p>Footnotes in a <code>minipage</code> environment are handled in 1586 a way that is particularly useful for putting footnotes in figures 1587 or tables. A <code>\footnote</code> or <code>\footnotetext</code> 1588 command puts the footnote at the bottom of the minipage instead of 1589 at the bottom of the page, and it uses the <code>mpfootnote</code> 1590 counter instead of the ordinary <code>footnote</code> counter See 1591 section <a href="#SEC3">Counters</a>.</p> 1592 <p>NOTE: Don't put one minipage inside another if you are using 1593 footnotes; they may wind up at the bottom of the wrong 1594 minipage.</p> 1595 <h3><a name="SEC47" href="#TOC47">picture</a></h3> 1596 <p><a name="IDX105"></a> <a name="IDX106"></a> <a name= 1597 "IDX107"></a></p> 1598 <pre> 1599 \begin{picture}(width,height)(x offset,y offset) 1600 . 1601 . 1602 picture commands 1603 . 1604 . 1605 \end{picture} 1606 </pre> 1607 <p>The <code>picture</code> environment allows you to create just 1608 about any kind of picture you want containing text, lines, arrows 1609 and circles. You tell LaTeX where to put things in the picture by 1610 specifying their coordinates. A coordinate is a number that may 1611 have a decimal point and a minus sign -- a number like 1612 <code>5</code>, <code>2.3</code> or <code>-3.1416</code>. A 1613 coordinate specifies a length in multiples of the unit length 1614 <code>\unitlength</code>, so if <code>\unitlength</code> has been 1615 set to <code>1cm</code>, then the coordinate 2.54 specifies a 1616 length of 2.54 centimetres. You can change the value of 1617 <code>\unitlength</code> anywhere you want, using the 1618 <code>\setlength</code> command, but strange things will happen if 1619 you try changing it inside the picture environment.</p> 1620 <p>A position is a pair of coordinates, such as 1621 <code>(2.4,-5)</code>, specifying the point with x-coordinate 1622 <code>2.4</code> and y-coordinate <code>-5</code>. Coordinates are 1623 specified in the usual way with respect to an origin, which is 1624 normally at the lower-left corner of the picture. Note that when a 1625 position appears as an argument, it is not enclosed in braces; the 1626 parentheses serve to delimit the argument.</p> 1627 <p>The <code>picture</code> environment has one mandatory argument, 1628 which is a <code>position</code>. It specifies the size of the 1629 picture. The environment produces a rectangular box with width and 1630 height determined by this argument's x- and y-coordinates.</p> 1631 <p>The <code>picture</code> environment also has an optional 1632 <code>position</code> argument, following the <code>size</code> 1633 argument, that can change the origin. (Unlike ordinary optional 1634 arguments, this argument is not contained in square brackets.) The 1635 optional argument gives the coordinates of the point at the 1636 lower-left corner of the picture (thereby determining the origin). 1637 For example, if <code>\unitlength</code> has been set to 1638 <code>1mm</code>, the command</p> 1639 <pre> 1640 \begin{picture}(100,200)(10,20) 1641 </pre> 1642 <p>produces a picture of width 100 millimeters and height 200 1643 millimeters, whose lower-left corner is the point (10,20) and whose 1644 upper-right corner is therefore the point (110,220). When you first 1645 draw a picture, you will omit the optional argument, leaving the 1646 origin at the lower-left corner. If you then want to modify your 1647 picture by shifting everything, you just add the appropriate 1648 optional argument.</p> 1649 <p>The environment's mandatory argument determines the nominal size 1650 of the picture. This need bear no relation to how large the picture 1651 really is; LaTeX will happily allow you to put things outside the 1652 picture, or even off the page. The picture's nominal size is used 1653 by LaTeX in determining how much room to leave for it.</p> 1654 <p>Everything that appears in a picture is drawn by the 1655 <code>\put</code> command. The command</p> 1656 <pre> 1657 \put (11.3,-.3){...} 1658 </pre> 1659 <p>puts the object specified by <code>...</code> in the picture, 1660 with its reference point at coordinates (11.3,-.3). The reference 1661 points for various objects will be described below.</p> 1662 <p>The <code>\put</code> command creates an <strong>LR 1663 box</strong>. You can put anything in the text argument of the 1664 <code>\put</code> command that you'd put into the argument of an 1665 <code>\mbox</code> and related commands. When you do this, the 1666 reference point will be the lower left corner of the box.</p> 1667 <p>Picture commands:</p> 1668 <ul> 1669 <li><a href="#SEC48">\circle</a>: Draw a circle.</li> 1670 <li><a href="#SEC49">\dashbox</a>: Draw a dashed box.</li> 1671 <li><a href="#SEC50">\frame</a>: Draw a frame around an 1672 object.</li> 1673 <li><a href="#SEC51">\framebox (picture)</a>: Draw a box with a 1674 frame around it.</li> 1675 <li><a href="#SEC52">\line</a>: Draw a straight line.</li> 1676 <li><a href="#SEC53">\linethickness</a>: Set the line 1677 thickness.</li> 1678 <li><a href="#SEC54">\makebox (picture)</a>: Draw a box of the 1679 specified size.</li> 1680 <li><a href="#SEC55">\multiput</a>: Draw multiple instances of an 1681 object.</li> 1682 <li><a href="#SEC56">\oval</a>: Draw an ellipse.</li> 1683 <li><a href="#SEC57">\put</a>: Place an object at a specified 1684 place.</li> 1685 <li><a href="#SEC58">\shortstack</a>: Make a pile of objects.</li> 1686 <li><a href="#SEC59">\vector</a>: Draw a line with an arrow.</li> 1687 </ul> 1688 <h4><a name="SEC48" href="#TOC48">\circle</a></h4> 1689 <p><a name="IDX108"></a></p> 1690 <p><code>\circle[*]{diameter}</code></p> 1691 <p>The <code>\circle</code> command produces a circle with a 1692 diameter as close to the specified one as possible. If the 1693 <code>*</code>-form of the command is used, LaTeX draws a solid 1694 circle.</p> 1695 <p>Note that only circles up to 40 pt can be drawn.</p> 1696 <h4><a name="SEC49" href="#TOC49">\dashbox</a></h4> 1697 <p><a name="IDX109"></a></p> 1698 <p>Draws a box with a dashed line.</p> 1699 <p><code>\dashbox{dash_length}(width,height){...}</code></p> 1700 <p>The <code>\dashbox</code> has an extra argument which specifies 1701 the width of each dash. A dashed box looks best when the 1702 <code>width</code> and <code>height</code> are multiples of the 1703 <code>dash_length</code>.</p> 1704 <h4><a name="SEC50" href="#TOC50">\frame</a></h4> 1705 <p><a name="IDX110"></a></p> 1706 <p><code>\frame{...}</code></p> 1707 <p>The <code>\frame</code> command puts a rectangular frame around 1708 the object specified in the argument. The reference point is the 1709 bottom left corner of the frame. No extra space is put between the 1710 frame and the object.</p> 1711 <h4><a name="SEC51" href="#TOC51">\framebox</a></h4> 1712 <p><a name="IDX111"></a></p> 1713 <p><code>\framebox(width,height)[position]{...}</code></p> 1714 <p>The <code>\framebox</code> command is exactly the same as the 1715 <code>\makebox</code> command, except that it puts a frame around 1716 the outside of the box that it creates.</p> 1717 <p>The <code>framebox</code> command produces a rule of thickness 1718 <code>\fboxrule</code>, and leaves a space <code>\fboxsep</code> 1719 between the rule and the contents of the box.</p> 1720 <h4><a name="SEC52" href="#TOC52">\line</a></h4> 1721 <p><a name="IDX112"></a></p> 1722 <p><code>\line(x slope,y slope){length}</code></p> 1723 <p>The <code>\line</code> command draws a line of the specified 1724 <code>length</code> and <code>slope</code>.</p> 1725 <p>Note that LaTeX can only draw lines with slope = x/y, where x 1726 and y have integer values from -6 through 6.</p> 1727 <h4><a name="SEC53" href="#TOC53">\linethickness</a></h4> 1728 <p><a name="IDX113"></a></p> 1729 <p><code>\linethickness{dimension}</code></p> 1730 <p>Declares the thickness of horizontal and vertical lines in a 1731 picture environment to be <code>dimension</code>, which must be a 1732 positive length. It does not affect the thickness of slanted lines 1733 and circles, or the quarter circles drawn by <code>\oval</code> to 1734 form the corners of an oval.</p> 1735 <h4><a name="SEC54" href="#TOC54">\makebox</a></h4> 1736 <p><a name="IDX114"></a></p> 1737 <p><code>\makebox(width,height)[position]{...}</code></p> 1738 <p>The <code>\makebox</code> command for the picture environment is 1739 similar to the normal <code>\makebox</code> command except that you 1740 must specify a <code>width</code> and <code>height</code> in 1741 multiples of <code>\unitlength</code>.</p> 1742 <p>The optional argument, <code>[position]</code>, specifies the 1743 quadrant that your text appears in. You may select up to two of the 1744 following:</p> 1745 <ul> 1746 <li><code>t</code> - Moves the item to the top of the 1747 rectangle</li> 1748 <li><code>b</code> - Moves the item to the bottom</li> 1749 <li><code>l</code> - Moves the item to the left</li> 1750 <li><code>r</code> - Moves the item to the right</li> 1751 </ul> 1752 <p>See section <a href="#SEC157">\makebox</a>.</p> 1753 <h4><a name="SEC55" href="#TOC55">\multiput</a></h4> 1754 <p><a name="IDX115"></a></p> 1755 <p><code>\multiput(x coord,y coord)(delta x,delta y){number of 1756 copies}{object}</code></p> 1757 <p>The <code>\multiput</code> command can be used when you are 1758 putting the same object in a regular pattern across a picture.</p> 1759 <h4><a name="SEC56" href="#TOC56">\oval</a></h4> 1760 <p><a name="IDX116"></a></p> 1761 <p><code>\oval(width,height)[portion]</code></p> 1762 <p>The <code>\oval</code> command produces a rectangle with rounded 1763 corners. The optional argument, <code>[portion]</code>, allows you 1764 to select part of the oval.</p> 1765 <ul> 1766 <li><code>t</code> - Selects the top portion</li> 1767 <li><code>b</code> - Selects the bottom portion</li> 1768 <li><code>r</code> - Selects the right portion</li> 1769 <li><code>l</code> - Selects the left portion</li> 1770 </ul> 1771 <p>Note that the "corners" of the oval are made with quarter 1772 circles with a maximum radius of 20 pt, so large "ovals" will look 1773 more like boxes with rounded corners.</p> 1774 <h4><a name="SEC57" href="#TOC57">\put</a></h4> 1775 <p><a name="IDX117"></a></p> 1776 <p><code>\put(x coord,y coord){ ... }</code></p> 1777 <p>The <code>\put</code> command places the item specified by the 1778 mandatory argument at the given coordinates.</p> 1779 <h4><a name="SEC58" href="#TOC58">\shortstack</a></h4> 1780 <p><a name="IDX118"></a></p> 1781 <p><code>\shortstack[position]{... \\ ... \\ ...}</code></p> 1782 <p>The <code>\shortstack</code> command produces a stack of 1783 objects. The valid positions are:</p> 1784 <ul> 1785 <li><code>r</code> - Moves the objects to the right of the 1786 stack</li> 1787 <li><code>l</code> - Moves the objects to the left of the 1788 stack</li> 1789 <li><code>c</code> - Moves the objects to the center of the stack 1790 (default)</li> 1791 </ul> 1792 <h4><a name="SEC59" href="#TOC59">\vector</a></h4> 1793 <p><a name="IDX119"></a></p> 1794 <p><code>\vector(x slope,y slope){length}</code></p> 1795 <p>The <code>\vector</code> command draws a line with an arrow of 1796 the specified length and slope. The <code>x</code> and 1797 <code>y</code> values must lie between -4 and +4, inclusive.</p> 1798 <h3><a name="SEC60" href="#TOC60">quotation</a></h3> 1799 <p><a name="IDX120"></a> <a name="IDX121"></a> <a name= 1800 "IDX122"></a></p> 1801 <pre> 1802 \begin{quotation} 1803 text 1804 \end{quotation} 1805 </pre> 1806 <p>The margins of the <code>quotation</code> environment are 1807 indented on the left and the right. The text is justified at both 1808 margins and there is paragraph indentation. Leaving a blank line 1809 between text produces a new paragraph.</p> 1810 <h3><a name="SEC61" href="#TOC61">quote</a></h3> 1811 <p><a name="IDX123"></a> <a name="IDX124"></a> <a name= 1812 "IDX125"></a></p> 1813 <pre> 1814 \begin{quote} 1815 text 1816 \end{quote} 1817 </pre> 1818 <p>The margins of the <code>quote</code> environment are indented 1819 on the left and the right. The text is justified at both margins. 1820 Leaving a blank line between text produces a new paragraph.</p> 1821 <h3><a name="SEC62" href="#TOC62">tabbing</a></h3> 1822 <p><a name="IDX126"></a> <a name="IDX127"></a> <a name= 1823 "IDX128"></a></p> 1824 <pre> 1825 \begin{tabbing} 1826 text \= more text \= still more text \= last text \\ 1827 second row \> \> more \\ 1828 . 1829 . 1830 . 1831 \end{tabbing} 1832 </pre> 1833 <p>The <code>tabbing</code> environment provides a way to align 1834 text in columns. It works by setting tab stops and tabbing to them 1835 much the way you do with an ordinary typewriter.