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0001 <?xml version="1.0" ?> 0002 <!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//KDE//DTD DocBook XML V4.5-Based Variant V1.1//EN" "dtd/kdedbx45.dtd" [ 0003 <!ENTITY i18n-knights "<application>Knights</application>"> 0004 <!ENTITY kappversion "2.6.2"><!--Application version. Use this variable everywhere it's needed.--> 0005 <!ENTITY % addindex "IGNORE"> 0006 <!ENTITY % English "INCLUDE"> 0007 ]> 0008 <book id="knights" lang="&language;"> 0009 <bookinfo> 0010 <title>The &knights; Handbook</title> 0011 0012 <authorgroup> 0013 <author> 0014 <firstname>Miha</firstname> 0015 <surname>Čančula</surname> 0016 <affiliation> 0017 <address> 0018 <email>miha.cancula@gmail.com</email> 0019 </address> 0020 </affiliation> 0021 </author> 0022 <!-- TRANS:ROLES_OF_TRANSLATORS --> 0023 0024 </authorgroup> 0025 <copyright> 0026 <year>2011</year> 0027 <holder>Miha Čančula</holder> 0028 </copyright> 0029 0030 <legalnotice>&FDLNotice; 0031 </legalnotice> 0032 0033 <date>2021-10-13</date><!-- Date of (re)writing, or update.--> 0034 <releaseinfo>&kappversion; (KDE Gear 21.08)</releaseinfo><!-- Application version number. Use the variable definitions within header to change this value.--> 0035 0036 <abstract> 0037 <para>This documentation describes the game of &i18n-knights; version &kappversion;</para> 0038 </abstract> 0039 0040 <keywordset> 0041 <keyword>KDE</keyword><!-- do not change this! --> 0042 <keyword>game</keyword><!-- do not change this! --> 0043 <keyword>board</keyword> 0044 <keyword>chess</keyword> 0045 <keyword>Knights</keyword> 0046 </keywordset> 0047 0048 </bookinfo> 0049 0050 <chapter id="introduction"> 0051 <title>Introduction</title> 0052 0053 <note> 0054 <title>Gametype:</title> 0055 <para>Board</para> 0056 </note> 0057 0058 <note> 0059 <title>Number of possible players:</title> 0060 <para>One or two</para> 0061 </note> 0062 0063 <para>&i18n-knights; is a chess game. As a player, your goal is to 0064 defeat your opponent by checkmating their king.</para> 0065 </chapter> 0066 0067 <chapter id="how-to-play"><title>How to play</title> <!-- do not change this! --> 0068 <!--Describe the objective of the game.--> 0069 <sect1 id="objective"> 0070 <title>Objective</title> 0071 0072 <para>Moving your pieces, capture your opponent's pieces until your opponent's king is under attack and they have no move to stop the attack - called <quote>checkmate</quote>.</para> 0073 0074 <para>If it appears you cannot win, you can play for a draw (tie). Move your pieces until you have no legal moves left and your king is not under attack - called <quote>stalemate</quote>. Other forms of draws can be available depending upon the chess rules being followed for the game.</para> 0075 </sect1> 0076 0077 <!--How to play description. Don't be to specific on rules as they have a separate section in this document--> 0078 <sect1 id="starting-the-game"> 0079 <title>Starting the Game</title> 0080 0081 <para>When the program starts or the user selects the <menuchoice><shortcut> 0082 <keycombo action="simul">&Ctrl;<keycap>N</keycap></keycombo> </shortcut> 0083 <guimenu>Game</guimenu> <guimenuitem>New</guimenuitem></menuchoice> menu item, 0084 a dialog is shown. In this dialog, it's possible to 0085 specify who you are playing against, your color and 0086 the time limits.</para> 0087 0088 <screenshot> 0089 <screeninfo>New Game dialog</screeninfo> 0090 <mediaobject> 0091 <imageobject><imagedata fileref="Knights-newgame-dialog.png" format="PNG" /></imageobject> 0092 <caption>New Game dialog</caption> 0093 </mediaobject> 0094 </screenshot> 0095 0096 <para>If you wish to play against a friend on the same computer, select 0097 <guilabel>Human (You)</guilabel> for <guilabel>Player 1</guilabel> 0098 and <guilabel>Human</guilabel> for <guilabel>Player 2</guilabel>.</para> 0099 0100 <para>If you wish to play against the computer, select 0101 <guilabel>Human (You)</guilabel> for <guilabel>Player 1</guilabel> and 0102 <guilabel>Computer engine:</guilabel> for <guilabel>Player 2</guilabel>. 0103 From this drop down list choose the program you would like to play against, and 0104 make sure that the program you specify is installed on your 0105 computer and that it supports either the XBoard or <acronym>UCI</acronym> protocols.</para> 0106 0107 <para>If you have installed a chess engine but it does not appear in the list, 0108 click the <guibutton>Configure...</guibutton> button and add the engine there. 0109 For more information on this dialog see <link linkend="configuration-engines">Computer Engines</link>.</para> 0110 0111 <note><para>Even though a program is listed in the dialog, it does not mean it 0112 is installed. Make sure you install whatever chess engine you wish to play against. 0113 You can check whether an engine is installed on your system or not in the 0114 <guilabel>Chess Engines</guilabel> dialog.</para></note> 0115 0116 <para>If you wish to play against someone over the Internet, select 0117 <guilabel>Human (You)</guilabel> for <guilabel>Player 1</guilabel> and 0118 <guilabel>Chess server:</guilabel> for <guilabel>Player 2</guilabel>. You will 0119 have to login into the server and find an opponent before you can start playing. 