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0001 0002 GNU Free Documentation License 0003 Version 1.3, 3 November 2008 0004 0005 0006 Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 0007 <http://fsf.org/> 0008 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies 0009 of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. 0010 0011 0. PREAMBLE 0012 0013 The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other 0014 functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to 0015 assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, 0016 with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. 0017 Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way 0018 to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible 0019 for modifications made by others. 0020 0021 This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative 0022 works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It 0023 complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft 0024 license designed for free software. 0025 0026 We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free 0027 software, because free software needs free documentation: a free 0028 program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the 0029 software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; 0030 it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or 0031 whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License 0032 principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference. 0033 0034 0035 1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS 0036 0037 This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that 0038 contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be 0039 distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a 0040 world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that 0041 work under the conditions stated herein. The "Document", below, 0042 refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a 0043 licensee, and is addressed as "you". You accept the license if you 0044 copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission 0045 under copyright law. 0046 0047 A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the 0048 Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with 0049 modifications and/or translated into another language. 0050 0051 A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of 0052 the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the 0053 publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall 0054 subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall 0055 directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in 0056 part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain 0057 any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical 0058 connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal, 0059 commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding 0060 them. 0061 0062 The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles 0063 are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice 0064 that says that the Document is released under this License. If a 0065 section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not 0066 allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero 0067 Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant 0068 Sections then there are none. 0069 0070 The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed, 0071 as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that 0072 the Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may 0073 be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words. 0074 0075 A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, 0076 represented in a format whose specification is available to the 0077 general public, that is suitable for revising the document 0078 straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of 0079 pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available 0080 drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or 0081 for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input 0082 to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file 0083 format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart 0084 or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. 0085 An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount 0086 of text. A copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque". 0087 0088 Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain 0089 ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML 0090 or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple 0091 HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification. Examples of 0092 transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats 0093 include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by 0094 proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or 0095 processing tools are not generally available, and the 0096 machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word 0097 processors for output purposes only. 0098 0099 The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself, 0100 plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material 0101 this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in 0102 formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means 0103 the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title, 0104 preceding the beginning of the body of the text. 0105 0106 The "publisher" means any person or entity that distributes copies of 0107 the Document to the public. 0108 0109 A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document whose 0110 title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following 0111 text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a 0112 specific section name mentioned below, such as "Acknowledgements", 0113 "Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".) To "Preserve the Title" 0114 of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a 0115 section "Entitled XYZ" according to this definition. 0116 0117 The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which 0118 states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty 0119 Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this 0120 License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other 0121 implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has 0122 no effect on the meaning of this License. 0123 0124 2. VERBATIM COPYING 0125 0126 You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either 0127 commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the 0128 copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies 0129 to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no 0130 other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use 0131 technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further 0132 copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept 0133 compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough 0134 number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3. 0135 0136 You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and 0137 you may publicly display copies. 0138 0139 0140 3. COPYING IN QUANTITY 0141 0142 If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have 0143 printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the 0144 Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the 0145 copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover 0146 Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on 0147 the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify 0148 you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present 0149 the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and 0150 visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition. 0151 Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve 0152 the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated 0153 as verbatim copying in other respects. 0154 0155 If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit 0156 legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit 0157 reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent 0158 pages. 0159 0160 If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering 0161 more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent 0162 copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy 0163 a computer-network location from which the general network-using 0164 public has access to download using public-standard network protocols 0165 a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material. 0166 If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, 0167 when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure 0168 that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated 0169 location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an 0170 Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that 0171 edition to the public. 0172 0173 It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the 0174 Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to 0175 give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the 0176 Document. 0177 0178 0179 4. MODIFICATIONS 0180 0181 You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under 0182 the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release 0183 the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified 0184 Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution 0185 and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy 0186 of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version: 0187 0188 A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct 0189 from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions 0190 (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section 0191 of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version 0192 if the original publisher of that version gives permission. 0193 B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities 0194 responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified 0195 Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the 0196 Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five), 0197 unless they release you from this requirement. 0198 C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the 0199 Modified Version, as the publisher. 0200 D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document. 0201 E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications 0202 adjacent to the other copyright notices. 0203 F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice 0204 giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the 0205 terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below. 0206 G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections 0207 and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice. 0208 H. Include an unaltered copy of this License. 0209 I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add 0210 to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and 0211 publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If 0212 there is no section Entitled "History" in the Document, create one 0213 stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as 0214 given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified 0215 Version as stated in the previous sentence. 0216 J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for 0217 public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise 0218 the network locations given in the Document for previous versions 0219 it was based on. These may be placed in the "History" section. 