</p> 1836 <p>It is best suited for cases where the width of each column is 1837 constant and known in advance.</p> 1838 <p>This environment can be broken across pages, unlike the 1839 <code>tabular</code> environment.</p> 1840 <p>The following commands can be used inside a <code>tabbing</code> 1841 environment:</p> 1842 <dl> 1843 <dt><code><a name="IDX129">\=</a></code></dt> 1844 <dd>Sets a tab stop at the current position.</dd> 1845 <dt><code><a name="IDX130">\></a></code></dt> 1846 <dd>Advances to the next tab stop.</dd> 1847 <dt><code><a name="IDX131">\<</a></code></dt> 1848 <dd>This command allows you to put something to the left of the 1849 local margin without changing the margin. Can only be used at the 1850 start of the line.</dd> 1851 <dt><code><a name="IDX132">\+</a></code></dt> 1852 <dd>Moves the left margin of the next and all the following 1853 commands one tab stop to the right.</dd> 1854 <dt><code><a name="IDX133">\-</a></code></dt> 1855 <dd>Moves the left margin of the next and all the following 1856 commands one tab stop to the left.</dd> 1857 <dt><code><a name="IDX134">\'</a></code></dt> 1858 <dd>Moves everything that you have typed so far in the current 1859 column, i.e. everything from the most recent <code>\></code>, 1860 <code>\<</code>, <code>\'</code>, <code>\\</code>, or 1861 <code>\kill</code> command, to the right of the previous column, 1862 flush against the current column's tab stop.</dd> 1863 <dt><code><a name="IDX135">\`</a></code></dt> 1864 <dd>Allows you to put text flush right against any tab stop, 1865 including tab stop 0. However, it can't move text to the right of 1866 the last column because there's no tab stop there. The 1867 <code>\`</code> command moves all the text that follows it, up to 1868 the <code>\\</code> or <code>\end{tabbing}</code> command that ends 1869 the line, to the right margin of the tabbing environment. There 1870 must be no <code>\></code> or <code>\'</code> command between 1871 the <code>\`</code> and the command that ends the line.</dd> 1872 <dt><code><a name="IDX136">\kill</a></code></dt> 1873 <dd>Sets tab stops without producing text. Works just like 1874 <code>\\</code> except that it throws away the current line instead 1875 of producing output for it. The effect of any <code>\=</code>, 1876 <code>\+</code> or <code>\-</code> commands in that line remain in 1877 effect.</dd> 1878 <dt><code><a name="IDX137">\pushtabs</a></code></dt> 1879 <dd>Saves all current tab stop positions. Useful for temporarily 1880 changing tab stop positions in the middle of a <code>tabbing</code> 1881 environment.</dd> 1882 <dt><code><a name="IDX138">\pushtabs</a></code></dt> 1883 <dd>Restores the tab stop positions saved by the last 1884 <code>\pushtabs</code>.</dd> 1885 <dt><code><a name="IDX139">\a</a></code></dt> 1886 <dd>In a <code>tabbing</code> environment, the commands 1887 <code>\=</code>, <code>\'</code> and <code>\`</code> do not produce 1888 accents as normal. Instead, the commands <code>\a=</code>, 1889 <code>\a'</code> and <code>\a`</code> are used.</dd> 1890 </dl> 1891 <p>This example typesets a Pascal function in a traditional 1892 format:</p> 1893 <pre> 1894 \begin{tabbing} 1895 function \= fact(n : integer) : integer;\\ 1896 \> begin \= \+ \\ 1897 \> if \= n $>$ 1 then \+ \\ 1898 fact := n * fact(n-1) \- \\ 1899 else \+ \\ 1900 fact := 1; \-\- \\ 1901 end;\\ 1902 \end{tabbing} 1903 </pre> 1904 <h3><a name="SEC63" href="#TOC63">table</a></h3> 1905 <p><a name="IDX140"></a> <a name="IDX141"></a> <a name= 1906 "IDX142"></a></p> 1907 <pre> 1908 \begin{table}[placement] 1909 1910 body of the table 1911 1912 \caption{table title} 1913 \end{table} 1914 </pre> 1915 <p>Tables are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are 1916 usually "floated" to a convenient place, like the top of a page. 1917 Tables will not be split between two pages.</p> 1918 <p>The optional argument <code>[placement]</code> determines where 1919 LaTeX will try to place your table. There are four places where 1920 LaTeX can possibly put a float:</p> 1921 <ul> 1922 <li><code>h</code> : Here - at the position in the text where the 1923 table environment appears.</li> 1924 <li><code>t</code> : Top - at the top of a text page.</li> 1925 <li><code>b</code> : Bottom - at the bottom of a text page.</li> 1926 <li><code>p</code> : Page of floats - on a separate float page, 1927 which is a page containing no text, only floats.</li> 1928 </ul> 1929 <p>The standard <code>report</code> and <code>article</code> 1930 classes use the default placement <code>[tbp]</code>.</p> 1931 <p>The body of the table is made up of whatever text, LaTeX 1932 commands, etc., you wish. The <code>\caption</code> command allows 1933 you to title your table.</p> 1934 <h3><a name="SEC64" href="#TOC64">tabular</a></h3> 1935 <p><a name="IDX143"></a> <a name="IDX144"></a> <a name= 1936 "IDX145"></a></p> 1937 <pre> 1938 \begin{tabular}[pos]{cols} 1939 column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\ 1940 . 1941 . 1942 . 1943 \end{tabular} 1944 </pre> 1945 <p>or</p> 1946 <pre> 1947 \begin{tabular*}{width}[pos]{cols} 1948 column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\ 1949 . 1950 . 1951 . 1952 \end{tabular*} 1953 </pre> 1954 <p>These environments produce a box consisting of a sequence of 1955 rows of items, aligned vertically in columns. The mandatory and 1956 optional arguments consist of:</p> 1957 <dl> 1958 <dt><code>width</code></dt> 1959 <dd>Specifies the width of the <code>tabular*</code> environment. 1960 There must be rubber space between columns that can stretch to fill 1961 out the specified width.</dd> 1962 <dt><code>pos</code></dt> 1963 <dd>Specifies the vertical position; default is alignment on the 1964 center of the environment. 1965 <ul> 1966 <li><code>t</code> - align on top row</li> 1967 <li><code>b</code> - align on bottom row</li> 1968 </ul> 1969 </dd> 1970 <dt><code>cols</code></dt> 1971 <dd>Specifies the column formatting. It consists of a sequence of 1972 the following specifiers, corresponding to the sequence of columns 1973 and intercolumn material. 1974 <ul> 1975 <li><code>l</code> - A column of left-aligned items.</li> 1976 <li><code>r</code> - A column of right-aligned items.</li> 1977 <li><code>c</code> - A column of centred items.</li> 1978 <li><code>|</code> - A vertical line the full height and depth of 1979 the environment.</li> 1980 <li><code>@{text}</code> - This inserts <code>text</code> in every 1981 row. An @-expression suppresses the intercolumn space normally 1982 inserted between columns; any desired space between the inserted 1983 text and the adjacent items must be included in text. An 1984 <code>\extracolsep{wd}</code> command in an @-expression causes an 1985 extra space of width <code>wd</code> to appear to the left of all 1986 subsequent columns, until countermanded by another 1987 <code>\extracolsep</code> command. Unlike ordinary intercolumn 1988 space, this extra space is not suppressed by an @-expression. An 1989 <code>\extracolsep</code> command can be used only in an 1990 @-expression in the <code>cols</code> argument.</li> 1991 <li><code>p{wd}</code> - Produces a column with each item typeset 1992 in a parbox of width <code>wd</code>, as if it were the argument of 1993 a <code>\parbox[t]{wd}</code> command. However, a <code>\\</code> 1994 may not appear in the item, except in the following situations: 1995 <ol> 1996 <li>inside an environment like <code>minipage</code>, 1997 <code>array</code>, or <code>tabular</code>.</li> 1998 <li>inside an explicit <code>\parbox</code>.</li> 1999 <li>in the scope of a <code>\centering</code>, 2000 <code>\raggedright</code>, or <code>\raggedleft</code> declaration. 2001 The latter declarations must appear inside braces or an environment 2002 when used in a <code>p</code>-column element.</li> 2003 </ol> 2004 </li> 2005 <li><code>*{num}{cols}</code> - Equivalent to <code>num</code> 2006 copies of <code>cols</code>, where <code>num</code> is any positive 2007 integer and <code>cols</code> is any list of column-specifiers, 2008 which may contain another <code>*-expression</code>.</li> 2009 </ul> 2010 </dd> 2011 </dl> 2012 <p>These commands can be used inside a <code>tabular</code> 2013 environment:</p> 2014 <ul> 2015 <li><a href="#SEC65">\cline</a>: Draw a horizontal line spanning 2016 some columns.</li> 2017 <li><a href="#SEC66">\hline</a>: Draw a horizontal line spanning 2018 all columns.</li> 2019 <li><a href="#SEC67">\multicolumn</a>: Make an item spanning 2020 several columns.</li> 2021 <li><a href="#SEC68">\vline</a>: Draw a vertical line.</li> 2022 </ul> 2023 <h4><a name="SEC65" href="#TOC65">\cline</a></h4> 2024 <p><a name="IDX146"></a></p> 2025 <p><code>\cline{i-j}</code></p> 2026 <p>The <code>\cline</code> command draws horizontal lines across 2027 the columns specified, beginning in column <code>i</code> and 2028 ending in column <code>j</code>, which are identified in the 2029 mandatory argument.</p> 2030 <h4><a name="SEC66" href="#TOC66">\hline</a></h4> 2031 <p><a name="IDX147"></a></p> 2032 <p>The <code>\hline</code> command will draw a horizontal line the 2033 width of the table. It's most commonly used to draw a line at the 2034 top, bottom, and between the rows of the table.</p> 2035 <h4><a name="SEC67" href="#TOC67">\multicolumn</a></h4> 2036 <p><a name="IDX148"></a></p> 2037 <p><code>\multicolumn{cols}{pos}{text}</code></p> 2038 <p>The <code>\multicolumn</code> is used to make an entry that 2039 spans several columns. The first mandatory argument, 2040 <code>cols</code>, specifies the number of columns to span. The 2041 second mandatory argument, <code>pos</code>, specifies the 2042 formatting of the entry; <code>c</code> for centred, <code>l</code> 2043 for flushleft, <code>r</code> for flushright. The third mandatory 2044 argument, <code>text</code>, specifies what text is to make up the 2045 entry.</p> 2046 <h4><a name="SEC68" href="#TOC68">\vline</a></h4> 2047 <p><a name="IDX149"></a></p> 2048 <p>The <code>\vline</code> command will draw a vertical line 2049 extending the full height and depth of its row. An 2050 <code>\hfill</code> command can be used to move the line to the 2051 edge of the column. It can also be used in an @-expression.</p> 2052 <h3><a name="SEC69" href="#TOC69">thebibliography</a></h3> 2053 <p><a name="IDX150"></a> <a name="IDX151"></a></p> 2054 <pre> 2055 \begin{thebibliography}{widest-label} 2056 \bibitem[label]{cite_key} 2057 . 2058 . 2059 . 2060 \end{thebibliography} 2061 </pre> 2062 <p>The <code>thebibliography</code> environment produces a 2063 bibliography or reference list. In the <code>article</code> class, 2064 this reference list is labelled "References"; in the 2065 <code>report</code> class, it is labelled "Bibliography".</p> 2066 <ul> 2067 <li><code>widest-label</code>: Text that, when printed, is 2068 approximately as wide as the widest item label produces by the 2069 <code>\bibitem</code> commands.</li> 2070 </ul> 2071 <ul> 2072 <li><a href="#SEC70">\bibitem</a>: Specify a bibliography 2073 item.</li> 2074 <li><a href="#SEC71">\cite</a>: Refer to a bibliography item.</li> 2075 <li><a href="#SEC72">\nocite</a>: Include an item in the 2076 bibliography.</li> 2077 <li><a href="#SEC73">Using BibTeX</a>: Automatic generation of 2078 bibliographies.</li> 2079 </ul> 2080 <h4><a name="SEC70" href="#TOC70">\bibitem</a></h4> 2081 <p><a name="IDX152"></a></p> 2082 <p><code>\bibitem[label]{cite_key}</code></p> 2083 <p>The <code>\bibitem</code> command generates an entry labelled by 2084 <code>label</code>. If the <code>label</code> argument is missing, 2085 a number is generated as the <code>label</code>, using the 2086 <code>enumi</code> counter. The <code>cite_key</code> is any 2087 sequence of letters, numbers, and punctuation symbols not 2088 containing a comma. This command writes an entry on the 2089 <tt>`.aux'</tt> file containing <code>cite_key</code> and the 2090 item's <code>label</code>. When this <tt>`.aux'</tt> file is read 2091 by the <code>\begin{document}</code> command, the item's 2092 <code>label</code> is associated with <code>cite_key</code>, 2093 causing the reference to <code>cite_key</code> by a 2094 <code>\cite</code> command to produce the associated 2095 <code>label</code>.</p> 2096 <h4><a name="SEC71" href="#TOC71">\cite</a></h4> 2097 <p><a name="IDX153"></a></p> 2098 <p><code>\cite[text]{key_list}</code></p> 2099 <p>The <code>key_list</code> argument is a list of citation keys. 2100 This command generates an in-text citation to the references 2101 associated with the keys in <code>key_list</code> by entries on the 2102 <tt>`.aux'</tt> file read by the <code>\begin{document}</code> 2103 command.