0120 The Free Internet Chess Server (<ulink url="https://www.freechess.org/">FreeChess.org</ulink>) 0121 supports guests, but you have to register in order to play games which affect 0122 your rating.</para> 0123 0124 <para>You can also watch two programs play against each other, by selecting 0125 <guilabel>Computer engine:</guilabel> for both players.</para> 0126 0127 <para>Similarly, you can play a computer engine against an opponent at a chess server. 0128 However, note that the chess server may have a policy regarding such play. For the Free 0129 Internet Chess Server it is located 0130 <ulink url="https://www.freechess.org/Help/HelpFiles/computers.html">here</ulink>.</para> 0131 0132 <para>The <guilabel>Use time control</guilabel> check box allows you to turn on an 0133 optional timer. &i18n-knights; uses the standard chess time control which has three 0134 parameters inside spinboxes:</para> 0135 0136 <itemizedlist> 0137 <listitem><para><guilabel>Time control period:</guilabel> specifies the number of moves 0138 after which the <guilabel>Initial time limit:</guilabel> is added to the player's clock. 0139 You can disable this addition by setting the value to zero.</para> 0140 <note><para>This option is not available when playing on a chess server.</para></note><para/></listitem> 0141 <listitem><para>The <guilabel>Initial time limit:</guilabel> is the amount of time the 0142 players start with.</para></listitem> 0143 <listitem><para><guilabel>Increment per move:</guilabel> specifies how much time will be 0144 added to the player's clock after every move he makes. It can be safely set to zero to 0145 disable incrementing the clock.</para></listitem> 0146 </itemizedlist> 0147 0148 <para>After you press the <guibutton>OK</guibutton> button, the dialog will close. If you 0149 selected a player at a chess server, you will have to log in and find your opponent. 0150 Otherwise, the game will start immediately.</para> 0151 0152 <note><para>&i18n-knights; will load a default theme automatically once you start the game 0153 and you can begin playing right away.</para></note> 0154 </sect1> 0155 0156 <sect1 id="server-dialog"> 0157 <title>The Chess Server Dialog</title> 0158 0159 <screenshot> 0160 <screeninfo>Chess Server dialog</screeninfo> 0161 <mediaobject> 0162 <imageobject><imagedata fileref="Knights-server-account.png" format="PNG" /></imageobject> 0163 <caption>Account tab</caption> 0164 </mediaobject> 0165 </screenshot> 0166 0167 <para>If you chose to play on a chess server, you must first log in to the server. 0168 If you have an account at the server, type in your username and password, and 0169 select the <guilabel>This is a registered account</guilabel> check box. Otherwise, 0170 type in a username of your choice, and press the <guibutton>Log in</guibutton> button.</para> 0171 0172 <para>There are two ways to choose the opponent. Either you post an ad for your game 0173 (called a <quote>seek</quote>), or you respond to someone else's seek.</para> 0174 0175 <screenshot> 0176 <screeninfo>Chess Server dialog</screeninfo> 0177 <mediaobject> 0178 <imageobject><imagedata fileref="Knights-server-challenges.png" format="PNG" /></imageobject> 0179 <caption>Challenges tab</caption> 0180 </mediaobject> 0181 </screenshot> 0182 0183 <para>To post your own, go to the <guilabel>Challenges</guilabel> tab and press 0184 <guibutton>Seek</guibutton> button. If you checked <guilabel>Automatically start the game</guilabel>, 0185 once a player has accepted your seek, the game will start immediately. Otherwise, you 0186 have to accept the challenge manually, by selecting it from the list and press 0187 <guibutton>Accept</guibutton> button.</para> 0188 0189 <screenshot> 0190 <screeninfo>Chess Server dialog</screeninfo> 0191 <mediaobject> 0192 <imageobject><imagedata fileref="Knights-server-list.png" format="PNG" /></imageobject> 0193 <caption>Seek List tab</caption> 0194 </mediaobject> 0195 </screenshot> 0196 0197 <para>To respond to other people's seeks, use the <guilabel>Seek List</guilabel> or 0198 <guilabel>Seek Graph</guilabel> tabs. On either tab, select the seek by clicking on it 0199 and then pressing the <guibutton>Accept</guibutton> button.</para> 0200 0201 <screenshot> 0202 <screeninfo>Chess Server dialog</screeninfo> 0203 <mediaobject> 0204 <imageobject><imagedata fileref="Knights-server-graph.png" format="PNG" /></imageobject> 0205 <caption>Seek Graph tab</caption> 0206 </mediaobject> 0207 </screenshot> 0208 0209 <para>The seek graph displays all currently posted seeks, arranged by opponent's rating 0210 and game duration. Clicking on a point on the graph accepts the seek.</para> 0211 0212 <note><para>For advanced usage, &i18n-knights; provides direct access to the server console. 0213 Select the <guilabel>Console</guilabel> tab to use it.</para></note> 0214 </sect1> 0215 0216 <sect1 id="playing-the-game"> 0217 <title>Playing the Game</title> 0218 0219 <para>Pieces are moved by clicking on them and dragging them to the desired spot. 0220 You can only move a piece if it's yours, it's your turn, and moving that piece 0221 does not put your king into immediate danger.