0220 You may omit a network location for a work that was published at 0221 least four years before the Document itself, or if the original 0222 publisher of the version it refers to gives permission. 0223 K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications", 0224 Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all 0225 the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements 0226 and/or dedications given therein. 0227 L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, 0228 unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers 0229 or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles. 0230 M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section 0231 may not be included in the Modified Version. 0232 N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements" 0233 or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section. 0234 O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers. 0235 0236 If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or 0237 appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material 0238 copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all 0239 of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the 0240 list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice. 0241 These titles must be distinct from any other section titles. 0242 0243 You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains 0244 nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various 0245 parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has 0246 been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a 0247 standard. 0248 0249 You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a 0250 passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list 0251 of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of 0252 Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or 0253 through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already 0254 includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or 0255 by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, 0256 you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit 0257 permission from the previous publisher that added the old one. 0258 0259 The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License 0260 give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or 0261 imply endorsement of any Modified Version. 0262 0263 0264 5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS 0265 0266 You may combine the Document with other documents released under this 0267 License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified 0268 versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the 0269 Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and 0270 list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its 0271 license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers. 0272 0273 The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and 0274 multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single 0275 copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but 0276 different contents, make the title of each such section unique by 0277 adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original 0278 author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. 0279 Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of 0280 Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work. 0281 0282 In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History" 0283 in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled 0284 "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements", 0285 and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections 0286 Entitled "Endorsements". 0287 0288 0289 6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS 0290 0291 You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other 0292 documents released under this License, and replace the individual 0293 copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy 0294 that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules 0295 of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all 0296 other respects. 0297 0298 You may extract a single document from such a collection, and 0299 distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a 0300 copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this 0301 License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that 0302 document. 0303 0304 0305 7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS 0306 0307 A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate 0308 and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or 0309 distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright 0310 resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights 0311 of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit. 0312 When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not 0313 apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves 0314 derivative works of the Document. 0315 0316 If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these 0317 copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of 0318 the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on 0319 covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the 0320 electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. 0321 Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole 0322 aggregate. 0323 0324 0325 8. TRANSLATION 0326 0327 Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may 0328 distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. 0329 Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special 0330 permission from their copyright holders, but you may include 0331 translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the 0332 original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a 0333 translation of this License, and all the license notices in the 0334 Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include 0335 the original English version of this License and the original versions 0336 of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between 0337 the translation and the original version of this License or a notice 0338 or disclaimer, the original version will prevail. 0339 0340 If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements", 0341 "Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve 0342 its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual 0343 title. 0344 0345 0346 9. TERMINATION 0347 0348 You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document 0349 except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt 0350 otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, and 0351 will automatically terminate your rights under this License. 0352 0353 However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license 0354 from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally, 0355 unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally 0356 terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder 0357 fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to 0358 60 days after the cessation. 0359 0360 Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is 0361 reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the 0362 violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have 0363 received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that 0364 copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after 0365 your receipt of the notice. 0366 0367 Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the 0368 licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under 0369 this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently 0370 reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the same material does 0371 not give you any rights to use it. 0372 0373 0374 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE 0375 0376 The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the 0377 GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions 0378 will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in 0379 detail to address new problems or concerns. See 0380 http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/. 0381 0382 Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. 0383 If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this 0384 License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of 0385 following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or 0386 of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the 0387 Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version 0388 number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not 0389 as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document 0390 specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of this 0391 License can be used, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of a 0392 version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the 0393 Document. 0394 0395 11. RELICENSING 0396 0397 "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site" (or "MMC Site") means any 0398 World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also 0399 provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A 0400 public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server. A 0401 "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration" (or "MMC") contained in the site 0402 means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC site. 0403 0404 "CC-BY-SA" means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 0405 license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit 0406 corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco, 0407 California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license 0408 published by that same organization. 0409 0410 "Incorporate" means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or in 0411 part, as part of another Document. 0412 0413 An MMC is "eligible for relicensing" if it is licensed under this 0414 License, and if all works that were first published under this License 0415 somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole or 0416 in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections, and 0417 (2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008. 0418 0419 The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site 0420 under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009, 0421 provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing. 0422 0423 0424 ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents 0425 0426 To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of 0427 the License in the document and put the following copyright and 0428 license notices just after the title page: 0429 0430 Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME. 0431 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document 0432 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 0433 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; 0434 with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. 0435 A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU 0436 Free Documentation License". 0437 0438 If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, 0439 replace the "with...Texts." line with this: 0440 0441 with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the 0442 Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST. 0443 0444 If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other 0445 combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the 0446 situation. 0447 0448 If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we 0449 recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of 0450 free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, 0451 to permit their use in free software.