</p> 2104 <p>The optional <code>text</code> argument will appear after the 2105 citation, i.e. <code>\cite[p. 2]{knuth}</code> might produce 2106 `[Knuth, p. 2]'.</p> 2107 <h4><a name="SEC72" href="#TOC72">\nocite</a></h4> 2108 <p><a name="IDX154"></a></p> 2109 <p><code>\nocite{key_list}</code></p> 2110 <p>The <code>\nocite</code> command produces no text, but writes 2111 <code>key_list</code>, which is a list of one or more citation 2112 keys, on the <tt>`.aux'</tt> file.</p> 2113 <h4><a name="SEC73" href="#TOC73">Using BibTeX</a></h4> 2114 <p><a name="IDX155"></a> <a name="IDX156"></a> <a name= 2115 "IDX157"></a> <a name="IDX158"></a> <a name="IDX159"></a></p> 2116 <p>If you use the BibTeX program by Oren Patashnik (highly 2117 recommended if you need a bibliography of more than a couple of 2118 titles) to maintain your bibliography, you don't use the 2119 <code>thebibliography</code> environment. Instead, you include the 2120 lines</p> 2121 <pre> 2122 \bibliographystyle{style} 2123 \bibliography{bibfile} 2124 </pre> 2125 <p>where <code>style</code> refers to a file 2126 <code>style.bst</code>, which defines how your citations will look. 2127 The standard styles distributed with BibTeX are:</p> 2128 <dl> 2129 <dt><code>alpha</code></dt> 2130 <dd>Sorted alphabetically. Labels are formed from name of author 2131 and year of publication.</dd> 2132 <dt><code>plain</code></dt> 2133 <dd>Sorted alphabetically. Labels are numeric.</dd> 2134 <dt><code>unsrt</code></dt> 2135 <dd>Like <code>plain</code>, but entries are in order of 2136 citation.</dd> 2137 <dt><code>abbrv</code></dt> 2138 <dd>Like <code>plain</code>, but more compact labels.</dd> 2139 </dl> 2140 <p>In addition, numerous other BibTeX style files exist tailored to 2141 the demands of various publications.</p> 2142 <p>The argument to <code>\bibliography</code> refers to the file 2143 <code>bibfile.bib</code>, which should contain your database in 2144 BibTeX format. Only the entries referred to via <code>\cite</code> 2145 and <code>\nocite</code> will be listed in the bibliography.</p> 2146 <h3><a name="SEC74" href="#TOC74">theorem</a></h3> 2147 <p><a name="IDX160"></a> <a name="IDX161"></a></p> 2148 <pre> 2149 \begin{theorem} 2150 theorem text 2151 \end{theorem} 2152 </pre> 2153 <p>The <code>theorem</code> environment produces "Theorem x" in 2154 boldface followed by your theorem text.</p> 2155 <h3><a name="SEC75" href="#TOC75">titlepage</a></h3> 2156 <p><a name="IDX162"></a> <a name="IDX163"></a> <a name= 2157 "IDX164"></a></p> 2158 <pre> 2159 \begin{titlepage} 2160 text 2161 \end{titlepage} 2162 </pre> 2163 <p>The <code>titlepage</code> environment creates a title page, 2164 i.e. a page with no printed page number or heading. It also causes 2165 the following page to be numbered page one. Formatting the title 2166 page is left to you. The <code><a name="IDX165">\today</a></code> 2167 command comes in handy for title pages.</p> 2168 <p>Note that you can use the <code>\maketitle</code> (see section 2169 <a href="#SEC132">\maketitle</a>) command to produce a standard 2170 title page.</p> 2171 <h3><a name="SEC76" href="#TOC76">verbatim</a></h3> 2172 <p><a name="IDX166"></a> <a name="IDX167"></a> <a name= 2173 "IDX168"></a> <a name="IDX169"></a> <a name="IDX170"></a></p> 2174 <pre> 2175 \begin{verbatim} 2176 text 2177 \end{verbatim} 2178 </pre> 2179 <p>The <code>verbatim</code> environment is a paragraph-making 2180 environment that gets LaTeX to print exactly what you type in. It 2181 turns LaTeX into a typewriter with carriage returns and blanks 2182 having the same effect that they would on a typewriter.</p> 2183 <ul> 2184 <li><a href="#SEC77">\verb</a>: The macro form of the 2185 <code>verbatim</code> environment.</li> 2186 </ul> 2187 <h4><a name="SEC77" href="#TOC77">\verb</a></h4> 2188 <p><a name="IDX171"></a> <a name="IDX172"></a></p> 2189 <p><code>\verb char literal_text char</code></p> 2190 <p><code>\verb*char literal_text char</code></p> 2191 <p>Typesets <code>literal_text</code> exactly as typed, including 2192 special characters and spaces, using a typewriter 2193 (<code>\tt</code>) type style. There may be no space between 2194 <code>\verb</code> or <code>\verb*</code> and <code>char</code> 2195 (space is shown here only for clarity). The <code>*-form</code> 2196 differs only in that spaces are printed as `\verb*| |'.</p> 2197 <h3><a name="SEC78" href="#TOC78">verse</a></h3> 2198 <p><a name="IDX173"></a> <a name="IDX174"></a></p> 2199 <pre> 2200 \begin{verse} 2201 text 2202 \end{verse} 2203 </pre> 2204 <p>The <code>verse</code> environment is designed for poetry, 2205 though you may find other uses for it.</p> 2206 <p>The margins are indented on the left and the right. Separate the 2207 lines of each stanza with <code>\\</code>, and use one or more 2208 blank lines to separate the stanzas.</p> 2209 <table width="100%"> 2210 <tr bgcolor="#3F5881"> 2211 <td align="left"><b><font size="+2" color="white"> <a name= 2212 "SEC79">Footnotes</a></font></b></td> 2213 </tr> 2214 </table> 2215 <p><a name="IDX175"></a></p> 2216 <p>Footnotes can be produced in one of two ways. They can be 2217 produced with one command, the <code>\footnote</code> command. They 2218 can also be produced with two commands, the 2219 <code>\footnotemark</code> and the <code>\footnotetext</code> 2220 commands. See the specific command for information on why you would 2221 use one over the other.</p> 2222 <ul> 2223 <li><a href="#SEC80">\footnote</a>: Insert a footnote.</li> 2224 <li><a href="#SEC81">\footnotemark</a>: Insert footnote mark 2225 only.</li> 2226 <li><a href="#SEC82">\footnotetext</a>: Insert footnote text 2227 only.</li> 2228 </ul> 2229 <h3><a name="SEC80" href="#TOC80">\footnote</a></h3> 2230 <p><a name="IDX176"></a></p> 2231 <p><code>\footnote[number]{text}</code></p> 2232 <p>The <code>\footnote</code> command places the numbered footnote 2233 <code>text</code> at the bottom of the current page. The optional 2234 argument, <code>number</code>, is used to change the default 2235 footnote number. This command can only be used in outer paragraph 2236 mode; i.e., you cannot use it in sectioning commands like 2237 <code>\chapter</code>, in figures, tables or in a 2238 <code>tabular</code> environment.</p> 2239 <h3><a name="SEC81" href="#TOC81">\footnotemark</a></h3> 2240 <p><a name="IDX177"></a></p> 2241 <p>The <code>\footnotemark</code> command puts the footnote 2242 <code>number</code> in the text. This command can be used in inner 2243 paragraph mode. The text of the footnote is supplied by the 2244 <code>\footnotetext</code> command.</p> 2245 <p>This command can be used to produce several consecutive footnote 2246 markers referring to the same footnote by using</p> 2247 <p><code>\footnotemark[\value{footnote}]</code></p> 2248 <p>after the first <code>\footnote</code> command.</p> 2249 <h3><a name="SEC82" href="#TOC82">\footnotetext</a></h3> 2250 <p><a name="IDX178"></a></p> 2251 <p><code>\footnotetext[number]{text}</code></p> 2252 <p>The <code>\footnotetext</code> command produces the 2253 <code>text</code> to be placed at the bottom of the page. This 2254 command can come anywhere after the <code>\footnotemark</code> 2255 command. The <code>\footnotetext</code> command must appear in 2256 outer paragraph mode.</p> 2257 <p>The optional argument, <code>number</code>, is used to change 2258 the default footnote number.</p> 2259 <table width="100%"> 2260 <tr bgcolor="#3F5881"> 2261 <td align="left"><b><font size="+2" color="white"> <a name= 2262 "SEC83">Lengths</a></font></b></td> 2263 </tr> 2264 </table> 2265 <p><a name="IDX179"></a></p> 2266 <p>A <code>length</code> is a measure of distance. Many LaTeX 2267 commands take a length as an argument.</p> 2268 <ul> 2269 <li><a href="#SEC84">\newlength</a>: Define a new length.</li> 2270 <li><a href="#SEC85">\setlength</a>: Set the value of a 2271 length.</li> 2272 <li><a href="#SEC86">\addtolength</a>: Add a quantity to a 2273 length.</li> 2274 <li><a href="#SEC87">\settodepth</a>: Set a length to the depth of 2275 something.</li> 2276 <li><a href="#SEC88">\settoheight</a>: Set a length to the height 2277 of something.</li> 2278 <li><a href="#SEC89">\settowidth</a>: Set a length to the width of 2279 something.</li> 2280 <li><a href="#SEC90">Predefined lengths</a>: Lengths that are, 2281 like, predefined.</li> 2282 </ul> 2283 <h3><a name="SEC84" href="#TOC84">\newlength</a></h3> 2284 <p><a name="IDX180"></a> <a name="IDX181"></a></p> 2285 <p><code>\newlength{\gnat}</code></p> 2286 <p>The <code>\newlength</code> command defines the mandatory 2287 argument, <code>\gnat</code>, as a <code>length</code> command with 2288 a value of <code>0in</code>. An error occurs if a 2289 <code>\gnat</code> command already exists.</p> 2290 <h3><a name="SEC85" href="#TOC85">\setlength</a></h3> 2291 <p><a name="IDX182"></a> <a name="IDX183"></a></p> 2292 <p><code>\setlength{\gnat}{length}</code></p> 2293 <p>The <code>\setlength</code> command is used to set the value of 2294 a <code>length</code> command. The <code>length</code> argument can 2295 be expressed in any terms of length LaTeX understands, i.e., inches 2296 (<code>in</code>), millimeters (<code>mm</code>), points 2297 (<code>pt</code>), etc.</p> 2298 <h3><a name="SEC86" href="#TOC86">\addtolength</a></h3> 2299 <p><a name="IDX184"></a> <a name="IDX185"></a></p> 2300 <p><code>\addtolength{\gnat}{length}</code></p> 2301 <p>The <code>\addtolength</code> command increments a "length 2302 command" by the amount specified in the <code>length</code> 2303 argument. It can be a negative amount.</p> 2304 <h3><a name="SEC87" href="#TOC87">\settodepth</a></h3> 2305 <p><a name="IDX186"></a></p> 2306 <p><code>\settodepth{\gnat}{text}</code></p> 2307 <p>The <code>\settodepth</code> command sets the value of a 2308 <code>length</code> command equal to the depth of the 2309 <code>text</code> argument.</p> 2310 <h3><a name="SEC88" href="#TOC88">\settoheight</a></h3> 2311 <p><a name="IDX187"></a></p> 2312 <p><code>\settoheight{\gnat}{text}</code></p> 2313 <p>The <code>\settoheight</code> command sets the value of a 2314 <code>length</code> command equal to the height of the 2315 <code>text</code> argument.</p> 2316 <h3><a name="SEC89" href="#TOC89">\settowidth</a></h3> 2317 <p><a name="IDX188"></a></p> 2318 <p><code>\settowidth{\gnat}{text}</code></p> 2319 <p>The <code>\settowidth</code> command sets the value of a 2320 <code>length</code> command equal to the width of the 2321 <code>text</code> argument.</p> 2322 <h3><a name="SEC90" href="#TOC90">Predefined lengths</a></h3> 2323 <p><a name="IDX189"></a> <a name="IDX190"></a></p> 2324 <p><code><a name="IDX191">\width</a></code></p> 2325 <p><code><a name="IDX192">\height</a></code></p> 2326 <p><code><a name="IDX193">\depth</a></code></p> 2327 <p><code><a name="IDX194">\totalheight</a></code></p> 2328 <p>These length parameters can be used in the arguments of the 2329 box-making commands See section <a href="#SEC143">Spaces & 2330 Boxes</a>. They specify the natural width etc. of the text in the 2331 box. <code>\totalheight</code> equals <code>\height</code> + 2332 <code>\depth</code>. To make a box with the text stretched to 2333 double the natural size, e.g., say</p> 2334 <p><code>\makebox[2\width]{Get a stretcher}</code></p> 2335 <table width="100%"> 2336 <tr bgcolor="#3F5881"> 2337 <td align="left"><b><font size="+2" color="white"> <a name= 2338 "SEC91">Letters</a></font></b></td> 2339 </tr> 2340 </table> 2341 <p><a name="IDX195"></a> <a name="IDX196"></a></p> 2342 <p>You can use LaTeX to typeset letters, both personal and 2343 business. The <code>letter</code> document class is designed to 2344 make a number of letters at once, although you can make just one if 2345 you so desire.</p> 2346 <p>Your <tt>`.tex'</tt> source file has the same minimum commands 2347 as the other document classes, i.e., you must have the following 2348 commands as a minimum:</p> 2349 <pre> 2350 \documentclass{letter} 2351 \begin{document} 2352 ... letters ... 2353 \end{document} 2354 </pre> 2355 <p>Each letter is a <code>letter</code> environment, whose argument 2356 is the name and address of the recipient. For example, you might 2357 have:</p> 2358 <pre> 2359 \begin{letter}{Mr. Joe Smith\\ 2345 Princess St. 2360 \\ Edinburgh, EH1 1AA} 2361 ... 2362 \end{letter} 2363 </pre> 2364 <p>The letter itself begins with the <code>\opening</code> command. 