</para> 0222 0223 <para>&i18n-knights; follows the rules of standard chess, so you cannot make an illegal move.</para> 0224 </sect1> 0225 </chapter> 0226 0227 <chapter id="rules_and_tips"> 0228 <title>Game Rules, Strategies and Tips</title> <!-- do not change this! --> 0229 <!--This section has to do with game rules. Please give a detailed description of those using lists or paragraphs.--> 0230 <sect1 id="standard-rules"> 0231 <title>Standard Rules</title> 0232 0233 <para>The main set of rules for chess are set by the World Chess Federation - FIDE. Other national and local groups 0234 may make slight modifications to the rules. Usually the major differences between rules are about timekeeping or types of 0235 draws allowed - the basic game and piece movement are the same. &i18n-knights; supports standard chess and has some timing 0236 flexibility.</para> 0237 0238 <para>There are many variants to standard chess. One source has found over 2000 different variants of the game. Major 0239 variants include Fischer Random, Bughouse, Crazyhouse and Suicide. Variants have differing rules on piece capture, piece 0240 movement, ending the game and returning pieces to play. &i18n-knights; does not support chess variants.</para> 0241 <para>Complete rules of standard chess can be found at:</para> 0242 0243 <itemizedlist> 0244 <listitem><para>World Chess Federation-FIDE (<ulink url="https://www.fide.com/">fide.com</ulink>)</para></listitem> 0245 <listitem><para>United States Chess Federation-USCF (<ulink url="https://new.uschess.org/">new.uschess.org</ulink>)</para></listitem> 0246 </itemizedlist> 0247 0248 <para>Rules and general chess information can be found at:</para> 0249 0250 <itemizedlist> 0251 <listitem><para><ulink url="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rules_of_chess">Wikipedia</ulink> </para></listitem> 0252 </itemizedlist> 0253 </sect1> 0254 0255 <sect1 id="board"> 0256 <title>Chessboard</title> 0257 <sect2 id="board-layout"> 0258 <title>Board Layout</title> 0259 0260 <para>A chessboard consists of 64 equal squares arranged in eight rows and eight columns. The squares are arranged in 0261 two alternating colors, white and black. Many different materials are used to make chessboards, so the lighter 0262 colored material is known as white and the darker material is known as black.</para> 0263 0264 <para>Parts of the board are known by special names:</para> 0265 0266 <itemizedlist> 0267 <listitem><para>Rank - the eight horizontal rows of the chess board are called ranks.</para></listitem> 0268 <listitem><para>File - the eight vertical columns of the chess board are called files.</para></listitem> 0269 <listitem><para>Diagonal - a straight line of squares of the same color running at an angle from 0270 one edge of the board to another edge is called a diagonal.</para></listitem> 0271 <listitem><para>Center - the four squares found in the middle of the board are called the center.</para></listitem> 0272 </itemizedlist> 0273 0274 <para>Each individual square has a name so records of the moves of the game can be kept. Several naming systems exist, 0275 but <quote>algebraic notation</quote> is the most popular and is the official system. In this system, each square is 0276 named for the row and column in which it is found. The ranks (rows) are numbered from 1 to 8 beginning with white's 0277 side of the board and moving to black's side of the board. The files (columns) are labeled by lower case letters from 0278 a to h moving from left to right based on the white player's viewpoint. The square is named by the letter followed by 0279 the number. Thus the lower left hand square is known as a1. The naming structure can be seen in the following 0280 diagram:</para> 0281 0282 <mediaobject><imageobject><imagedata fileref="Knights-board.png" format="PNG" /></imageobject></mediaobject> 0283 </sect2> 0284 0285 <sect2 id="board-setup"> 0286 <title>Initial Setup</title> 0287 0288 <para>The chessboard is rotated so that there is a white square in the first row at the player's right side.</para> 0289 0290 <para>The pieces are placed on the white and black side of the board in the same manner. In the first row beginning 0291 at both outer edges and moving inward, place the rook (sometimes called the castle), the knight (sometimes called 0292 the horse) and the bishop. For the two remaining squares, place the queen on the square with the same color. Place 0293 the king on the final square. When completed, the same pieces face each other across the board. On the second row 0294 place a row of pawns. The finished board then looks like the diagram below.</para> 0295 0296 <mediaobject><imageobject><imagedata fileref="Knights-board-setup.png" format="PNG" /></imageobject></mediaobject> 0297 </sect2> 0298 </sect1> 0299 0300 <sect1 id="piece-movement"> 0301 <title>Piece Movement</title> 0302 <sect2 id="all-movement"> 0303 <title>Moving and Capturing</title> 0304 0305 <para>Chess has six types of pieces: the Pawn, Rook, Knight, Bishop, Queen and King. Each piece has its own 0306 unique way to move. There are some similarities between the moves of the various pieces. All the pieces 0307 except the knight move in a straight line - horizontally, vertically or diagonally. They cannot move past the 0308 end of the board and return on the other side. The edge of the board is a boundary which cannot be crossed. 