2365 The text of the letter follows. It is typed as ordinary LaTeX 2366 input. Commands that make no sense in a letter, like 2367 <code>\chapter</code>, do not work. The letter closes with a 2368 <code>\closing</code> command.</p> 2369 <p>After the <code>closing</code>, you can have additional 2370 material. The <code>\cc</code> command produces the usual "cc: 2371 ...". There's also a similar <code>\encl</code> command for a list 2372 of enclosures. With both these commands, use <code>\\</code> to 2373 separate the items.</p> 2374 <p>These commands are used with the <code>letter</code> class:</p> 2375 <ul> 2376 <li><a href="#SEC92">\address</a>: Your return address.</li> 2377 <li><a href="#SEC93">\cc</a>: Cc list.</li> 2378 <li><a href="#SEC94">\closing</a>: Saying goodbye.</li> 2379 <li><a href="#SEC95">\encl</a>: List of enclosed material.</li> 2380 <li><a href="#SEC96">\location</a>: Your organization's 2381 address.</li> 2382 <li><a href="#SEC97">\makelabels</a>: Making address labels.</li> 2383 <li><a href="#SEC98">\name</a>: Your name, for the return 2384 address.</li> 2385 <li><a href="#SEC99">\opening</a>: Saying hello.</li> 2386 <li><a href="#SEC100">\ps</a>: Adding a postscript.</li> 2387 <li><a href="#SEC101">\signature</a>: Your signature.</li> 2388 <li><a href="#SEC102">\startbreaks</a>: Allow page breaks.</li> 2389 <li><a href="#SEC103">\stopbreaks</a>: Disallow page breaks.</li> 2390 <li><a href="#SEC104">\telephone</a>: Your phone number.</li> 2391 </ul> 2392 <h3><a name="SEC92" href="#TOC92">\address</a></h3> 2393 <p><a name="IDX197"></a></p> 2394 <p><code>\address{Return address}</code></p> 2395 <p>The return address, as it should appear on the letter and the 2396 envelope. Separate lines of the address should be separated by 2397 <code>\\</code> commands. If you do not make an 2398 <code>\address</code> declaration, then the letter will be 2399 formatted for copying onto your organization's standard letterhead. 2400 If you give an <code>\address</code> declaration, then the letter 2401 will be formatted as a personal letter.</p> 2402 <h3><a name="SEC93" href="#TOC93">\cc</a></h3> 2403 <p><a name="IDX198"></a> <a name="IDX199"></a></p> 2404 <p><code>\cc{Kate Schechter\\Rob McKenna}</code></p> 2405 <p>Generate a list of other persons the letter was sent to. Each 2406 name is printed on a separate line.</p> 2407 <h3><a name="SEC94" href="#TOC94">\closing</a></h3> 2408 <p><a name="IDX200"></a> <a name="IDX201"></a></p> 2409 <p><code>\closing{text}</code></p> 2410 <p>The letter closes with a <code>\closing</code> command, 2411 i.e.,</p> 2412 <pre> 2413 \closing{Best Regards,} 2414 </pre> 2415 <h3><a name="SEC95" href="#TOC95">\encl</a></h3> 2416 <p><a name="IDX202"></a> <a name="IDX203"></a></p> 2417 <p><code>\encl{CV\\Certificates}</code></p> 2418 <p>Generate a list of enclosed material.</p> 2419 <h3><a name="SEC96" href="#TOC96">\location</a></h3> 2420 <p><a name="IDX204"></a></p> 2421 <p><code>\location{address}</code></p> 2422 <p>This modifies your organization's standard address. This only 2423 appears if the <code>firstpage</code> pagestyle is selected.</p> 2424 <h3><a name="SEC97" href="#TOC97">\makelabels</a></h3> 2425 <p><a name="IDX205"></a></p> 2426 <p><code>\makelabels{number}</code></p> 2427 <p>If you issue this command in the preamble, LaTeX will create a 2428 sheet of address labels. This sheet will be output before the 2429 letters.</p> 2430 <h3><a name="SEC98" href="#TOC98">\name</a></h3> 2431 <p><a name="IDX206"></a></p> 2432 <p><code>\name{June Davenport}</code></p> 2433 <p>Your name, used for printing on the envelope together with the 2434 return address.</p> 2435 <h3><a name="SEC99" href="#TOC99">\opening</a></h3> 2436 <p><a name="IDX208"></a></p> 2437 <p><code>\opening{text}</code></p> 2438 <p>The letter begins with the <code>\opening</code> command. The 2439 mandatory argument, <code>text</code>, is whatever text you wish to 2440 start your letter, i.e.,</p> 2441 <pre> 2442 \opening{Dear Joe,} 2443 </pre> 2444 <h3><a name="SEC100" href="#TOC100">\ps</a></h3> 2445 <p><a name="IDX209"></a></p> 2446 <p><code>\ps</code></p> 2447 <p>Use this command before a postscript.</p> 2448 <h3><a name="SEC101" href="#TOC101">\signature</a></h3> 2449 <p><a name="IDX210"></a></p> 2450 <p><code>\signature{Harvey Swick}</code></p> 2451 <p>Your name, as it should appear at the end of the letter 2452 underneath the space for your signature. Items that should go on 2453 separate lines should be separated by <code>\\</code> commands.</p> 2454 <h3><a name="SEC102" href="#TOC102">\startbreaks</a></h3> 2455 <p><a name="IDX211"></a></p> 2456 <p><code>\startbreaks</code></p> 2457 <p>Used after a <code>\stopbreaks</code> command to allow page 2458 breaks again.</p> 2459 <h3><a name="SEC103" href="#TOC103">\stopbreaks</a></h3> 2460 <p><a name="IDX212"></a></p> 2461 <p><code>\stopbreaks</code></p> 2462 <p>Inhibit page breaks until a <code>\startbreaks</code> command 2463 occurs.</p> 2464 <h3><a name="SEC104" href="#TOC104">\telephone</a></h3> 2465 <p><a name="IDX213"></a></p> 2466 <p><code>\telephone{number}</code></p> 2467 <p>This is your telephone number. This only appears if the 2468 <code>firstpage</code> pagestyle is selected.</p> 2469 <table width="100%"> 2470 <tr bgcolor="#3F5881"> 2471 <td align="left"><b><font size="+2" color="white"> <a name= 2472 "SEC105">Line & Page Breaking</a></font></b></td> 2473 </tr> 2474 </table> 2475 <p><a name="IDX214"></a> <a name="IDX215"></a> <a name= 2476 "IDX216"></a></p> 2477 <p>The first thing LaTeX does when processing ordinary text is to 2478 translate your input file into a string of glyphs and spaces. To 2479 produce a printed document, this string must be broken into lines, 2480 and these lines must be broken into pages. In some environments, 2481 you do the line breaking yourself with the <code>\\</code> command, 2482 but LaTeX usually does it for you.</p> 2483 <ul> 2484 <li><a href="#SEC106">\\</a>: Start a new line.</li> 2485 <li><a href="#SEC107">\- (hyphenation)</a>: Insert explicit 2486 hyphenation.</li> 2487 <li><a href="#SEC108">\cleardoublepage</a>: Start a new right-hand 2488 page.</li> 2489 <li><a href="#SEC109">\clearpage</a>: Start a new page.</li> 2490 <li><a href="#SEC110">\enlargethispage</a>: Enlarge the current 2491 page a bit.</li> 2492 <li><a href="#SEC111">\fussy</a>: Be fussy about line 2493 breaking.</li> 2494 <li><a href="#SEC112">\hyphenation</a>: Tell LaTeX how to hyphenate 2495 a word.</li> 2496 <li><a href="#SEC113">\linebreak</a>: Break the line.</li> 2497 <li><a href="#SEC114">\newline</a>: Break the line 2498 prematurely.</li> 2499 <li><a href="#SEC115">\newpage</a>: Start a new page.</li> 2500 <li><a href="#SEC116">\nolinebreak</a>: Don't break the current 2501 line.</li> 2502 <li><a href="#SEC117">\nopagebreak</a>: Don't make a page break 2503 here.</li> 2504 <li><a href="#SEC118">\pagebreak</a>: Please make a page break 2505 here.</li> 2506 <li><a href="#SEC119">\sloppy</a>: Be sloppy about line 2507 breaking.</li> 2508 </ul> 2509 <h3><a name="SEC106" href="#TOC106">\\</a></h3> 2510 <p><a name="IDX217"></a> <a name="IDX218"></a></p> 2511 <p><code>\\[*][extra-space]</code></p> 2512 <p>The <code>\\</code> command tells LaTeX to start a new line. It 2513 has an optional argument, <code>extra-space</code>, that specifies 2514 how much extra vertical space is to be inserted before the next 2515 line. This can be a negative amount.</p> 2516 <p>The <code>\\*</code> command is the same as the ordinary 2517 <code>\\</code> command except that it tells LaTeX not to start a 2518 new page after the line.</p> 2519 <h3><a name="SEC107" href="#TOC107">\-</a></h3> 2520 <p><a name="IDX219"></a> <a name="IDX220"></a></p> 2521 <p>The <code>\-</code> command tells LaTeX that it may hyphenate 2522 the word at that point. LaTeX is very good at hyphenating, and it 2523 will usually find all correct hyphenation points. The 2524 <code>\-</code> command is used for the exceptional cases.</p> 2525 <p>Note that when you insert <code>\-</code> commands in a word, 2526 the word will only be hyphenated at those points and not at any of 2527 the hyphenation points that LaTeX might otherwise have chosen.</p> 2528 <h3><a name="SEC108" href="#TOC108">\cleardoublepage</a></h3> 2529 <p><a name="IDX221"></a> <a name="IDX222"></a></p> 2530 <p>The <code>\cleardoublepage</code> command ends the current page 2531 and causes all figures and tables that have so far appeared in the 2532 input to be printed. In a two-sided printing style, it also makes 2533 the next page a right-hand (odd-numbered) page, producing a blank 2534 page if necessary.</p> 2535 <h3><a name="SEC109" href="#TOC109">\clearpage</a></h3> 2536 <p><a name="IDX223"></a> <a name="IDX224"></a></p> 2537 <p>The <code>\clearpage</code> command ends the current page and 2538 causes all figures and tables that have so far appeared in the 2539 input to be printed.</p> 2540 <h3><a name="SEC110" href="#TOC110">\enlargethispage</a></h3> 2541 <p><a name="IDX225"></a> <a name="IDX226"></a></p> 2542 <p><code>\enlargethispage{size}</code></p> 2543 <p><code>\enlargethispage*{size}</code></p> 2544 <p>Enlarge the <code>\textheight</code> for the current page by the 2545 specified amount; e.g. <code>\enlargethispage{\baselineskip}</code> 2546 will allow one additional line.</p> 2547 <p>The starred form tries to squeeze the material together on the 2548 page as much as possible. This is normally used together with an 2549 explicit <code>\pagebreak</code>.</p> 2550 <h3><a name="SEC111" href="#TOC111">\fussy</a></h3> 2551 <p><a name="IDX227"></a></p> 2552 <p><code>\fussy</code></p> 2553 <p>This declaration (which is the default) makes TeX more fussy 2554 about line breaking. This can avoids too much space between words, 2555 but may produce overfull boxes.</p> 2556 <p>This command cancels the effect of a previous 2557 <code>\sloppy</code> command. section <a href= 2558 "#SEC119">\sloppy</a></p> 2559 <h3><a name="SEC112" href="#TOC112">\hyphenation</a></h3> 2560 <p><a name="IDX228"></a> <a name="IDX229"></a></p> 2561 <p><code>\hyphenation{words}</code></p> 2562 <p>The <code>\hyphenation</code> command declares allowed 2563 hyphenation points, where <code>words</code> is a list of words, 2564 separated by spaces, in which each hyphenation point is indicated 2565 by a <code>-</code> character.</p> 2566 <h3><a name="SEC113" href="#TOC113">\linebreak</a></h3> 2567 <p><a name="IDX230"></a> <a name="IDX231"></a></p> 2568 <p><code>\linebreak[number]</code></p> 2569 <p>The <code>\linebreak</code> command tells LaTeX to break the 2570 current line at the point of the command. With the optional 2571 argument, <code>number</code>, you can convert the 2572 <code>\linebreak</code> command from a demand to a request. The 2573 number must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the 2574 more insistent the request is.</p> 2575 <p>The <code>\linebreak</code> command causes LaTeX to stretch the 2576 line so it extends to the right margin.</p> 2577 <h3><a name="SEC114" href="#TOC114">\newline</a></h3> 2578 <p><a name="IDX232"></a> <a name="IDX233"></a></p> 2579 <p>The <code>\newline</code> command breaks the line right where it 2580 is. It can only be used in paragraph mode.</p> 2581 <h3><a name="SEC115" href="#TOC115">\newpage</a></h3> 2582 <p><a name="IDX234"></a> <a name="IDX235"></a></p> 2583 <p>The <code>\newpage</code> command ends the current page.</p> 2584 <h3><a name="SEC116" href="#TOC116">\nolinebreak</a></h3> 2585 <p><a name="IDX236"></a></p> 2586 <p><code>\nolinebreak[number]</code></p> 2587 <p>The <code>\nolinebreak</code> command prevents LaTeX from 2588 breaking the current line at the point of the command. With the 2589 optional argument, <code>number</code>, you can convert the 2590 <code>\nolinebreak</code> command from a demand to a request. The 2591 number must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the 2592 more insistent the request is.</p> 2593 <h3><a name="SEC117" href="#TOC117">\nopagebreak</a></h3> 2594 <p><a name="IDX237"></a></p> 2595 <p><code>\nopagebreak[number]</code></p> 2596 <p>The <code>\nopagebreak</code> command prevents LaTeX from 2597 breaking the current page at the point of the command. With the 2598 optional argument, <code>number</code>, you can convert the 2599 <code>\nopagebreak</code> command from a demand to a request. The 2600 number must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the 2601 more insistent the request is.</p> 2602 <h3><a name="SEC118" href="#TOC118">\pagebreak</a></h3> 2603 <p><a name="IDX238"></a> <a name="IDX239"></a></p> 2604 <p><code>\pagebreak[number]</code></p> 2605 <p>The <code>\pagebreak</code> command tells LaTeX to break the 2606 current page at the point of the command. With the optional 2607 argument, <code>number</code>, you can convert the 2608 <code>\pagebreak</code> command from a demand to a request. The 2609 number must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the 2610 more insistent the request is.</p> 2611 <h3><a name="SEC119" href="#TOC119">\sloppy</a></h3> 2612 <p><a name="IDX240"></a></p> 2613 <p><code>\sloppy</code></p> 2614 <p>This declaration makes TeX less fussy about line breaking. This 2615 can prevent overfull boxes, but may leave too much space between 2616 words.</p> 2617 <p>Lasts until a <code>\fussy</code> command is issued. section 2618 <a href="#SEC111">\fussy</a>.</p> 2619 <table width="100%"> 2620 <tr bgcolor="#3F5881"> 2621 <td align="left"><b><font size="+2" color="white"> <a name= 2622 "SEC120">Making Paragraphs</a></font></b></td> 2623 </tr> 2624 </table> 2625 <p><a name="IDX241"></a> <a name="IDX242"></a></p> 2626 <p>A paragraph is ended by one or more completely blank lines -- 2627 lines not containing even a <code>%</code>. A blank line should not 2628 appear where a new paragraph cannot be started, such as in math 2629 mode or in the argument of a sectioning command.</p> 2630 <ul> 2631 <li><a href="#SEC121">\indent</a>: Indent this paragraph.</li> 2632 <li><a href="#SEC122">\noindent</a>: Do not indent this 2633 paragraph.</li> 2634 <li><a href="#SEC123">\par</a>: Another way of writing a blank 2635 line.</li> 2636 </ul> 2637 <h3><a name="SEC121" href="#TOC121">\indent</a></h3> 2638 <p><a name="IDX243"></a> <a name="IDX244"></a></p> 2639 <p><code>\indent</code></p> 2640 <p>This produces a horizontal space whose width equals the width of 2641 the paragraph indentation. It is used to add paragraph indentation 2642 where it would otherwise be suppressed.</p> 2643 <h3><a name="SEC122" href="#TOC122">\noindent</a></h3> 2644 <p><a name="IDX245"></a> <a name="IDX246"></a></p> 2645 <p><code>\noindent</code></p> 2646 <p>When used at the beginning of the paragraph, it suppresses the 2647 paragraph indentation. It has no effect when used in the middle of 2648 a paragraph.</p> 2649 <h3><a name="SEC123" href="#TOC123">\par</a></h3> 2650 <p><a name="IDX247"></a> <a name="IDX248"></a></p> 2651 <p>Equivalent to a blank line; often used to make command or 2652 environment definitions easier to read.</p> 2653 <table width="100%"> 2654 <tr bgcolor="#3F5881"> 2655 <td align="left"><b><font size="+2" color="white"> <a name= 2656 "SEC124">Margin Notes</a></font></b></td> 2657 </tr> 2658 </table> 2659 <p><a name="IDX249"></a> <a name="IDX250"></a> <a name= 2660 "IDX251"></a></p> 2661 <p>The command <code>\marginpar[left]{right}</code> creates a note 2662 in the margin. The first line will be at the same height as the 2663 line in the text where the <code>\marginpar</code> occurs.</p> 2664 <p>When you only specify the mandatory argument <code>right</code>, 2665 the text will be placed</p> 2666 <ul> 2667 <li>in the right margin for one-sided layout</li> 2668 <li>in the outside margin for two-sided layout</li> 2669 <li>in the nearest margin for two-column layout.</li> 2670 </ul> 2671 <p>By issuing the command <code>\reversemarginpar</code>, you can 2672 force the marginal notes to go into the opposite (inside) 2673 margin.</p> 2674 <p>When you specify both arguments, <code>left</code> is used for 2675 the left margin, and <code>right</code> is used for the right 2676 margin.</p> 2677 <p>The first word will normally not be hyphenated; you can enable 2678 hyphenation by prefixing the first word with a 2679 <code>\hspace{0pt}</code> command.</p> 2680 <table width="100%"> 2681 <tr bgcolor="#3F5881"> 2682 <td align="left"><b><font size="+2" color="white"> <a name= 2683 "SEC125">Math Formulae</a></font></b></td> 2684 </tr> 2685 </table> 2686 <p><a name="IDX252"></a> <a name="IDX253"></a> <a name= 2687 "IDX254"></a> <a name="IDX255"></a> <a name="IDX256"></a> <a name= 2688 "IDX257"></a> <a name="IDX258"></a> <a name="IDX259"></a></p> 2689 <p>There are three environments that put LaTeX in math mode:</p> 2690 <dl> 2691 <dt><code>math</code></dt> 2692 <dd>For Formulae that appear right in the text.</dd> 2693 <dt><code>displaymath</code></dt> 2694 <dd>For Formulae that appear on their own line.</dd> 2695 <dt><code>equation</code></dt> 2696 <dd>The same as the displaymath environment except that it adds an 2697 equation number in the right margin.</dd> 2698 </dl> 2699 <p>The <code>math</code> environment can be used in both paragraph 2700 and LR mode, but the <code>displaymath</code> and 2701 <code>equation</code> environments can be used only in paragraph 2702 mode. The <code>math</code> and <code>displaymath</code> 2703 environments are used so often that they have the following short 2704 forms:</p> 2705 <pre> 2706 \(...\) instead of \begin{math}...\end{math} 2707 2708 \[...\] instead of \begin{displaymath}...\end{displaymath} 2709 </pre> 2710 <p>In fact, the <code>math</code> environment is so common that it 2711 has an even shorter form:</p> 2712 <pre> 2713 $ ... $ instead of \(...\) 2714 </pre> 2715 <p><a name="IDX260"></a></p> 2716 <ul> 2717 <li><a href="#SEC126">Subscripts & Superscripts</a>: Also known 2718 as exponent or index.</li> 2719 <li><a href="#SEC127">Math Symbols</a>: Various mathematical 2720 squiggles.</li> 2721 <li><a href="#SEC128">Spacing in Math Mode</a>: Thick, medium, thin 2722 and negative spaces.</li> 2723 <li><a href="#SEC129">Math Miscellany</a>: Stuff that doesn't fit 2724 anywhere else.</li> 2725 </ul> 2726 <h3><a name="SEC126" href="#TOC126">Subscripts & 2727 Superscripts</a></h3> 2728 <p><a name="IDX261"></a> <a name="IDX262"></a> <a name= 2729 "IDX263"></a> <a name="IDX264"></a></p> 2730 <p>To get an expression <i>exp</i> to appear as a subscript, you 2731 just type <code>_{</code><i>exp</i><code>}</code>. To get 2732 <i>exp</i> to appear as a superscript, you type 2733 <code>^{</code><i>exp</i><code>}</code>. LaTeX handles 2734 superscripted superscripts and all of that stuff in the natural 2735 way. It even does the right thing when something has both a 2736 subscript and a superscript.</p> 2737 <h3><a name="SEC127" href="#TOC127">Math Symbols</a></h3> 2738 <p><a name="IDX265"></a> <a name="IDX266"></a> <a name= 2739 "IDX267"></a></p> 2740 <p>LaTeX provides almost any mathematical symbol you're likely to 2741 need. The commands for generating them can be used only in math 2742 mode. For example, if you include <code>$\pi$</code> in your 2743 source, you will get the symbol in your output.</p> 2744 <h3><a name="SEC128" href="#TOC128">Spacing in Math Mode</a></h3> 2745 <p><a name="IDX268"></a> <a name="IDX269"></a></p> 2746 <p>In a <code>math</code> environment, LaTeX ignores the spaces you 2747 type and puts in the spacing that it thinks is best. LaTeX formats 2748 mathematics the way it's done in mathematics texts. If you want 2749 different spacing, LaTeX provides the following four commands for 2750 use in math mode:</p> 2751 <p><a name="IDX270"></a> <a name="IDX271"></a> <a name= 2752 "IDX272"></a> <a name="IDX273"></a></p> 2753 <ol> 2754 <li><code>\;</code> - a thick space</li> 2755 <li><code>\:</code> - a medium space</li> 2756 <li><code>\,</code> - a thin space</li> 2757 <li><code>\!</code> - a negative thin space</li> 2758 </ol> 2759 <h3><a name="SEC129" href="#TOC129">Math Miscellany</a></h3> 2760 <p><a name="IDX274"></a></p> 2761 <dl> 2762 <dt><code><a name="IDX275">\cdots</a></code></dt> 2763 <dd>Produces a horizontal ellipsis where the dots are raised to the 2764 center of the line. eg.</dd> 2765 <dt><code><a name="IDX276">\ddots</a></code></dt> 2766 <dd>Produces a diagonal ellipsis. eg.</dd> 2767 <dt><code><a name="IDX277">\frac{num}{den}</a></code></dt> 2768 <dd>Produces the fraction <code>num</code> divided by 2769 <code>den</code>. eg.</dd> 2770 <dt><code><a name="IDX278">\ldots</a></code></dt> 2771 <dd>Produces an ellipsis. This command works in any mode, not just 2772 math mode. eg.</dd> 2773 <dt><code><a name="IDX279">\overbrace{text}</a></code></dt> 2774 <dd>Generates a brace over text. eg.</dd> 2775 <dt><code><a name="IDX280">\overline{text}</a></code></dt> 2776 <dd>Causes the argument text to be overlined. eg.</dd> 2777 <dt><code><a name="IDX281">\sqrt[root]{arg}</a></code></dt> 2778 <dd>Produces the square root of its argument. The optional 2779 argument, <code>root</code>, determines what root to produce, i.e., 2780 the cube root of <code>x+y</code> would be typed as 2781 <code>$\sqrt[3]{x+y}$</code>. eg.</dd> 2782 <dt><code><a name="IDX282">\underbrace{text}</a></code></dt> 2783 <dd>Generates text with a brace underneath. eg.</dd> 2784 <dt><code><a name="IDX283">\underline{text}</a></code></dt> 2785 <dd>Causes the argument text to be underlined. This command can 2786 also be used in paragraph and LR modes. eg.</dd> 2787 <dt><code><a name="IDX284">\vdots</a></code></dt> 2788 <dd>Produces a vertical ellipsis. eg.</dd> 2789 </dl> 2790 <table width="100%"> 2791 <tr bgcolor="#3F5881"> 2792 <td align="left"><b><font size="+2" color="white"> <a name= 2793 "SEC130">Modes</a></font></b></td> 2794 </tr> 2795 </table> 2796 <p><a name="IDX285"></a> <a name="IDX286"></a> <a name= 2797 "IDX287"></a> <a name="IDX288"></a> <a name="IDX289"></a></p> 2798 <p>When LaTeX is processing your input text, it is always in one of 2799 three modes:</p> 2800 <ul> 2801 <li>Paragraph mode</li> 2802 <li>Math mode</li> 2803 <li>Left-to-right mode, called LR mode for short</li> 2804 </ul> 2805 <p>LaTeX changes mode only when it goes up or down a staircase to a 2806 different level, though not all level changes produce mode changes. 2807 Mode changes occur only when entering or leaving an environment, or 2808 when LaTeX is processing the argument of certain text-producing 2809 commands.</p> 2810 <p>"Paragraph mode" is the most common; it's the one LaTeX is in 2811 when processing ordinary text. In that mode, LaTeX breaks your text 2812 into lines and breaks the lines into pages. LaTeX is in "math mode" 2813 when it's generating a mathematical formula. In "LR mode", as in 2814 paragraph mode, LaTeX considers the output that it produces to be a 2815 string of words with spaces between them. However, unlike paragraph 2816 mode, LaTeX keeps going from left to right; it never starts a new 2817 line in LR mode. Even if you put a hundred words into an 2818 <code>\mbox</code>, LaTeX would keep typesetting them from left to 2819 right inside a single box, and then complain because the resulting 2820 box was too wide to fit on the line.</p> 2821 <p>LaTeX is in LR mode when it starts making a box with an 2822 <code>\mbox</code> command. You can get it to enter a different 2823 mode inside the box - for example, you can make it enter math mode 2824 to put a formula in the box. There are also several text-producing 2825 commands and environments for making a box that put LaTeX in 2826 paragraph mode. The box make by one of these commands or 2827 environments will be called a <code>parbox</code>. When LaTeX is in 2828 paragraph mode while making a box, it is said to be in "inner 2829 paragraph mode". Its normal paragraph mode, which it starts out in, 2830 is called "outer paragraph mode".</p> 2831 <table width="100%"> 2832 <tr bgcolor="#3F5881"> 2833 <td align="left"><b><font size="+2" color="white"> <a name= 2834 "SEC131">Page Styles</a></font></b></td> 2835 </tr> 2836 </table> 2837 <p><a name="IDX290"></a> <a name="IDX291"></a></p> 2838 <p>The <code>\documentclass</code> command determines the size and 2839 position of the page's head and foot. The page style determines 2840 what goes in them.</p> 2841 <ul> 2842 <li><a href="#SEC132">\maketitle</a>: Generate a title page.</li> 2843 <li><a href="#SEC137">\pagenumbering</a>: Set the style used for 2844 page numbers.</li> 2845 <li><a href="#SEC138">\pagestyle</a>: Change the headings/footings 2846 style.</li> 2847 <li><a href="#SEC141">\thispagestyle</a>: Change the 2848 headings/footings style for this page.</li> 2849 </ul> 2850 <h3><a name="SEC132" href="#TOC132">\maketitle</a></h3> 2851 <p><a name="IDX292"></a> <a name="IDX293"></a></p> 2852 <p><code>\maketitle</code></p> 2853 <p>The <code>\maketitle</code> command generates a title on a 2854 separate title page - except in the <code>article</code> class, 2855 where the title normally goes at the top of the first page. 2856 Information used to produce the title is obtained from the 2857 following declarations:</p> 2858 <p>See section <a href="#SEC131">Page Styles</a> for the commands 2859 to give the information.</p> 2860 <ul> 2861 <li><a href="#SEC133">\author</a>: Who wrote this stuff?