0309 All the pieces except the knight may not jump over other pieces - all squares between the square where the piece 0310 starts its move and where it ends its move must be empty. The move may not end on a square presently occupied 0311 by a piece of the same color.</para> 0312 0313 <para>If the square where a piece ends its move contains an opponent's piece, the opponent's piece is <quote>captured</quote>, 0314 and it is removed from play. All the pieces may be captured except the king. The game ends on the move before the 0315 king is captured - <quote><link linkend="checkmate">checkmate</link></quote>. Capturing always requires the attacking piece 0316 to land on the square of the opponent's piece while making a normal move. The only exception is for capturing a pawn 0317 <link linkend="en_passant-movement">en passant</link>. You are not required to capture a piece when there is an opportunity 0318 to do so, capturing is an option. The only time that capture is required is if the king is under attack and capturing the 0319 attacking piece is the only way to stop the attack.</para> 0320 0321 <para>In the picture below, the white rook can move to the right, left, up or down (vertically or horizontally) in straight lines. 0322 It can move down and to the right any number of squares until the end of the board is reached. These squares have a green 0323 X on them. It can move a maximum of two squares to the left. The remainder of the board is blocked by a piece of the same 0324 color, in this case a white knight. The rook cannot jump over the knight to reach the end of the board. It can move only one square 0325 up before being blocked by the black pawn. It can capture the pawn by moving two squares up and landing on the pawn, since the 0326 pawn is an opposing piece (piece of a different color). This square has a red X on it. It cannot jump over the pawn to reach 0327 the end of the board. Therefore, the rook has a total of ten squares where it can go.</para> 0328 0329 <mediaobject><imageobject><imagedata fileref="Knights-move-limits.png" format="PNG" /></imageobject></mediaobject> 0330 0331 <para>To begin the game, white moves first. The players then alternate making one move at a time. You must move on your turn, you are not allowed to pass.</para> 0332 </sect2> 0333 0334 <sect2 id="pawn-movement"> 0335 <title>Pawn</title> 0336 0337 <para>The pawn is the most numerous and the least powerful piece on the chessboard. Pawns are unusual in their movement. Generally 0338 the pawn moves forward only, one square at a time. An exception is the first time a pawn is moved, it may move forward two squares. 0339 The pawn cannot jump over other pieces; any piece directly in front of a pawn blocks its advance to that square. The pawn is the 0340 only piece that cannot move backward. The pawn is also the only piece that does not capture in the same way that it moves. The 0341 pawn captures an opposing piece by moving diagonally one square - it cannot capture by moving straight ahead.</para> 0342 0343 <para>In the picture below the lower pawn is still on its original square, so it may move one or two squares forward (indicated 0344 by the green X). It may capture by moving to the right or left at a diagonal, but only if that square is occupied by an opposing 0345 piece (indicated by the red X). Otherwise, it may not move diagonally. The upper pawn has already moved from its original square. 0346 It may move only one square forward. Likewise, it can capture moving to the left or right diagonally if the square contains an 0347 opposing piece.</para> 0348 0349 <mediaobject><imageobject><imagedata fileref="Knights-move-pawn.png" format="PNG" /></imageobject></mediaobject> 0350 0351 <para>The pawn also is involved in two special moves. The first is the <link linkend="en_passant-movement">en passant capture</link> 0352 where a pawn is captured on its initial two square move. The second is the <link linkend="pawn-promotion-movement">pawn promotion</link> 0353 where a pawn is promoted to another piece when the pawn reaches the other end of the board.</para> 0354 </sect2> 0355 0356 <sect2 id="bishop-movement"> 0357 <title>Bishop</title> 0358 0359 <para>The Bishop moves in a straight line diagonally on the board. It can move as many squares as wanted, until it meets the end of 0360 the board or another piece. The bishop cannot jump over other pieces. The bishop captures on the same path it moves, by landing 0361 on the square of the opposing piece. Because of the way the bishop moves, the piece always remains on the same color squares it 0362 started on. Each player begins with two bishops, one on the black-colored and one on the white-colored squares. They are frequently 0363 referred to as the <quote>dark-squared</quote> bishop and <quote>light-squared</quote> bishop. The bishops can also be named according 0364 to the side they begin on - king's bishop and queen's bishop.</para> 0365 0366 <mediaobject><imageobject><imagedata fileref="Knights-move-bishop.png" format="PNG" /></imageobject></mediaobject> 0367 </sect2> 0368 0369 <sect2 id="rook-movement"> 0370 <title>Rook</title> 0371 0372 <para>The rook moves in a straight line either horizontally or vertically through any number of unoccupied squares, until it reaches 0373 the end of board or it is blocked by another piece. It cannot jump over other pieces. The rook captures on the same path 0374 it moves, by occupying the square on which an enemy piece stands. The rook can land on any square on the board, therefore it 0375 is one of the more powerful pieces on the board.</para> 0376 0377 <mediaobject><imageobject><imagedata fileref="Knights-move-rook.png" format="PNG" /></imageobject></mediaobject> 0378 0379 <para>The rook is also involved in a special move. It is the <link linkend="castling-movement">castling move</link> 0380 where a rook and the king are grouped into a defensive position.</para> 0381 </sect2> 0382 0383 <sect2 id="knight-movement"> 0384 <title>Knight</title> 0385 0386 <para>The Knight is the most special piece in chess, having a flexibility that makes it a powerful piece. The knight is the 0387 only piece on the board that may jump over other pieces. The knight moves two squares horizontally or vertically and 0388 then one more square at a right-angle. The knight’s move is shaped as an <quote>L</quote>. The knight always lands on a square 0389 opposite in color from its initial square. The knight can jump over pieces of either color while going to its 0390 destination square, but it does not capture any pieces it jumps over. The knight captures by landing on the square 0391 of the opposing piece. The knight cannot land on a square occupied by a piece of the same color. Since the knight's 0392 movement is not in a straight line, it can attack a queen, bishop, or rook without being reciprocally attacked by that 0393 piece.</para> 0394 0395 <mediaobject><imageobject><imagedata fileref="Knights-move-knight.png" format="PNG" /></imageobject></mediaobject> 0396 </sect2> 0397 0398 <sect2 id="queen-movement"> 0399 <title>Queen</title> 0400 0401 <para>The Queen is considered the most powerful piece on the board. It can move any number of squares in a straight 0402 line - either vertically, horizontally or diagonally. The queen moves like the rook and bishop combined. Unless 0403 capturing, the queen must move to an unoccupied square; and it cannot jump over pieces. The queen captures on the 0404 same path it moves, by landing on the square of the opposing piece.</para> 0405 0406 <mediaobject><imageobject><imagedata fileref="Knights-move-queen.png" format="PNG" /></imageobject></mediaobject> 0407 </sect2> 0408 0409 <sect2 id="king-movement"> 0410 <title>King</title> 0411 0412 <para>The King is the most important piece in chess. If the king is trapped so that its capture is unavoidable, the game is 0413 over and that player loses. The king has little mobility, so it is also considered one of the weakest pieces in the game. 0414 The king can move to any adjacent square. That is, it can move one square in any direction: horizontally, vertically, or 0415 diagonally. It cannot move onto a square occupied by a piece of the same color. The king captures another piece in 0416 the same way it moves, by landing on the square of the opposing piece. There is an additional limit on the movement of 0417 the king. The king may not move to a square which would put the king under attack by an opposing piece (called in <quote>check</quote>). 0418 As a result of this limit, two kings may never stand next to each other - since moving next to the opposing king would 0419 put the moving king into check. The king can also be forced to move or capture if the king is under attack 0420 (<quote>check</quote>) and the only way to stop the attack is to move the king.</para> 0421 0422 <mediaobject><imageobject><imagedata fileref="Knights-move-king.png" format="PNG" /></imageobject></mediaobject> 0423 </sect2> 0424 </sect1> 0425 0426 <sect1 id="special-movement"> 0427 <title>Special Moves</title> 0428 <sect2 id="en_passant-movement"> 0429 <title>En Passant</title> 0430 0431 <para>When the rule to allow a pawn to move two squares on its first move was added, a pawn could potentially evade capture by an 0432 opponent's pawn by going past a square under attack. The en passant capture (from the French for <quote>in passing</quote>) was 0433 added to prevent this. The capture is made exactly as if the pawn had moved only one square forward. There are 0434 special conditions for the en passant capture:</para> 0435 0436 <itemizedlist> 0437 <listitem><para>A pawn must move two squares from its initial position in a single move.</para></listitem> 0438 <listitem><para>An opposing pawn must be attacking the square the first pawn moved over.</para></listitem> 0439 <listitem><para>The first pawn can be captured as if it moved only one square.</para></listitem> 0440 <listitem><para>The capture can only be made at the opponent's next move. If the capture is not made, 0441 the first pawn is safe from en passant capture for the remainder of the game.