</li> 2862 <li><a href="#SEC134">\date</a>: The date the document was 2863 created.</li> 2864 <li><a href="#SEC135">\thanks</a>: A special form of footnote.</li> 2865 <li><a href="#SEC136">\title</a>: How to set the document 2866 title.</li> 2867 </ul> 2868 <h3><a name="SEC133" href="#TOC133">\author</a></h3> 2869 <p><a name="IDX294"></a> <a name="IDX295"></a></p> 2870 <p><code>\author{names}</code></p> 2871 <p>The <code>\author</code> command declares the author(s), where 2872 <code>names</code> is a list of authors separated by 2873 <code>\and</code> commands. Use <code>\\</code> to separate lines 2874 within a single author's entry -- for example, to give the author's 2875 institution or address.</p> 2876 <h3><a name="SEC134" href="#TOC134">\date</a></h3> 2877 <p><a name="IDX296"></a> <a name="IDX297"></a></p> 2878 <p><code>\date{text}</code></p> 2879 <p>The <code>\date</code> command declares <i>text</i> to be the 2880 document's date. With no <code>\date</code> command, the current 2881 date is used.</p> 2882 <h3><a name="SEC135" href="#TOC135">\thanks</a></h3> 2883 <p><a name="IDX298"></a> <a name="IDX299"></a></p> 2884 <p><code>\thanks{text}</code></p> 2885 <p>The <code>\thanks</code> command produces a 2886 <code>\footnote</code> to the title.</p> 2887 <h3><a name="SEC136" href="#TOC136">\title</a></h3> 2888 <p><a name="IDX300"></a> <a name="IDX301"></a></p> 2889 <p><code>\title{text}</code></p> 2890 <p>The <code>\title</code> command declares <code>text</code> to be 2891 the title. Use <code>\\</code> to tell LaTeX where to start a new 2892 line in a long title.</p> 2893 <h3><a name="SEC137" href="#TOC137">\pagenumbering</a></h3> 2894 <p><a name="IDX302"></a> <a name="IDX303"></a></p> 2895 <p><code>\pagenumbering{num_style}</code></p> 2896 <p>Specifies the style of page numbers. Possible values of 2897 <code>num_style</code> are:</p> 2898 <ul> 2899 <li><code>arabic</code> - Arabic numerals</li> 2900 <li><code>roman</code> - Lowercase Roman numerals</li> 2901 <li><code>Roman</code> - Uppercase Roman numerals</li> 2902 <li><code>alph</code> - Lowercase letters</li> 2903 <li><code>Alph</code> - Uppercase letters</li> 2904 </ul> 2905 <h3><a name="SEC138" href="#TOC138">\pagestyle</a></h3> 2906 <p><a name="IDX304"></a></p> 2907 <p><code>\pagestyle{option}</code></p> 2908 <p>The <code>\pagestyle</code> command changes the style from the 2909 current page on throughout the remainder of your document.</p> 2910 <p>The valid options are:</p> 2911 <ul> 2912 <li><code>plain</code> - Just a plain page number.</li> 2913 <li><code>empty</code> - Produces empty heads and feet - no page 2914 numbers.</li> 2915 <li><code>headings</code> - Puts running headings on each page. The 2916 document style specifies what goes in the headings.</li> 2917 <li><code>myheadings</code> - You specify what is to go in the 2918 heading with the <code>\markboth</code> or the 2919 <code>\markright</code> commands.</li> 2920 </ul> 2921 <ul> 2922 <li><a href="#SEC139">\markboth</a>: Set left and right 2923 headings.</li> 2924 <li><a href="#SEC140">\markright</a>: Set right heading only.</li> 2925 </ul> 2926 <h3><a name="SEC139" href="#TOC139">\markboth</a></h3> 2927 <p><a name="IDX305"></a></p> 2928 <pre> 2929 \markboth{left head}{right head} 2930 </pre> 2931 <p>The <code>\markboth</code> command is used in conjunction with 2932 the page style <code>myheadings</code> for setting both the left 2933 and the right heading. You should note that a "left-hand heading" 2934 is generated by the last <code>\markboth</code> command before the 2935 end of the page, while a "right-hand heading" is generated by the 2936 first <code>\markboth</code> or <code>\markright</code> that comes 2937 on the page if there is one, otherwise by the last one before the 2938 page.</p> 2939 <h3><a name="SEC140" href="#TOC140">\markright</a></h3> 2940 <p><a name="IDX306"></a></p> 2941 <pre> 2942 \markright{right head} 2943 </pre> 2944 <p>The <code>\markright</code> command is used in conjunction with 2945 the page style <code>myheadings</code> for setting the right 2946 heading, leaving the left heading unchanged. You should note that a 2947 "left-hand heading" is generated by the last <code>\markboth</code> 2948 command before the end of the page, while a "right-hand heading" is 2949 generated by the first <code>\markboth</code> or 2950 <code>\markright</code> that comes on the page if there is one, 2951 otherwise by the last one before the page.</p> 2952 <h3><a name="SEC141" href="#TOC141">\thispagestyle</a></h3> 2953 <p><a name="IDX307"></a></p> 2954 <p><code>\thispagestyle{option}</code></p> 2955 <p>The <code>\thispagestyle</code> command works in the same manner 2956 as the <code>\pagestyle</code> command except that it changes the 2957 style for the current page only.</p> 2958 <table width="100%"> 2959 <tr bgcolor="#3F5881"> 2960 <td align="left"><b><font size="+2" color="white"> <a name= 2961 "SEC142">Sectioning</a></font></b></td> 2962 </tr> 2963 </table> 2964 <p><a name="IDX308"></a> <a name="IDX309"></a> <a name= 2965 "IDX310"></a> <a name="IDX311"></a> <a name="IDX312"></a> <a name= 2966 "IDX313"></a></p> 2967 <p>Sectioning commands provide the means to structure your text 2968 into units.</p> 2969 <ul> 2970 <li><code>\part</code></li> 2971 <li><code>\chapter</code> (report and book class only)</li> 2972 <li><code>\section</code></li> 2973 <li><code>\subsection</code></li> 2974 <li><code>\subsubsection</code></li> 2975 <li><code>\paragraph</code></li> 2976 <li><code>\subparagraph</code></li> 2977 </ul> 2978 <p>All sectioning commands take the same general form, i.e.,</p> 2979 <p><code>\chapter[optional]{title}</code></p> 2980 <p>In addition to providing the heading in the text, the mandatory 2981 argument of the sectioning command can appear in two other 2982 places:</p> 2983 <ol> 2984 <li>The table of contents</li> 2985 <li>The running head at the top of the page</li> 2986 </ol> 2987 <p>You may not want the same thing to appear in these other two 2988 places as appears in the text heading. To handle this situation, 2989 the sectioning commands have an <code>optional</code> argument that 2990 provides the text for these other two purposes.</p> 2991 <p>All sectioning commands have <code>*</code>-forms that print a 2992 <i>title</i>, but do not include a number and do not make an entry 2993 in the table of contents.</p> 2994 <p><a name="IDX315"></a></p> 2995 <p><code><a name="IDX314">\appendix</a></code></p> 2996 <p>The <code>\appendix</code> command changes the way sectional 2997 units are numbered. The <code>\appendix</code> command generates no 2998 text and does not affect the numbering of parts. The normal use of 2999 this command is something like</p> 3000 <pre> 3001 \chapter{The First Chapter} 3002 ... 3003 \appendix 3004 \chapter{The First Appendix} 3005 </pre> 3006 <table width="100%"> 3007 <tr bgcolor="#3F5881"> 3008 <td align="left"><b><font size="+2" color="white"> <a name= 3009 "SEC143">Spaces & Boxes</a></font></b></td> 3010 </tr> 3011 </table> 3012 <p><a name="IDX316"></a> <a name="IDX317"></a></p> 3013 <p>All the predefined length parameters See section <a href= 3014 "#SEC90">Predefined lengths</a> can be used in the arguments of the 3015 box-making commands.</p> 3016 <ul> 3017 <li style="list-style: none">Horizontal space</li> 3018 <li><a href="#SEC144">\dotfill</a>: Stretchable horizontal 3019 dots.</li> 3020 <li><a href="#SEC145">\hfill</a>: Stretchable horizontal 3021 space.</li> 3022 <li><a href="#SEC146">\hrulefill</a>: Stretchable horizontal 3023 rule.</li> 3024 <li><a href="#SEC147">\hspace</a>: Fixed horizontal space. Vertical 3025 space</li> 3026 <li><a href="#SEC148">\addvspace</a>: Fixed vertical space.</li> 3027 <li><a href="#SEC149">\bigskip</a>: Fixed vertical space.</li> 3028 <li><a href="#SEC150">\medskip</a>: Fixed vertical space.</li> 3029 <li><a href="#SEC151">\smallskip</a>: Fixed vertical space.</li> 3030 <li><a href="#SEC152">\vfill</a>: Stretchable vertical space.</li> 3031 <li><a href="#SEC153">\vspace</a>: Fixed vertical space. Boxes</li> 3032 <li><a href="#SEC154">\fbox</a>: Framebox.</li> 3033 <li><a href="#SEC155">\framebox</a>: Framebox, adjustable 3034 position.</li> 3035 <li><a href="#SEC156">lrbox</a>: An environment like \sbox.</li> 3036 <li><a href="#SEC157">\makebox</a>: Box, adjustable position.</li> 3037 <li><a href="#SEC158">\mbox</a>: Box.</li> 3038 <li><a href="#SEC159">\newsavebox</a>: Declare a name for saving a 3039 box.</li> 3040 <li><a href="#SEC160">\parbox</a>: Box with text in paragraph 3041 mode.</li> 3042 <li><a href="#SEC161">\raisebox</a>: Raise or lower text.</li> 3043 <li><a href="#SEC162">\rule</a>: Lines and squares.</li> 3044 <li><a href="#SEC163">\savebox</a>: Like \makebox, but save the 3045 text for later use.</li> 3046 <li><a href="#SEC164">\sbox</a>: Like \mbox, but save the text for 3047 later use.</li> 3048 <li><a href="#SEC165">\usebox</a>: Print saved text.</li> 3049 </ul> 3050 <h3><a name="SEC144" href="#TOC144">\dotfill</a></h3> 3051 <p><a name="IDX318"></a></p> 3052 <p>The <code>\dotfill</code> command produces a "rubber length" 3053 that produces dots instead of just spaces.</p> 3054 <h3><a name="SEC145" href="#TOC145">\hfill</a></h3> 3055 <p><a name="IDX319"></a></p> 3056 <p>The <code>\hfill</code> fill command produces a "rubber length" 3057 which can stretch or shrink horizontally. It will be filled with 3058 spaces.</p> 3059 <h3><a name="SEC146" href="#TOC146">\hrulefill</a></h3> 3060 <p><a name="IDX320"></a></p> 3061 <p>The <code>\hrulefill</code> fill command produces a "rubber 3062 length" which can stretch or shrink horizontally. It will be filled 3063 with a horizontal rule.</p> 3064 <h3><a name="SEC147" href="#TOC147">\hspace</a></h3> 3065 <p><a name="IDX321"></a></p> 3066 <p><code>\hspace[*]{length}</code></p> 3067 <p>The <code>\hspace</code> command adds horizontal space. The 3068 length of the space can be expressed in any terms that LaTeX 3069 understands, i.e., points, inches, etc. You can add negative as 3070 well as positive space with an <code>\hspace</code> command. Adding 3071 negative space is like backspacing.</p> 3072 <p>LaTeX removes horizontal space that comes at the end of a line. 3073 If you don't want LaTeX to remove this space, include the optional 3074 <code>*</code> argument. Then the space is never removed.</p> 3075 <h3><a name="SEC148" href="#TOC148">\addvspace</a></h3> 3076 <p><a name="IDX322"></a> <a name="IDX323"></a> <a name= 3077 "IDX324"></a></p> 3078 <p><code>\addvspace{length}</code></p> 3079 <p>The <code>\addvspace</code> command normally adds a vertical 3080 space of height length. However, if vertical space has already been 3081 added to the same point in the output by a previous 3082 <code>\addvspace</code> command, then this command will not add 3083 more space than needed to make the natural length of the total 3084 vertical space equal to <code>length</code>.</p> 3085 <h3><a name="SEC149" href="#TOC149">\bigskip</a></h3> 3086 <p><a name="IDX325"></a></p> 3087 <p>The <code>\bigskip</code> command is equivalent to 3088 <code>\vspace{bigskipamount}</code> where 3089 <code>bigskipamount</code> is determined by the document class.</p> 3090 <h3><a name="SEC150" href="#TOC150">\medskip</a></h3> 3091 <p><a name="IDX326"></a></p> 3092 <p>The <code>\medskip</code> command is equivalent to 3093 <code>\vspace{medskipamount}</code> where 3094 <code>medskipamount</code> is determined by the document class.</p> 3095 <h3><a name="SEC151" href="#TOC151">\smallskip</a></h3> 3096 <p><a name="IDX327"></a></p> 3097 <p><code>\smallskip</code></p> 3098 <p>The <code>\smallskip</code> command is equivalent to 3099 <code>\vspace{smallskipamount}</code> where 3100 <code>smallskipamount</code> is determined by the document 3101 class.</p> 3102 <h3><a name="SEC152" href="#TOC152">\vfill</a></h3> 3103 <p><a name="IDX328"></a></p> 3104 <p>The <code>\vfill</code> fill command produces a rubber length 3105 which can stretch or shrink vertically.</p> 3106 <h3><a name="SEC153" href="#TOC153">\vspace</a></h3> 3107 <p><a name="IDX329"></a></p> 3108 <p><code>\vspace[*]{length}</code></p> 3109 <p>The <code>\vspace</code> command adds vertical space. The length 3110 of the space can be expressed in any terms that LaTeX understands, 3111 i.e., points, inches, etc. You can add negative as well as positive 3112 space with an <code>\vspace</code> command.</p> 3113 <p>LaTeX removes vertical space that comes at the end of a page. If 3114 you don't want LaTeX to remove this space, include the optional 3115 <code>*</code> argument. Then the space is never removed.