</para></listitem> 0442 </itemizedlist> 0443 0444 <para>In the diagram below, the white pawn has not moved from its initial position. Its first move can be 0445 one or two squares ahead. The first square is under attack by the black pawn (pawns attack diagonally) as 0446 indicated by the red X. The white pawn moves ahead two squares, avoiding the attack. On the next move, 0447 the black pawn moves into the square where the white pawn would have moved if it could only move a single 0448 square on the first move. The black pawn successfully attacks the white pawn, and captures it 0449 <quote>en passant</quote>. The white pawn is removed from play.</para> 0450 0451 <mediaobject><imageobject><imagedata fileref="Knights-enpassant.png" format="PNG" /></imageobject></mediaobject> 0452 </sect2> 0453 0454 <sect2 id="castling-movement"> 0455 <title>Castling</title> 0456 0457 <para>Castling uses the king and one rook, and is the only time in a game when more than one piece may be moved 0458 during a single turn. In castling a king is moved two squares towards the rook and the rook is then moved to 0459 the square on the other side of the king.</para> 0460 0461 <para>Castling has some rigid requirements:</para> 0462 0463 <itemizedlist> 0464 <listitem><para>Both the king and the rook may never have moved during the game.</para></listitem> 0465 <listitem><para>There are no pieces between the king and the rook.</para></listitem> 0466 <listitem><para>The king is not in check.</para></listitem> 0467 <listitem><para>The king does not cross over a square that is attacked by the opponent's pieces.</para></listitem> 0468 <listitem><para>The king does not end the move on a square that is attacked by the opponent's pieces. (The 0469 castling move cannot end with the king in check.)</para></listitem> 0470 </itemizedlist> 0471 0472 <para>There are two forms of castling. One is called <quote>kingside castling</quote>. It is also known as 0473 <quote>short castling</quote>, since it is performed to the short side of the board and the rook only has to 0474 move two squares to the opposite side of the king. It is diagramed below:</para> 0475 0476 <mediaobject><imageobject><imagedata fileref="Knights-castle-kingside.png" format="PNG" /></imageobject></mediaobject> 0477 0478 <para>The second form of castling is called <quote>queenside castling</quote>, where the king moves towards the 0479 square vacated by the queen. It is also known as <quote>long castling</quote>, since it is performed to the long 0480 side of the board and the rook has to move three squares to the opposite side of the king. It is diagramed below:</para> 0481 0482 <mediaobject><imageobject><imagedata fileref="Knights-castle-queenside.png" format="PNG" /></imageobject></mediaobject><para/> 0483 0484 <note><para>In &i18n-knights; to castle you move the king two squares towards the rook. &i18n-knights; will complete 0485 the castling move. Do not move the rook, as &i18n-knights; assumes you wish only to move the rook and not to castle.</para></note> 0486 </sect2> 0487 0488 <sect2 id="pawn-promotion-movement"> 0489 <title>Pawn Promotion</title> 0490 0491 <para>When a pawn has reached the other end of the board it cannot move further, since 0492 it always must move forward and not backwards. The pawn is then turned 0493 (<quote>promoted</quote>) into a queen, rook, bishop or knight. This promotion 0494 occurs as part of the move. Usually the piece chosen is the queen, often called 0495 <quote>queening</quote>. The other pieces are sometimes chosen when their movements 0496 will aid in checkmate, often called <quote>under promoting</quote>. The pawn can be 0497 turned into a piece even if that type of piece is still on the board. Thus you can have 0498 two queens or three rooks, bishops or knights in play at once.</para> 0499 </sect2> 0500 </sect1> 0501 0502 <sect1 id="game-end"> 0503 <title>Game Endings</title> 0504 <sect2 id="checkmate"> 0505 <title>Checkmate</title> 0506 0507 <para>When a king is under attack and threatened with capture by an opponent's piece, the king is 0508 said to be <quote>in check</quote>. A king must get out of check immediately. There are three possible 0509 ways to get out of check.</para> 0510 0511 <itemizedlist> 0512 <listitem><para>Capture the attacking piece.</para></listitem> 0513 <listitem><para>Move the king away from the attack and to a safe square which is not under attack by 0514 an opponent's piece.</para></listitem> 0515 <listitem><para>Block the attack by placing a piece between the attacker and the king. 0516 (Cannot be done for an attack by a knight or pawn.)</para></listitem> 0517 </itemizedlist> 0518 0519 <para>If the king has no way to escape from the check, the position is called <quote>checkmate</quote> and 0520 the game ends. The player who is checkmated loses the game. The king is never actually captured and 0521 removed from the board.</para> 0522 </sect2> 0523 0524 <sect2 id="resign"> 0525 <title>Resign</title> 0526 0527 <para>At any time during the game, a player may resign (quit). The 0528 game ends and the player's opponent wins the game.</para> 0529 </sect2> 0530 0531 <sect2 id="draw"> 0532 <title>Draw</title> 0533 0534 <para>A <quote>draw</quote> is a tie between the players. There are several ways that a 0535 draw can occur.</para> 0536 0537 <itemizedlist> 0538 <listitem><para>Stalemate - (see below)</para></listitem> 0539 <listitem><para>Threefold repetition - If the exact same position is repeated at least 3 times 0540 (not necessarily by a repetition of moves). It requires that the possible moves of all 0541 the pieces of both players are the same. If the possibility of a pawn being captured 0542 en passant has changed or the possibility to castle has changed, the position is not 0543 the same - even if the pieces are in the same locations.</para></listitem> 0544 <listitem><para>Fifty-move rule - If no piece has been captured or a pawn moved in the last fifty moves 0545 by each player.</para></listitem> 0546 <listitem><para>Impossibility of checkmate - If a position arises in which neither player could possibly 0547 give checkmate by a series of legal moves. Usually this is because there is insufficient material left 0548 to checkmate, but it is possible in other positions. Combinations with insufficient material to 0549 checkmate are:</para> 0550 0551 <itemizedlist> 0552 <listitem><para>king versus king</para></listitem> 0553 <listitem><para>king and bishop versus king</para></listitem> 0554 <listitem><para>king and knight versus king</para></listitem> 0555 <listitem><para>king and bishop versus king and bishop with both bishops on the same color</para></listitem> 0556 </itemizedlist> 0557 </listitem> 0558 <listitem><para>Time expires - If a player's time runs out and their opponent does not have mating material. 0559 (see below)</para></listitem> 0560 <listitem><para>Mutual agreement - If both players agree to draw.</para></listitem> 0561 </itemizedlist> 0562 </sect2> 0563 0564 <sect2 id="stalemate"> 0565 <title>Stalemate</title> 0566 0567 <para>If a player has no legal move (every possible move would put their king in check) but 0568 their king is not presently in check, the game ends in a <quote>stalemate</quote>. Stalemate results in 0569 the game being a draw.</para> 0570 </sect2> 0571 0572 <sect2 id="time-end"> 0573 <title>Time</title> 0574 0575 <para>If time should run out on a player before they complete the required number of moves:</para> 0576 0577 <itemizedlist> 0578 <listitem><para>The player loses the game if the opponent has mating material.</para></listitem> 0579 <listitem><para>The game is a draw if the opponent does not having mating material.</para></listitem> 0580 </itemizedlist> 0581 0582 <para>Mating material is considered to be any group of pieces except just a king, a king and a bishop, 0583 or a king and a knight.</para> 0584 </sect2> 0585 </sect1> 0586 0587 <sect1 id="time-controls"> 0588 <title>Time Controls</title> 0589 0590 <para>Many games of chess use time controls to speed the play or ensure a finish in a reasonable period. 0591 There are two main forms of time controls.</para> 0592 0593 <para>The first time control type is moves-per-time. In this type a player must complete a specified 0594 number of moves within a fixed period of time.</para> 0595 0596 <para>The second time control type is called <quote>sudden death</quote>. In this type there 0597 is a fixed amount of time to complete the game, regardless of the number of moves made.</para> 0598 0599 <para>Within the time control there can be a time delay to compensate for the time lost in physically 0600 making a move. In the <quote>Bronstein delay</quote> the clock does not start running at the beginning 0601 of the player's move until the delay time is over. If the move is completed before the delay time expires, 0602 no time is subtracted from the player's clock. In the <quote>Fischer delay</quote> the delay time is added 0603 to the player's remaining time before the move. If the move is made before the delay time expires, 0604 the remaining delay time is kept by the player and their clock time increases. Similarly, a fixed time can 0605 be added to the player's clock after a move is completed. When time is added to the clock, the time amount is 0606 referred to as the <quote>time increment</quote>.</para> 0607 0608 <para>Time controls vary widely depending upon the game, game type and any sponsor. Also during a game there 0609 may be several types of time controls joined together, with unused time added to the next time control. For 0610 all major World Chess Federation (FIDE) events the time control is 90 minutes for the first 40 moves followed 0611 by 30 minutes sudden death, with an additional 30 seconds per move beginning with the first move. The defaults 0612 on FICS (Free Internet Chess Server) are 2 minutes for the game (sudden death), plus 12 seconds time increment 0613 for each move. Many major events use 90 minutes sudden death for their time control. The US Chess Federation 0614 Blitz chess time control is 5 minutes for the game, with no time delays/increments.</para> 0615 </sect1> 0616 </chapter> 0617 0618 <chapter id="markers"> 0619 <title>Markers</title> 0620 0621 <para>Markers are highlights of squares on the chessboard. They can be used to show legal moves for your 0622 chess piece, the opponent's previous move, or a king in check. Their color and shape depends on which 0623 theme you are using. They can be toggled on/off in the general settings section of the configuration menu.