</p> 3116 <h3><a name="SEC154" href="#TOC154">\fbox</a></h3> 3117 <p><a name="IDX330"></a></p> 3118 <p><code>\fbox{text}</code></p> 3119 <p>The <code>\fbox</code> command is exactly the same as the 3120 <code>\mbox</code> command, except that it puts a frame around the 3121 outside of the box that it creates.</p> 3122 <h3><a name="SEC155" href="#TOC155">\framebox</a></h3> 3123 <p><a name="IDX331"></a></p> 3124 <p><code>\framebox[width][position]{text}</code></p> 3125 <p>The <code>\framebox</code> command is exactly the same as the 3126 <code>\makebox</code> command, except that it puts a frame around 3127 the outside of the box that it creates.</p> 3128 <p>The framebox command produces a rule of thickness 3129 <code>\fboxrule</code>, and leaves a space <code>\fboxsep</code> 3130 between the rule and the contents of the box.</p> 3131 <h3><a name="SEC156" href="#TOC156">lrbox</a></h3> 3132 <p><a name="IDX332"></a></p> 3133 <p><code>\begin{lrbox}{cmd} text \end{lrbox}</code></p> 3134 <p>This is the environment form of <code>\sbox</code>.</p> 3135 <p>The text inside the environment is saved in the box 3136 <code>cmd</code>, which must have been declared with 3137 <code>\newsavebox</code>.</p> 3138 <h3><a name="SEC157" href="#TOC157">\makebox</a></h3> 3139 <p><a name="IDX333"></a></p> 3140 <p><code>\makebox[width][position]{text}</code></p> 3141 <p>The <code>\makebox</code> command creates a box just wide enough 3142 to contain the <code>text</code> specified. The width of the box is 3143 specified by the optional <code>width</code> argument. The position 3144 of the text within the box is determined by the optional 3145 <code>position</code> argument.</p> 3146 <ul> 3147 <li><code>c</code> -- centred (default)</li> 3148 <li><code>l</code> -- flushleft</li> 3149 <li><code>r</code> -- flushright</li> 3150 <li><code>s</code> -- stretch from left to right margin. The text 3151 must contain stretchable space for this to work.</li> 3152 </ul> 3153 <p>See section <a href="#SEC54">\makebox</a>.</p> 3154 <h3><a name="SEC158" href="#TOC158">\mbox</a></h3> 3155 <p><a name="IDX334"></a></p> 3156 <p><code>\mbox{text}</code></p> 3157 <p>The <code>\mbox</code> command creates a box just wide enough to 3158 hold the text created by its argument.</p> 3159 <p>Use this command to prevent text from being split across 3160 lines.</p> 3161 <h3><a name="SEC159" href="#TOC159">\newsavebox</a></h3> 3162 <p><a name="IDX335"></a></p> 3163 <p><code>\newsavebox{cmd}</code></p> 3164 <p>Declares <code>cmd</code>, which must be a command name that is 3165 not already defined, to be a bin for saving boxes.</p> 3166 <h3><a name="SEC160" href="#TOC160">\parbox</a></h3> 3167 <p><a name="IDX336"></a></p> 3168 <p> 3169 <code>\parbox[position][height][inner-pos]{width}{text}</code></p> 3170 <p>A <code>parbox</code> is a box whose contents are created in 3171 <code>paragraph</code> mode. The <code>\parbox</code> has two 3172 mandatory arguments:</p> 3173 <ul> 3174 <li><code>width</code> - specifies the width of the parbox, 3175 and</li> 3176 <li><code>text</code> - the text that goes inside the parbox.</li> 3177 </ul> 3178 <p>LaTeX will position a <code>parbox</code> so its center lines up 3179 with the center of the text line. The optional <i>position</i> 3180 argument allows you to line up either the top or bottom line in the 3181 parbox (default is top).</p> 3182 <p>If the <i>height</i> argument is not given, the box will have 3183 the natural height of the text.</p> 3184 <p>The <i>inner-pos</i> argument controls the placement of the text 3185 inside the box. If it is not specified, <i>position</i> is 3186 used.</p> 3187 <ul> 3188 <li><code>t</code> -- text is placed at the top of the box.</li> 3189 <li><code>c</code> -- text is centred in the box.</li> 3190 <li><code>b</code> -- text is placed at the bottom of the box.</li> 3191 <li><code>s</code> -- stretch vertically. The text must contain 3192 vertically stretchable space for this to work.</li> 3193 </ul> 3194 <p>A <code>\parbox</code> command is used for a parbox containing a 3195 small piece of text, with nothing fancy inside. In particular, you 3196 shouldn't use any of the paragraph-making environments inside a 3197 <code>\parbox</code> argument. For larger pieces of text, including 3198 ones containing a paragraph-making environment, you should use a 3199 <code>minipage</code> environment See section <a href= 3200 "#SEC46">minipage</a>.</p> 3201 <h3><a name="SEC161" href="#TOC161">\raisebox</a></h3> 3202 <p><a name="IDX337"></a></p> 3203 <p> 3204 <code>\raisebox{distance}[extend-above][extend-below]{text}</code></p> 3205 <p>The <code>\raisebox</code> command is used to raise or lower 3206 text. The first mandatory argument specifies how high the text is 3207 to be raised (or lowered if it is a negative amount). The text 3208 itself is processed in <code>LR mode</code>.</p> 3209 <p>Sometimes it's useful to make LaTeX think something has a 3210 different size than it really does - or a different size than LaTeX 3211 would normally think it has. The <code>\raisebox</code> command 3212 lets you tell LaTeX how tall it is.</p> 3213 <p>The first optional argument, <code>extend-above</code>, makes 3214 LaTeX think that the text extends above the line by the amount 3215 specified. The second optional argument, <code>extend-below</code>, 3216 makes LaTeX think that the text extends below the line by the 3217 amount specified.</p> 3218 <h3><a name="SEC162" href="#TOC162">\rule</a></h3> 3219 <p><a name="IDX338"></a></p> 3220 <p><code>\rule[raise-height]{width}{thickness}</code></p> 3221 <p>The <code>\rule</code> command is used to produce horizontal 3222 lines. The arguments are defined as follows:</p> 3223 <ul> 3224 <li><code>raise-height</code> - specifies how high to raise the 3225 rule (optional)</li> 3226 <li><code>width</code> - specifies the length of the rule 3227 (mandatory)</li> 3228 <li><code>thickness</code> - specifies the thickness of the rule 3229 (mandatory)</li> 3230 </ul> 3231 <h3><a name="SEC163" href="#TOC163">\savebox</a></h3> 3232 <p><a name="IDX339"></a></p> 3233 <pre> 3234 \savebox{cmd}[width][pos]{text} 3235 </pre> 3236 <p>This command typeset <code>text</code> in a box just as for 3237 <code>\makebox</code>. However, instead of printing the resulting 3238 box, it saves it in bin <code>cmd</code>, which must have been 3239 declared with <code>\newsavebox</code>.</p> 3240 <h3><a name="SEC164" href="#TOC164">\sbox</a></h3> 3241 <p><a name="IDX340"></a></p> 3242 <p><code>\sbox{text}</code></p> 3243 <p>This commands typeset <code>text</code> in a box just as for 3244 <code>\mbox</code>. However, instead of printing the resulting box, 3245 it saves it in bin <code>cmd</code>, which must have been declared 3246 with <code>\newsavebox</code>.</p> 3247 <h3><a name="SEC165" href="#TOC165">\usebox</a></h3> 3248 <p><a name="IDX341"></a></p> 3249 <p><code>\usebox{cmd}</code></p> 3250 <p>Prints the box most recently saved in bin <code>cmd</code> by a 3251 <code>\savebox</code> command.</p> 3252 <table width="100%"> 3253 <tr bgcolor="#3F5881"> 3254 <td align="left"><b><font size="+2" color="white"> <a name= 3255 "SEC166">Special Characters</a></font></b></td> 3256 </tr> 3257 </table> 3258 <p><a name="IDX342"></a> <a name="IDX343"></a> <a name= 3259 "IDX344"></a> <a name="IDX345"></a></p> 3260 <p>The following characters play a special role in LaTeX and are 3261 called "special printing characters", or simply "special 3262 characters".</p> 3263 <pre> 3264 # $ % & ~ _ ^ \ { } 3265 </pre> 3266 <p>Whenever you put one of these special characters into your file, 3267 you are doing something special. If you simply want the character 3268 to be printed just as any other letter, include a <code>\</code> in 3269 front of the character. For example, <code>\$</code> will produce 3270 <code>$</code> in your output.</p> 3271 <p>One exception to this rule is the <code>\</code> itself because 3272 <code>\\</code> has its own special meaning. A <code>\</code> is 3273 produced by typing <code><a name="IDX346">$\backslash$</a></code> 3274 in your file.</p> 3275 <p>Also, <code>\~</code> means `place a tilde accent over the 3276 following letter', so you will probably want to use 3277 <code>\verb</code> instead.</p> 3278 <p><a name="IDX348"></a></p> 3279 <p>In addition, you can access any character of a font once you 3280 know its number by using the <code><a name= 3281 "IDX347">\symbol</a></code> command. For example, the character 3282 used for displaying spaces in the <code>\verb*</code> command has 3283 the code decimal 32, so it can be typed as 3284 <code>\symbol{32}</code>.</p> 3285 <p>You can also specify octal numbers with <code>'</code> or 3286 hexadecimal numbers with <code>"</code>, so the previous example 3287 could also be written as <code>\symbol{'40}</code> or 3288 <code>\symbol{"20}</code>.</p> 3289 <table width="100%"> 3290 <tr bgcolor="#3F5881"> 3291 <td align="left"><b><font size="+2" color="white"> <a name= 3292 "SEC167">Splitting the Input</a></font></b></td> 3293 </tr> 3294 </table> 3295 <p><a name="IDX349"></a> <a name="IDX350"></a></p> 3296 <p>A large document requires a lot of input. Rather than putting 3297 the whole input in a single large file, it's more efficient to 3298 split it into several smaller ones. Regardless of how many separate 3299 files you use, there is one that is the root file; it is the one 3300 whose name you type when you run LaTeX.</p> 3301 <ul> 3302 <li><a href="#SEC168">\include</a>: Conditionally include a 3303 file.</li> 3304 <li><a href="#SEC169">\includeonly</a>: Determine which files are 3305 included.</li> 3306 <li><a href="#SEC170">\input</a>: Unconditionally include a 3307 file.</li> 3308 </ul> 3309 <h3><a name="SEC168" href="#TOC168">\include</a></h3> 3310 <p><a name="IDX351"></a></p> 3311 <p><code>\include{file}</code></p> 3312 <p>The <code>\include</code> command is used in conjunction with 3313 the <code>\includeonly</code> command for selective inclusion of 3314 files. The <code>file</code> argument is the first name of a file, 3315 denoting <tt>`file.tex'</tt>. If <code>file</code> is one the file 3316 names in the file list of the <code>\includeonly</code> command or 3317 if there is no <code>\includeonly</code> command, the 3318 <code>\include</code> command is equivalent to</p> 3319 <pre> 3320 \clearpage \input{file} \clearpage 3321 </pre> 3322 <p>except that if the file <tt>`file.tex'</tt> does not exist, then 3323 a warning message rather than an error is produced. If the file is 3324 not in the file list, the <code>\include</code> command is 3325 equivalent to <code>\clearpage</code>.</p> 3326 <p>The <code>\include</code> command may not appear in the preamble 3327 or in a file read by another <code>\include</code> command.</p> 3328 <h3><a name="SEC169" href="#TOC169">\includeonly</a></h3> 3329 <p><a name="IDX352"></a></p> 3330 <p><code>\includeonly{</code><i>file_list</i><code>}</code></p> 3331 <p>The <code>\includeonly</code> command controls which files will 3332 be read in by an <code>\include</code> command. <i>file_list</i> 3333 should be a comma-separated list of filenames. Each filename must 3334 match exactly a filename specified in a <code>\include</code> 3335 command. This command can only appear in the preamble.</p> 3336 <h3><a name="SEC170" href="#TOC170">\input</a></h3> 3337 <p><a name="IDX353"></a></p> 3338 <p><code>\input{file}</code></p> 3339 <p>The <code>\input</code> command causes the indicated 3340 <code>file</code> to be read and processed, exactly as if its 3341 contents had been inserted in the current file at that point. The 3342 file name may be a complete file name with extension or just a 3343 first name, in which case the file <tt>`file.tex'</tt> is used.</p> 3344 <table width="100%"> 3345 <tr bgcolor="#3F5881"> 3346 <td align="left"><b><font size="+2" color="white"> <a name= 3347 "SEC171">Starting & Ending</a></font></b></td> 3348 </tr> 3349 </table> 3350 <p><a name="IDX354"></a> <a name="IDX355"></a></p> 3351 <p>Your input file must contain the following commands as a 3352 minimum:</p> 3353 <pre> 3354 \documentclass{class} 3355 \begin{document} 3356 ... your text goes here ... 3357 \end{document} 3358 </pre> 3359 <p>where the <code>class</code> selected is one of the valid 3360 classes for LaTeX. See section <a href="#SEC24">Document 3361 Classes</a> for details of the various document classes available 3362 locally.</p> 3363 <p>You may include other LaTeX commands between the 3364 <code>\documentclass</code> and the <code>\begin{document}</code> 3365 commands (i.e., in the `preamble').