</para> 0624 0625 <para>Clicking on your piece during your turn displays a marker on every square on which that piece can be moved. 0626 The picture shows the legal moves for the white queen.</para> 0627 0628 <mediaobject><imageobject><imagedata fileref="Knights-moving-queen.png" format="PNG" /></imageobject></mediaobject> 0629 0630 <para>When your opponent has made a move, their last move is indicated by markers. One marker shows the 0631 initial position of the chess piece, and a second highlights the new position of the chess piece.</para> 0632 0633 <mediaobject><imageobject><imagedata fileref="Knights-lastmove.png" format="PNG" /></imageobject></mediaobject> 0634 0635 <para>If the opponent's last move put your king under attack (<quote>check</quote>), your 0636 king and all attacking pieces are highlighted as well.</para> 0637 0638 <mediaobject><imageobject><imagedata fileref="Knights-danger.png" format="PNG" /></imageobject></mediaobject><para/> 0639 0640 <note><para>Some themes may not support all types of markers.</para></note> 0641 </chapter> 0642 0643 <chapter id="configuration"> 0644 <title>Game Configuration</title><!-- do not change this! --> 0645 0646 <para>The &i18n-knights; configuration dialog allows you to change visual 0647 options, as well as select themes for &i18n-knights;.</para> 0648 0649 <para>Once you are satisfied with the changes you have selected you 0650 can make the changes by either press the <guibutton>Apply</guibutton> 0651 or the <guibutton>OK</guibutton> button, located at the bottom part 0652 of the dialog. Pressing <guibutton>OK</guibutton> button will also close the 0653 configuration dialog.</para> 0654 0655 <para>If, however, you are dissatisfied with your changes – simply press 0656 <guibutton>Cancel</guibutton> button to discard the changes and close 0657 the configuration dialog. You must press the <guibutton>Cancel</guibutton> button 0658 before clicking <guibutton>Apply</guibutton> or <guibutton>OK</guibutton> button.</para> 0659 0660 <sect1 id="configuration-general"> 0661 <title>General</title> 0662 0663 <para>The <guilabel>General</guilabel> page contains options on the 0664 general appearance of &i18n-knights;. Animations of the pieces and 0665 board can be enabled or modified. The animations section is visible 0666 based upon system software, and is seen only if animations are 0667 available. Turning around the board is available, allowing the &i18n-knights; 0668 chess board to be flipped when used on a computer screen or stationary when 0669 used on a tablet computer as a chess board replacement. 0670 All three types of <link linkend="markers">markers</link> 0671 can be enabled or disabled. Borders around the chess board can be 0672 activated with or without algebraic chess notation by using a drop 0673 down menu.</para> 0674 0675 <note><para>Some themes may not support markers, borders and/or notations. 0676 In this case, the configuration will have no effect on them, 0677 but will be remembered in case you change themes again.</para></note> 0678 </sect1> 0679 0680 <sect1 id="configuration-engines"> 0681 <title>Computer Engines</title> 0682 0683 <screenshot> 0684 <screeninfo>Configure - &i18n-knights; dialog</screeninfo> 0685 <mediaobject> 0686 <imageobject><imagedata fileref="Knights-engines.png" format="PNG" /></imageobject> 0687 <caption>Computer Engines page</caption> 0688 </mediaobject> 0689 </screenshot> 0690 0691 <para>The <guilabel>Computer Engines</guilabel> page allows you to configure 0692 your computer opponents. For each engine specify the program name, the command used 0693 to launch it, and the protocol it uses. &i18n-knights; supports two protocols for 0694 chess engines: XBoard and <acronym>UCI</acronym>.</para> 0695 0696 <para>A new engine configuration can be added by press <guibutton>Add</guibutton> button and 0697 entering the three options mentioned above. A symbol in the last columns tells you whether 0698 the specified program is installed on your computer or not.</para> 0699 </sect1> 0700 0701 <sect1 id="configuration-themes"> 0702 <title>Themes</title> 0703 0704 <para>The <guilabel>Theme</guilabel> page allows the selection of a 0705 theme. The theme supplies the images for the board, pieces, markers 0706 and other items. To select a new theme, choose the theme's name from 0707 the selection list. You can also download new themes from the same page, 0708 by pressing the <guibutton>Get New Themes...</guibutton> button. Themes 0709 are stored at kde-look.org under &knights;.</para> 0710 0711 <note><para>For your convenience a quick preview screenshot will be 0712 displayed on the right hand side of the selection list as soon as you 0713 select the theme you are interested in.</para></note> 0714 </sect1> 0715 </chapter> 0716 0717 <chapter id="credits-and-license"> 0718 <title>Credits and License</title> 0719 0720 <para>&knights;</para> 0721 0722 <itemizedlist> 0723 <listitem><para>Miha Čančula <email>miha.cancula@gmail.com</email> - Original Author</para></listitem> 0724 </itemizedlist> 0725 0726 <para>Documentation copyright 2010, Miha Čančula <email>miha.cancula@gmail.com</email></para> 0727 0728 <!-- TRANS:CREDIT_FOR_TRANSLATORS --> 0729 0730 &underFDL; 0731 &underGPL; 0732 </chapter> 0733 0734 </book>