</p> 3366 <table width="100%"> 3367 <tr bgcolor="#3F5881"> 3368 <td align="left"><b><font size="+2" color="white"> <a name= 3369 "SEC172">Table of Contents</a></font></b></td> 3370 </tr> 3371 </table> 3372 <p><a name="IDX356"></a></p> 3373 <p>A table of contents is produced with the <code><a name= 3374 "IDX357">\tableofcontents</a></code> command. You put the command 3375 right where you want the table of contents to go; LaTeX does the 3376 rest for you. It produces a heading, but it does not automatically 3377 start a new page. If you want a new page after the table of 3378 contents, include a <code>\newpage</code> command after the 3379 <code>\tableofcontents</code> command.</p> 3380 <p>There are similar commands <code><a name= 3381 "IDX358">\listoffigures</a></code> and <code><a name= 3382 "IDX359">\listoftables</a></code> for producing a list of figures 3383 and a list of tables, respectively. Everything works exactly the 3384 same as for the table of contents.</p> 3385 <p>NOTE: If you want any of these items to be generated, you cannot 3386 have the <code><a name="IDX360">\nofiles</a></code> command in your 3387 document.</p> 3388 <ul> 3389 <li><a href="#SEC173">\addcontentsline</a>: Add an entry to table 3390 of contents etc.</li> 3391 <li><a href="#SEC174">\addtocontents</a>: Add text directly to 3392 table of contents file etc.</li> 3393 </ul> 3394 <h3><a name="SEC173" href="#TOC173">\addcontentsline</a></h3> 3395 <p><a name="IDX361"></a></p> 3396 <p><code>\addcontentsline{file}{sec_unit}{entry}</code></p> 3397 <p>The <code>\addcontentsline</code> command adds an entry to the 3398 specified list or table where:</p> 3399 <ul> 3400 <li><code>file</code> is the extension of the file on which 3401 information is to be written: <code>toc</code> (table of contents), 3402 <code>lof</code> (list of figures), or <code>lot</code> (list of 3403 tables).</li> 3404 <li><code>sec_unit</code> controls the formatting of the entry. It 3405 should be one of the following, depending upon the value of the 3406 file argument: 3407 <ol> 3408 <li><code>toc</code> -- the name of the sectional unit, such as 3409 part or subsection.</li> 3410 <li><code>lof</code> -- figure</li> 3411 <li><code>lot</code> -- table</li> 3412 </ol> 3413 </li> 3414 <li><code>entry</code> is the text of the entry.</li> 3415 </ul> 3416 <h3><a name="SEC174" href="#TOC174">\addtocontents</a></h3> 3417 <p><a name="IDX362"></a></p> 3418 <p><code>\addtocontents{file}{text}</code></p> 3419 <p>The <code>\addtocontents</code> command adds text (or formatting 3420 commands) directly to the file that generates the table of contents 3421 or list of figures or tables.</p> 3422 <ul> 3423 <li><code>file</code> is the extension of the file on which 3424 information is to be written: <code>toc</code> (table of contents), 3425 <code>lof</code> (list of figures), or <code>lot</code> (list of 3426 tables).</li> 3427 <li><code>text</code> is the information to be written.</li> 3428 </ul> 3429 <table width="100%"> 3430 <tr bgcolor="#3F5881"> 3431 <td align="left"><b><font size="+2" color="white"> <a name= 3432 "SEC175">Terminal Input/Output</a></font></b></td> 3433 </tr> 3434 </table> 3435 <p><a name="IDX363"></a> <a name="IDX364"></a></p> 3436 <ul> 3437 <li><a href="#SEC176">\typein</a>: Read text from the 3438 terminal.</li> 3439 <li><a href="#SEC177">\typeout</a>: Write text to the 3440 terminal.</li> 3441 </ul> 3442 <h3><a name="SEC176" href="#TOC176">\typein</a></h3> 3443 <p><a name="IDX365"></a></p> 3444 <p><code>\typein[cmd]{msg}</code></p> 3445 <p>Prints <code>msg</code> on the terminal and causes LaTeX to stop 3446 and wait for you to type a line of input, ending with return. If 3447 the <code>cmd</code> argument is missing, the typed input is 3448 processed as if it had been included in the input file in place of 3449 the <code>\typein</code> command. If the <code>cmd</code> argument 3450 is present, it must be a command name. This command name is then 3451 defined or redefined to be the typed input.</p> 3452 <h3><a name="SEC177" href="#TOC177">\typeout</a></h3> 3453 <p><a name="IDX366"></a></p> 3454 <p><code>\typeout{msg}</code></p> 3455 <p>Prints <code>msg</code> on the terminal and in the 3456 <code>log</code> file. Commands in <code>msg</code> that are 3457 defined with <code>\newcommand</code> or <code>\renewcommand</code> 3458 are replaced by their definitions before being printed.</p> 3459 <p>LaTeX's usual rules for treating multiple spaces as a single 3460 space and ignoring spaces after a command name apply to 3461 <code>msg</code>. A <code>\space</code> command in <code>msg</code> 3462 causes a single space to be printed. A <code>^^J</code> in 3463 <code>msg</code> prints a newline.</p> 3464 <table width="100%"> 3465 <tr bgcolor="#3F5881"> 3466 <td align="left"><b><font size="+2" color="white"> <a name= 3467 "SEC178">Typefaces</a></font></b></td> 3468 </tr> 3469 </table> 3470 <p><a name="IDX367"></a> <a name="IDX368"></a></p> 3471 <p>The <code>typeface</code> is specified by giving the "size" and 3472 "style". A typeface is also called a "font".</p> 3473 <ul> 3474 <li><a href="#SEC179">Styles</a>: Select roman, italics etc.</li> 3475 <li><a href="#SEC180">Sizes</a>: Select point size.</li> 3476 <li><a href="#SEC181">Low-level font commands</a>: Commands for 3477 wizards.</li> 3478 </ul> 3479 <h3><a name="SEC179" href="#TOC179">Styles</a></h3> 3480 <p><a name="IDX369"></a> <a name="IDX370"></a> <a name= 3481 "IDX371"></a></p> 3482 <p>The following type style commands are supported by LaTeX.</p> 3483 <p>These commands are used like <code>\textit{italics text}</code>. 3484 The corresponding command in parenthesis is the "declaration form", 3485 which takes no arguments. The scope of the declaration form lasts 3486 until the next type style command or the end of the current 3487 group.</p> 3488 <p>The declaration forms are cumulative; i.e., you can say 3489 <code>\sffamily\bfseries</code> to get sans serif boldface.</p> 3490 <p>You can also use the environment form of the declaration forms; 3491 e.g. <code>\begin{ttfamily}...\end{ttfamily}</code>.</p> 3492 <dl> 3493 <dt><code><a name="IDX373">\textrm (\rmfamily)</a></code></dt> 3494 <dd><a name="IDX372"></a> Roman.</dd> 3495 <dt><code><a name="IDX375">\textit (\itshape)</a></code></dt> 3496 <dd><a name="IDX374"></a></dd> 3497 <dt><code><a name="IDX376">\emph</a></code></dt> 3498 <dd>Emphasis (toggles between \textit and \textrm).</dd> 3499 <dt><code><a name="IDX378">\textmd (\mdseries)</a></code></dt> 3500 <dd><a name="IDX377"></a> Medium weight (default). The opposite of 3501 boldface.</dd> 3502 <dt><code><a name="IDX380">\textbf (\bfseries)</a></code></dt> 3503 <dd><a name="IDX379"></a> Boldface.</dd> 3504 <dt><code><a name="IDX381">\textup (\upshape)</a></code></dt> 3505 <dd><a name="IDX382"></a> Upright (default). The opposite of 3506 slanted.</dd> 3507 <dt><code><a name="IDX384">\textsl (\slshape)</a></code></dt> 3508 <dd><a name="IDX383"></a> Slanted.</dd> 3509 <dt><code><a name="IDX386">\textsf (\sffamily)</a></code></dt> 3510 <dd><a name="IDX385"></a> Sans serif.</dd> 3511 <dt><code><a name="IDX388">\textsc (\scshape)</a></code></dt> 3512 <dd><a name="IDX387"></a> Small caps.</dd> 3513 <dt><code><a name="IDX389">\texttt (\ttfamily)</a></code></dt> 3514 <dd><a name="IDX390"></a> Typewriter.</dd> 3515 <dt><code><a name="IDX392">\textnormal 3516 (\normalfont)</a></code></dt> 3517 <dd><a name="IDX391"></a> Main document font.</dd> 3518 <dt><code><a name="IDX393">\mathrm</a></code></dt> 3519 <dd>Roman, for use in math mode.</dd> 3520 <dt><code><a name="IDX394">\mathbf</a></code></dt> 3521 <dd>Boldface, for use in math mode.</dd> 3522 <dt><code><a name="IDX395">\mathsf</a></code></dt> 3523 <dd>Sans serif, for use in math mode.</dd> 3524 <dt><code><a name="IDX396">\mathtt</a></code></dt> 3525 <dd>Typewriter, for use in math mode.</dd> 3526 <dt><code><a name="IDX397">\mathit</a></code></dt> 3527 <dd>Italics, for use in math mode, e.g. variable names with several 3528 letters.</dd> 3529 <dt><code><a name="IDX398">\mathnormal</a></code></dt> 3530 <dd>For use in math mode, e.g. inside another type style 3531 declaration.</dd> 3532 <dt><code><a name="IDX399">\mathcal</a></code></dt> 3533 <dd>`Calligraphic' letters, for use in math mode.</dd> 3534 </dl> 3535 <p>In addition, the command <code><a name= 3536 "IDX400">\mathversion{bold}</a></code> can be used for switching to 3537 bold letters and symbols in formulas. 3538 <code>\mathversion{normal}</code> restores the default.</p> 3539 <h3><a name="SEC180" href="#TOC180">Sizes</a></h3> 3540 <p><a name="IDX401"></a> <a name="IDX402"></a> <a name= 3541 "IDX403"></a></p> 3542 <p>The following standard type size commands are supported by 3543 LaTeX.</p> 3544 <p>The commands as listed here are "declaration forms". The scope 3545 of the declaration form lasts until the next type style command or 3546 the end of the current group.</p> 3547 <p>You can also use the environment form of these commands; e.g. 3548 <code>\begin{tiny}...\end{tiny}</code>.</p> 3549 <dl> 3550 <dt><code><a name="IDX404">\tiny</a></code></dt> 3551 <dt><code><a name="IDX405">\scriptsize</a></code></dt> 3552 <dt><code><a name="IDX406">\footnotesize</a></code></dt> 3553 <dt><code><a name="IDX407">\small</a></code></dt> 3554 <dt><code><a name="IDX408">\normalsize</a></code></dt> 3555 <dd>(default)</dd> 3556 <dt><code><a name="IDX409">\large</a></code></dt> 3557 <dt><code><a name="IDX410">\Large</a></code></dt> 3558 <dt><code><a name="IDX411">\LARGE</a></code></dt> 3559 <dt><code><a name="IDX412">\huge</a></code></dt> 3560 <dt><code><a name="IDX413">\Huge</a></code></dt> 3561 </dl> 3562 <h3><a name="SEC181" href="#TOC181">Low-level font 3563 commands</a></h3> 3564 <p><a name="IDX414"></a> <a name="IDX415"></a></p> 3565 <p>These commands are primarily intended for writers of macros and 3566 packages. The commands listed here are only a subset of the 3567 available ones. For full details, you should consult Chapter 7 of 3568 <cite>The LaTeX Companion</cite>.</p> 3569 <dl> 3570 <dt><code><a name="IDX416">\fontencoding{enc}</a></code></dt> 3571 <dd>Select font encoding. Valid encodings include <code>OT1</code> 3572 and <code>T1</code>.</dd> 3573 <dt><code><a name="IDX417">\fontfamily{family}</a></code></dt> 3574 <dd>Select font family. Valid families include: 3575 <ul> 3576 <li><code>cmr</code> for Computer Modern Roman</li> 3577 <li><code>cmss</code> for Computer Modern Sans Serif</li> 3578 <li><code>cmtt</code> for Computer Modern Typewriter</li> 3579 </ul> 3580 and numerous others.</dd> 3581 <dt><code><a name="IDX418">\fontseries{series}</a></code></dt> 3582 <dd>Select font series. Valid series include: 3583 <ul> 3584 <li><code>m</code> Medium (normal)</li> 3585 <li><code>b</code> Bold</li> 3586 <li><code>c</code> Condensed</li> 3587 <li><code>bc</code> Bold condensed</li> 3588 <li><code>bx</code> Bold extended</li> 3589 </ul> 3590 and various other combinations.</dd> 3591 <dt><code><a name="IDX419">\fontshape{shape}</a></code></dt> 3592 <dd>Select font shape. Valid shapes are: 3593 <ul> 3594 <li><code>n</code> Upright (normal)</li> 3595 <li><code>it</code> Italic</li> 3596 <li><code>sl</code> Slanted (oblique)</li> 3597 <li><code>sc</code> Small caps</li> 3598 <li><code>ui</code> Upright italics</li> 3599 <li><code>ol</code> Outline</li> 3600 </ul> 3601 The two last shapes are not available for most font families.</dd> 3602 <dt><code><a name="IDX420">\fontsize{size}{skip}</a></code></dt> 3603 <dd>Set font size. The first parameter is the font size to switch 3604 to; the second is the <code>\baselineskip</code> to use. The unit 3605 of both parameters defaults to pt. A rule of thumb is that the 3606 baselineskip should be 1.2 times the font size.</dd> 3607 <dt><code><a name="IDX421">\selectfont</a></code></dt> 3608 <dd>The changes made by calling the four font commands described 3609 above do not come into effect until <code>\selectfont</code> is 3610 called.</dd> 3611 <dt><code><a name= 3612 "IDX422">\usefont{enc}{family}{series}{shape}</a></code></dt> 3613 <dd>Equivalent to calling <code>\fontencoding</code>, 3614 <code>\fontfamily</code>, <code>\fontseries</code> and 3615 <code>\fontshape</code> with the given parameters, followed by 3616 <code>\selectfont</code>.</dd> 3617 </dl> 3618 <address> 3619 <hr> 3620 <div align="center"> 3621 <table width="100%" cellspacing="0" border="0"> 3622 <tr> 3623 <td>LaTeX Reference</td> 3624 <td></td> 3625 <td align="right"> 3626 <div align="right">Kile</div> 3627 </td> 3628 </tr> 3629 </table> 3630 </div> 3631 </address> 3632 </body> 3633 </html>